Department of Electrical Engineering, IGEC, Sagar (M.P.

EE-506
MATLAB
S.NO. Name of Experiment Page
No.
1 Basics of MATLAB
1.1 Arithmetic operation
1.2 Handling of complex number
1.3 Creation of array and its operation
1.4 Various operation of matrix
1.5 Operation of different logical operator
2 Plot the curve y=sin(x) for t=0 to t=0.04 sec, where x= ωt (f=50hz).
3 Plot a curve of equation y = x˄3, for 0≤x≤10. Label the axes and gives a
suitable title.
4 Plot the voltage (v = 5sinωt) and current [i = 2sin(ωt-ϕ)] flowing through
a circuit on the common axis.
5 Use the hold command to obtain a multiple plot. Use the gtext command
to add the text v1 and v2 to the plots.
6 Use the line command to obtain a multiple plot. Use the gtext command
to add the text v1 and v2 to the plots.
7 Determine the current flowing through each branch in the resistive circuit
as shown in the figure. Using mesh analysis find i1,i2,i3,i4,i5.
8 Determine the node voltages and current flowing through resistance R4 in
the circuit shown in the figure Where, E1 =100V, E2 =50V, R1 =1.5k ,
R2 =1.2k , R3 =2.2k , R4 =1.5k , I =100mA.
9 Find the current I flowing through the circuit shown in the figure to
verify superposition theorem where V1 =5v, V2 =10v, R1 =20 , R2 =10 ,
R3 =10
10 A voltage of 100 V, 50 Hz is impressed across a 10ohm resistance. Write
the time equation for the voltage and resulting current.
11 Simulation model of single phase half wave controlled rectifier with R
load.
12 Simulation model of single phase full wave controlled rectifier with R
load.
13 Simulation model of three phase half controlled rectifier with RL load.
14 Simulation model of three phase fully controlled rectifier with RLE load.
15 Simulation model of step down chopper with RL Load.

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INDEX
SIGNATURE
S.NO. NAME OF OF FACULTY/ GRADE
EXPERIMENT DATE OF
EVALUATION

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EXPERIMENT NO. 01
AIM: Basics of MATLAB
1.1 Arithmetic operation
1.2 Handling of complex number
1.3 Creation of array and its operation
1.4 Various operation of matrix
1.5 Operation of different logical operator

Arithmetic operation:
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
power, rounding. Arithmetic functions include operators for simple
operations like addition and multiplication, as well as functions for
common calculations like summation, moving sums, modulo operations,
and rounding.
Addition
+ Addition or append strings

sum Sum of array elements

cumsum Cumulative sum

movsum Moving sum

Subtraction

- Subtraction

diff Differences and approximate derivatives

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Multiplication
.* Multiplication

* Matrix multiplication

prod Product of array elements

cumprod Cumulative product/

pagemtimes Page-wise matrix multiplication

Division
./ Right array division

.\ Left array division

/ Solve systems of linear equations xA = B for x

\ Solve systems of linear equations Ax = B for x

Powers

.^ Element-wise power

^ Matrix power

Handling of complex number:

Real and imaginary components, phase angles
In MATLAB®, i and j represent the basic imaginary unit. You can use them to
create complex numbers such as 2i+5. You can also determine the real and
imaginary parts of complex numbers and compute other common values such as
phase and angle.

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Functions
abs Absolute value and complex magnitude
angle Phase angle
complex Create complex array
conj Complex conjugate
cplxpair Sort complex numbers into complex conjugate pairs
i Imaginary unit
imag Imaginary part of complex number
isreal Determine whether array uses complex storage
j Imaginary unit
real Real part of complex number
sign Sign function (signum function)
unwrap Shift phase angles

Creation of array and its operation

Array Creation
To create an array with four elements in a single row, separate the elements with either a comma (,) or a
space.
a = [1 2 3 4]
a = 1×4

1 2 3 4

This type of array is a row vector.

