APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of Basic Chemistry with title “Neutralization of

Acid-Base” was made by:
Name : Zulfikri Malik
Id : 1812440006
Group : 2 (Dua)
after checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report
was accepted.

Makassar, October 22th 2018

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Marryella Oktafrilly Lethe Haerul Maarif

ID. 1413442003 ID. 1513041020

Known by,
Responsibility Lecturer

Dr. Mohammad Wijaya. M.,S.Si.,M.Si.

ID. 19730927 199003 1 001
A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Neutralization of Acid Bases

B. THE AIM OF EXPERIMENT

Conducting acid-base titration using indicator.

C. LITERATUR REVIEW

The term acid comes from the Latin word acidus, which means “sour.” We
are familiar with the sour tastes of vinegar and lemons and other common acids in
foods. In 1887, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first to describe
acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions when they dissolve in water.
Because acids produce ions in water, they are also electrolytes. For example,
hydrogen chloride ionizes completely in water to give hydrogen ions, and chloride
ions, It is the hydrogen ions that give acids a sour taste, change blue litmus
indicator to red, and corrode some metals (Timberlake, 2012: 286)
For all types of titrations equivalence point obtained by the fruit extract
either exactly coincided or very closed with the equivalence point obtained by the
standard indicators. This represent the usefulness of fruit extract as an indicator in
acid base titrations. Its use in weak acid weak base was found to be more
significant over standard indicator as it gives sharp colour change in a narrow pH
range. The results obtained showed that the routinely used indicator can be
replaced successfully by fruit extracts. (Pathade et al, 2006, Vol.1, No.3. p. 549-
551).
An acid was described as a substance that produces H 3O+ in water, whereas
a base gives OH-. An acid-base neutralization, according to Arrhenius, is a
reaction in which an acid and a base combine to produce water and a salt.
However, many reactions resemble neutralizations without involving H3O+, OH-,
or even H2O. for example, when open bottles of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated aqueous ammonia are placed side by side, a white cloud forms
when the vapors from the two bottles mix. The cloud consists of tiny crystals of
ammonium chloride, which form when ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases,
escaping from the open bottles, mix in air and react.
 NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
(Jespersen, Brade, Alison, 2012: 741).
Acid-base titrations are common experiments carried out by students in
introductory chemistry classes. The topic has been a regular component of
introductory chemistry curricula for decades, and receives wide coverage in
introductory texts and related laboratory manuals (Dorin, 1987; Wilbraham et al.,
1996; Dingrando et al., 2002). The most frequently conducted titrations involve
the neutralization of strong acids with strong bases, with students being required
to calculate the concentration of unknowns using this method. Some introductory
texts (Dingrando et al., 2002) extend the topic to include details of titration
curves. A framework for high school science education (Aldridge, 1996)
suggested that students in grade 11 should be able to use the pH scale to
investigate changes in pH that occur during titrations. The treatment of titration
curves in introductory chemistry classes is usually non-mathematical, and they are
most often included as a means of determining the most appropriate indicators to
use in particular titrations (Sheppard, 2006, Vol.7, No.1. p. 32-45).

In the study of acid-base reactions, the hydrogen ion concentration is key;

