Computation of Base Shear

Chapter 8 NSCP Code Provisions for Seismic Forces
CE 137- STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (NSCP)
 Building Code used in the Philippines which
serves as a reference for design of vertical and
horizontal structures and calculation of loads
 Seismic Code Provisions (Section 208) are
based on 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC)
 Latest edition is 2010; however the seismic
provisions are still the same with NSCP 2001.
TYPES OF LOADS
 Gravity Loads
 Dead
 Live
 Snow
 Lateral Loads
 Wind
 Earthquake
 Soil Lateral Pressure

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 Truss elements
 Ties
 Braces
 Beams
 Columns
 Walls/Diaphragms
 Slabs/Plates/Shells
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
 Diaphragms (floors or roof)

 Horizontal elements which transfers lateral loads
 Acts like a beam
 Diaphragms
 Shear Walls (Vertical continuous RC Walls)

 Resists shear from diaphragms and transfers them
to the foundation
 Shear Walls (Vertical continuous RC Walls)

 Frames
 Composed of flexural elements (beams and
columns)
 Braced Frames (Steel “Shear Walls”)

 Braces provide axial resistance to lateral loads
which causes them to elongate/shrink
 Moment Resisting Frames

 Connected by strong moment connections at the
joints
 Moment Resisting Frames

 Connected by strong moment connections at the
joints
 Moment Resisting Frame vs. Braced Frames

SUMMARY OF LATERAL LOADS RESISTING
STRUCTURES
NSCP 2010 PROVISIONS
 Seismic design considerations

 Occupancy
 SiteCharacteristics
 Seismic Zoning
 Configuration
 Structural System
 Height of Structure
 Occupancy Categories (Type of use)

Seismic Seismic
Occupancy Category Importance Importance
Factor, I Factor, Ip
I. Essential facilities 1.50 1.50
II. Hazardous facilities 1.25 1.50
III. Special occupancy 1.00 1.00
structures
IV. Standard occupancy 1.00 1.00
structures
V. Miscellaneous structures 1.00 1.00
*subscript of p means with panel connections
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE
Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas
Fire and police stations

Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and
emergency aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers
Aviation control towers

Structures and equipment in communication centers and
I Essential Facilities other facilities required for emergency response
Standby power-generating equipment for Category I facilities
Tanks and other structures containing housing or supporting

water of other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures
Public school buildings

Hospitals
Designated evacuation centers
Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic or
explosive chemical or substances,
II Hazardous Facilities
Non-building structures housing, supporting, or containing
quantities of toxic or explosive substances
Buildings with an assembly room having an occupant capacity of
1000 or more,
Educational buildings with a capacity of 300 or more students,
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of
500 or more students,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but
Special Occupancy not included in Category I
III
Structures Mental hospitals, sanitarium, jails, prison, and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained,
All structures with an occupancy of 5000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power generating stations, and other
public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II
above and required for continued operation
IV Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having
Structures functions not listed in Category I, II, III and V
V Miscellaneous Structures Private garages, carports, sheds, and fences over

1.8 meters high
 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics (based on

geotechnical investigation)
 Seismic Zoning
 Seismic Zone Factor
 Seismic Zone 4 Near Source Factor
 Seismic Response Coefficients
 Seismic Source Types

 Seismic Zone Factor (Z)
Seismic Zone Factor, Z

4 0.4
2 0.2
The peak ground acceleration (PGA) of

earthquakes found in the Zone 2 and Zone 4
are 0.20g and 0.40g respectively.
No seismic hazard analysis was performed in

the Philippines which reflected on the NSCP,
the basis of zonation is 1997 UBC; also, the
fact that earthquake occurrence in Palawan is
small.
 Near Source Factors

 𝑁𝑎
Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source
Seismic Source Type
 5 km  10 km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
 𝑁𝑣
Seismic Source Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

Type  5 km 10  15 km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Seismic Source Types