To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with semicolons.
a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
a = 3×3

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10

Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros, or rand. For example, create a 5-
by-1 column vector of zeros.
z = zeros(5,1)
z = 5×1

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0
0
0
0
0

Various operation of matrix

A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers.
In MATLAB, you create a matrix by entering elements in each row as comma or space delimited
numbers and using semicolons to mark the end of each row.
For example, let us create a 4-by-5 matrix a −
a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8]
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
a=
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
Referencing the Elements of a Matrix
To reference an element in the mth row and nth column, of a matrix mx, we write −
mx(m, n);
For example, to refer to the element in the 2nd row and 5th column, of the matrix a, as created in
the last section, we type −
a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8];
a(2,5)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans = 6
To reference all the elements in the mth column we type A(:,m).
Let us create a column vector v, from the elements of the 4th row of the matrix a −
a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8];
v = a(:,4)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
v=
4
5

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6
7
You can also select the elements in the mth through nth columns, for this we write −
a(:,m:n)
Let us create a smaller matrix taking the elements from the second and third columns −
a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8];
a(:, 2:3)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans =
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
In the same way, you can create a sub-matrix taking a sub-part of a matrix.

a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8];
a(:, 2:3)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans =
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
In the same way, you can create a sub-matrix taking a sub-part of a matrix.
For example, let us create a sub-matrix sa taking the inner subpart of a −
3 4 5
4 5 6
To do this, write −
a = [ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8];
sa = a(2:3,2:4)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
sa =
3 4 5
4 5 6

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Operation of different logical operator

The logical data type represents true or false states using the numbers 1 and 0, respectively.
Certain MATLAB® functions and operators return logical values to indicate fulfillment of a
condition. You can use those logical values to index into an array or execute conditional code.
For more information, see how to Find Array Elements That Meet a Condition.
Functions
Short-circuit &&, Logical operations with short-circuiting
||
& Find logical AND
~ Find logical NOT
| Find logical OR
xor Find logical exclusive-OR
all Determine if all array elements are nonzero
or true
any Determine if any array elements are nonzero
false Logical 0 (false)
find Find indices and values of nonzero elements
islogical Determine if input is logical array
logical Convert numeric values to logicals
true Logical 1 (true)
VARIOUS OPERATION OF MATRIX

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(CREATING MATRIX)

>> A=[1 4 7;2 5 8;3 6 9] A

1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

>> B=[10 3 12;1 14 13;2 11 14] B

10 3 12

1 14 13

2 11 14

>> ZR=zeros(3,4)

(ZERO MATRIX)

ZR =

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

>> O=ones(4,3)

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(ONES MATRIX)

O=

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1
>> P=eye(5)

(IDENTITY MATRIX)

P=

1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1

>>C=A+B

(ADDITION OF MATRIX)

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C=

11 7 19

3 19 21

5 17 23

>>D=A-B

(SUBTRACTION OF MATRIX)

D=

-9 1 -5

1 -9 -5

1 -5 -5

>>E=A*B

(MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX)

E=

28 136 162

41 164 201

54 192 240
>>F=A/B

(DIVISION OF MATRIX)

F=

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-0.0497 -0.4807 0.9890

0.0829 -0.1989 0.6851

0.2155 0.0829 0.3812

>> G=A.*B

(ELEMENTRY MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX)

G = 10 12 84

2 70 104

6 66 126

>> H=A./B

(ELEMENTRY DEVISION OF MATRIX)

H=

0.1000 1.3333 0.5833

2.0000 0.3571 0.6154

1.5000 0.5455 0.6429

>>J=A^2

(POWER OF MATRIX)

J=

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30 66 102

36 81 126

42 96 150

>>L=det(A)

OPERATION OF DIFFERENT LOGICAL OPERATOR

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>> A=[0 0 1 1]

A=

0 0 1 1

>> B=[0 1 0 1]

B=

0 1 0 1

>>C=A&B

(AND LOGICAL OPERATION)

