CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION

The researchers want to study this problem because students are prone to anxiety and

other mental illnesses. The researchers observed that some of the students are having

problems in their academic performance and they want to know if anxiety is one of the

factors. Mental health issues affect many people across the world. These types of

challenges are not new and have been around for a long time. However, awareness of

these issues has increased in recent years. Approximately twenty percent of individuals

in the United States may have a mental illness that has been, or could be diagnosed

(Khubchandani, Brey, Kotecki, Kleinfelder & Anderson, 2016). Anxiety is a global

problem affecting mainly children and adolescents. In America, anxiety is the most

common illness and approximately 40 million adults have anxiety disorders (Robin H,

2009). An estimated 10 million elementary and secondary students experienced test

anxiety in the mid-1980s (Hill & Wigfield, 1984). Hill and Sarason (1966) suggested that

in a typical classroom of 25 students, between one and three students were at risk for

developing test anxiety, including students of average intelligence, students with

learning disabilities, and even gifted students. 2 Researchers have been looking at the

correlation of anxiety and the effect of academic performance among school students,

they found that among high school students with higher level of anxiety have lower

academic performance (McCraty, 2007), and greater anxiety would be associated with

poorer academic achievement (Luigi et al., 2007).

Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders [8] and

depression is expected to be one of the top three leading causes of disability by the
year 2030. Depression can occur in children and with the mean age onset for major

depressive disorder close to 15 years of age, the incidence of mental illness among 15

to 24-year-olds is higher than any other age range. The Center for Disease Control

reported that in the United States, approximately 6 to 9 million children and adolescents

have serious emotional disturbances .For adolescents, the prevalence rate of

depressive disorders is 15% but up to 30% report clinically significant levels of

depressive symptoms. Early onset of mental health disorders for adolescents and

young adults can have long-lasting serious effects into adulthood. Developmentally,

major social, emotional, physical and cognitive changes take place at this time

so that even mild mental health problems can have a long-term detrimental effect. As

adolescents and young adults, students begin to separate from their parents and make

decisions regarding peer group affiliations, intimate relationships, and educational

choices. Depression can

alter these career decisions and educational and vocational progress. Kessler et al.:ill

later complete either high school or college….There are many societal

consequences, such as less training of the workforce, less capability of full functioning

in civic life, and greater demands on social welfare entitlements.

From the interpersonal perspective on depression, the emphasis is the child’s home

environment and the importance of developing secure attachments. Secure

attachments are formed when a child’s need for security, comfort and acceptance are

met. From Ainsworth and Bowlby’swork with infants and young children, the attachment

process includes a disposition to seek contact and proximity with supportive others

especially in times of distress. As a result of this process, infants develop an internal

model of close relationships that consist of two interrelated emotional and cognitive

schemas, one about themselves and one about others. The self model consists of one’s

view of one’s self-worth, one’s value and competence and the model of the “other”

provides information regarding the trustworthiness, and responsiveness of important

people in one’s life. These models, once formed, remain fairly stable throughout one’s

life. If caretakers were unresponsive or inconsistent, insecure attachments are formed

and negative working models of others and oneself can result. Adolescents and young

adults who have insecure attachments with their parents are more likely to be

depressed]. Students with secure attachments to parents are predictive of successful

social, academic, personal,and

psychological functioning.Most theories on depression have stress playing a major role.

The relationship between stressful life events and depression in children and

adolescents has shown a strong empirical association

Definitions of stress include conditions where the individual feels their well-being is

threatened either physically or psychologically. This can occur as an accumulation of

mino

Depression is one of the emotional problems, and hopelessness and helplessness are

its main causes. Depression is a prevalent problem among college's students across

the world and it effect on a students' ability to perform activities of daily life. Depression

is marked by sad feelings among college students which are known as a common

mental illness." National Institute of Mental Health] found that during their college life

many students experience the first symptoms of depression. Depressed Students often
feel sad and reductions in academic performance. Untreated depression usually

interferes in day-today activities and lasts for a long time.Depressed people ignore their

own successes and good traits, while exaggerating their faults and failures. Student's

