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 Animal Kingdom

Lecture 1

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
 Animal Kingdom

Phylum Porifera

➢ Porifera means pore bearers.

➢ Members of this phylum are commonly known as sponges.
➢ Body is perforated with many pores called ostia.
➢ Ostia are mouthlets and allow entry of water.
➢ A larger aperture called osculum allows exit of water.
 Phylum Porifera

Habit and Habitat

➢ These are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals.

➢ Some sponges are found in fresh water also like Spongilla.
➢ Adult sponges are sessile or sedentary but their larvae are motile.
➢ Study of sponges is Parazoology.
 Phylum Porifera

Habit and Habitat

➢ These are primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation.
➢ Sponges are on a blind branch of evolutionary tree.
➢ Sponges have evolved from colonial choanoflagellates.
➢ Connecting link between Protozoa and Porifera is Proterospongia.
 Phylum Porifera

Body Structure

➢ Body wall has two layers i.e.

○ Outer Pinacoderm
○ Inner Choanoderm
➢ In between these two layers, a non-cellular jelly-like layer called mesenchyme is
present.
➢ Body cavity is called spongocoel or paragastric cavity or atrium.
Phylum Porifera

Mesenchyme
 Phylum Porifera

Body Structure

➢ Pinacoderm has pinacocytes.

➢ Choanoderm has choanocytes.
➢ Choanocytes are also called collared
flagellated cells.
➢ These line the spongocoel and the canals.
 Phylum Porifera

Gas Exchange

➢ All body systems are absent.

➢ Gas exchange occurs through general body surface.
➢ There are no specialised respiratory structures.
 Phylum Porifera

Excretory System

➢ Excretion occurs through general body surface.

➢ Specialised excretory structures are absent.
➢ Excretory product is ammonia(Ammonotelic).
 Phylum Porifera

Food and Feeding

➢ These are microphagous animals.

➢ These feed on microscopic food particles like bacteria, protozoans etc.
➢ Digestion is intracellular.
➢ Food is captured by flagella of choanocytes which digest it partially.
➢ Partially digested food is passed on to trophocytes which digest it completely and
distribute it.
 Phylum Porifera

Skeletal System

➢ The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres.

➢ Spicules are small needle like structures which are of two types.
○ Calcareous Spicules (made up of CaCO3)
○ Siliceous Spicules (made up of silica)
 Phylum Porifera

Nervous System

➢ There are no neurons but these are sensitive to external environment.

➢ Pinacocytes are contractile cells.
➢ These can increase or decrease overall surface area of sponge body.
 Phylum Porifera

Canal System

➢ Sponges have a water transport or canal system.

➢ It is also called aquiferous system.
➢ It is lifeline of sponges.
➢ Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity,
spongocoel(Paragastric cavity) from where it goes out through the osculum.
 Phylum Porifera

Canal System

➢ It is a system of pores, chambers and canals through which water circulates.

➢ This pathway of water transport is helpful in
○ food gathering
○ respiratory exchange
○ removal of wastes
○ reproduction.
 Phylum Porifera

Reproductive System

➢ Sexes are not separate.

➢ These are hermaphrodite animals, i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same
individual.
 Phylum Porifera

Reproductive System

➢ Reproduction is asexual as well as sexual.

➢ Asexual reproduction is by
○ Fragmentation,
○ Budding
○ Branching
○ Gemmule formation.
➢ Sexual reproduction is by formation of gametes.
 Phylum Porifera

Fertilisation and Development

➢ Fertilisation is internal.
➢ Scypha sponge is protogynous i.e. ova matures earlier than spermatozoa.
➢ Flagella of choanocytes captures sperm and passes it to ova developing in
mesenchyme.
 Phylum Porifera

Fertilisation and Development

➢ Development is indirect having a larval stage, which is morphologically distinct

from the adult.
➢ Larvae are ciliated and free swimming.
➢ Larval stages are
○ amphiblastula
○ parenchymula
○ rhagon.
 Phylum Porifera

Examples

➢ Spongilla (freshwater sponge)

➢ Euspongia (common bath sponge)
➢ Sycon (crown sponge or urn sponge)
 Phylum Porifera

Examples

➢ Hyalonema (glass rope sponge)

➢ Euplectella - Venus’s flower basket (It is given as a
wedding gift in Japan).
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