Bambang H Nugroho, M.Sc.

,Apt
 Learning Outcome

Sistem Dispersi

Dispersi Molekuler Dispersi Koloid Dispersi Kasar

• Definisi
• Definisi • Karakteristik • Definisi
• Karakteristik • Penggolongan Koloid • Karakteristik
• Contoh • Type of Colloidal • Sifat Antarmuka
System Suspensi dan Emulsi
• CMC
• Formulasi Suspensi
• Optical and Kinetic of
Colloids
&Emulsi
• Electrical Colloids • Zeta Potensial dan
• Aplikasi Koloid Hukum Stokes
• Dialysis & Membrane • Stabilitas Fisik
Donane Eq Dispersi kasar
 Pembelajaran SCL

 Dosen membentuk kelompok mahasiswa secara acak
(random)
 Buatlah mind mapping berdasarkan buku farmasi
fisik martin pada bagian koloid dengan kelompok
anda!
 Buatlah point-point penting atau outline dalam
chapter/bagian tersebut
 Dispersi Molekuler

 Definisi
 Karakteristik
 Contoh
 Dispersi Koloid

• Definisi
• Karakteristik
• Penggolongan Koloid
• Type of Colloidal System
• CMC (critical micelle concentration)
• Optical and Kinetic of Colloids
• Electrical Colloids
• Aplikasi Koloids
• Hidrogel
• ME dan NE (emulsion)
• Liposome
• Misel
• Nanopartikel & Nanokristal
• Dialysis & Membrane Donane Eq
 Dispersi Kasar

• Definisi
• Karakteristik
• Sifat Antarmuka Suspensi dan Emulsi
• Formulasi Suspensi &Emulsi
• Zeta Potensial dan Hukum Stokes
• Stabilitas Fisik Dispersi kasar (emulsi dan
suspensi)
 Mixtures


Suspension colloid solution

Particles of Mixtures

 Video Materi
Pendukung

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhFRsGq6KjY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5sKKsAbAW
w
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4KAbbVN
Mxc
 Surfactan


Surfactan dapat membentuk globul/misel dalam ukuran koloid

CMC


Dispersi Koloid

 INDRODUCTION

 History
The word "Colloid" was derived from the Greek,
"kolla" for glue, as some of the original organic
colloidal solutions were glues. This term was first
coined in 1862 to distinguish colloids from
crystalloids such as sugar and salt.

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 14

 What are colloids?

A mixture in which one substance is divided into
minute particles (called colloidal particles) and
dispersed throughout a second substance.
There are no strict boundaries on the size of colloidal
particles, but they tend to vary between 1 nm to 1μm
in size.

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 15

 Size Of Colloids


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 16

 Types of Colloidal Dispersions
Type Particle Phase Medium Phase Example

Foam Gas Liquid Whipped Cream

Solid Foam Gas Solid Floating Soap

Aerosol Liquid Gas Fog, hairspray

Liquid Emulsion Liquid Liquid Milk, Mayonnaise

Solid Emulsion Liquid Solid Butter

Smoke Solid Gas Fine dust or soot

in air
Sol Solid Liquid Starch Solutions,
Jellies
Solid Sol Solid Solid Pearl
12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 17 17
 Shape of Colloids


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 18

 Properties of Solutions, Colloids, and
Suspensions
Property Solution Colloid Suspension

Particle Size 0.1-1.0 nm 1-1000 nm >1000 nm

Settles on No No Yes
Standing?
Filter with No No Yes
Paper?
Separate by No Yes Yes
Dialysis?
Homogeneous? Yes Borderline No

CHEM1405 19
 Characterize


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 20

 Partikel yang terletak dalam jangkauan ukuran koloid
mempunyai luas permukaan yang sangat besar
dibandingkan dengan luas permukaan partikel-partikel

besar dengan volume yang sama

 Penerapan dalam bidang farmasi adalah untuk

mempertinggi efektifitas obat, contohnya :
 Kalomel koloidal, daya antiseptiknya lebih tinggi
 Serbuk sulfur absorpsinya lebih baik
 Polimer sintetis digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut pada bentuk
sediaan padat
 Elektrolit kololidal (zat aktif permukaan) digunakan untuk
mempertinggi kelarutan, stabilitas dan rasa dari senyawa
tertentu
 Characteristic of
Colloids
  Do not pass semi-
permeable membrane
 Pass through filter
paper

