Name Roll No. —____Year 20. Exam Seat No. CIVIL GROUP | SEMESTER - III | DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY | S| ee,‘To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social concems and to become globally competitive, technology led organization. To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the changing technological and environmental challenges, Winds We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to enhance the delight of industry and sociely. This will be achieved through continual improvement in management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation, evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes. Ceaene easy MSBTE believes in the followings: ‘+ Education industry produces live products. + Market requirements do not wait for curriculum changes. + Question paper is the reflector of academic standards of educational organization. + Well designed curriculum needs effective implementation too. + Competency based curriculum is the backbone of need based program. + Technical skills do need support of life skills. + Best teachers are the national assets. + Effective teaching learning process is impossible without learning resources.A Laboratory Manual for Mechanics of Structure (22303) Semester-III (CE/CR/CS) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO:9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, (Autonomous) (ISO:9001 : 2015 ) (ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013) 4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra ( East }, Mumbai - 400051 (Printed on June, 2018 )MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Certificate This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ... Roll NO. viceeeeeeceeeseceeees Of Third Semester of Diploma in . of Institute, (Code: . Mechanics of Structures (22303) for the academic year 20........ to 20 as prescribed in the curriculum. Place: ......cceeeee Enrollment No:.............66 Date: ... Exam. Seat No: Subject Teacher Head of the Department (ca of lastution Principal v) has completed the term work satisfactorily in courseMechanics OF Structures (22303) Preface ‘The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE embarked on this innovative ‘I’ Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with outcome-based education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large amount of time is allotted for the practical work. This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher; instructor and student to realize that every minute of the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes, rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this outcome-based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a ‘vehicle’ to develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are difficult to develop through ‘chalk and duster’ activity in the classroom situation, Accordingly, the ‘I’ scheme laboratory manual development t designed the practicals to focus on the outcomes, rather than the traditional age old practice of conducting practicals to ‘verify the theory” (which may become a byproduct along the way). ‘This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from each student that at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure that they will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the practical. Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students will then become aware about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in their professional life. This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the achievement of outcomes in the students. In day-to-day working we come across different types of structures created for different purposes and functions. While designing the structures, analysis of forces and stresses is an important and prerequisite step. Correct analysis is possible only when one knows the types and effects of forces acting on the structures. This course provides the scope to understand fundamental concepts of laws of mechanics and their applications to different engineering problems. This course is designed to provide basic understanding about the different types of forces, moments and their effects on structural elements, which will analyse different structural systems. Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual, perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for improvement are solicited and highly welcome. ‘Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 7Mechanics Of Structures (22303) Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of Course: POI. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to solve the broad-based Engineering related problems. PO2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Laws of Mechanics to solve day to day engineering related problems. PO3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve engineering related problems PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply Mechanics related technologies and tools with its limitations, POS. The engineer and society: Assess social, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in field of Engineering mechanics. PO 6. Environment and sustainability: Apply basic engineering solutions also for sustainable development practices in social and environmental contexts using Laws of Mechanics. PO 7. Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics, responsibilities and norms of the practice also in the field of Engineering mechanics, PO 8. Individual and team work: Function effectively as a leader and team member in diverse/ multidisciplinary teams. PO 9. Communication: Communicate effectively in oral and written form. PO 10.Life-long learning: Engage in independent and life-long learning activities in the context of technological changes in the engineering and allied industries. PSO2. Construction Execution and Maintenance: Execute civil engineering construction and maintenance using relevant material and equipment. Maharashira State Board of Technical Education iMechanics Of Structures (22303) Practical- Course Outcome matrix Course Outcomes (COs): a. Articulate practical applications of moment of inertia of symmetrical and unsymmetrical structural sections, Interpret structural behaviour of materials under various loading conditions. Select material considering engineering properties for various structural applications Interpret shear force and bending moment diagrams for various types of beams and loading conditions. Determine the bending and shear stresses in beams under different loading conditions Analyse the column for various loading and end conditions. Sr. No. Title of the Practical CO [CO] CO] CO] CO] CO aflofe]ale | t Conduct compression and tension tests on sample test pieces using Universal Testing Machine along with introduction to other tests. to be conducted on UTM. Conduct compression test on sample test piece using Compression Testing Machine. Perform Tension test on mild steel as per 18:432(1) Perform tension test on Tor steel as per 7 1S:1608,18:1139 -|v}-ef-)-]- Conduct Izod (IS:1598) Impact test on three metals, E.g. mild steel/ brass /aluminum -|v]-]-]-]- copper /cast iron ete Conduct Charpy (IS:1737) Impact test on three metals. E.g. mild steel’ brass /aluminum copper /cast iron ete Determine Water Absorption on bricks per 18:3495 (part II), I8:1077 or tile IS:1237 - Vi -f-]- Determine Compressive strength of dry and wet bricks as per IS:3495(part I), IS:1077 - Conduct Abrasion Test on flooring tiles (any one) e.g. Mosaic tiles, Ceramic Tiles as per IS: 13630(part7), Cement Tile as per IS: 1237 10 Perform Single Shear and double shear test on any two metals e.g. Mild steel/ / / ‘brass/aluminum/copper / cast iron ete as per 18:5242 ‘Conduct Compression test on timber section along the grain and across the grain as per - -|-J-]- 18:2408 “Maharashtra State Board of Technical EducationMechanics Of Structures (22303) Plot Shear force and Bending Moment 12 | diagrams of cantilever, simply supported and two problems on each type of beam overhanging beams for different types of loads Conduct Flexural test on timber beam on 13 | rectangular section in both orientation as per 18:1708, IS:2408 Conduct Flexure test on floor tiles 14 | IS:1237,18:13630 or roofing tiles as per 18:654,18:2690 15 | Field test on TMT bars “Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanics Of Structures (22303) List of Industry Relevant Skills ‘The practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught and implemented, so that the student demonstrat the following industry oriented relevant skills associated with the above mentioned competency. ween Identify the various types of machines along with their working available for testing of materials. Select the relevant machine(s) for given testing of materials. Determine unknown properties of materials using these machines, Study the working principle, style of operation, capacity, LC of various machines. Apply the theoretical knowledge for finding various properties of materials by verifying their actual behaviour under different conditions of loading. Compare the results with standard values as per IS code for selection or rejection of material for their use in actual practice. Guidelines to Teachers Teachers shall discuss the following points with students before start of practical of the subjects. 1. Learning Overview: To develop better understanding of importance of the subject through intellectual skills and motor skills. 2. Know your laboratory work: To understand the layout of laboratory, sp equipment/instrument/materials, procedure, working in groups, planning time et to know total amount of work to be done in the laboratory. 3. Teachers shall ensure that required equipment are in working condition before start each experiment, also keep operating instruction manual available. 4, Explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each experiment, While taking reading /observation cach student shall be given a chance to perform/observe the experiment. 6. Teachers shall allot the question to the students from the list given at the end of experiment/exercise. 7. If the experiment set up has variations in the specifications of the experiment, the teachers are advised to make the neces: wherever needed. ry change: 8. Time to Time continuous assessment of the students should be done. Maharashira State Board of Technical Education vMechanics OF Structures (22303) 9. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills are developed in the students after the completion of the practical exercise. 10. Focus should be given on development of enlisted skills rather than theoretical knowledge. 11. Teachers should organized Group discussions/brain storming sessions/seminars to facilitate the exchange of knowledge amongst the students. Instructions for Students Students shall read the points given below for understanding the theoretical concepts and practical applications. 1. Student shall undergo study visit of the laboratory for types equipment, instrument, material to be used, before performing experiments. 2. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations. 3. Students should not hesitate to ask any difficulty faced during conduct of practical hours if possible or afterwards but immediately. 