ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 8 AL/2021/01-S-II

fuu m%Yak m;%fha iïmQ¾K whs;sh iqim s ja ka Wiia wOHdmk ^fm!oa& iud.u i;= jk w;r fuu m%Yak m;%fha wka;¾.;
lsij
s la bf,lafg%dakslj" hdka;%slj fyda Pdhd msgm;a lsÍu yd .nvd lr ;eîu imqrd ;ykï fõ' tfia l<fyd;a Bg
úreoaOj wm iud.fï kS;s wxYh u`.ska kS;suh mshjr .kq ,nhs

2021 fkdjeïn¾
2021
November 2021

11

B fldgi – rpkd
f;dard.;a m%Yak 04 lg muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'
[ g = 10Nkg-1 ]

5. (a) ;srig 300 wdk; r`: ;,hla u; ialkaOh 1kg yd me;a;l È. 20cm jk >kldldr f,day
l=Üáhla ;nd we;'
(i) ;,h yd >klh w;r iaÓ;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh 4 kï f,day l=Üáh p,s; fõ o
3 3
fkdfõo hkak .Kkh lsÍula u.ska Tmamq lr fmkajkak'
(ii) ±ka ;,h u; >klu 1mm jk c, ia:rhla oud ta u; f,day l=Üáh ;nhs' fuúg l=Üáh
p,s; fõ o fkdfõo hkak fya;= iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak' fuys§ f,day l=Üáh p,s;
jkafka kï th ,nd .kakd wdka; m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'Q (c,fha ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh
7x10-2 Nsm-2 fõ')
wêl j¾Idm;kh;a iu. furg kdh hEï fya;=fjka ÿïßh ud¾.h
isÿ jk wk;=re m%udKh by< f.dia we;' uE;
ld,fhaoS isÿ jQ wdikak;u isÿùu jkafka
lvq.kakdj wdikakfha ud¾.hg by< m%foaYh kdh
hEfï wjodkug ,la ùuhs' kdh hEula hkq by<ska
msysá N+ñ m%foaYhl mj;sk .,a yd mia úYd, mia ;Ügqj
m%udKhla ta u; msysá .ia je,a wdÈh o /f.k my<
m%foaYhlg rEgd jeàuhs' fuh b;du ir,j by;
olajd we;s wdldrhg mdIdK u; miA ;Ügqj we;s úg
,siaid hdug fkdfm<Uqk o, mdIdK yd mia w;r
m%foaYhg c,h we;=`: jQ úg mdxY= fldgi ,siaid uõ mdIdKh
ud¾.h
hdug fm<fò' kuq;a kdh hEfï ixisoaêh óg jvd
ixlS¾K fõ' kdh hEï ms<sn`o ks¾jpkfhys ú.%y
lrk mßÈ cS¾K jQ mdxY= fldgia rEgd ye,Sulau m%md;h
muKla fkdj mdIdK ialkaO j, úúO p,k
iajNdjla ksido kdh hEï we;s fõ' tfyhska kdh
hEï j¾. lsysmhlg fnod ±laùfï yelshdj we;'
tkï cS¾KdjfYaI kdh hEï, mdIdK m;kh, l=Üá
m%md;kh, rErdj, uv .e,Su, ìï .e,Su yd .s,d neiSuhs' uE;l§ jd¾:d jQ lvq.kakdj m%foaYfha jd¾:d jQ
kdhhEu cS¾KdjfYaI kdhhEï j¾.hg wh;a fõ' fN!;sl cS¾Kh, ridhksl yd ftkaøsh cS¾Kh, k.akSldrl
n,fõ. (iq<`., .,k c,h, whsia ;rx. yd N+.; c,h jeks fya;=ka u.ska mdIdK bj;a lsÍu') u.ska talrdYS
lr.;a cS¾KdjfYaI øjH u;=msgg ord.; fkdyels jQ úg rErd .e,Sfuka cS¾KdjfYaI kdhhEï isÿ fõ' u;=msg
mj;akd cS¾Kh jQ øjH u;g fkdlvjd j¾Idj m;s; jQ úg tu ialkaOh c,fhka ix;Dma; ùu isÿ fõ' tys
u;=msg ialkaOh l=vd fyda uOHu wdjdg iys; kï u;=msg isg wNHka;rhg c,h wjfYdaIKh ùu ;Sj% fõ'
wjfYdaIKh isÿjk w;r;=r CISrKh;a, jEiaiSu;a ksid jQ tl;=jk c,h N+.; ù uõ mdIdK u;g
.uka lrhs' bka wNHka;rhg fkdjeiaiSu ksid jEiaiqk uõ mdIdKh u; cS¾Kh jQ øjH my<gu .uka lrhs'
fuh l`ÿlrfhys my< nEjqï j,ska u;=fõ' my<ska u;= jk fuu Èh myr mdo .e,au hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 9 AL/2021/01-S-II

