52 Foundations of Algebra

440 5 10 22
part
CHAPTER 4 : EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
4.1 Exponential Function

EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION

Definition:
- = ,where > 0, 1
- is a variable.

Basic
graph Solving exponential
Transformation of exponential function
function where > 0

(1) For > 1;

(i) Horizontally shifting (left or
Eg: = 2 , = .
right)
Graph is increasing
without bound. - Left: =
linear
H.A, y = 0. - Right: = (same/different
Domain: , . base),
(ii) Vertically shifting (upward or quadratic form
Range: 0, .
downward) or higher
- Upward: = + exponent form.
- Downward: =

(iii) Reflecting about

- y-axis: =
- x-axis: =

(iv) Vertically stretch or vertically

compress-multiply by .
(2) For 0 < < 1; - > 1, vertically stretch by
, = .
= . - 0 < < 1, vertically compress
Graph is deceasing and by , = .
approaching = 0.
H.A, y = 0. (v) Horizontally stretch or
horizontally compress-multiply
Domain: , .
by .
Range: 0, .
- > 1, horizontally compress
by , = .
-0< < 1, horizontally stretch
by , = .
 Definition of the Exponential Function
The exponential function with base is defined by variable
( )= number
where is nonnegative real number ( > 0) and 1, and is variable.
Example of Exponential Function: Example of not Exponential Function:

= , ( )= ( )= , ( )=
( )=
=( . ) , ( )=

Graph of ( ) = Characteristics of exponential functions

y d ene Range: (0, 4470

Asn to
1)
2)
Domain:
No -intercepts, the -intercept is 1
g g

y.ly
whennet 3) The -axis ( =0) is a horizontal asymptote
y 3 11,42
4)
5)
An increasing function and is one-to-one
The graph contains the points
willies 1, , (0,1), (1, ). if log
yes fungi
as I pipa p
y 2 wenn As no o

a horizontal y 20
i 1 y 70
1,3
asymptote yo y en y 30 1
when nel
iii y e's
1) Domain: Range: (0,
y 3 2) No -intercepts, the -intercept is 1 n
3 3) The -axis ( =0) is a horizontal asymptote or
tl Ya

interne
4) A decreasing function and is one-to-one
5) The graph contains the points
As n 2 x 1, , (0,1), (1, ).

y exist
y y t t
35
y logan
Horizontal 4
when n I
asymptote
y y yet
in y o

L
y o
when to 1 1 s
g I I a
ridin
Y

iii
 Definition of the Natural Exponential Function
The natural exponential function is defined by
( )=
where 2 < < 3 which is 2.71828

rays

7 i
2.71828

g logen
Y In N

HA b

yeah
Transformation of Exponential Functions where >

(i) Horizontally shifting (left or right)

- Left: = changes in n coordinate
y fCnto- Right: =
yofen c
(ii) Vertically shifting (upward or downward)

y fate -- Upward: = + I changes in y coordinate

Downward: =
y fCn c
(iii) Reflecting about n coordinate
4 cages in
y ffn -- y-axis:
x-axis: =
=

ye fan I in y coordinate
I compress-multiply by .
(iv) Vertically stretch or vertically
chases
- > 1, vertically stretch by , = .
- 0 < < 1, vertically compress by , = . yo cfa

(v) Horizontally stretch or horizontally compress-multiply by .

- > 1, horizontally compress by , = .
-0< < 1, horizontally stretch by , = . y fan
Example 1 FEET is It
(a)
Given that ( ) = + 1. ventrollysittt
Efta

hi
(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. Show all steps
and plot at least 2 points at each graph. I dow
Cup y
(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.

Solutions:
(a) (i)
Step by Step approach
Basic graph
1
( )=
3
(0,1) and ( 1,3)
Horizontal asymptote,
=0.

ye

n 2 shiftright 2 units
ii y f I Step by Step approach

Shift to the right 2 units

1
( )=
3
(0,1) (2,1)
and
( 1,3) (1,3)
Horizontal asymptote,
HA =0.
go

d I about
 in y c
masqadiote
Step by Step approach
Reflect about y-axis
1
( )=
3
(2,1) ( 2,1)
and
(1,3) ( 1,3)
Horizontal asymptote,
HA =0.

shift upway
I unit
n g
D yegg Step by Step approach
Shift upward 1 unit
1
( )= +1
3
( 2,1) ( 2,2)
and
( 1,3) ( 1,4)
Horizontal asymptote,
A I =1.

(ii) Domain : ( , )
Range : (1, )
 (b) Given that ( ) = 3( )
yall 2.
(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. Show all steps
and plot at least 2 points at each graph.

(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.

E 2.718
Solutions:
(b) (i)
yeen Step by Step approach
Basic graph
( )=( )
(0,1) and (1, )
Horizontal asymptote,
=0.

Iris

I stretch
vertically
a
by
fact of Step by Step approach
Iii y 3e Vertically stretch by a
factor of 3
cages in ( ) = 3( )
43 2 718
y coordinate (0,1) (0,3)
and
(1, ) (1,3 )y
Horizontal asymptote,
=0.
s 3 0 3
4
O

I about
 iii yo 3
chges in y coordinate

Step by Step approach

Reflect about x-axis
( ) = 3( )
(0,3) (0, 3)
and
(1,3 ) (1, 3 )
Horizontal asymptote,
=0.

in yo ze 2
Ishiftogwn Step by Step approach
Shift downward 2 units
( ) = 3( ) 2
(0, 3) (0, 5)
and
(1, 3 ) (1, 3 2)
Horizontal asymptote,
= 2.
HA

NFR
(ii) Domain : ( , )
Range : ( , 2)

ye 2

440
5 1010
Try

Given that ( ) = 3(2) + 1

(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. Show all steps and plot
at least 2 points at each graph.

(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.

Try
W
Given that ( ) = 3
(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. Show all steps and plot
at least 2 points at each graph.

(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.