4, Write the answers of questions given in the laboratory manual and practice to write the answers to these questions. 5. Student should develop the habit of pear discussions/group discussion related to the experiment/exercise so that exchanges of knowledge /skills could take pla 6. Student shall attempt to develop related hands-on skills and gain confidence 7. Students shall visit the nearby workshop, workstation, industries, laboratories, technical exhibitions, trade fair etc. even not included in the lab manual .In short, students should have exposure to the area of work right in the student hood. 8, Students should develop the habit of not to depend totally on teachers but to develop self- learning techniques. 9, Student should develop habit to submit the practical exercise continuously and progressively on the scheduled dates and should get the assessment done. ‘Maharashira State Board of Technical Education viMechanics Of Structures (22303) List of Practicals and Progressive Assessment Sheet Sr. No. Title of the practical Page No. Date of perfor Date of Teves ‘ment marks 05) Dated | Remar 7 ks Teacher | Gfany) ‘Conduct compressive and tensile tests on sample test pieces using Universal ‘Testing Machine along with introduction to other tests to be conducted on UTM. ‘Conduct compression test on sample test piece using Compression Testing Machine. Perform Tension test on mild steel as per IS:432(1) Perform tension test on Tor steel as per 1S:1608,1S:1139 ‘Conduct Izod (IS:1598) Impact test on three metals. E.g. mild steel brass/aluminum/ copper /east iron ete ‘Conduct Charpy (IS:1757) Impact test on three metals. E.g. mild steel/ brass/aluminum/ copper /cast iron ete 4 Determine Water Absorption on bricks per IS:3495 (part II), IS:1077 or tile 1S:1237 48 Determine Compressive strength of diy and wet bricks as per I8:3495(part 1), 1s:1077 54 9 ‘Conduct Abrasion Test on flooring tiles (any one) e.g. Mosaic tiles, Ceramic Tiles as per IS: 13630(part7), Cement Tile as per IS: 1237 61 10 Perform Single Shear and double shear test on any two metals e.g. Mild steel/ brass/aluminum/copper / cast iron ete as per IS:5242 67 ‘Conduct Compression test on timber section along the grain and across the grain as per IS:2408 7 12 Plot Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams of cantilever, simply supported and overhanging beams for different types of loads two problems on each type of beam 79 13 ‘Conduct Flexural test on timber beam on rectangular section in both orientation as per IS:1708, 1S:2408 “Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanics Of Structures (22303) ‘Conduct Flexure test on floor tiles 14. | 1S:1237,I8:13630 or roofing tiles as per 99 18:654,18:2690 15. | Field test on TMT bars 106 Total “Maharashira State Board of Technical Education To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2017Mechanies of Structure (22303) 1 mW Iv vi vir Practical No. 0 introduction to UTM & study of various parts of UTM in laboratory. Practical Significance To suggest any material for its use one must be aware of all the properties of that material. Various properties of the material can be found/calculated in the laboratory by performing different tests on it. In general the important properties are tensile strength, compressive strength; shear strength, flexural strength ete. which plays an important role for their use as a material. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is a machine with the help of which one can determine these important propertics by performing different tests on it. Instead of having separate machine all the tests can be performed using UTM. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) POL. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to solve the broad-based Engineering related problems. PO2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Laws of Mechanics to solve day to day engineering related problems. PO3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve engineering related problems. Relevant Course Outcomes Analyse structural behaviour of materials under various loading conditions. Practical Outeome 1) To determine the various tests which can be performed on UTM. 2) To understand the working and handling of UTM, 3) To improve hands on skill performance, Competency and Practical Skills, This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency. a. Measurement skill ». Error estimation skill ©. Select proper cross heads for particular type of load application. Relevant Affective domain related a, Follow safety practices. b, Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member. c. Maintain tools and equipment. Minimum Theoretical Background ‘The material possesses various mechanical properties. These properties are determined by conducting different tests on it. To conduct the test instead of using separate machines, one can perform all the important test using UTM alongwith its attachment. Maharashira State Board of Technical Education TMechanics of Structure (22303) VIII Labeling to the Experimental set-up for UTM is to be done by the students:- “Arrangement fr tension test Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanics of Structure (22303) IX Resources required Sr. i ificati i Na, | Particulars Specification |Quantity] Remark |Universal Testing machine of capacity 1000KN,, 7 1 | UTM — (600 KN/400KN, analog type/digital type with all ttachments and accessories. - [Least count - 0.01 mm. Max. T 2 |xtensometer EXtasion = 25 mm, Single dial [gauge for 30 mm,40 mm. 60 mm, 80 mm, 1100 mm, 125 mm gauge length. Various SReat block for shear test I 3 [Roller supports and load pointer for flexure test 1 attachment indenter attachment for Hardness test T X Procedure 1) Study the control unit and loading unit along with their functions, 2) Identify the various cross heads of the machine along with all its attachment. 