C=

0 0 0 1

>> C=and(A,B) C

0 0 0 1 >>D=A|B

(OR LOGICAL OPERATION)

D=

0 1 1 1

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>> D=or(A,B) D

0111

>>E=xor(A,B)

(XOR LOGICAL OPERATION)

E=0 1 1 0

>>F=~A

(NOT OPERATION)

F=1 1 0 0

>>G=~B

(NOT OPERATION)

G=1 0 1 0

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EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM:
Plot the curve y=sin(x) for t=0 to t=0.04 sec, where x= ωt (f=50hz).
Theory:- The following statements produce a graph similar to the one shown in fig.
with red color (r) dashed line (- -) of width 2.5 having square marker (s) on it. The
markers have black edge (k) of size 8 with green fill color.

PROGRAMM
%defining frequency and other variable parameters
f=50;
w=2*pi*f;
t=0:1e-3:0.04;
x=w*t;
%defining the functions
y=sin(x);
%plot the curve
plot(t,y,'r-- s','linewidth',2.5,’MarkerEdgeColor’,’k’)

PLOTINNG

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EXPERIMENT NO. 03

AIM: Plot a curve of equation y = x˄3, for 0≤x≤10. Label the axes and gives a
suitable title.

PROGRAMM
>> x=[0:1:10]
x=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>> y=x.^3
y=
Columns 1 through 10
0 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512
729
Column 11
1000
>> plote(x,y);

Plotinng

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EXPERIMENT NO. 04
AIM: Plot the voltage (v = 5sinωt) and current [i = 2sin(ωt-ϕ)] flowing through a
circuit on the common axis.

Program

t=0:1e-3:0.04;

f=50;

w=2*pi*f;

phi=pi/3;

v=5*sin(w*t);

i=2*sin((w*t)-phi);

plot(t,v,t,i);

title('multiple plot using plot command');

xlabel('Time(sec)');

ylabel('voltage & current');

grid;

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Output:-

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EXPERIMENT NO. 05

AIM: Use the hold command to obtain a multiple plot. Use the gtext command to
add the text v1 and v2 to the plots.
Program

t=0:1e-3:0.04;

f=50;

w=2*pi*f;

phi=pi/3;

v1=sin(w*t);

plot(t,v1);

hold on;

gtext('v1 = sin(wt)');

v2 = cos (w*t);

plot(t,v2);

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hold off;

gtext('v2 = cos(wt)');

title('multiple plot using hold command');

xlabel('Time(sec)');

ylabel('v1 & v2');

grid;
Program Window

Output

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EXPERIMENT NO. 06

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AIM: Use the line command to obtain a multiple plot. Use the gtext command to
add the text v1 and v2 to the plots.
Program

t=0:1e-3:0.04;

f=50;

w=2*pi*f;

phi=pi/3;

v1=sin(w*t);

v2 = cos (w*t);

plot(t,v1, '--');

gtext('v1');

line(t,v2);

gtext('v2');

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title('multiple plot using line command');

xlabel('Time(sec)');

ylabel('v1 & v2');

grid;
Program Window

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Output

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EXPERIMENT NO. 11

AIM: Simulation model of single phase half wave controlled rectifier with R load.
Circuit Diagram

SIMULINK MODELBLOCK USED:

S.NO NAME OF THE BLOCK USED FUNCTION OF BLOCK

1 POWER GUI It provides the solver to solve the circuit
2 THYRISTOR It acts as a physical thyristor
3 GOTO Use to break complicated circuit using
from block
4 FROM Use to connect circuit through go to
block
5 VOLTMETER Measures voltage
6 AMMETER Measures current
7 SCOPE Act as CRO
8 AC SOURCE Act as ac source
9 PULSE GENERATOR It generates the pulse

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OUTPUT

DEVICE

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EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM: Simulation model of single phase full wave controlled rectifier with R
Load.