È.= l,la fuu mdo .e,Sfï l%shdj,sh isÿ jk úg mdxY= ia:rh;a mdIdK ia:rh;a w;r l=vd wjldYhla
we;s fõ' yÈisfha we;s jk mdo .e,Su jeä ùu u; by<ska mj;akd nr ialkaOh fidaodf.k hñka
mj;akd uõ mdIdK ;,h Èf.a my<g we§ hhs' fuh cS¾KdjfYaI kdh hEuhs'
lvq.kakdj uõ mdIdKfha me,auj,a olakg fkd,efnk ksid m¾j;h lvd jeàfï wjodkula fuys§
fkdue;' tfiau uõ mdIdKh u; ud¾.h ;kd we;s neúka th .s,d neiSfï fyda kdh hEï wjodkula
fkdue;' kuq;a by< mj;sk mia yd .,a len,s ud¾.h fj; rEgd jeàfuka w;sYh ydkshla isÿ úh yelsh'
fuu mia ia;rh bj;a lsÍu §¾> ld,Skj isÿ l< hq;= l%shdj,shla jk w;r ±kg we;s wjodku ;djld,slj
bj;a lr .ekSu i`oyd N+ úoHd yd m;,a lekSfï ld¾hdxYh u.ska wjYH l%shdud¾. /ila f.k we;'

(b) (i) kdh hEula hkq l=ula o@

(ii) kdh hEï j¾. ;=kla kï lrkak'
(iii) cS¾KdjfYaI kdhhEï i`oyd n,mdk lreKq folla i`oyka lrkak'
(iv) mdo .e,au hkq l=ula o@
(v) lvq.kakdj ud¾.h u;g mia l`ÿ lvdf.k jeàula isÿ jqjo, ud¾.h kdhhEfï mQ¾j
,laIK fkdfmkajhs' óg fya;=j ;=ula o@
(c) (i) fuu m¾j;fha tla;rd ia:dkhl wrh (R)
500kg
3m yd ialkaOh (M) 500kg jk taldldr
f.da,dldr yeve;s l`:.,la rEmfha mßÈ msysghs'
È.ska È.gu mj;sk j¾Idfõ n,mEu fya;=fjka mia
;Ügqj l%ufhka nqre,a ù mdIdK lene,a, 87.5m
ksYap,;djfhka p,s;h wrUd fmrf,ñka mduq,
300
fj; meñfKa' m¾j;h ;srig 300 fldaKhlska
wdk; r`: ;,hla fia ie,lsh yels nj;a, wrh R
yd ialkaOh M jk >k f.da,hl wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh
2
MR 2 nj;a § we;akï mdIdK lene,a, my<g
5
meñfKk ;ajrKh i`oyd m%ldYkhla g weiqfrka ,nd fokak'
(ii) § we;s o;a; weiqfrka mdIdK lene,a, m¾j;h mduq, fj;<`.d jk úg tys m%fõ.h
.Kkh lrkak'
(iii) mduq, fj; meñfKk mdIdK lene,a, bkamiq (a) (ii) ,nd .;a m%fõ.fhka
N%uKhlska f;drj p,s; ù th p,s; jk ÈYdjg ,ïnl ÈYdjg 108kmh-1
m%fõ.fhka .uka lrk 500kg nr jdykh iu`. iïnkaO ù ;ks jia;=jla f,i p,s; fõ'
(w) ixhqla; jia;=fõ ;srig mj;sk (jdykh p,s; jQ ÈYdjg ,ïnl ÈYdjg) m%fõ.fha
úYd,;ajh fldmuK o@
(wd) ixhqla; jia;=fõ iïm%hqla; m%fõ.h úYd,;ajh yd ÈYdj iys;j .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) ixhqla; jia;=j bka miq m%md;fhka my<g jefÜ' m%md;fha isria Wi 180m kï r:h
m%md;fha mduq,g jeàfuka wk;=rej ,`ÿ le,E fya;=fjka fkdf,kS hkafka kï uqod
.ekSfï lKavdhï j,g msysgqu ,nd §ug Tng isÿ jkafka kï uqod .ekSfï lKavdhu
,laIHhg idfmalaIj ,ïnlj yd iudka;rj .uka l< hq;= ÿr m%udK .Kkh lrkak'
(d) fuu kdh heï wjodku wju lsÍu i`oyd flá ld,Sk yd §¾> ld,Sk úi`ÿï lsysmhla
f.k we;' k< moaO;shla (3 rEmh) fhdod f.k c,h bj;a lsÍu u.ska mia ;Ügqj yd mdIdK
ia:rh w;r ,sysis nj wju lsßu flá ld,Sk úi`ÿu f,i fhdackd ù we;s w;r mia yryd
;srig 100 muK wdk;, úYalïNh 1cm muK isÿre iuQyhla úo tajdfha ueog .e,ajkhsia
l< lïì fhdod bka miq isÿre fldkal%SÜ j,ska mqrjd msg;g meñKs lïì fldgia fl<jrj,a
±,la u.ska iïnkaO mia ;Ügqj wLKavj r`ojd .ekSu §¾> ld,Sk úi`ÿu f,i fhdackd ù we;'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 10 AL/2021/01-S-II

(i) isÿre ú§fï§ tajdg .e,ajkhsia l< lïì fhdod .kafka wehs@
(ii) fuys§ Ndú; jk k<h my; wdldrfha k,hla nj Wml,amkh lrkak'

(uqÿk)

47m
49m

(mduq,)
(1) ia:dkfha § c,fha fõ.h Y=kH nj;a, tu ia:dkfha mSvkh 0.97 x 105 pa nj;a , (2) ia:dkfha
mSvkh jd'f.da'mS' nj;a, (1 x105 pa) .,d hk c,fha >k;aj 1200kgm-3 nj;a § we;akï mduq,§
msg;g meñfKk c,fha fõ.h fidhkak' (fuys§ c, m%jdyh ÿiai%dù n, j,ska f;dr, wiïmSvH
nj;a, th wkdl+, m%jdyhla fhdok nj; Wml,amkh lrkak')