Academic performance which every individual have to perform in all cultures has

become an important goal of the educational process. Student's personality, education,

motivation, mental health and training also effect academic performance. College life

can be called a significant transition period, where students experience many things first

time, in, for example new lifestyle, exposure to new cultures, friends, roommates,

different ways of thinking and also deal with a unique amount of stress. Two first years

in college can be very stressful time for many students. When students cannot manage

these new first experiences, they become depressed. There are negative effects of

depression on student success. Student's success is negatively related with depression,

and depressed students exposed lower average point and spend minimum time on

homework [2]rformancediffer in the levels of anxiety they experience (Betrams, Englert,

& Dickhauser, 2013; Hernandez, Menchaca, & Huerta, 2011). A small amount of anxiety

could be good. It acts as motivation and can increase achievement by pushing the

students to do their best (Akanbi, 2013). On the other hand, too much anxiety can

disturb mental skills that students need to be successful on tests (see Table 1;

Casbarro, 2005).3 Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by

physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural components. Anxiety means trouble; in

either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create a feeling of fear,

worry, uneasiness, and dread (Bouras N & Holt G, 2009). It is considered to be a

normal response to stress. It may help an individual to cope with the demands of life but
in excess it may be considered as anxiety disorder (National Institution of Mental

Health, 2008). Anxiety can occur as a result of stress, affecting learning and memory

and also affecting academic performance negatively (Heather L & April L, 2009). An

optimal level of stress can enhance learning ability and improve academic performance

(Kaplan H & Saddok B, 2000) Positive and negative mood, emotions, and effects, which

are known as personality characteristics and traits, have generated many researchers'

interests because of the influence of its relationships on job commitment, job

satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, group affective tone, and job success within an

organization (Chavez and Mendez, 2008). 3 Depression and anxiety are the most

common types of mental disorders, and comorbidity is also very common with these two

disorders. Many individuals with anxiety also have depression and vice versa. Anxiety

and depression have been found to be more prevalent among college students than the

general Theoretically, anxiety has been divided into two parts namely, trait anxiety and

state anxiety. Trait anxiety characterizes individual’s semi-permanent susceptibility to

anxiety and includes items like “I am tense; I am worried; I feel calm and secure”;

whereas state anxiety refers to actual characteristics or experience of an individual in a

certain.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the Anxiety and Depression among young adults social and

gender differences. The data collection will be conducted to 50 randomly selected

students in the G12 student who will represent the population.

This study will not cover other problem that are consider as one of the Anxiety.Each

of the respondents is given the same questionnaire to answer. The results of this study

will be applicable only to the respondents of this study and will not be used as a

measure to the of Anxiety and Depression among young adults social and gender

differences who do not belong to the population of this study. The main source of data

will be Questionainre, which is prepared by the researcher.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher conducted this study titled Anxiety and Depression among young

adults social and gender differences to determine the to the those student.

This researcher will benefits the following:

PARENT: means reduction in cost, not having to pay anything for uniform and tuition

wakes it more efficient for student who need to extra money supporting themselves

parent will not have to worry about extra cocurricular fee, transportation ,School

supplies to sustain for their children.

TEACHER: This will benefits the teacher in a way that they can pay extra attention to

their students through collaborating with them in online classroom, especially to most

kids who are introverts. The teacher may reach out to large amount of student, all at

once and share they knowledge to everyone. It also enhay their kto everyone. It also

enhance their abilities and understanding this particular generation.

FUTERE RESEARCHER: May use this information to develop their own in the future, to

vase their fact on the data fateen in this study.

STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The research aims to determine the researcher proceduced 50 survey form and

distributed it randomly to the senior high school. This research aims to know the results

whether Anxiety and Depression has positive or negative impact to the studends. The

results indicates that the senior high school of (NAME OF SCHOOL)school can manage

their studies while education has change because of Covid-19 especially how can effect

of this of academic performance.

Specifically, the research sought to answer the following specific questions.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in term of :

a.gender

b.age
c.academic performance

2. How does Anxiety and Depression among young adults social and gender

differences in (NAME OF SCHOOL) who grouped according to gender and age?

3. Is there a significant affect of Anxiety and Depression among young adults social and

gender differences of SNS student In (name of school)

HYPOTHESIS

H1. This Study involves young adults.

H2. Respondents have basic knowledge about the effect of Anxiety and Depression

among young adults social and gender differences of SNS student In (name of school)

H3. This study involves Grade 12 student in the chosen school.

H4. This Research Mainly Perceive the knowledge of the respondents regaring to the

chosen title and topic.