Introduction
Rectifier circuit, especially single phase bridge controlled rectifier circuit, is the
most important circuit in power electronics technology, and it is also the most
widely applicable circuit, the circuit is not only used in the general industry, but it
is widely used in other fields, including transportation, power system,
communication system, energy system etc. It has practical significance to do
comparative study on single phase bridge controlled rectifier circuit parameters,
because it is not only a critical link in power electronic circuits theory learning, but
has the predicting and guiding effect in the actual application of engineering
practice.[1][2] The visual simulation tool provided Matlab, Simulink, can establish
the circuit simulation model directly, and it can change the parameters of the
simulation at will, and the simulation result could be got immediately, and it has
the feature of strong visuality, further eliminating the steps of programming. [3-5]
。As a new kind of high performance language, Matlab provides an ideal tool for
the research and application of power electronic technology.
PROCEDURE
The circuit consist of four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4, a
voltage source Vs and a R
Load.
 During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristors T1 & T2 is
forward
biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it.
 When a gate pulse is given to the thyristors T1 & T2 at ωt = α, it gets turned ON
and
begins to conduct.
 When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load through the
path Vs-
T1-Load-T2-Vs.
 During the negative half cycle, T3 & T4 is forward biased, the thyristor T1 & T2
gets

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reverse biased and turns OFF

 When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt = π+α, it gets turned
ON and
begins to conduct.
 When T3 & T4 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load Vs-T3-Load-T4-
Vs.
 Here the load receives voltage during both the half cycles.
 The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α.
 The waveform shows the plot of input voltage, gate current, output voltage,
output
current and voltage across thyristor
Theoretical Analysis

MATLAB Simulation
Model The simulation model of single phase full wave rectifier circuit with
resistive load of Simulink simulation module based on MATKAB7.0 is shown in
Figure.

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The simulation model of single phase full wave rectifier circuit with resistive load The modules
and extraction paths that are used in the simulation model are shown in Table 1. The parameter
setting of Module T in the simulation model is shown in the Figure

Module Name Extraction Path

Pulse1、Pulse2 Simulink\Source\Pulse Generator
T SimPowerSystems\Elements\Linear Transformer
AC 380V SimPowerSystems\Electrial Sources\ AC Voltage Source
Th1、Th2、Th3 SimPowerSystems\Estra Library\Power Electronics\ Thyristor
、Th4
U1、 Ud、UVT1 SimPowerSystems\Measurements\ Voltage Measurement

iT1、iT2、id、i2 SimPowerSystems\Measurements\ Current Measurement

R SimPowerSystems\Elements\Parallel RLC Branch

Scope Simulink\Commonly Used Blocks\Scope

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Simulation Data and Wave Form

In the MATLAB command window , when entering the following command, the
output voltage of the rectifier circuit can be calculated.

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DEVICE

Conclusion

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The MATLAB command operation results are consistent with the one
of theoretical analysis. The theory and simulation results of single phase
full wave rectifier circuit with resistive load have been analyzed with the
application of Matlab visual simulation tool Simulink. The output
voltage waveform that is obtained has been compared, and the paper
further verifies the correctness of the simulation results. The paper
validates the correctness of the model that has been built in this paper
with the simulation analysis. Based on MATLAB/Simulink, single phase
bridge rectifier circuit simulation analysis has been conducted in this
paper, this method avoids the tedious drawing and calculation process in
the conventional analysis methods, getting an intuitive and quick
analysis method of rectifier circuit. The application of Matlab/ Simulink
simulation can flexibly change the simulation parameters in the
simulation process, and it can directly observe the simulation results that
vary with parameters. The simulation research of rectifier circuit with
application of Matlab lays the foundation of the analysis of single-phase
bridge rectifier circuit and it is a powerful simulation software, which is
worth popularizing and applying. It is also a good assistant tool for the
experiment of power electronics technology.

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
AIM: Simulation model of three phase half controlled rectifier with RL load.