3) Study the working principle of the machine. 4) Ensure that the release valve of the machine is open and control valve is closed. 5) Move the middle crosshead of straining unit rapidly with the help of mechanical motors, there by the space in upper crosshead and middle crosshead decreases or increases depending on the make of the machine. 6) Now for hydraulic movement of crossheads close the release valve and slowly open the control valve and observe the slow movement of one of the three crossheads. It is the movable crosshead and remaining are the fixed crossheads. 7) Observe the space between two crossheads, if it is decreasing then compressive load can be applied. 8) But if space between these two cross-heads is increasing then tensile load can be applied. (A) Procedure for sample compression test 1) Put off the machine. Open the release valve and close the control valve. 2) Adjust the position of middle crosshead with the help of mechanical movement for application of compressive load on mortar cube/concrete cube/timber or on suitable sample. 3) Ensure that crossheads are touching the specimen. After selecting suitable range on load dial gauge close the release valve and open slowly the control valve. 4) For the selected range of load note the least count of load dial gauge, observe the movement of pointer. In case of electronic unit the values of digital display increases. Note the gradual application of load, 5) Note the readings of load at different instants, 6) Apply the load till failure takes place, that is the maximum load or failure load. 7) Teacher may differentiate the stress & strain at this stage, ‘Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 3Mechanies of Structure (22303) xI xi xu (B) Procedure for sample tensile test:- 1) Put off the machine, Open the release valve. Note the backflow of hydraulic oil and lowering of the crosshead, close the control valve. 2) Adjust the loading range of UTM and select the loading interval. 3) Set the Load pointer of the dial gauge to zero. 4) Fix the specimen between the grips of top and middle cross head of the loading, frame. 5) Adjust the gauge length on extensometer and fix the same at the middle portion of the bar. Switch on the UTM. 6) Observe hesitations in the movement of load pointer at yield point. Here the load pointer moves some what to and fro. It gives upper yield load and lower yield load. Record these values. 7) When the specimen enters in plastic range, the extensometer reading changes rapidly with little change in load. Remove the extensometer at this instant. 8) Further elongation of the bar is observed from extension measuring device, fixed on the loading frame. 9) Apply the load continuously till the specimen breaks. Observe the ultimate and breaking load and also neck formation. Precautions to be followed The reading must be taken and noted down carefully. The specimen should be fixed carefully in to the jaw of machine Attach extensometer carefully. Apply the load gradually. Extensometer must be removed at the yield point load. where Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient) Resources used Name of Broad Specifications Resource | Make Details Quantity) Remark Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 4Mechanies of Structure (22303) XIV Precautions followed XV Observations and Calculations (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient) st Conducted Cross Head/Jaw used IL 1 2. Attachment used if any Load at failure Test Conducted Cross Head/Jaw used 1 2 2. Attachment used if any Load at failure “Maharashtra State Board of Technical EducationMechanics of Structure (22303) Test Conducted Cross Head/Jaw used 1 2. Attachment used if any Load at failure ‘Test Conducted Cross Head/Jaw used 1 2. Attachment used if any Load at failure Test Conducted Cross Head/Jaw used 1 2. Attachment used if any Load at failure “Maharashtra State Board of Technical EducationMechanies of Structure (22303) XVI_ Results XVIL_ Interpretation of results XVIIE Conclusions and Recommendations (if any) XIX _ Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design ‘more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum three questions. » 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) ) 2 State the working principle of machine. State the maximum capacity of UTM you have used. State the least count of machine for the measurement of load, State the least count of machine for the measurement of displacement. State the type of oil used in the machine. State the capacity of oil tank for the machine. State the area(considering working area) required for the installation of the machine Can we set up this machine other than ground floor. Justify your answer. [Space to Write Answer] Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanies of Structure (22303) Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanies of Structure (22303) XX References / Suggestions for further Reading 1. https:/www.youtube .com /watch?v-D8U4GSkepeM for tension test on mild ste 2. Brochure supplied with the machine. 3. LS. 1608. 2005 and LS. 432 (Part I) 1982 R 1995. XXI_ Suggested Assessment Scheme S.No Performance Indicators Weightage (%) Process related:15 Marks 60% | 1 Handling of the machine. 5% 2 Following of precautions 10% 3 pplying load and taking observations. 