H5. This Study aims to know the results whether Anxiety and Depression has positive or

negative impact to the students.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 1. What is the profile of the
1. Distribution of
respondents in term of :
Survey
a.gender Questionnaire
b.age ANXIETY AND
c.academic performance 2. Analyze the Data DEPRESSION
using descriptive AMONG YOUNG
statistics to ADULTS SOCIAL
2. How does Anxiety and
determine AND GENDER
Depression among young adults DIFFERENCES.
measures of central
social and gender differences in tendencies and
(NAME OF SCHOOL) who measures of
grouped according to gender and variations.
age?
3.Presents data in
tabular form.
3. Is there a significant affect of

Anxiety and Depression among

young adults social and gender 4. Interpreted and

differences of SNS student In analyze data
(name of school)

Feedback

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 Illustrates the Input, Process and Output of Anxiety and Depression among

Young Adults Social and Gender Differences as an input, the researcher designed a

instrument to collect the necessary information about Depression. Selecting the corresponding

answers by the respondent’s experiences. After collecting the data it is analyzed the using

descriptive statistics to determine measures of central tendencies and measures of variations.

After that it is presented in tabular forms. Lastly, interpretation of data is t, analyzed and

interpreted in order to formulate a fundamental idea on the output that the researcher’s studies

of the respondents . After proposing the Output, the researcher collect the feedback such as
how does the proposed output affect the following inputs, does it improve or it stays as it is,

and the process continue until the researcher find out the Anxiety and Depression among

Young Adults Social and Gender Differences.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ANXIETY- a nervous disorder characterized by a state of excessive uneasiness and

apprehension, typically with compulsive behavior or panic attacks.

DEPRESSION- feelings of severe despondency and dejection.

GENDER DIFFERENCES- are variances between males and females that are based on

biological adaptations that are the same for both sexes

RESPONDENTS- Respondents are those individuals who complete a survey or interview for the

researcher, or who provide data to be analyzed for the research study. ... Respondents can also

be referred to as participants.

MENTAL ILLNESSES- A mental illness is a health problem that significantly affects

how a person feels, thinks, behaves, and interacts with other people. It is diagnosed

according to standardised criteria. The term mental disorder is also used to refer to

these health problems.

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

A Systematic Review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and

psychological distress in adolescents

While online social media has become inextricably linked to our daily lives, it is being

blamed for an increase in mental health concerns among young people. The evidence

on the impact of social media use on depression, anxiety, and psychological distress in

adolescents was analyzed in this systematic review. A search of the databases

PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and SSCI yielded 13 studies, 12 of which were

cross-sectional. The results were categorized into four social media domains: time

spent, activity, investment, and addiction. Depression, anxiety, and psychological

discomfort were found to be associated with all domains. However, due to

methodological constraints in cross-sectional design, sampling, and measures, there

are significant concerns. Qualitative research and longitudinal cohort studies should be

used to further investigate the mechanisms of the possible effects of social media on

mental health.

Refferences:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
Foreign Studies

SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF COPING STRATEGIES: PREDICTORS OF

ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

The association between coping strategy use and depression and anxiety-related

psychopathology was investigated in this study. A rigorously screened nonclinical

sample (N =107) was used to elicit responses on measures of coping mechanisms,

depression, and anxiety. The findings showed that women who used less positive

reframing had higher levels of depressed symptoms than women who used more

positive reframing, and that men, regardless of whether they used more or less positive

reframing, had higher levels of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, women who used

more self-blame had higher levels of trait anxiety, whereas men did not have a similar

effect. The found sex disparities in coping mechanisms and their connection with

depression and anxiety-related issues highlight differences in the clinical presentation of

anxiety and depression in men and women.

Refferences:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469465/
Local Literature

Student involvement, mental health and quality of life of college students in a

selected university in Manila, Philippines

This study was conceived in the backdrop of a rising incidence of mental health issues

among college students in the Philippines. As a major social institution, the school must

be able to promote a positive social environment for its pupils in order to improve their

mental health and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to look at the

relationship between student involvement, mental health, and quality of life among

university students in the Philippines. A quantitative cross-sectional, descriptive,

correlational strategy was used in this investigation. A survey of 249 students at a

private university was conducted. Participation in school organizations was linked to

depression, overall positive affect, and life satisfaction, according to the findings. Quality

of life was also linked to social contacts with entities at school. Among the student

respondents, all subscales of mental health were linked to quality of life.