its value indicates the acidity or basicity of the solution. Because only a very small
fraction of water molecules are ionized, the concentration of water, [H2O],
remains virtually unchanged. Therefore, the equilibrium constant for the
autoionization of water, according to Equation (15.1), is
Kc [H3O1][OH2]
(Chang, 2010: 662).
What’s interesting is that this is the same net reaction that occurs when a
aqueous solution of ammonia (a base) is neutralized by an aqueous solution of
hydrogen chloride (an acid). Yet, the gaseous reaction doesn’t fit the description
of an acid-base neutralization according to the Arrhenius definition because
there’s no water involved. If we look at both the aqueous and gaseous reaction,
they do have something in common. Both involve the transfer of a proton
(hydrogen ion, H+) from one particle to another. In water, where HCl is
completely ionized, the transfer is from H 3O+ to NH3. The ionic equation is shown
below.
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq) → NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq) +H2O
(Jespersen, Brade, Alison, 2012: 741).
Water, as we know, is a unique solvent. One of its special properties is its
ability to act either as an acid or as a base. Water functions as a base in reactions
with acids such as HCl and CH3COOH, and it functions as an acid in reactions
with bases such as NH3. (Chang, 2010: 661).
Johannes Bronsted (1879-1947), a Danish chemist, and Thomas Lowry
(1874-1936), a British scientist, realized that the important event in most acid-
base reactions is simply the transfer of a proton from one particle to another.
Therefore, they redefined acid as substance that donate protons and base as
substances that accept protons. The heart of the Bronsted-Lowry concept of acids
and bases is that acid-base reactions are proton transfer reactions. The definitions
are therefore very simple:
An Acid is a proton donor.
A base is a proton acceptor.
Accordingly, hydrogen choride is an acid because when it reacts with
ammonia, HCl molecules donate protons to NH3 molecules accept protons
(Jespersen, Brade, Alison, 2012: 741).
A strong base is a strong electrolyte that dissociates completely in water to
give an aqueous solution of a metal ion and hydroxide ions. The Group 1A (1)
hydroxides are very soluble in water, which can give high concentrations of OH -
ions. The Group 2A (2) bases are less soluble in water, but they are strong bases
because they dissociate completely as ions. For example, when KOH forms a
KOH solution, it contains only and ions (Timberlake, 2012: 291).
Even when water is the solvent, chemists use the Bronsted-Lowry
definitions more often than those of Arrhenius. This, the reaction between
hydrogen chloride and water to form hydronium ion (H3O+) and chloride io (Cl-),
which is another proton transfer reaction, is clearly a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base
reaction. Molecules of HCl are the acid in this reaction, and water molecules are
the base. HCl molecules collide with water molecules and protons transfer during
the collisions (Jespersen, Brade, Alison, 2012: 741).
Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solutions are
frequently very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren
Sorensen† in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a
solution is defi ned as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
(in mol/L):
pH = -log [H3O+] or pH -log [H+]
(Chang, 2010: 663).
When an acid dissolves in water to produce a hydrogen ion and a simple
nonmetal anion, the prefix hydro is used before the name of the nonmetal, and its
ide ending is changed to ic acid. For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves
in water to form HCl(aq), which is named hydrochloric acid. An exception is
hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which dissolves in water to form hydrocyanic acid,
HCN(aq) (Timberlake, 2012: 286).
Keep in mind that Equation (15.4) is simply a definition designed to give us
convenient numbers to work with. The negative logarithm gives us a positive
number for pH, which otherwise would be negative due to the small value of [H +].
Furthermore, the term [H+] in Equation (15.4) pertains only to the numerical part
of the expression for hydrogen ion concentration, for we cannot take the logarithm
of units. Thus, like the equilibrium constant, the pH of a solution is a
dimensionless quantity. Because pH is simply a way to express hydrogen ion
concentration, acidic and basic solutions at 25°C can be distinguished by their pH
values, as follows:
Acidic solutions: [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH <7.00
Basic solutions: [H+], < 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH >7.00
Neutral solutions: [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH = 7.00
(Chang, 2010: 663).
The strength of an acid is determined by the moles of that are produced for
each mole of acid that dissolves. The strength of a base is determined by the
moles of OH- that are produced for each mole of base that dissolves. In the
process called dissociation, an acid or base produces ions in water. However, they
vary greatly in their ability to produce or Strong acids and strong bases dissociate
completely in water. Weak acids and weak bases dissolve mostly as molecules
with only a few dissociating into ions (Timberlake, 2012: 291).
Sometimes we may be given the pH value of a solution and asked to
calculate the H1 ion concentration. In that case, we need to take the antilog of
Equation (15.4) as follows: [H3O+]= 10 -pH or [H+]= 10 -pH (15.5) Be aware that the
definition of pH just shown, and indeed all the calculations involving solution
concentrations (expressed either as molarity or molality) discussed in previous
chapters, are subject to error because we have implicitly assumed ideal behavior.
In reality, ion-pair formation and other types of intermolecular interactions may
affect the actual concentrations of species in solution. The situation is analogous
to the relationships between ideal gas behavior and the behavior of real gases
discussed in Chapter 5. Depending on temperature, volume, and amount and type
of gas present, the measured gas pressure may differ from that calculated using
the ideal gas equation. Similarly, the actual or “effective” concentration of a
solute may not be what we think it is, knowing the amount of substance originally
dissolved in solution. Just as we have the van der Waals and other equations to
reconcile discrepancies between the ideal gas and nonideal gas behavior, we can
account for nonideal behavior in solution (Chang, 2010: 663-664).
Strong acids are examples of strong electrolytes because they donate
protons so easily that their dissociation in water is virtually complete. For
example, when HCl, a strong acid, dissociates in water, H+ is transferred to H2O;
the resulting solution contains only the ions H3O+ and Cl-. We consider the
reaction of HCl in H2O as going 100% to products. The equation for the
dissociation of a strong acid, such as HCl, is written with a single arrow to the
products.
HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
(Timberlake, 2012: 291).
 A lewis acid is any species capable of accepting a pair of electrons, and a
lewis base is a species with a pair of electrons avaible for donation. The terms
acceptor and donor are also commonly used. Lewis acids include H+ and metal
cations, molecules such as BF3 with incomplete octets, and ones such as SiF 4
where octet expansion is possible. Any species with nonbonding electrons is
potentially a lewis base, including molecules such as NH 3 and anions such as F-.
The lewis acid-base definition should not be confused with the Bronsted one:
Bronsted bases are also lewis bases, and H+ is a lewis acid, but Bronsted acids
such as HCl are not lewis acids (Cox, 2004: 91).
Titration acid-base needs indicator to show the change of color on interval
of hydrogen exponent/degree of acid (pH). Indicator of synthetic which always be
used have disadvantages like chemical pollution, stock and expensive of pro-
duction cost. The research has been carried out to substitute the synthetic indicator
with herbal indicator extracted from flower crown of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L
extract. The herbal indicator was extracted from the flower crown Hibiscus rosa
sinensis L using a mixture methanol-acetic acid. Then it was evaluated with
phenolphthalein and methyl orange (E merck) comparer to titration the acid-base,
they are strong acid-strong base, weak base-strong acid and weak acid- strong
base. The result of research show that herbal indicator of flower crown Hibiscus
rosa sinensis L to show the equivalent point in all titrations give peer result with
the comparison. With the research result hoped that indicator titration acid-base
flower crown Hibiscus rosa sinensis L is able to as replace synthetic indicator
(metyl orange and phenolphtalein) which always be used before (Nurhayati et al,
2010, Vol. 30, No. 3, p. 178-185).