6. idudkH wdf,dal loïnhla ;rx. iuQyhlska hqla;jk w;r fuu ;rx. mrudKq idïm,hl we;s ieflnqKq
wjia:dfõ mrudKq ;=< wka;¾.; by, Yla;s uÜgï j, bf,lafg%dakhka my< Yla;suÜgï fj; m;s; ùu
fya;=fjka fuu idudkH wdf,dal loïnhg wod, fmdafgdak ksl=;aùu isÿ fõ' fuf,i bf,lafg%dak Yla;sh
wjfYdaIKh lr .ksñka by< Yla;s uÜgula fj; .ukalr 10-12s jek ld,hloS kej; my,g .uka lsrSfï
l%shdj,sh iajhxisoaê úfudapkh f,i yÿkajhs' fuysoS uqodyefrk fmdafgdakhl Yla;sh Yla;s uÜgï w;r
wka;rhg iudk fõ'
E2 E2
idudkH wdf,dal loïnhl
wka;¾.; fmdafgdak ie,lSfï oS tajd hf =E2 –E1
úúO osYdjkag .ukalrhs' tjeks
E E1
loïnhla úiudpdrS fyda wiudpdrS 1
fmdafgdak loïnhla f,i yÿkajkq ieflnqKq wjia:dj fmdfgdak ksl=;aùu
,nhs'
fujeks loïnhla t;rï m%N, loïNhla fkdfõ' ;jo fuu fm%afgdak w;r l,djkays iaÓr iïnkaO;djla
fkdmj;sk w;r tlu ixLHd;fha fmdafgdak odhljk fidaähï wdf,dalh jeks wdf,dal loïnhla ie,lSfï
oS ta ioyd odhl jk fmdafgdak ;rx.hkays úia;drh A kï ta ;=, wiudpdrS ;rx. N ixLHdjla mj;skafka
kï fuu wdf,dal loïnh úia;drh A N f,i ,shd oelaúh yel' kuq;a fuu fmdafgdak ixLHdj tlu
osYdjg .uka lrk wdldrhg iliajQfha kï, tkï iudpdrSjQfha kï tys iïm%hqla; ;rx.fha úia;drh AN g
iudk nj .Ks;fhka fmkajdosh yelsh' ;Sj%;djh úia;drfha j¾.hg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl neúka tlu
fmdafgdak ixLHdj wka;¾.; iudpdrS yd úiudpdrS wf,dal loïn folla w;r úia;dr w;r wkqmd; N jk
w;r ;Sj%;d w;r wkqmd;h N g iudk fõ' ta wkqj fmkS hkafka tlu fmdafgdak ixLHdj wka;¾.; iudpdrS
wdf,dal loïnhla úiudpdrS wdf,dal loïnhlg idfmalaIj ;Sj%;d m%n,;ajh N .=Khla jk njhs'
LASER loïnhla ioyd mokï lrf.k we;af;a wdf,dalfha mj;sk fuu .=Kh fõ' idudkH wdf,dalh
fuka LASER wdf,dalh ks¾udKh l, fkdyels fõ' LASER loïnhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu ioyd

wjYH;djhka uq,a jrg bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa 1917 oS we,anÜ whskaiaghska úisks' LASER loïnhla ks¾udKh
lr .ekSug mrudKqjla m%Odk wjYH;d folla imqrd,sh h=;= fõ' tajd kï ifelnqKq wjia:dfõ mrudKq ;=<
wka;¾.; bf,lafg%dak by< Yla;s uÜgñ fj; .ukal, úgoS iajhx isosOsúfudapkhlg ,lafkdù tu Yla;s
uÜgfuys 10-2 s ld,hlaj;a bf,lafg%dakh mej;sh hq;= fõ' tfiau my< Yla;s uÜgulg idfmalaIj by<
Yla;s uÜgul bf,lafg%dak .ykh jeä úh hq;=h' tkï .yk wmj¾;khla ;sìh hq;= fõ' mrudKqjl
fujeks Yla;suÜgula ñ:ia;dhS Yla;suÜgula f,i yÿkajk w;r mrudKqjla ;=, fujeks Yla;suÜgula
uq,ajrg fiodhd.kakd ,oafoa uhsudkA úisks' Tyq úiska ksfhdaka jdhqfjys fojk Yla;s uÜgu fuf,i
yeisfrk whqre fidhd.kakd w;r miqj w,s cdjka úiska ksfhdaka LASER ksYamdokh lrk ,oS' mrudKqjla
;=< ñ:ia;dhS uÜgula ks¾udKh lr.;a;o LASER loïnhla isÿ lsrsug W;af;ack ls%hdj,shla isÿl, hq;=
fõ' fï ioyd ksfhdaka LASER ksmoùug yS,shï jdhqj fhdod.kakd ,oS' yS,shï jdhqfjys fojk yd m<uq
Yla;s uÜgï w;r bf,lafg%dakhla .uka lsrSfï oS uqodyefrk fmdafgdakfhys Yla;sh ksfhdaka jdhqfjys
ñ:ia;dhS uÜgfï isg m<uq Yla;s uÜgu fj; bf,lafg%dakhla .uka lsrsfï os uqodyrsk fmdafgdakfha Yla;shg
iudk fõ' ta wkqj yS,shï jdhqj fuu W;af;ack l%shdj,shg fhdod.kakd ,oS'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 11 AL/2021/01-S-II

rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a yS,shï ksfhdaka f,ai¾

nghl fyj;a m%ldY wkqkdolhl ir, ieleiauls'
fuu ngh WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i lajdÜ
j,ska idod we;s w;r a,b iy c hkq is,skavrdldr
bf,lafg%dav fõ' jdhqj ( He/ Ne ) úi¾ck lsrSu
ioyd rEmfha fmkajd we;s whqre bf,lafg%dav m%n,
f¾äfhda ixLHd; cklhlg iïnkaO lr we;'
ngfha fofl,jr we;af;a tlsfklg iudka;r ;,
o¾mK folls' fuys ol=Kq miska we;s ;, o¾mKh
wdf,dalfha mrdj¾;khg fukau iïfm%aIKhgo iqÿiq
jk whqre w¾O f,i rsoS wdf,am fldg we;' jdhq mrudKq
W;af;acs; úfudapkh u.ska ksl=;a lrk fmdafgdak o¾mk w;r nyq mrdj¾;khg Ndckh fjñka foda,kh
jk w;r iuyr fmdafgdak w¾O f,i rsoS wdf,ams; o¾mkh ;=,ska bj;g .uka lrkq we;' ngh ;=< foda,kh
jk fm%dafgdak tys ;=, we;s ielnqKq wjia:dfõ we;s mrudKq j,ska W;af;acs; úfudapkh u.ska fmdafgdak
ksl=;a lsrSug odhl fõ' fuh odu ls%hdj,shla ksid b;du;a wOsl ;Sj%;djlska hq; a f,ai¾ wdf,dalh ika;ksl
loïnhla f,i ,nd.ekSug yelsfõ'
(a) (i) idudkH wdf,dal lsrKhl fm%dafgdakhla ieflnqKq mrudKqjl by< Yla;s uÜgfï isg
my< Yla;s uÜgug m;s; úfï l%shdj,sh yÿkajk ku l=ulao ?
(ii) lsishï ieflnqKq wjia:dfõ we;s mrudKqjl
my; rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrhg ;=kajk
Yla;s uÜgfï isg m<uqjk Yla;s uÜgu fj;
bf,lafg%dakhla m;s; ùu fya;=fjka
fmdafgdakhla ;efkkafka kï tu
fmdafgdakfhys ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh lrkak'
(ma,dkala ksh;h 6.64«10-34 Js wdf,dal m%fõ.h 3«108 ms-1f,i .kak )
(b) (i) fÊoh weiqrska idudkH wdf,dalhg idfmalaIj LASER wdf,dalfha fjkialï folla ,shd
olajkak'
(ii) iudk ixLHd;fha fm%dafgdak N ixLHdjla Ndú; jk LASER loïnhl ;Sj%;djh idudkH
wdf,dalfha ;Sj%;dj fuka N .=Khla nj fmkajkak'
(iii) LASER loïnhla k¾udKh lr .ekSu ioyd mej;sh hq;= uQ,sl wjYH;d fol ,shd
olajkak'
(c) my; olajd we;af;a yS,shï-
ksfhdaka LASER ksmoùfï
oS yS,shï mrudKqfjys iy 4.2eV
ksfhdaka mrudKqfjys uQ,sl
Yla;s uÜgï fõ'
fuys oS ksfhdaka mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dakhla ;=kajk Yla;s uÜgfï isg ñ:ia;dhS Yla;s uÜgu jk
fojk Yla;s uÜgug m;s;ùu fya;=fjka ksmofjk fmdafgdakfha ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh lrkak'
(i) tfiau ñ:ia;dhS uÜgfï isg bf,lafg%dakhla m<uq Yla;s uÜgu fj; jeàu fya;=fjka
ksmofjk fmdafgdakfha ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh l;rkak'
(ii) fujeks fm%dafgdak ksmojd .ekSu ioyd W;af;ack ls%hdj,shg fhdod.kakd yS,shï fojk yd
m<uq Yla;s uÜgï w;r fjki .Kkh lrkak' tkhska yS,shïys fojk Yla;s uÜgfï
Yla;sh ks¾Kh lrkak'
(d) m%ldY wkqkdofhys a isg b olajd .uka lsrSfï oS iEu wjia:djloSu W;af;ack l%shdj,s folla isÿ ù
LASER lsrK ksmoùu fojrla isÿ fõ kï fomi ;, o¾mK j,ska isÿjk mQ¾K mrdj¾;k
ishhlg miq ksmojk fmdafgdak loïnfha Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
1  r n 
.=fKda;a;r fYaKshl mo n ixLHdjl tl;=j Sn  a  
 1  r 
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 12 AL/2021/01-S-II

7. (a) (i) jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh hgf;a" wNHka;r wrh r jk flaIsl k<hla c,fha .s,ajd we;' k<fha
2T Cos 
flaYsl Woa.ukh" h ys w.h" h  u`.ska ,nd fok nj fmkajkak'
dgr
fuys T hkq c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh jk w;r d hkq c,fha >k;ajh fõ' c,h yd k<h
;kd we;s øjHh w;r iam¾Y fldaKh  hehs is;kak'
(ii) wrh R yd >k;ajh  jk B kï øjfhka iEÿKq f.da,dldr øj
ìxÿjla >k;ajh  jk A øjhla ;=< yß wvla .s,S mj;S' A øjfha
mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh T kï" øj nqnqf,a úIalïNh D my;
m%ldYh u`.ska ,nd fok nj fmkajkak'
12T
D iam¾Y fldaKh 1800 nj i,lkak'
g ( 2   )

