Experiment: 2.

Study of Museum Specimens

Study of Museum Specimens 1.1 -Phylum: Porifera (Porus=pores, ferre = to bear)

Aim: To study the external features of Sycon.
Material required: Preserved specimen of Sycon.
Classification
Phylum – Porifera – pore bearing
animals, diploblastic with cavity
spongocoel.
Class – Calcarea – Spicules
calcareous, canal system asconoid /
syconoid /leuconoid type
Order - Heterocoela – Canal system
syconoid type.
Genus- Sycon (=Scypha)
Habitat- Marine, found in shallow
water.
Habit- Although clustered, they are
more independent. Small buds may
occasionally appear at the base of
mature specimens.
Comments-
1. Body is vase-like, more or less
separate at the base. The base is
attached to the substratum and the
distal free end bears an opening
called osculum. Osculum is surrounded by large monoaxon
spicules, forming a collar around it.
2. The external surface reveal the presence of numerous pores called ostia, these are incurrent
pores permitting entry of water.
3. Due to folding of the body covering numerous canals are formed called incurrent canals and
radial canals.
4. Canal system of syconoid type stage I. Course of water current is
Ostia incurrent canals prosopyles radial canals apopyles spongocoel osculum outside
body. Choanocytes are confined to radial canals.
5. Incurrent water through canal system facilitates respiration, nutrition and excretion.
6. Internal cavity is spongocoel.
7. Skeleton of calcareous spicules which are monoaxon, triaxon and tetraxon. Dense spicules
almost hide the ostia.
8. Animal is bisexual.
9. Asexual reproduction (a) by budding under favourable conditions (b) by reduction bodies
under unfavourable conditions.
10. In sexual reproduction fertilization is internal but cross due to protogynous condition.
11. Development is indirect through amphiblastula larva.
12. High power of regeneration is seen.
Results: External features of Sycon were studied.

Aim: To study the external features of Hyalonema.

Material required: Preserved specimen of Hyalonema
Classification
Phylum-.Porifera (Porous body, cellular grade of body
organization, radially symmetrical)
Class-Hexactinellida (Skeleton having, six rayed triaxon
siliceous spicules)
Order -Amphidiscophora (Spicules are amphidiscs)
Genus-Hyalonema
Comments:
1. Hyalonema is commonly called glass rope sponge as it
appears like ball of glass wool
with projecting tufts of glassy spicules.
2. It is a marine sponge inhabiting 10-15 metres deep sea
water. It is found along the New England coast.
3. Body is round or oval and radially symmetrical.
4. The spicules of root tuft are compact, elongated and twisted
forming an axis or columella. It helps the organism in
anchoring.
5. Several polyps of a Zoanthidea (anemone) grow in
symbiotic association with Hyalonema at its columella.
6. Osculum contains a sieve plate.
7. Spongocoel can be noticed only when the upper surface of the sponge body is depressed since
the excurrent canals open into it, but when the surface is extended into a gastral cone by upward
projection of columella, no spongocoel exists.
8. Skeleton consists of small amphidiscs. Whole body is covered by small branching six
rayed spicules which resemble to Christmas trees.
9. Identifying character is the presence of glossy root spicules tuft, large osculum containing sieve
plate and symbiotic polyps.
Results: External features of Hyalonema were studied.
Aim: To study the external features of Euspongia.
Material required: Preserved specimen of Euspongia.
Classification
Phylum-Porifera (Porous body,
cellular grade of body
organization, radially
symmetrical)
Class-Demospongia (Skeleton
consisting of spongin fibres or
siliceous
spicules or both)
Order-Keratosa (Skeleton of
spongin fibres only spicules
absent)
Genus-Euspongia.
Comments
1. Commonly called Bath Sponge.
2. It is found on rocky bottoms in warm shallow sea water of Mediterranian, U.S.A., Asia and
Australia.
3. Massive body with variable shape often globose, cup shaped or lamelliform.
4. Skeleton consists of network of spongin fibres without spicules.
5. Surface of the body contains large openings called oscula and small openings called inhalent
canals.
1. Canal system is leuconoid type. Water current passes through dermal ostia to incurrent canals,
through prosopyle to flagelted chambers through apopyle to excurrent canal through osculum
to outside.
7. Dried skeleton of Euspongia is used as a bath sponge as it consists of spongin fibres having
the capacity hold a large amount of water.
8. It is used in offices for wetting postal stamps, paper, currency etc.
9. Identifying character is Oscula, inhalant canals and globose body with meshy spongin fibres.
Results: External features of Euspongia were studied.