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Apparatus Required:-
Matlab Simulink
1. Current Measurement
2. Pulse generator
3. Scope
4. Powergui
5. Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator
6. Universal Bridge
7. Three-Phase Programmable Voltage Source
8. Three-Phase V-I Measurement

Software Used:
Matlab – Simulink

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
The three phase Half bridge converter works as three phase AC-
DC converter for firing angle delay 0<α≤90 and as three phase line commutated.
inverter for 90
numbering scheme is adopted here as it agrees with the sequence of gating of six
thyristors in
a 3-phase full converter. Here each SCR is conduct for 120
At any time two SCRs, one from
positive group and other from negative group must conduct together and this
combination
must conduct for 60
0

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.this means commutation occurs for every 60

0

. For ABC phase sequence

of three phase supply thyristors conduct in pairs: T1 and T2, T2 and T3, T3 and
T4, T4 and
T5, T5 and T6, T6 and T1

Simulink Models:

Entering Firing Angle Values:

In order to trigger thyristors we have to give proper triggering pulses to
it using a pulse generator. We can enter values in the box which is
obtained by double clicking pulse generator. It’s shown in the following
figure.

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Graphs

GATE CURRENT

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OUTPUT

Procedure :
Operation Path Icon
Opening Simulink 1. Click on the Simulink icon
on Matlab taskbar
2. Type Simulink on Matlab
Command Window

Selecting New File File -> New -> Model

Selecting Source Libraries ->

SimpowerSystems
-> electrical sources
Selecting Thyristor Libraries ->
SimPowerSystems ->
PowerElectronics ->
Thyristor

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Selecting Diode Libraries ->

SimPowerSystems ->
PowerElectronics ->
Diodes
Selecting Series RLC branch Libraries ->
SimpowerSystems
-> Elements
Selecting Pulse Libraries -> Sources
Generater(Triggering)

Voltage Measurement Libraries ->

SimpowerSystems
-> Measurement
Current Mesurement Libraries ->
SimpowerSystems
-> Measurement
Scope Libraries -> Sink

RESULT:
Three phase fully controlled and half controlled bridge rectifier is
simulated and graphs are obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO. 14
AIM: Simulation model of three phase fully controlled rectifier with RLE load.

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INTRODUCTION –
Power electronics concerns the application of electronic
principles into situations that are rated at power levels rather than signal level. The
development of new power semiconductor devices, new circuit topologies with
their improved performance and their fall in prices have opened up wide field for

the new applications of power electronic converters. Power electronic converters

are used for the conversion of AC to DC, DC to AC, AC to AC and DC to DC
power. Any power semiconductor device can act as a switch. Mostly thyristor used
as a power switch in power converters. The thyristor can be triggered at any angle
α in positive half cycle and the output voltage can be controlled.
PSIM FOR SIMULATION-
PSIM is Simulation software specially designed for
Power electronics and Motor control applications.With fast Simulation and User
friendly interface, PSIM provides powerful Simulation environment for power
electronics, control loop design and motor drive system studies. A circuit is
represented in PSIM has four blocks: power circuit, control circuit, sensors, and
switch controllers. Fig.2 shows the relationship between these blocks.

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Power circuit consists of RLC branches, switches, Transformers, Motor drive

modules and Renewable energy module. Control circuit
has logic elements, digital control module, PI regulator etc. Sensors measure power
circuit voltages and currents and pass the values to
the control circuit. Control signals are generated from the control circuit and given
to the power circuit through the switch controllers.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS- All the theoretical discussions of converters
are assumed the a.c input supply is purely
sinusoidal. In practical, the current at the a.c input terminal of the converters
consists of a fundamental component with superimposed
harmonic components. So the performance parameter evaluation is important in
converter analysis. The following performance
parameters are used in the analysis of three phase fully controlled converter.