Analysis of the literature devoted to the acid–base properties of clays shows

that many technical and theoretical difficulties are encountered, which result in
strongly scattered potentiometric data, according to the experimental procedures
followed by the authors. Several causes were identified. The first one is the natural
origin of clays, which requires purification prior to analysis. The critical step is
the use of acids and chelatants which strongly alter the clay interface due to
dissolution or interaction with dissolved species from the other minerals. A
second difficulty is the complex nature of the surface charge of clays and more
particularly of smectites, with a permanent structural charge and an amphoteric
charge located at the edges sites of the particles which represent less than 10% of
the total surface area. Therefore, the quantification of the acid–base properties of
clays by potentiometric titration must take into account contributions to the proton
consumption/release by several side reactions such as cation exchange and
dissolution. Nevertheless, a general trend is observed. Titration curves on
montmorillonite in different ionic strengths do not display the common
intersection point expected from the doublelayer model applied to simple metal
oxides. Understanding and modeling of this behavior with respect to the structural
charge requires very accurate titration data. Due to the above experimental
restrictions, such data are still lacking. The crucial parameters are (i) the
purification protocol, (ii) the storage conditions of purified clays, and (iii) the
analytical conditions selected for titration, such as the stability criteria or the gas
atmosphere in the titration vessel. In order to improve the quantification of the
acid–base properties of clays, there is a need for systematic investigation of the
effects of different experimental procedures on the obtained potentiometric data
(Duc, Gaboriaud, & Thomas, 2005, Vol.289, No.1, p. 549-551).