Study of Museum Specimens 1.2 -Phylum: Coelenterata

Aim: To study the external features of Porpita.
Material required: Preserved specimen of Porpita

Classification
Phylum-Coelentrata (Tissue grade organization, diploplastic and acoelomate)
Class-Hydrozoa (Hydroids, medusa with velum)
Order-Siphonophora (Polymorphic colonies, numerous polypoid and medusoid zooids)
Genus-Porpita
Comments
1. Porpita is a colonial marine hydroid found in tropical and sub-tropical water of the
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.
2. It is commonly known as blue button.
3. The colony is disc shaped resembling to medusa.
4. Body is disc like with a chitinous, chambered pneumatphore containing air. It opens to exterior
by pores.
5. A large central gastrozooid bearing mount leading to wide gastric cavity is present on the
ventral side.
6. Numerous gonozooids bearing medusa encircle the gastrozooid.
7. Numerous long dactylozooids bearing nematocysts are present on the margin of disc.
8. The reproductive zooids are liberated as free medusa.
9. The identifying character is Presence of central disc surrounded by tentacles.
Results: External features of Porpita were studied.
Aim: To study the external features of Velella.

Material required: Preserved specimen of Velella.

Classification
Phylum-Coelentrata (Tissue grade organization, diploplastic and acoelomate)
Class-Hydrozoa (Hydroids, medusa with velum)
Order-Siphonophora (Polymorphic colonies, numerous polypoid and medusoid zooids)
Genus-Velella (Little sail)
Comments
1. Vellella is commonly called little sail. It is most beautiful open sea form consisting of
deep blue colony.
2. It is commonly distributed in warm seas.
3. The float or pneumatophore is a chambered disc containing air in the chambers and
having vertical sail on the top.
4. Large single gastrozooid hangs in the centre. At ventral side it bears mouth.
5. Numerous medusa bearing gonozooids are present around the gastrozooid.
6. Tentacle like dactytozooids bearing nematocysts is present on the margin of disc.
7. Gonozooids produce free medusa.
8. It exhibits the phenomenon of polymorphism.
9. The identifying character is the Presence of sail and single gastrozooid
Results: External features of Velella were studied.

Aim: To study the external features of Gorgonia.

Material required: Preserved specimen of Gorgonia.

Classification
Phylum-Coelentrata (Tissue grade organization, diploplastic and acoelomate)
Class-Anthozoa (Only polypoid generation, sedentary, solitary or colonial)
Order -Gorgonacea (Horny corals, short polyps not touching base)
Genus -Gorgonia (Sea fan)
Comments:
1. Gorgonia is commonly known as sea fan. It inhabits shallow tropical seas near Malaya, West
Indies and Indo-Pacific Ocean.
2. It forms branching colonies of yellow and red colour growing up to 50 cm in height.
3. Body consists of plant-like branching stems and a short main trunk attached to the
substratum by a pedal disc.
4. Numerous small anthocodia (retractile polyps) are present in rows on either side of
stems of branches.
5. Skeleton consists of an axial rod present throughout the body. It is made up of gorgonin
(flexible horn like ectodermal material).
6. It contains numerous spicules in the mesoglea.
7. Sexes are separate.
8. the identifuing character is the Fan shaped body.
Results: External features of Gorgonia were studied.
Aim: To study the external features of Pennatula.
Material required: Preserved specimen of Pennatula.
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Subclass: Octocorallia
Order: Pennatulacea
Family: Pennatulidae
Genus: Pennatula