(iii) A øjfha >k;ajh 2000 kgm 3 yd B øjfha >k;ajh 3000 kgm 3 yd øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;sh
9  10 2 Nm1 kï øj nqnqf,a wrh .Kkh lrkak'

(b) >k;ajh di" mSvkh Pi yd WIaK;ajh Ti jQ jd;h wNHka;rfha we;s wrh R0 jk f.da,Sh inka
nqnq,la jgd >k;ajh da jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh Pa yd WIaK;ajh Ta jk jd;h we;' inka mg,fha
mDIaÀl wd;;sh r jk w;r tys >k;ajh ds yd >klu t fõ' inka mg,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh yd
ialkaOh WIaK;ajh iu`. fjkia fkdfõ' R0  t f,i Wml,amkh lrkak'
(i) Pa , r yd R0 weiqßka Pi i`oyd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
diTi
(ii) wNHka;r yd ndysr jd;h mßmQ¾K jdhq f,i yeisf¾ hehs Wml,amkh lrñka
daTa
wkqmd;h i`oyd m%ldYkhla Pa, r yd R0 weiqfrka jHq;amkak lrkak'
d i Ti
(iii)  1 i`oyd ixLHd;aul w.h fidhkak' ( Pa  1.0 10 5 Pa, r  2.5 10 2 Nm1 , R0  1.0cm)
d a Ta

(c) (i) inka nqnq,l úIalïNh 1.2cm yd mg,fha >klu 10 m o" tys mDIaÀl wd;;sh
2.5 10 2 Nm1 yd >k;ajh 1000 kgm 3 o fõ' nqnq, msmsÍfï§" nqnq, i;= mDIaÀl Yla;sh
iïmQ¾Kfhkau mg, fldgiaj, pd,l Yla;sh njg m;a fõ hehs Wml,amkh lrñka mg,
fldgiaj, bj;g úisjk fõ.h fidhkak'
(ii) >k;ajh  o" úYsIaG ;dm Odß;djh C o" mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh T o jk øjhlska
iEÿKq wrh r jQ l= vd øj ìxÿ hï ixLHdjla tla ù wrh R jk ;ks øj ìxÿjla ;ekSfï§"
øjfha isÿjk WIaK;aj úp,kh i`oyd m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lrkak'

8. rEmfha olajd we;af;a ialkaO fNao o¾Ylfha o<

yrialvl rEm igykls' fuh yhsv%ckays
iuia:dksl ms<sn`o wOHhkh lsÍug fhdod
.kakd wjia:djla i,lkak'
whkslrk l=àrh ;=, we;s yhsv%cka jdhqj
whkSlrKh lr th d mr;rhlska hq;=j msysgk
AB yd CD iudka;r f,day ;yvq wka;¾.;
l,dmhg hka;ñka we;=,a lrkq ,efí' AB
f,day ;yvqj v úNjhl mj;sk w;r CD f,day
;yvqj N=.; lr we;' tajd w;r taldldr úoHq;a
lafIa;%hla mj;ajdf.k we;' whkSlrKh jQ
wxY= CD ;yvqj miq lsÍfuka miq ;,fhka
bj;g fhduq jQ B i%dj >k;ajhla we;s taldldr
pqïNl lafIal%hla mj;sk m%foaYhg we;=,a fõ'
bkamiq tu whk wkdjrlfha .eàu isÿ fõ'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 13 AL/2021/01-S-II

(a) B taldldr pqïNl lafIA;%hlg ,ïnlj U m%fõ.fhka .uka .kakd q wdfrdamKhla we;s wxY=jla u;
fhdok n,h (F) i`oyd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak' fuu n,fha ÈYdj fiùug fhdod .kakd kshuh l=ula
o@
(b) yhsv%cka j, iuia:dksl jk H yd D idok legdhk ms,sfj,ska H+ yd D+ fõ'
(i) H+ whkfha ialkaOk m o wdfrdamKh +q o kï th CD ;yvqj miq lrk m%fõ.h (u) i`oyd
m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
(ii) tu whkh pqïNl lafIa;%h mj;sk l,dmhg we;=,a ùfuka jD;a;dldr m:hl p,s; úug fya;=j
,shd olajkak'
(iii) tu jD;dldr m:fha wrh i`oyd m%ldYkhla V0 ,q , m yd B0 weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
(iv) D+ ys ialkaOh H+ ys ialkaOh fuka fo.=Khla kï th pqïNl lafIa;%h iys; m%foaYh ;=< p,s;
jk m:fha wrh H+ ys wrhg jvd wvq o jeä o hkak .Kkh lsÍulska fmkajkak'
(v) AB yd CD w;r mj;sk úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj i`oyd m%ldYkhla V0 yd d weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
(vi) H+ whkh PQRS m%foaY ;=< p,s; jk fldaKsl m%fõ.h flfmuK fõ o@
 m m 
(vii) D+ whkhg p,s; iïmQ¾K lsÍug .; jk ld,h (t)  2d  nj fmkajkak'
 V0 q 3B0 q 