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 22

 Tyndall Effect
• Light is scattered by Colloid

A Solution Colloidal
Does not Iron(III) Oxide
Scatter light CHEM1405 Scatters light 23
 Colloids

red colloidal hydrous Addition of Al2(SO4)3 soln

iron (III) oxide Adopted from :CHEM1405 causing Coagulation of the
24
presentation colloidal iron oxide
 Clasification of Colloids


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 25

 

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 26

Surfactants decrease surface tension
 Amphipile
Colloids
Proses
 terbentuknya
misel pada
koloid
gabungan
Geganions/cou
nter ion
berada di
dekat
senyawa
polar yang
bermuatan
12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 28
 Critical micelle concentration (CMC)
-Surface tension decreases with increasing surfactant concentration untill
the surface is fully occupied
-Further increase of surfactant concentration: surfactant molecules are
forced to enter the bulk of the solution
- In the bulk of the solution, surfactant molecules form micelles

Micelle in hydrophilic liquid Micelle in hydrophobic liquid

+
+

Also other morphologies are possible

CMC and aggregation # of some
surfactants
 Factors affecting CMC and micelle
size
•Structure of hydrophobic group
•Nature of hydrophilic group
•Nature of counter ions
•Addition of electrolytes to ionic
surfactants decreases CMC and
increase size
•Effect of temperature
 Solubilization
• The ability of the micelles to increase the solubility of
materials that are normally insoluble or only slight soluble
in the dispersion medium.
 Properties of Colloids

Optical Properties

 The Faraday-Tyndall Effect
 Electron Microscope
 Light Scattering

Kinetic Properties
 Brownian Motion
 Diffusion
 Sedimentation

Electrical Properties
 Electrokinetic Phenomena
 Light Scattering


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 34

 Kinetic Property-
Electrical


12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 35

 Dialisis

• Dialysis is a process that separates solvent and small
molecules and ions from large ones by allowing the
smaller particles to pass through a membrane that
blocks the larger ones.
• Uses a different type of membrane than osmosis
 Dialysis
• In dialysis, molecules
and ions always diffuse
from areas of higher
concentration to areas
of lower concentration.

Adopted from: CHEM1405 presentation

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 37

 Aplikasi Dialisis


Blood cells & plasma proteins fall in the
colloidal size range and will be retained,
while impurities pass through the dialysis
membrane

Artificial Kidney

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 38

 Hemodialysis Device

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 39

 Dialisis

• Dialysis is a process that separates solvent and small
molecules and ions from large ones by allowing the
smaller particles to pass through a membrane that
blocks the larger ones.
• Uses a different type of membrane than osmosis
 Hemodialysis
• Counter Current
(Shell&Tube) Membrane
– Blood
– DI Water
• Series of Resistances
– Mass Transfer
• Blook
• Water
– Diffusion in Membrane
• Urea
• Byproducts

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 41

 Kidneys
• Kidneys Eliminate certain
wastes by Dialysis
• Smaller molecules pass
through dialysis
membrane, larger colloids
(Blood cells) do not

Adopted from: CHEM1405 presentation

12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 42

Kidney Dialysis Machine
• Kidney functions
can be replaced by
a dialysis machine
• Smaller molecules
pass through
dialysis
membrane, larger
colloids (Blood
cells) do not

43
Adopted from: CHEM1405 presentation
 Membran Donane Eq.

 Pada membran semipermeabel ion-ion kecil (seperti
Na+ Cl-) dapat berpindah (diffusible ion) sedang ion-
ion koloid tidak dapat melewati membran (non-
diffusible ion).

 Sistem dalam kesetimbangan dinyatakan dalam

diagram berikut, dimana R- adalah anion koloid
yang tidak dapat berdifusi dan garis tegak yang
memisahkan berbagai jenis zat mewakili membran
semipermeabel
 Mekanisme

 Volume larutan pada kedua sisi dianggap sama.
Di luar (o) Di dalam (i)
R-
Na+ Na+
Cl- Cl-

 Setelah tercapai kesetimbangan, konsentrasi natrium klorida

dalam larutan encer harus sama pada kedua sisi membran
[Na+]o [Cl-]o = [Na+]i [Cl-]I (1)
 Kondisi elektronetralitas harus pula diterapkan, jadi kinsentrasi
ion-ion bermuatan positif dalam larutan pada kedua sisi
membran harus seimbang dengan konsentrasi ion-ion yang
bermuatan negatif
 Lanjutan.
 Di luar