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THREE PHASE CONVERTER- The three phase fully controlled bridge

converter has been probably the most widely used power electronic converter in
the medium to high power applications. The controlled rectifier can provide
controllable output dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase
autotransformer and a diode bridge rectifier. The controlled rectifier is obtained by
replacing the diodes of the uncontrolled rectifier with thyristors. Control over the
output dc voltage is obtained by controlling the conduction interval of each
thyristor. In phase controlled rectifiers though the output voltage can be varied
continuously the load harmonic voltage increases considerably as the average
value goes down. Of course the magnitude of harmonic voltage is lower in three
phase converter compared to the single phase circuit. Three phase converter is
shown in fig.3.

For any current to flow in the load at least one device from the top group (T1, T3,
T5) and one from the bottom group (T2, T4, T6) must conduct. Then from symmetry
consideration it can be argued that each thyristor conducts for 120° of the input
cycle. Now the thyristors are fired in the sequence T1 → T2 → T3 → T4 → T5 → T6
→ T1 with 60° interval between each firing. Therefore thyristors on the same phase
leg are fired at an interval of 180° and hence cannot conduct simultaneously. This
leaves only six possible conduction mode for the converter in the continuous
conduction mode of operation. These are T1T2, T2T3, T3T4, T4T5, T5T6, T6T1. Each
conduction mode is of 60° duration and appears in the sequence mentioned.
Table.1 shows the firing sequence of SCRs

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 Department of Electrical Engineering, IGEC, Sagar (M.P.)

Table 1: Firing Sequence of SCR

Fig.4 shows the waveforms of different variables. To arrive at the waveforms it is

necessary to draw the firing sequence table which shows the interval of conduction
for each thyristor. If the converter firing angle is “α” each thyristor is fired “α”
angle after the positive going zero crossing of the line voltage with which it’s
firing is associated. Once the conduction diagram is drawn all other voltage
waveforms can be drawn from the line voltage waveforms. It is clear from the
waveforms that output voltage and current waveforms are periodic over one sixth
of the input cycle. Therefore this converter is also called the “six pulse” converter.
The input current on the other hand contains only odds harmonics of the input
frequency other than the triplex (3rd, 9th etc.) harmonics.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering, IGEC, Sagar (M.P.)

SIMULATION- The PSIM simulation model and waveforms of three phase full controlled
converter is shown if fig.5, fig.6 and

Fig.7.

Fig. 5: Gating Signals of Three Phase Converter.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering, IGEC, Sagar (M.P.)

OUTPUT

SIMULATION RESULT
In this paper various waveforms are obtaining to verify the working of three phase
full wave controlled rectifier for different firing angle at a specified time duration.
Figure 8 shows the input waveform for three phase controlled rectifier and from
Figures to 11 shows the waveforms for firing angles at 0, 30 and 45 degree.
Figure 12 shows the output waveform of a three phase full wave rectifier for
different firing angles at a given time period. It is clear from Figure 12 that form
ωt= 0-0.0167 (converter)rectifier works for 0 deg firing angle
ωt = 0.0167-0.033 for 30deg firing angle And for ωt=0.033-0.05 for 45deg firing
angle.

EXPERIMENT NO. 15
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 Department of Electrical Engineering, IGEC, Sagar (M.P.)

AIM: Simulation model of step down chopper with RL Load.

APPARATUS:
S. No Equipment Quantity
1 Desktop with MATLAB 1

THEORY:
Figure below shows the circuit diagram of step down DC-DC
converter, commonly known as buck converter. When switch S is ON, diode D is
reverse biased and voltage across inductor will be Vs-Vo. So inductor current
increases and attains peak. When switch S is OFF, diode D is forward biased and
voltage across inductor will be -Vo. So, inductor current decreases. Hence inductor
with diode ensures an uninterrupted current flow and hence a constant output
voltage with capacitor for removing voltage ripples.
Output voltage is given by

Where D is duty cycle and VS is input voltage

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the figures by using MATLAB Simulink.

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2. Set the parameters in PWM generator for firing the switches, set the values
for load and input voltage.
3. Check the scope wave forms in each circuit

EXPECTED GRAPH :

Fig: Output voltage and current waveforms for stepdown chopper

RESULT:

48 | P a g e MATLAB (Vth SEM EE)