 Seismic Response Coefficients
 Seismic Coefficient 𝐶𝑎
Seismic Zone Z
Soil Profile Type
Z  0.2 Z  0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
1Sitespecific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients.
 Seismic Response Coefficients
 Seismic Coefficient 𝐶𝑣
Seismic Zone Z
Soil Profile Type
Z  0.2 Z  0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.64 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
1Sitespecific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients.
 Configuration Requirements
 Regular Structures
 Have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or
vertical configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting
systems
 Irregular structures
 Have significant physical discontinuities in configuration
or in their lateral-force resisting systems.
 Torsional Irregularity
 Re-entrant Corner Irregularity

 Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity

 Out of Plane Offsets

 Nonparallel system irregularity

 Stiffness (Soft Story) Irregularity

 Weight (Mass) Irregularity

 Vertical Geometric Irregularity

 In-Plane Discontinuity Irregularity

 Strength (Weak Story) Irregularity

 Structural Systems
 Bearing wall system
A structural system without a complete vertical load-
carrying space frame
 Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all
or most gravity loads
 Resistance to lateral load provided by shear walls or
braced frames
 Building frame system
A structural system with an essentially complete space
frame providing support for gravity loads
braced frames
 Moment-resisting frame system
A structural system with an essentially complete space
frame providing support for gravity loads
 Resistance to lateral load provided primarily by flexural
action of members
 Dual system
 An essentially complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads
braced frames and moment resisting frames
 The moment-resisting frames shall be designed to resist
25% of the design base shear
 Height Considerations
 Seismic analysis of structures depends on the
height of the structure
 Minimum of three stories are required for seismic
loads to be considered in the load combinations.
 Three types of seismic analysis:
 Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure
 Static Lateral Force Procedure
 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure

 The simplified static lateral-force procedure set
forth in Section 208.5.2.3 may be used for the
following structures of Occupancy Category IV or
V:
 Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family
dwellings) not more than three stories in height
excluding basements that use light-frame construction.
 Other buildings not more than two stories in height
excluding basements.
 Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure
 The total design base shear in a given direction
shall be determined from the following equation:
3 𝐶𝑎
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅
 When the soil properties are not known in sufficient
detail to determine the soil profile type, the
following shall be used:
 Type 𝑆𝐷 for seismic Zone 4
 Type 𝑆𝐸 for seismic Zone 2
 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 The static lateral force procedure may be used for
the following structures:
 All structures, regular or irregular in occupancy
Categories IV or V in Seismic Zone 2.
 Regular Structures under 75 meters in height.
 Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20

meters in height
 Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a
rigid lower portion.
 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 The dynamic lateral force procedure of Section
208.6 shall be used for all other structures,
including the following:
 Structures 75 meters or more in height, except as
permitted by Section 208.4.8.2, Item 1.
 Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric
vertical irregularity of Type 1,2 or 3, as defined in Table
208-9, or structures having irregular features not
described in Table 208-9 or 208-10.
 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 The dynamic lateral force procedure of Section
208.6 shall be used for all other structures,
including the following:
 Structures over five stories or 20 meters in height in
Seismic Zones 4 not having the same structural
system throughout their height.
 Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile
Type, that have a period greater than 0.70 second. The
analysis shall include the effects of the soil at the site.
 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedures

 TimeHistory Analysis
 Response Spectrum Analysis
Ground
 Time History Analysis (Nonlinear Dynamic
Analysis)
 Creation of elastic design spectrum considering a
ground motion having a return period of 475 years
or 10% probability of exceeding a ground motion in
50 years with 5% damping.
 Synthetic time histories are created using the
design spectrum by matching the response
spectrum of a strong ground motion time history to
the code based elastic design spectrum.
 Response Spectrum Analysis
 An elastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing
the peak dynamic response of all modes having a
significant contribution to the total response.
 Peak modal responses are calculated using the
ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum
curve which correspond to the modal periods.
 Maximum modal contributions are combined in a
statistical manner to obtain an approximate total
structural response.
 Minimum Design Earthquake Loads