: [Na+]o = [Cl-]o (2)
 Di dalam : [Na+]i = [R-]i + [Cl-]i (3)
 Bila persamaan disederhanakan dan persamaan (2) dan (3)
disubstitusikan kedalam persamaan (1) maka :

√
[Cl-]o [R-]i
= 1 + (4)
[Cl-]I [Cl-]I

 Persamaan (4) merupakan perbandingan konsentrasi anion yang

berdifusi diluar dan di dalam membran pada kesetimbangan
 Adanya non diffusible ion pada sisi membran dalam akan
mempengaruhi kecepatan masuknya anion
 Hal ini disebabkan muatan yang sama akan saling tolak, sehingga non
diffusible ion akan mengusir anion keluar membran.

 Dispersi Kasar
Definition:

- A substance, the disperse (discontinuous) phase, is
dispersed as “particles” over the dispersion medium
(continuous phase)
- Phases can be solids, liquids or gasses
Disperse phase
(discontinuous phase)

Dispersie medium
(continuous phase)

Suspensi dan Emulsi

 Gibs Free Energy


Surface Free Surface Tension Surface

Energy (Gibbs) (Solid-Liquid)
 Compute if surface is
increased 10³107
cm²
 ɣSL =100 dyne/cm
THERMODINAMICALY
UNSTABLE
Area
 Compute if surface is increased
10³107
 G 1=ɣSL x A
= 100 X 10³= 10 5 erg/cm²
G 2 =ɣSL x A
= 100 X 107=10 9 erg/cm²
∆G 21 10 5 erg/cm² 10 9 erg/cm²
 Surface Free Energy
BULK 

caking
Dispersion

THERMODINAMICALY
UNSTABLE
 SIFAT ANTAR MUKA

 flocculation or caking
– determined by forces of attraction (van der Waals) versus
forces of repulsion (electrostatic)

 deflocculated
– repulsion> attraction
– affected by [electrolytes]

 flocculated
– attraction > repulsion
Zeta Potensial



 The DLVO theory is named
after Derjaguin, Landau,
Verwey, and Overbeek. It is
the explanation of the
 stability of colloidal
suspension.
Describes the balance between
two forces, electrostatic
repulsion and van der
Waals attraction.
Electrostatic repulsion
becomes significant when
two colloids approach each
other and their electrical
double layers begin to
interfere.
12/27/2018 Farmasi Fisik 2013-Bambang HN 55
STABILITAS FISIK SUSPENSI

• The suspension shall form flock
loose networks of flocks
that settle rapidly, do not
form cakes and are easy to
resuspend.
• Settling and aggregation
may result in formation of
cakes (suspension) that is
difficult to resuspend or cake
phase separation (emulsion)
Cake & Flock must be Controlled
by Zeta Potensial, Viscosity and Particle Size
 Sedimentasi

d2(rs - rf)g
Stokes’ law: v= 18h
 Sedimentation is one of the most critical properties
of colloids that significantly influences the
processing, manufacturing, and market launching
of a drug delivery system. Sedimentation is mainly
influenced by gravitational force.
 The velocity (V) of sedimentation of spherical
particles with a density ρ in a medium of density
 ρ and a viscosity η is given by Stokes law
 Sedimentation Volume

F = Vu /V0 ; ideally, F should be equal to 1.0
 F = Vu /V0

 Vu /V0= 6/100

Vu /V0= 3/100

12/27/2018 PENGARUH ZETA

FarmasiPOTENSIAL
Fisik 2013-Bambang TERHADAP
HN SISTEM 59
DISPERSI





Pharmaceutical Formulation

 Sedimentasi
d2(r - r )g
s f
Stokes’ law: v= 18h

Take care:
- Wetting particles (contact angle)
- Shape of the particles (compare: parachute)
- High particle concentration
- Non-Newtonian liquids (yield stress)
- Convection by differences in temperature
 Sedimentation Volume

F = Vu /V0 ; ideally, F should be equal to 1.0

BACK
 Peningkatan Stabilitas
 d2(r - r )g
s f
Stokes’ law: v=
18h

- Decreasing particle size, d

- Decreasing difference in density,rs - rf 
- Increasing viscosity, h

Peningkatan Stabilitas