20% 4 [identifying the parts of the machine & function 10% | S__ Handle different fixtures and attachments 10% | 6 Working in team. 5% | Product related:10 Marks 40% T___ [Error estimation. 5% 2 [interpretation of result 10% 3 ‘onclusions and Recommendations. 10% | “4 Answers to practical related questions. 10% | 5 ubmission of report in time. 5% | ‘Total: 25 Marks 100% List of Students Team Members wren Dated sign Marks Obtained of Teacher Product Related | Total lProcess Related (15)| 0 5 Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 3Mechanies of Structure (22303) m1 Iv v VI vil Practical No. 02: Conduct compression test on sample test compression testing machine (CTM). Practical Significance Compressive stress is the stress developed in the material due to the compressive load. In other words, itis the compressive load per unit cross sectional area of the material Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) (from programme Structure) POL. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to solve the broad-based Engineering related problems. PO2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Laws of Mechanics to solve day to day engineering related problems. PO3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve engineering related problems. Relevant Course Outcomes Analyse structural behaviour of materials under various loading conditions. Practical Outcome 1) To determine compressive strengths of Mild steel, Copper, Aluminum and Cast iron. 2) To compare compressive strengths of different materials Competency and Practical Skills This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency. a. Measurement skill b. Error estimation skill c. Plotting graphs Relevant Affective domain related a. Follow safety practices. b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member. c. Maintain tools and equipment. Minimum Theoretical Background The material possess various mechanical properties. Compressive stress is the stress developed in the material due to the compressive load. In other words, it is the compressive load per unit cross sectional area of the material, Different materials have different compressive strength. Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 10Mechanics of Structure (22303) VIII Labeling to the sketch/Experimental set-up is to be done by the students:- IX Resources required Sr. Na, [Particulars Specification Quantity | Remark Compression Testing machine of capacity 2000kN 1] crm /1000KN/500kN/400KN, analog type/digital type with all attachments and| accessories. 2 | Specimen Metal/Timber/brick ete Tper each group lof 4 to 5 students “Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanies of Structure (22303) X Procedure A 1 2) 3) 4) 5) For mild steel, copper, aluminum and cast iron Measure the dimensions of the specimen and record in Observation Table. Place the specimen between cross heads of Compression testing Machine. Apply the load gradually till the failure occurs. Record the load at failure. Observe the failure pattern. Calculate the crushing strength. XI Precautions to be followed 1 2 ‘The reading must be taken and noted down carefully. The distance between the jaw of machine must be adjusted as per the height of specimen using available spacer plates. Apply the load gradually. XI Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient) XII Resources used fame of [Broad Specifications Resource Make Details yuantity Remark XIV Precautions followed Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 2Mechanics of Structure (22303) XV Observations and Calculations (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient) 1) Observation Table ‘Compressive sr. Dimensions of | ©/S area of the Failure - “| Specimen ° speeimen(A) in | load (P) in Si No the specimen o=P/Ain mm’ N 2 Nimm’ 1 | Mild steel 2 | Cooper 3 | Aluminium ‘Note : Write specifically in remark column whether the specimen purely bends, partially bend &break 2) Sample Calculations: For Material PIA= For Material PIA= For Material =PIA= XVI Results 1. Compressive strength of timber specimen is .... 2. Compressive strength of brick specimen is .. 3. Compressive strength of metal specimen is .... XVII_ Interpretation of results XVII Conclusions and Recommendations (if any) XIX Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design ‘more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers ‘of minimum three questions 1) State the working principle of machine. 2) State the maximum capacity of CTM you have used. 3) State the loading range available in the machine along with 4) State the type of oil used in the machine. 5) State the capacity of oil tank for the machine. “Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 3Mechanies of Structure (22303) 6) State the area(considering working area) required for the installation of the machine 7) Can we set up this machine other than ground floor. Justify your answer. (Space to Write Answers) Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 4Mechanics of Structure (22308) XX References / Suggestions for further Reading 1. Uniaxial Tension and Compression Testing of Materials by Nikita Khlystov and others XXI_ Suggested Assessment Scheme S.No Performance Indicators [Weightage (%) Process related: Marks 0% 1 andling of the machin 3% 2 Following of precautions 10% 3 [Applying load and taking observations 20% 7 Hentifying the nature of failure oF the 10% specimen, ‘alculation of parameters concerned. 