 The following earthquake loads shall be used in the
load combinations:
𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣
The value of which must not be greater than
𝐸𝑚 = Ω𝑜 𝐸ℎ
 where:
 E= earthquake load on an element of the structure
resulting from the combination of the horizontal
component, 𝐸ℎ and vertical component, 𝐸𝑣
 𝐸ℎ - earthquake load due to base shear, V, as set forth
in Section 208.5.2 or the design lateral force, 𝐹𝑝 , as set
forth in Section 208.7
 𝐸𝑚 estimated maximum earthquake force that can be
developed in the structure as set forth in Section
208.5.1.1 and used in the design of specific elements
of the structure
 Inelastic Drift (Story Drift)

 The maximum inelastic response displacement
∆𝑚 of the structure shall be computed as
 m  0.7 R s
where:
∆𝑠 = structure deformation
R = numerical coefficient which represents the ductility
capacity of lateral force-resisting systems (earlier defined in Section 208.5.2.1)
 Drift must not be greater than

Natural Period Drift Limitations
T < 0.7s ∆ ≤ 0.025h
T ≥ 0.7s ∆ ≤ 0.020h
 The total design base shear in a given
direction shall be determined from the
following equation:
Cv I
V W
RT
where:
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base
𝐶𝑣 = seismic coefficient depending on the soil condition (given in Table 208-8)
I = importance factor given in Table 208-1
W = total weight of the structure
R = numerical coefficient which represents the ductility capacity of
lateral force-resisting systems (given in Table 208-11 or 208-13)
T = elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure
in the direction under consideration (seconds)
shall not be greater than
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅
where:
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base

𝐶𝑎 = seismic coefficient depending on the soil condition (given in Table 208-8)
I = importance factor given in Table 208-1
R = numerical coefficient which represents the ductility capacity of lateral
force-resisting systems (given in Table 208-11 or 208-13)

shall not be less than
𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 IW
 Forseismic Zone 4, the total design base shear

shall not be less than
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅
 Static Lateral Force
Procedure
 The total design
base shear in a given
direction shall not be
greater than
𝐴
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑔
where:
A= spectral acceleration of the structure from NSCP design
spectrum
 Static
Lateral Force Method
Method A:
Natural Period T can be estimated
from the following equation:
3/4
where: 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 (𝑕𝑛 )
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0853 for moment-resisting frames
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting
frames and eccentrically braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
𝑕𝑛 = height above the base to level n (meter)
 Method B
Natural Period T can be estimated from the

following equation:
𝑁 2
𝑊
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖𝛿
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔 𝑁𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖
where:
𝑓𝑖 = lateral force disturbed in accordance with equations (208-13),
(208-14) and (208-15)
𝛿𝑖 = elastic deflections due to the applied lateral forces 𝑓𝑖
 Vertical Distribution of Force
𝑁
𝑉 = 𝐹𝑡 + 𝐹𝑥
𝑥=1
where:
𝐹=0 if T≤0.7s (𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 )𝑤𝑥 𝑕𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑁
= 0.7 TV if T>0.7s 𝑥=1 𝑤𝑥 𝑕𝑥
(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 )𝑤𝑛 𝑕𝑛
𝐹𝑛 = 𝑁 + 𝐹𝑡 𝑉𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑡
𝑥=1 𝑤𝑥 𝑕𝑥
where:
𝐹𝑥 = lateral force applied to level x
𝐹𝑡 =portion of the base shear considered
concentrated at the top (level n) in addition to
the computed 𝐹𝑛
𝑤𝑥 =weight at a particular level, x
𝑕𝑥 =height at a particular level, x, above the base
𝑉𝑥 = total shear force applied at the level x

 Horizontal Distribution of Forces
 Due to direct floor loads
 Due to accidental moment (torsional moments)