D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1. Apparatus
a. Dropping pipette (2 pieces)
b. Volumetric pipette 10 mL (1 piece)
c. Erlenmeyer (3 pieces)
d. Funnel (1 piece)
e. Burette (1 piece)
f. Stative and clamp (1 piece)
g. Spray bottle (1 piece)
h. Stirring bar (1 piece)
i. Rough lap (1 piece)
j. Smooth lap (1 piece)

2. Chemicals
a. HCL solution 0,1 M (Hydrochloric acid solution)
b. NaOH solution 0,2 M (sodium hydroxide solution)
c. Phenolpthalein indicator
d. Universal indicator
e. Aquades (H2O)

E. WORK PROCEDURE
a. Prepare apparatus and chemicals that will be used
b. Clean the apparatus that will be used by washing it with water and aquades,
then wipe it clean
c. Fill the buret with NaOH solution 0,2 M
d. By using a 10 mL pipette, put 10 mL of 0.1 M HCL solution into an
erlenmeyer flask, measure the pH of the solution with a universal indicator,
add 3 drops of phenolpthalein indicator
e. Write the initial state (scale) in the burette, add 1 mL of the NaOH solution
from the burette to the HCL solution carefully, measure the pH of the solution
f. Continue titration until changes from colorless to pink, measure the pH of the
solution
g. Write the final condition of the burette and the volume of NaOH used
h. Add 1 mL of the NaOH solution from the burette and measure the pH of the
solution. Repeat the titration at least twice.

F. OBSERVATION RESULT

Titrate a hydrochloric acid solution with sodium hydroxide solution

Titration Initial pH PH of Advanced Ph of Ph of HCL

of HCL HCL after titration of HCL after adding 1
adding 1 volume mL NaOH
pH HCL mL NaOH naoh
 Titration 1 1 2 3,6 10 12
Titration 2 1 2 3,3 8 12
Titration 3 1 2 3,2 8 12

Titration1+Titration 2+Titration3
Volume of NaOHaverarage =
3

5,6 mL+5,3 mL+5,2 mL

= =5,4 mL
3

G. ANALYSIS OF DATA
1. pH of HCl solution before NaOH be added
Known :
M HCl = 0,1 M
V HCl = 10 mL
Asked :
pH = …?
Solution :
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
[H+] = M. a
= 0,1 M x 1
= 0,1 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log 10-1
= 1- log 1
=1–0
pH =1

2. pH of solution when adding 1 mL NaOH to 10 mL HCl solution 0,1 M

Known :
V. HCl = 10 mL
V. NaOH = 1 mL
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
Asked :
pH = …?
Solution :
n. HCl = M. HCl x V. HCl
= 0,1 M x 10 mL
= 1 mmol
n. NaOH = M. NaOH x V. NaOH
= 0,2 M x 1 mL
= 0,2mmol

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)

Initial : 1mmol 0,2mmol - -
React : 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol
End : 0,8mmol - 0,2mmol 0,2mmol

n . HCl end
M. HCl =
V .tot
0,8 mmol
=
11mL
= 0,073 M
[H+] = M.HCl × a
= 0,073 M x 1
= 7,3x10-2 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (7,3x10-2)
= 2- log 7,3
= 2 – 0,86
= 1,14