(viii) O2 jdhqj whkSlrkh ùfuka O2- we;s fõ' by; WmlrKhg Tlaiscka j, iuia:dksl ms<sn`o
wOHhkh i`oyd fhdod .ekSug kï thg isÿ l< hq;= fjkia lï fudkjd o@

9. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) my; rEmfha olajd we;af;a tla;rd úoHq;a mßm:hls'
mßm:hg úoHq;h imhk t,jqï fldaIfha ú'.d'n' yd
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh ks¾Kh lsÍug tla;rd YsIHfhl=
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs' tu úoHq;a mßm:fha A yd B
hkqfjka úp,H m%;sfrdaO hq.,hla ksrEmkh lrhs'
.e,ajfkdaógrh iu. fY%AKs.;j úoHq;a.dul n,h 1 V
jQ iïu; fldaIhla fhdod f.k we;' mßm:hg úoHq;h
imhk úoHq;a fldaIfha úoHq;a .dul n,h yd wNHka;r
m%;sfrdaOh ms<sfj,ska E yd r fõ' iïu; fldaIfha
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vdh' tfiau
Ndú;d lrk .e,ajfkdaógrh mßmQ¾K f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
(a) (i) fuu mßm:h ;=, B = 107Ω úg .e,ajfkdaógrh Y=kH mdGdxlhla oelajQ w;r
túg A = 12Ω úh' B úp,H m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h 27Ω m%udKhlska jeä l, úg
.e,ajfkdaóg¾ W;al%uKh Y=kHfha mj;ajd .ekSug A úp,H m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h
´ï tall 03lska jeälsÍug isÿúh' fuu o;a; u; E yd r hk w.hka .Kkh
lrkak'
(ii) fuys§ iïu; fldaIh iu. iïnkaO fldg we;s C kï úp,H m%;sfrdaOlfha
úfYaIs; ld¾h Ndrh l=ulao@
(iii) b;d ksjerÈj .e,ajfkdaógrh Y=kH
mdGdxlhla oelaùu i`oyd C m%;sfrdaOh Tn
ksjerÈj Ndú;d lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
(b) miqj by; mßm:fha A úp,H m%;sfrdaOh my;
rEmfha wdldrhg .a,siÍka îlrhla ;=, .s,ajk
,o kSfl%daï lïì o`.rhlska m%;sia:dmkh lrk ,§'
wdrïNfha îlrh ;=, jQ .a,siÍkaj, WIaK;ajh
250C jQ w;r tu fudfydf;a§ G =0 la ùug B = 89Ω
úh' îlrfha WIaK;ajh 700C olajd by, kexjQ
miqj G = 0 jk úg B = 179Ω úh'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 14 AL/2021/01-S-II

(i) 250C yd 700C ys § ksfl%daï lïì o`.rfha m%;sfrdaO w.hka .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) ksfl%daïj, m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh
.Kkh lrkak'
(c) (i) miqj B m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh o by; wdldrhgu
îlrhla ;=, mj;sk .a,siÍka ;=, .s,ajk ,o
by; lïì o`.rhg i¾jiu lïì o`.rhla u.ska
m%;sia:dmkh lrhs' miqj C = 5 Ω jk wdldrhg
mj;ajd f.k îl¾ foflau WIaK;ajhka 1600C
olajd /f.k hhs' fuúg t,jqï fldaIh ;=,ska
.,k Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) tla;rd fudfyd;l X îlrh ;=, WIaK;ajh
θx fõ' fuu fudfydf;a§ .e,ajfkdaógrfha
mdGdxlh Y=kH olajd f.k taug Y îlrh ;=, øjfha WIaK;ajh θy úh hq;=
kï θy i`oyd m%ldYkhla θx, α ^ksfl%daïj, m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh&
weiqfrka ,shd olajkak'
(iii) θx g tfoßj θy m%ia;dr.; l, úg ,efnk m%ia;drfha o, yevh we`o olajkak'
(d) tla;rd ;dm lgdrhl WIaK;ajh 3000C jvd jeäùu wjOdkï fõ' fuu ;dm lgdrfha
WIaK;ajh 3000C jvd by, w.hlg hdu j,lajd,Sug by; mßm:h fhdod .ekSug woyia
lrhs' fuys§ P ksfl%daï o`.rh ^rEmh n,kak'& ;dm lgdrh ;=, .s,ajk w;r Q ksfl%daï
o`.rh θ0C WIaK;ajhla mj;sk øjhl .s,ajhs'

fuys iïu; fldaIhg iïnkaOj mj;sk C úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh fjkqjg Z tallh u.ska
mßm:h ;=, jrla G = 0 la jQ úg ;dm lgdrhg ;dmh iemhSu kj;d,hs' fuu l%shdj,sh
;Dmaa; lr.ekSu i`oyd Q ksfl%daï o`.rh .s,ajd we;s øj îlrh ;=, mj;sk øjfha WIaK;ajh
θ0C ljrla úh hq;=o@ ^00C § kSfl%daïj, m%;sfrdaOh 40/9 Ω f,i .kak'&

(B) (a) by; ldrld;aul j¾Olfha m%;sodkfha ix;Dma;

w.h (+) fyda (-) 8V kï"
(i) újD; mqvq fjda,aàh;d ,dNh A f,i f.k
V0  8V wjia:dj i`oyd V0 g m%ldYkhla
A, V1 yd V2 weiqfrka ,nd .kak'
(ii) m%;sodkh ix;Dma; lsÍu i`oyd w.% w;r
mej;sh hq;= wju úNj wka;rh fldmuKo@
( A  1  10 5 )
(iii) by; mßm: wjia:dfõ§ m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djh fldmuKo@
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 15 AL/2021/01-S-II