Computed center of
mass
0.05H
Vx
H
 Due to direct floor loads
𝑅
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =
𝑅
 Due to accidental moment (torsional moment)
𝑀𝑇 𝑅 𝑑 2
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗
𝑑 𝑅 𝑑2
Where:
R is the rigidity value of a frame in a given direction
D is signed distance of the frame from the center of mass of the structure
𝑀𝑇 is the accidental (torsional) moment
 Rigidity Values (R)

 Absolute Rigidity – the actual stiffness of a column
12 EI
R 3 (for fixed connection)
L
12 EI
R 3 (for pinned connection)
L
 Relative Rigidity – the relative stiffness of a frame
whose columns are made up of the same material
(E), same height (L) and same cross-section (I).

Total shear force coefficient, C
𝑅 𝑀𝑇 𝑅 𝑑2
𝐶 = 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 + 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = + ∗
𝑅 𝑑 𝑅 𝑑2
Frame loadings
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Compute for the total factored moment on a fully

restrained beam subjected to the following
earthquake, dead and live loads:
Moment/Seismic Parameter Magnitude/Type 200 kN
𝐸ℎ (Moment due to horizontal

35 kN-m 450 kN
component of ground motion)
𝐸𝑣 (Moment due to vertical 20% of the
component of ground motion) horizontal comp.
320 kN
Ground Floor Area, 𝐴𝐵 900 m2
Dead Load Moment 100 kN-m
Live Load Moment 20 kN-m Ground

Bearing Wall V = 970 kN
Type of Structural System
Systems
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
 Perform a static lateral force procedure for the

frame below.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
 Data:
Information Value
Weight per floor W1 = 7873 kN, W2 = 7878 kN, W3 = 6782 kN
Dimension of columns 600 mm by 600 mm RC columns
Modulus of Elasticity 25 GPa

Concrete special moment resisting frame, no
Structural System
shear walls
Location 2 km from West Valley Fault
Building Occupancy Office Building
Soil Profile Type Rock Formation (Type B)

REFERENCES
 Association of Structural Engineers of the

Philippines (2010). National Structural Code of
the Philippines.
 Federal Emergency Management Agency 451
Manual.
 International Building Code 2006.
 Zafra, R. G. (2012). CE 137 Lecture Notes.

University of the Philippines – Los Baños.

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Chapter 8 NSCP Code Provisions for Seismic Forces

CE 137- STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND

 Soil Lateral Pressure

 Diaphragms (floors or roof)

 Shear Walls (Vertical continuous RC Walls)

 Shear Walls (Vertical continuous RC Walls)

 Braced Frames (Steel “Shear Walls”)

 Moment Resisting Frames

 Moment Resisting Frames

 Moment Resisting Frame vs. Braced Frames

 Seismic design considerations

 Occupancy Categories (Type of use)

Fire and police stations

Aviation control towers

Tanks and other structures containing housing or supporting

Public school buildings

V Miscellaneous Structures Private garages, carports, sheds, and fences over

 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics (based on

 Seismic Response Coefficients

 Seismic Source Types

Seismic Zone Factor, Z

The peak ground acceleration (PGA) of

No seismic hazard analysis was performed in

 Near Source Factors

Seismic Source Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

 Seismic Source Types

1Sitespecific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

1Sitespecific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response

 Re-entrant Corner Irregularity

 Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity

 Out of Plane Offsets

 Nonparallel system irregularity

 Stiffness (Soft Story) Irregularity

 Weight (Mass) Irregularity

 Vertical Geometric Irregularity

 In-Plane Discontinuity Irregularity

 Strength (Weak Story) Irregularity

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedures

 Minimum Design Earthquake Loads

The value of which must not be greater than

 Inelastic Drift (Story Drift)

 Drift must not be greater than

V = total design lateral force or shear at the base

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Forseismic Zone 4, the total design base shear

Natural Period T can be estimated from the

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Due to accidental moment (torsional moments)

 Rigidity Values (R)

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

Total shear force coefficient, C

Compute for the total factored moment on a fully