Comments:
1. It is commonly known as “sea pen” and is found in the eastern coasts of North America.
2. The colour is usually red and the fully formed colony measures about 10 cm in height.
3. The colony is elongated, dimomorphic, feather-like and is differentiated into a lower
peduncle or stalk and an upper rachis.
4. The peduncle is dialated at its lower tip into an end bulb, which remains burried in mud or
sand at the sea bottom and is devoid of zoids.
5. The rachis is narow at two ends, dialated in the middle and bears two rows of lateral
branches—the pinnules.
6. Each pinnule is a long, slightly curved, flattened and fleshy projection of the rachis and
bears, along its upper margin, a row of anthocodia—the autozoids.
7. Each anthocodia (autozold) bears a ring of 8 tentacles, few gonads and mesentaries In
multiples of eight (8). They serve to feed the colony and undertake the task of reproduction
also.
8. The rachis, all through its length along dorsal and lateral sides, bears minute spinules— the
siphonozoids.
9. The siphonozoids are without tentacles and gonads, with reduced mesentaries and are
having distinct siphonoglyphs, which help in producing water currents.
10. Skeleton is a horny axis which supports only the peduncle and rachis but does not extend
into pinnules.
11. Sexes are separate.
Results: Based on the above characteristics, the present specimen was identified as Pennatula.

Aim: To study the external features of Adamsia.

Material required: Preserved specimen of Adamsia

Classification
Phylum -Coelentrata (Tissue grade organization, diploplastic and acoelomate)
Class-Anthozoa (Only polypoid generation, sedentary, solitary or colonial)
Order -Actiniaria (Skeleton absent, mesenteries of septa in multiple of six)
Genus -.Adamsia
Comments
1. Adamsia is found attached on the empty gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crab
(Euparagus). It is distributed in shallow water of U.S.A. and Indian Ocean.
2. Body is large, cylindrical and divided into three parts – pedal disc, coloumn and oral disc.
3. Pedal is flat, sucker like and bilobed. It helps in attachment to molluscan shell.
4. Coloumn is cylindrical bearing a band of cinclidal tubercles at its base.
5. Oral disc bears a central mouth encircled by numerous (500 approx) nematocyst bearing
tentacles.
6. Adamsia shows a good example of commonsalism (mutual benefit). Adamsia is carried to
different places hermit crab living inside empty mollusc shell and gets variety of food. Hermit
crab gets protection inside the shell as well as Adamsia covers its body and protects the crab from
attacks of enemies by stinging with nematocysts.
7. The identifying character is that Adamsia living in commensalism on a molluscan shell
inhabited by hermit crab (Euparagus)
Results: External features of Adamsia were studied.
Aim: To study the external features of Alcyonium.
Material required: Preserved specimen of Alcyonium.
Classification
Phylum – Coelenterata – Presence of
coelenteron, tissue grade of organisation,
diploblastic, namatocysts present, with radial
symmetry.
Class – Anthozoa (Actinozoa) – Only polyp
stage.
Subclass- Octacorallia – Eight tentacles are
present.
Order- Alcyonacea – Basal part forms fleshy
mass. This order includes
"Soft Coral"
Genus- Alcyonium.
Habitat- Marine, mostly found in the tidal zone at a depth of 200m in temperate and cold sea.
Habit- Colonial, sedentary.
Comments-
1. This is commonly called "Dead man's finger".
2. Base of the colony is meant for adherence to subtratum. At the free end of the stalk there are
branched leathery lobes.
3. Over the stalk is fleshy collenchyma from which project out the polyp with oral end.
4. Skeleton of spicules provide rigidity to collenchyma.
5. Eight pinnate tentacles are present in each polyp.
6. The distal part of the body consists of anthocodia in scattered manner while the proximal part
lacks anthocodia.
7. Fertilization occurs outside the body.
8. In life cycle free siwmming planula larva is formed which by budding gives rise to colony.
Results: External features of Alcyonium were studied.