3. pH of solution when reach equivalent point

Known :
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
V. HCl = 10 mL
Asked :
 pH= …?
Solution :
n HCl=n NaOH
M HCl ∙ V HCl =M NaOH ∙ V NaOH
M HCl ∙V HCl
V NaOH =
M NaOH
0,1 M x 10 mL
V NaOH =
0,2 M
V NaOH =5 mL
so, the volume of NaOH required to titrate is 5 mL
n HCl= [ HCl ] ×V HCl
n HCl=0,1 M ×10 mL
n HCl=1 mmol
n NaOH= [ NaOH ] ×V NaOH
n NaOH=0,2 M ×5 mL
n NaOH=1 mmol

HCl(aq )+ NaOH (aq ) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O(aq)

Initial: 1mmol 1mmol - -
React: 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End : - - 1mmol 1mmol
In the reaction above, HCl and NaOH precisein finished react on stoikiometric
until on this pH = 7
¿
¿
¿
pH=−log ¿ ¿
pH=−log10−7
pH=7

4. pH of solution after passedequivalent point is addition 1 mL of NaOH

known :
 [ HCl ] =0,1 M
V HCl=10 mL
[ NaOH ] =0,2 M
V NaOH=5 mL+ 1mL = 6 mL
Asked :
pH=… ?
Solution :
n HCL= [ HCl ] ×V HCl
¿ 0,1 M ×10 mL
n HCL=1 mmol

n NaOH= [ NaOH ] ×V NaOH

¿ 0,2 M × 6 mL
n NaOH=1,2 mmol

HCl(aq )+ NaOH (aq ) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O

Initial : 1mmol 1,2mmol - -
React : 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End : - 0,2mmol 1mmol 1mmol

[ NaOH ] = n end
V total
0,2mmol
¿
16 mL
[ NaOH ] =0,0125 M

¿
¿ 0,0125 M ∙ 1
¿
pOH =−log ¿ ¿
¿−log 1,25× 10−2
 ¿ 2−log1,25
¿ 2−0,097
pOH =1,903
pH=14− pOH
pH=14−1,903
pH=12,09

5. Titration graph between HCl and NaOH

a. Titration graph 1
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 10 4,6
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.6

Titration Graph 1
14

12

10
pH Larutan

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NaOH volume

b. Titration graph 2
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 10 4,3
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.3
 Titration Graph 2
14

12

pH Larutan
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NaOH volume

c. Titration graph 3
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 8 4,2
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.2

Titration graph 3
14

12

10

8
pH Larutan

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NaOH volume

H. DISCUSSION
 Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan titrasi asam basa dengan
menggunakan indikator di mana indikator yang digunakan adalah indikator
phenolftalein dan indikator universal. Dalam titrasi asam-basa, indikator
merupakan zat yang memiliki perbedaan warna yang mencolok dalam medium
asam dan basa. Dalam percobaan ini, indikator yang digunakan adalah
phenolftalein, yang tidak berwarna dalam larutan asam dan netral, tetapi berwarna
merah muda dalam larutan basa. Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan tiga kali titrasi,
yang bertujuan untuk membandingkan pH larutan yang diperoleh guna
memperoleh nilai pH yang akurat sesuai dengan teori yang ada. Hasil reaksi
penitrasian asam basa (HCl dan NaOH) menghasilkan garam dan air, reaksinya
adalah sebagai berikut:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Pada dasarnya konsep reaksi yang dilakukan pada titrasi asam-basa