10% orking in team, 3% Product related:10 Marks 40% 1_ Eiror estimation 3% 2 [interpretation of result 10% 3__ [Conclusions and Recommendations 10% 4_[Answers to practical related questions 10% 3 Submission of report in time 5% Total: 25 Marks 100% List of Students Team Members 1 2, 3 4 s Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher Process Related Product Related Total «sy 0) (25) ‘Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 5Mechanies of Structure (22303) 0 mW Iv VI vir Practical No. 03: Perform tension test on mild steel as per IS: 432(1) Practical Significance In Reinforced cement concrete members tensile stress and compressive stress are developed due to loading. Mild steel and tor steel are used in various R.C.C. members in the construction of structures. Mild steel is used to resist the tension developed in the structure. Determination of tensile strength of mild steel is necessary before its use in the structure. Stress- strain curve for mild steel under tension shows all significant points which helps to understand the basic concept of ductile behavior of material, Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) POI. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering to solve the broad-based Engineering related problems. PO2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Laws of Mechanics to solve day to day engineering related problems. PO3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results to solve engineering related problems. Relevant Course Outcomes Analyse structural behaviour of materials under various loading conditions. Practical Outcome Determination of tensile strength of tor steel and other parameters such as limit of proportionality, elastic limit, yield load, ultimate load and breaking load are observed from the stress strain curve as per IS:432(1) Competency and Practical Skills, This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency. a, Measurement skill b. Error estimation skill ¢. Plotting graphs Relevant Affective domain related a. Follow safety practices and precautions. b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member c. Maintain tools and equipment. M imum Theoretical Background The material possesses various mechanical properties. Mild steel has elasticity, ductility, malleability and strength. To use mild steel in various construction products determination of tensile strength of mild steel is necessary. Tensile strength of mild Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 16Mechanies of Structure (22303) steel helps to increase the strength of the product. In tension test observation of limit of proportionality, elastic limit, yield point, ultimate point and breaking point is important. Measurement of initial gauge length, final gauge length, reduction in diameter and observation of formation of neck in necessary. VIII Labeling to the sketch/Experimental set-up is to be done by the students:- Fig, No. 2 Typical Stress — Strain Curve for Mild Steel L.Upper Yield Point _3.Lower Yield Point Bar Fixed in cross heads with Extensometer, 2. Ultimate Point 4.Break Point Fig. No. 1:- Tension Test IX Resources required SF] Particulars Specification lQuantity| Remark |Gniversal Testing machine of capacity TOOOKN 1 UTM __ |600 KN; 400kN_analog type/digital type with all] 1 ittachments and accessories. [east count - 0.01 mm,Max Extension = 23 tam 2 | Extensometer [Single dialgauge for 30 mm,40 mm. 60 mm, 801 fmm, 100 mm, 125 mm gauge length. 7 T per 3 Specimen Mild steel batch 4, | Vernier caliperfLeast count of 0.02 mm & measuring range off 1 02 mm to 150mm. ‘Maharashira State Board of Technical EducationMechanies of Structure (22303) X Procedure a] Measure the diameter of the specimen at three different sections. Calculate the original diameter by taking average of three readings. The minimum overall length of the specimen shall be 20 times diameter plus 200 mm. b] Mark the gauge points over the grip length such that the gauge points distance is half the gauge length i.e. half of 5.65-/So where so is the cross-sectional area. c] Fix up the bar in the appropriate crossheads so that itis subjected to tensile load. 4] Attach the extensometer on the bar at the central portion of the bar with appropriate distance between upper & lower pivots of extensometer. ¢] Select a suitable loading range depending on the diameter of specimen f] Switch on the machine and open the control valve so that the load is increased gradually and at the required rate. g] Record the load at suitable interval from the digital display unit or the load dial. h] Corresponding to loads note the readings of Extensometer. i] For initial few observations load and extension are in pace with each other. Record the yield point load by observing the hesitation of load pointer reading, The extension reading are faster at this moment. i] Remove the extensometer, and start to measure extension of gauge length by divider or suitable scale, Stop measurement when maximum load has reached. k]_ Record the maximum load. Observe the decrease in load and neck formation on the specimen 1] Record the load at fracture and put off the machine, m] Remove the specimen. Observe the cone & cup formation at the fracture point. Rejoin the two pieces, measure the final gauge length and the reduced diameter. n] Plot the graph of Stress verses strain for mild steel and determine the modulus of elasticity. XI Precautions to be followed The reading must be taken and noted down carefully. The specimen should be fixed carefully in to the jaw of machine Attach extensometer carefully. Apply the load gradually. Extensometer must be removed at the yield point load. where XII Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient) XII Resources used Name of Broad Specifications Resource | Make Details Quantity] Remark Maharashira State Board of Technical Education 8