(b)

tla;rd f.dvke.s,a,l by< ud,hl jQ .nvdjla ;=<g fhÈh yels Wmßu ialkaOh 500kg
fõ' tfy;a 400kg g jvd th ;=< øjH .nvd lsÍu wjodkï iys; fõ' fï ksid .nvdj
;=<g fhdok øjH m%udKfha ialkaOh ks¾Kh lsÍu i`oyd fhdokq ,enQ wegjqula rEmfha
±lafõ' fuys§ .nvdjg fhdok ialkaOhg wkqrEmj ms<sfj,ska ialkaO mrdihkag wod,
wdf,dal úfudapl n,an (LED) ±,afõ' Wod :- .nvdjg 150kg ialkaOhla fhdod we;s úg
100 – 200kg mrdirfha n,an hq.,u ±,afõ'
fuys§ ish¨u ldrld;aul j¾Olj, +10V iy -10V mrdirfha iemhqï fjda,aàh;djhlao
m%;sodkfha ix;Dma; w.h +5V fyda -5V w.hlo mj;S' fuys újD; mqvq fjda,aàh;d ,dNh
1103 la fõ'
(i) by; lv bß u`.ska fjka lr we;s fldgi ms<s;=re m;%fha msgm;a fldg
ldrld;aul j¾Olfha w.%hka iïnkaO úh hq;= wdldrh we`o olajd tys (+) iy (-)
w.%hka ksjerÈj i,l=Kq lrkak'
(ii) .nvdj my,jQ o¾Ylh wdrïNl msysgqfï isg
a) 2cm my,g .uka l< úg
b) 5cm my,g .uka l< úg
±,afjk n,anhkaf.a wxlh;a túg .nvdj ;=< mj;sk ialkaO mrdih;a fjk
fjku i`oyka lrkak'
(iii) fuys§ .nvdj ;=< mj;sk ialkaOh 400kg blaujk wjia:dj y`ÿkd .kakd wdldrh
i`oyka lrkak'
(c) Ndú;d lrk wdf,dal úfudapl Èfhdav (LED) yryd 40mA
Odrdjla yd 3.6V úNj wka;rhla mj;sk úg l%uj;a
l%shdldÍ;ajfhys fhokq ,nhs' tu ksid by; Ndú;d l<
mßm:h my; mßÈ úlrKh lrk ,§'
by; ieliqfï mßÈ LED n,an l%uj;a l%shdldÍ;ajfhys
fhokq ,efí' bÈß keUqre jQ úg D Èfhdavh 0.7V úNj
neiaula we;s lrk w;r" g%dkaisiagrfha Odrd ,dNh 100 fõ'
g%dkaisiagrh hka;ñka ix;Dma; uÜgfï l%shd;aul jkafka
hehso Wml,amkh lrkak'
(1) RC i`oyd iqÿiq w.hla .Kkh lrkak'
(2) VBE = 0.7V , RB i`oyd w.hla .Kkh lrkak'

10. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) (a) my; rEm igyfkys olajd we;af;a
YsIHfhl= úiska ksmojkq ,enQ úoHq;a
W`ÿkl rEm igykls' fï i`oyd
fN!;sl udk iudk jk AB yd CD
kï tlsfklg fjkia f,dayhkaf.ka
;kkq ,enQ o`vq folla fhdod f.k
we;' AB oKafâ ;dm ikakdhl;dj
K1 jk w;r CD oKafâ K2 fõ'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 16 AL/2021/01-S-II

tla oKavl È. 23cm ne.ska jk w;r yrialv j¾.M,h 10cm 2 ne.ska fõ' 230V úNj
wka;rhlg iïnkaO lrkq ,enQ ;dmlhla u`.ska B yd C fl<jrj,a 150 0 C WIaK;ajhl
mj;ajd .kq ,efí' le,ß ógr ;=< kgk c,h yd Èhjk whsia we;'
(i) oKavla ;=,ska ;dmh .,d hdfï iS>%;dj (Q / t ) i`oyd m%ldYkhla oKafâ ;dm
ikakdhl;d ix.=Klh (K) yrialv j¾.M,h (A) yd WIaK;aj wkql%uKh ( / d )
weiqfrka ,shd olajkak'
(ii) tall ld,hl§ Èhjk whsiaj, yd ksmofjk yqud,fha ialkaO iudk kï K1 yd
K2 w;r wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak' ^c,fha ú,hkfha úYsIaG .=ma; ;dmh =
3.3  10 5 Jkg 1 " c,fha jd' ú' .=ma; ;dmh = 2.2  106 Jkg 1
(iii) K1 ys w.h 460Wm 1 K 1 kï ;dmlfha laIu;dj .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) fhdod we;s ;dmlfha m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak'
(v) o`vq Tiafia A isg D olajd ÿr iu`. WIaK;ajh úp,kh jk wdldrh m%ia;dr .;
lrkak' (B yd C w;r mr;rh fkdi,ld yßkak')
(b) f,day fyd`o úoHq;a ;dm ikakdhl fõ' kuq;a tajdo úoHq;h yd ;dmh .,d hdug hï
m%;sfrdaOhla olajhs'
(i) úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh hkq f,dayh ;=<ska .,k Odrdjg olajk úreoaO;ajh ms<sn`o
ñkqula kï ;dmc m%;sfrdaOh hkq l=ulao@
(ii) úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh yd ;dmc m%;sfrdaOh tlsfklg wkqrEm rdYSka fõ' f,day oKavla
;=<ska úoHq;h .,d hk wjia:djla yd ;dmh .,d hk wjia:djla i<lkak' fuu
wjia:d foflys§ oKav fomi WIaK;aj wka;rh (1   2 ) oKav fomi úNj
wka;rhg wkqrEm fõ' oKav ;=<ska ;dmh .,d hdfï iS>%;dj (Q/t) " wdfrdamK .,d
hdfï iS>%;djg wkqrEm fõ' ta wkqj ;dmc m%;sfrdaOh RT i`oyd m%ldYkhla
(1   2 ) yd (Q/t) weiqßka ,nd .kak'
(iii) úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOl;dj (  E) i`oyd m%ldYkhla oKafâ È. (l) yrialv j¾.M,h
(A) yd oKafâ úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh (RE) weiqßka ,nd .kak'
(iv) ;dmc m%;sfrdaOl;dj (  T) oKafâ ;dm ikakdhl;dj
(K) weiqßka ,shd olajkak'