menggunakan indikator ini adalah reaksi netralisasi asam dengan basa. Reaksi
netralisasi adalah suatu proses reaksi penetralan dua larutan (asam dan basa) di
mana jumlah larutan pertama akan sama dengan jumlah larutan kedua yang
dipakai atau diperlukan dan penetralan tersebut dapat ditentukan melalui adanya
suatu indikator. Sedangkan titrasi merupakan prosedur yang digunakan untuk
melakukan reaksi penetralan asam-basa di mana suatu larutan yang
konsentrasinya diketahui secara pasti (larutan standar) ditambahkan secara
bertahap ke larutan lain yang konsentrasinya tidak diketahui, sampai reaksi kimia
antara kedua larutan tersebut berlangsung sempurna.
Pada titrasi ketika pH menjadi netral yaitu 7 disebut sebagai titik ekivalen.
Titik ekivalen adalah titik dalam titrasi di mana jumlah basa yang ditambahkan
sama dengan jumlah asam awal yang ada. Titik ekivalen adalah keadaan dimana
larutan memiliki pH 7 dan konsentrasi antara asam dan basa seimbang. Volume
basa yang ditambahkan sampai dengan titik akhir disebut volume ekivalen.
Sedangkan titik akhir titrasi adalah titik ketika volume yang diukur secara
eksperimen di mana indikator berubah warna sehingga larutan akan bersifat basa.
 Pada percobaan ini bahan yang digunakan adalah NaOH yang bersifat basa
kuat dengan larutan HCl yang bersifat asam kuat. Pertama-tama yang kita lakukan
adalah terdapat HCl 0,1 M, sehingga pHnya sama dengan 1. Kemudian, 1 mL
larutan NaOH secara hati-hati ditambahkan dari buret ke dalam larutan HCl 0,1 M
tadi sehingga kedua senyawa tersebut bereaksi dan menetralisasi dengan sejumlah
yang sama dengan jumlah HCl yang ada sejak awal mereduksi dan menghasilkan
pH= 2. Penambahan 1 mL NaOH belum bisa membuat larutan mejadi berwarna.
Hal ini dikarenakan larutan tersebut masih bersifat asam, karena indikator
phenoftelin akan bening bila larutan bersifat asam dan berwarna merah bila
larutan basa.
Kemudian kita melanjutkan proses titrasi, pada saat melakukan titrasi terjadi
perubahan warna pada larutan dari bening menjadi merah muda hal ini
menunjukkan larutan telah mencapai titik ekivalen dengan pH = 7. Larutan
kemudian ditambahkan lagi 1 mL NaOH setelah larutan tersebut mecapai titik
ekivalen. Penambahan tersebut membuat larutan semakin berwarna merah tua.
Hal ini menandakan bahwa larutan telah melewati titik ekivalen dan berada pada
titik akhir titrasi. Dimana titik akhir titrasi adalah keadaan dimana proses titrasi
dihentikan. Setelah itu, titrasi diulangi sebanyak 3 kali. Tujuan dari pengulangan
titrasi tersebut untuk memperoleh data pH yang lebih akurat.
pH yang diperoleh dari larutan HCl sebelum penambahan larutan NaOH
adalah 1, pH ini hampir mendekati dengan nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,
Kemudian setelah semua nilai pH didapatkan, dibuat kurva (grafik) yang memuat
hubungan antara volume NaOH dan pH NaOH setiap keadaan. Pada kurva titrasi
pertama, pH larutan saat penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 2, dimana pH ini telah
mendekati nilai secara teoritis yaitu 1,14, Kemudian pH setelah larutan mencapai
titik ekivalen adalah 10, dimana nilai ini cukup mendekati pH pada saat titik
ekuivalen secara teori yaitu 7, dan pH setelah larutan setelah ditetesi atau
ditambahkan lagi larutan NaOH sebanyak 1 mL adalah 12, dimana nilai pH ini
sudah mendekati nilai secara teoritis yaitu 12,1. Kemudian pada kurva titrasi
kedua, pH larutan setelah penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 2, dimana nilai pH ini
sama mendekati nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,14. Kemudian pH setelah larutan
mencapai titik ekuivalen adalah 8 , dimana nilai ini mendekati nilai pH pada saat
titik ekivalen secara teori yaitu 7, dan pH larutan saat mencapai titik akhir titrasi
adalah 12, dimana nilai ini cukup mendekati nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 12,1.
Pada kurva titrasi ketiga, pH larutan setelah penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 2,
dimana pH ini cukup mendekati nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,14. pH larutan
pada saat berada pada titik ekivalen yaitu 8, dimana nilai ini mendekati dari nilai
pH pada saat titik ekuivalen secara teori yaitu 7. Dan pH larutan pada titik akhir
titrasi adalah 12, di mana pH ini mendekati pula nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 12,1.
Perbedaan perolehan besar pH secara teori dengan pH yang diperoleh dari
proses titrasi bisa disebabkan oleh penambahan NaOH yang tidak stabil,
maksudnya adalah tetesan NaOH yang keluar dari dalam buret tidak jatuh atau
tidak menetes dengan volume konstan ke dalam larutan HCl .

I. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of experiments that have been done regarding the
neutralization of acid base, then it can be inferred that in activities of the titration
using indicators for a strong acid and a strong base is phenolftalein which will
change color to pink around the point of the titration or neutral equivalent i.e. pH
= 7. And this shows the reactions between substances that are analyzed in other
words, a factor that is becoming a benchmark (indicator) of the nature of the
neutral or the achievement point equivalents in aqueous solution titration
indicators it used i.e. phenolftalein (pp).

J. SUGESTION
For practitioners, in doing this practicum, it should be more thorough,
especially in measuring pH. For assistants, it should give other members the
opportunity to try this practicum when the practicum is paneled. In order for other
practitioners to know how to neutralize acid base. Because if like this the
practitioner who does not practice this is less know to analyze and especially in
the discussion section. For laboratory assistants, they should prepare enough tools
to do in the lab. To avoid borrowing during the practicum.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry Edisi Kesepuluh Jilid 1. New York : McGraw-
Hill.
Cox, P.A. 2004. Inorganic Chemistry. London and New York: BIOS Scientific
Publishers.
Jespersen, Neil D., James E. Brady, dan Alison Hyslop. 2012. Chemistry The
Molecular Nature Of Matter. New York: Wiley
Timberlake, Karen C. 2012. Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry.Edisi kesebelas. New York: Prentice Hall.

Pathade, K., Patil, S., Kondawar, M., Naikwade, N., & Magdum, C. (2009).
Morus Alba Fruit- Herbal alternative to Synthetic Acid Base.
International Journal of ChemTech Research, vol. 1 no. 3, p. 549-551.

Duc, M., Gaboriaud, F., & Thomas, F. (2005). Sensitivity of the acid–base
properties of clays to the methods. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science, vol. 289, no. 1, p. 139-147.

Nuryanti, S., Matsjeh, S., Anwar, C., & Raharjo, T. J. (2010). Indikator Titrasi
Asam-Basa Dari Ekstrak Bunga Sepatu, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 178-183.

Sheppard , K. (2006). High School Students Understanding of Titrations and

Related Acid Base. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, vol. 7,
no. 1, p. 32-45.
 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What is the mean of Equivalence point ?

Answer :
The equivalence point is the point in a titration where the amount
of titrantadded is enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution. The
moles of titrant (standard solution) equal the moles of the solution with
unknown concentration. 

2. Calculate the theoretical pH of the solution before adding NaOH, when adding
1 mL NaOH, when the equivalence point is reached and after passing the
equivalence point?
Answer :
a. pH of HCl solution before NaOH be added
Known :
M HCl = 0,1 M
V HCl = 10 mL
Asked :
pH = …?
Solution :
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
[H+] = M. a
= 0,1 M x 1
= 0,1 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log 10-1
= 1- log 1
=1–0
pH =1

b. pH of solution when adding 1 mL NaOH to 10 mL HCl solution 0,1 M

 Known :
V. HCl = 10 mL
V. NaOH = 1 mL
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
Asked :
pH = …?
Solution :
n. HCl = M. HCl x V. HCl
= 0,1 M x 10 mL
= 1 mmol
n. NaOH = M. NaOH x V. NaOH
= 0,2 M x 1 mL
= 0,2mmol