Refferences:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2019.1670683
Local Studies

Depressive symptoms among young adults in the Philippines: Results from a

nationwide cross-sectional survey

Depression has lately surpassed diabetes as the main cause of disability globally

(World Health Organization, 2017). It has a huge economic impact in high-income

countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, both in terms of lost

productivity and direct health-care expenses (Greenberg et al., 2015; Conference Board

of Canada, 2016; Thomas and Morris, 2003). Individuals and their families may suffer

greatly if the illness is not treated. Evidence-based therapies are widely available in

many high-income nations, such as the United States and Canada; nonetheless, gaps

in care quality exist, as a considerable number of patients with depression get mental

health care that fails to fulfill the most basic criteria for treatment adequacy (Thornicroft

et al., 2017; Puyat et al., 2016).

Depression is a prominent cause of disability in low-income countries like the

Philippines. According to a data released by the World Health Organization, the overall

prevalence of depression in the Philippines is 3.3 percent (World Health Organization,

2017), implying that over 3.3 million Filipinos are suffering from depressed symptoms

(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). Depression was also identified as the country’s

eighth leading cause of disability (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2017).

Given the limited availability of tertiary care facilities, a severe shortage of mental health

professionals, and the primary health care system’s inadequate capacity to manage
mental health issues, the large number of individuals and families affected by

depression raises serious concerns about the state of mental health care in the country

(Lally et al., 2019b; WHO and Department of Health, 2006). Because depression has

been reported to have the highest frequency among individuals between the ages of 15

and 25, it is likely that the challenges related with depression and its consequences are

even worse in the young adult Filipino community (Hedden et al., 2015; Statistics

Canada, Health Statistics Division, 2014). The severity of the problem, on the other

hand, is mostly unclear, as there is currently no estimate of the prevalence of

depression in this sector of the Philippine population based on big epidemiological data.

Identifying and understanding who in this age group is experiencing moderate to severe

depressive symptoms is especially important because they are more likely to have

persistent symptoms (Gustavson et al., 2018; Rushton et al., 2002) and thus require

ongoing treatment, support, and other related seideational. The goal of this study was to

fill in some of the gaps in knowledge concerning depressed symptoms among young

adults in the Philippines. The study’s specific goals are to: 1) estimate the prevalence of

moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 2) identify the most commonly reported

depressive symptoms in those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 3)

examine the socio-demographic characteristics associated with moderate to severe

depressive symptoms; and 4) estimate the relationship between moderate to severe

depressive symptoms and suicide ideation.

Refferences:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666915320300731
Synthesis

This research combines the one will, on making a new and better understanding

regarding to the Effects of Anxiety and Depression. There is a huge factor among the

research that link between national economic conditions and gender disparities in

depression. The relationship between gender and MDE did not differ significantly

between high-income and low- to middle-income countries, according to a study

involving 18 countries from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys (Kessler & Usten,

2008), implying that economic development does not explain the varying magnitudes of

gender differences in different countries (Bromet et al., 2011). A other measure of

national economic development, on the other hand, might be more sensitive in finding a

link between depression and gender. To examine the relationship between nation-level

economic factors and gender differences in depression more comprehensively, we used

two different measures of economic development (income category and income

inequality; defined below) and included a larger set of countries in the current set of

meta-analyses. Gender equity measures at the national level are increasingly being

employed in psychological research (Else-Quest & Grabe, 2012); nevertheless, few

studies have looked into the link between gender equity at the national level and gender

disparities in depression. Two major multi-nation studies found that the gender gap in

depression was less and bigger in low gender-equity nations compared to high gender-

equity countries, respectively (Hopcroft & Bradley, 2007; Van de Velde, Huijts, Bracke,

& Bambra, 2013). Given the numerous gender equity metrics available, this link is highly

complicated. We chose domain-specific gender equity indicators (rather than composite

indicators) that should, in theory, be linked to gender inequalities in depression (for

example, contraceptive prevalence, which represents a woman’s ability to regulate her

own reproduction).

Relevance of the Study

This study has a will and duty to become an eye opener for the people due to this topic.

Opening and enhancing their minds by building their minds regarding to this rampant issue. This

study will help to stop the stigma against anxiety and depression. By nurturing their

understanding with this, their minds will have a new development for conceptualising this state

of problem. Anxiety and Depression was too rampant that it is one of the reason why death

rates are getting higher everyday. With this research we can help everyone to understand on

what is the impact of anxiety and depression to the young adult regarding to the gender

differences.