(v)

by; oKafâ iul ;dmc m%;sfrdaOh i`oyd

m%ldYkhla § we;s ixfla; weiqßka ,nd .kak'
(vi) o`vq 03 lska iukaú; my; moaO;sh i,lkak' fuys
iul ;dmc m%;sfrdaOh i`oyd o w.hla § we;' ixfla; weiqfrka ,nd .kak'

(B) ue.akSishï mrudKqj kHIaáh jgd ilia jQ Yla;s uÜgï ;=kls iuka ú; fõ' tys m<uq Yla;s uÜgu
hkq kHIaáhg wdikaku Yla;s uÜgu jk w;r th ;=< bf,lafg%dak folla o f;jk Yla;s uÜgu
hkq wE;skau msysá Yla;s uÜguo fõ' tu Yla;s uÜgfïo bf,lafg%dak folla wka;¾.; fõ'
ue.akSishï mrudKqjl lsishï Yla;s uÜgul mj;sk bf,lafg%dakhl X - lsrK f*dafgdakhla
.egqKq úg tu f*dafgdakfha Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lrf.k bf,lafg%dakh bj;aj hhs' fuu
bf,lafg%dakh bj;aùfï l%shdj,sh m%ldY úoHq;a l%shdj,shla jk w;r bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍug
wjYH wju Yla;sh m%ldY úoHq;a iólrKfha i`oyka ld¾h Y%s;h f,i .; yel' X lsrK
f*dafgdakfha ixLHd;h foay,Sh ixLHd;hg iudk jQ úg lsisÿ pd,l Yla;shla fkd§ bf,lafg%dakh
hka;ï .e,úh yel'
ma,dkala ksh;h = 6.6  1034 Js o wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h = 3  108 ms 1 fõ'
0
(a) ;rx. wdhduh 3.3 A jk X lsrK f*dafgdakhlg Mg mrudKqfõ m<uq Yla;s uÜgfï we;s
bf,lafg%dakhla hka;ñka bj;a l< yels kï Mg mrudKqfõ m<uq Yla;s uÜgfï we;s
bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍug wjYH wju Yla;sh (1 ) .Kkh lrkak'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 17 AL/2021/01-S-II

(b) (i) by; ;rx. wdhduh iys; fjk;a X lsrK f*dafgdakhla Mg mrudKqfõ f;jk
Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dakhla yd .eà f*dafgdakh i;= uq`M Yla;sh
bf,lafg%dakhg m%odkh l< úg bf,lafg%dakh 1.5 10 16 J pd,l Yla;shla
iys;j bj;a fõ' Mg mrudKqjl f;jk Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a
ùug wjYH wju Yla;sh (2 ) .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) Mg mrudKqjl f;jk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍu i`oyd m;k X
lsrKj, foay,Sh ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh lrkak'
(c) m<uq Yla;s uÜgfuka bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a jQ miq tys ys±ila we;s jk w;r fuu ys±i
msrùug f;jk Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dakhla m<uq Yla;s uÜgug jefÜ' fuu
ixl%uKfha§ 1 yd  2 w;r jQ Yla;s fjkig iudk Yla;shla we;s f*dafgdakhlao iEfoa'
fuu f*dafgdakfha ;rx. wdhduh ks¾Kh lrkak'
(d) f*dafgdakhl Yla;sh (E) yd tys .uH;dj (p) w;r iïnkaOh E  pc iQ;%fhka ,nd fohs'
c hkq wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hhs'
(i) by; (a) ys i`oyka m;k X lsrK f*dafgdakfha .uH;dj ks¾Kh lrkak'
(ii) by; (a) wjia:dfõ§ bf,lafg%dakh lsisÿ .uH;djla fkdue;sj hka;ñka bj;a fõ
kï Mg mrudKqj jdx.= jk m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak' Mg mrudKqjl ialkaOh
3.6 1026 kg nj i,lkak'
(iii) jdx.= jk Mg mrudKqfõ pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) tkhska fuu pd,l Yla;sh m;kh jk X lsrK f*dafgdakfha Yla;sh yd
iei§fïÈ fkd.sKsh yels nj fmkajkak'