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)

Initial : 1mmol 0,2mmol - -
React : 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol
End : 0,8mmol - 0,2mmol 0,2mmol

n . HCl end
M. HCl =
V .tot
0,8 mmol
=
11mL
= 0,073 M
[H+] = M.HCl × a
= 0,073 M x 1
= 7,3x10-2 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (7,3x10-2)
= 2- log 7,3
= 2 – 0,86
= 1,14

c. pH of solution when reach equivalent point

 Known :
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
V. HCl = 10 mL
Asked :
pH= …?
Solution :
n HCl=n NaOH
M HCl ∙ V HCl =M NaOH ∙ V NaOH
M HCl ∙V HCl
V NaOH =
M NaOH
0,1 M x 10 mL
V NaOH =
0,2 M
V NaOH =5 mL
so, the volume of NaOH required to titrate is 5 mL
n HCl= [ HCl ] ×V HCl
n HCl=0,1 M ×10 mL
n HCl=1 mmol
n NaOH= [ NaOH ] ×V NaO H
n NaOH=0,2 M ×5 mL
n NaOH=1 mmol

HCl(aq )+ NaOH (aq ) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O(aq)

Initial: 1mmol 1mmol - -
React: 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End : - - 1mmol 1mmol
In the reaction above, HCl and NaOH precisein finished react on
stoikiometric until on this pH = 7
¿
¿
¿
 pH=−log ¿ ¿
pH=−log10−7
pH=7

d. pH of solution after passedequivalent point is addition 1 mL of NaOH

known :
[ HCl ] =0,1 M
V HCl=10 mL
[ NaOH ] =0,2 M
V NaOH=5 mL+ 1mL = 6 mL
Asked :
pH=… ?
Solution :
n HCL= [ HCl ] ×V HCl
¿ 0,1 M ×10 mL
n HCL=1 mmol

n NaOH= [ NaOH ] ×V NaOH

¿ 0,2 M × 6 mL
n NaOH=1,2 mmol

HCl(aq )+ NaOH (aq ) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O

Initial : 1mmol 1,2mmol - -
React : 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End : - 0,2mmol 1mmol 1mmol

[ NaOH ] = n end
V total
0,2mmol
¿
16 mL
[ NaOH ] =0,0125 M
 ¿
¿ 0,0125 M ∙ 1
¿
pOH =−log ¿ ¿
¿−log 1,25× 10−2
¿ 2−log1,25
¿ 2−0,097
pOH =1,903
pH=14− pOH
pH=14−1,903
pH=12,09
3. Make a titration curve reaction between HCL and NaOH?
Answer :
a. Titration graph 1
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 10 4,6
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.6

Titration 1
pH Larutan

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NaOH volume

b. Titration graph 2
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
 Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 10 4,3
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.3

Titration 2
14
12
10

pH Larutan
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NaOH volume

c. Titration graph 3
Titration pH of the NaOH
solution volume (mL)
Before the addition of NaOH 1 0
After the addition of NaOH 2 1
after the equivalent point is reached 8 4,2
after passing the equivalent point 12 5.2

Titration 3
14
12
10
8
6
pH Larutan

4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NaOH volume
 DOCUMENTATION

Prepare all apparatus and Add 0,2 M NaOH into Add burette contents
chemicals will used beaker with 0,2 M NaOH
solution

Add 0,2 M NaOH into Add volumetric pipette Put 0,1 M HCl into
burette until 50 ml into with 0,1 M HCl solution Erlenmeyer
burette
Add 3 drops of phenoftlein Add 1 ml NaOH from the Measure pH with a
burette universal Indicator

Specify pH of solution with Add 1 ml NaOH from the Continue titration

Universal indicator burette until happen coloured
change
Measure pH with a Specify pH of solution Repeat titration until
universal Indicator with Universal indicator twice again