Composite Structures: Vlhenma Hki 18-19

VLHENMA HKI 18-19 BBKH 1-2
Accepted Manuscript
Comparison of steel-concrete composite column and
steel column Piotr Lacki, Anna Derlatka, Przemysław
Kasza
PII: S0263-8223(17)33195-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.055
Reference: COST 9121
To appear in: Composite Structures
Received Date: 27 September 2017

Revised Date: 13 November 2017
Accepted Date: 20 November 2017
Please cite this article as: Lacki, P., Derlatka, A., Kasza, P., Comparison of steel-concrete
composite column and steel column, Composite Structures (2017), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.055
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NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 1

VLHEMA HKII 17-18 VLHENMA HKII 17-18 – BBKH 1-2
Prof. Piotr Lacki, Ph.D. Anna Derlatka*, Ph.D. Przemysław Kasza

Czestochowa University of Technology
Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa
*aderlatka@bud.pcz.czest.pl
Comparison of steel-concrete composite column and steel column
Keywords: steel-concrete composite column; steel reinforced concrete column;

steel; FEM
Abstract
The aim of the work was numerical analyses of a steel-concrete composite column
and a steel column. An internal column 3.60 m in length was considered. The
column was on the second storey of a six-storey building designed for retail and
services. The column was subjected to compression and uniaxial bending. The
existing steel column was made from a welded H- profile. In the first stage of the
work, the composite column was designed as an alternative to the existing steel
column using the analytical method. A steel reinforced concrete column with a
steel H-profile was selected. The second part of the work consisted in modelling
the steel and composite columns. The geometries, loads and boundary conditions
used in simulations of the columns were the same as in the analytical calculations.
Numerical analysis was carried out using the ADINA System based on the finite
element method. In the steel column, the stresses and displacements were
considered. In the composite column, the stresses in the steel and concrete
elements, the stresses distributions in the reinforcement bars and displacements of
the whole column were evaluated.
1. Introduction
Steel-concrete composite columns are new composite members. They are widely
used due to their high load-bearing capacity, full usage of materials, high stiffness
and ductility and large energy absorption capacity as pointed out by the authors of
[1,2]. The steel reinforced concrete (SRC) member (Fig. 1a), also known as the
concrete encased composite member, is the result of filling the empty space in a
steel H-profile with concrete [3].
Combining reinforced concrete (RC) and structural steel sections provides several

[Type here] [Type here]
advantages over traditional reinforced concrete and steel members. The concrete
provides fire resistance to the steel section and restrains the steel member from
buckling [4,5]. Applying steel- concrete composite columns has a beneficial
impact on the course and values of concrete strains in relation to reinforced
concrete columns. However, SRC columns require longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement to prevent the concrete from spalling while being subjected to axial
load, fire, or an earthquake [6]. A well-confined concrete core is vital for the
column to develop a satisfactory plastic hinge rotation capacity. On the other
hand, the reinforcement cage in SRC columns creates difficulty in concrete casting
of the beam- column connections [7,8].

As presented in pracach [9–15], concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns
(Fig. 1b) are also a primary type of composite columns. They can reduce the
time of construction by eliminating formwork and reinforcement. CFST
column-walls can be quite flexible in shapes, so that they can be easily fit into
all kinds of designs [16,17]. However, the local buckling is always a major
concern in the design of concrete-filled thin-walled steel tube columns.
As presented in papers [18,19], in order to increase the confinement of
concrete and make concrete casting easy in SRC columns, replacing the
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement by a thin-walled steel tube (tubed
SRC) is proposed. The tube is placed at the perimeter of the cross section and
it terminate near the beam-column joint. In paper [20], two types of tubed
SRC column (c,d) are distinguished: circular tubed SRC (CTSRC) and square
tubed SRC (STSRC).
Fig. 1. Examples of composite columns sections:

a) steel reinforced concrete (SRC), b) Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST), c)
square tubed SRC (STSRC), d) circular tubed SRC (CTSRC)
To date only a few 3-D finite element models have been found in the
literature highlighting the behaviour of concrete encased steel composite
columns. The authors of [21] investigated the behaviour of pin-ended axially
loaded concrete encased steel composite columns. A nonlinear 3-D finite
element model was developed to analyse the inelastic behaviour of steel,
concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect
of concrete confinement. The main objective of study [22] was to present an
efficient nonlinear 3-D finite element model to analyse concrete encased steel
composite columns at elevated temperatures. Paper [23] presents the carrying
capacity of the column in the form of a steel round tube filled with concrete
depending on the ways of loading. A small number of publications of
composite columns FEM models provide the basis for an analysing of such
columns. In [24] a three dimensional elasto-plastic finite element formulation
was employed to investigate the strength degradation of reinforced concrete
piers wrapped with steel plates which corrode at the pier base.
A challenge in the numerical calculations is to take into account material
cracking. In this paper, the fracture model described in [25] was applied.
Literature gives different ways to take into account the material's fracture.
One of the noteworthy comments of crack analysis is presented in [26], in
which a homogeneous elastic, orthotropic solid containing three equal
collinear cracks, loaded in tension by symmetrically distributed normal
stresses were

considered. Authors of [27] determined the fundamental solutions for an
unbounded, homogeneous, orthotropic elastic body containing an elliptical
hole subjected to uniform remote loads. The aim of the study [28] is
elaboration of a new testing method and estimation of the fracture toughness
in Mode III of concretes with F fly-ash (FA) additive.
2. Goal and scope of work

The aim of the work was to perform numerical analysis of a steel column and
a steel reinforced concrete column. The numerical analysis was carried out
using the ADINA System based on the finite element method. In the steel
column, the stresses and displacements were considered. In the composite
column, the stresses in the steel and concrete elements, the forces
distributions in the reinforcement bars and displacements of the whole
column were evaluated.
In the first stage of the work, the composite column was designed as an
alternative to the existing steel column using an analytical method. The
existing steel column in the building was made from a welded, steel S235 H-
profile (Fig. 3a).
The internal column of the length 3.60 m was considered. The column was on
the second storey of a six-storey building designed for retail and services (Fig.
2). The column was subjected to compression and uniaxial bending. Based on the
load combination, the axial force was N Ed = 2045.1 kN, while the bending
moment was MEd = 180.27 kNm.

Fig. 2. Internal forces in analysed column

The choice of composite column construction was contributed to the fact that
several years ago a tram line was built near the renovated building. Tramway
traffic causes additional vibration in the construction of buildings. Composite
columns have a higher energy absorption capacity than steel columns.

Based on the analytical calculations according to [29], a steel reinforced
concrete column with the following cross-section was obtained (Fig. 3):
 HEB 260 steel profile made from steel S235

 4 reinforcement bars 12 mm in diameter made from A-IIIN RB500W
steel
 C30/37 concrete material
Fig. 3. Cross-section of:

a) steel column, b) steel reinforced concrete column
The resistance in compression calculated analytically amounted 90%,
whereas the resistance in combined compression and uniaxial bending was
50%.
The analytical calculations according to standard PN-EN 1994-1-1 [29] do
not take into account stretching of the concrete or stress distribution in the
reinforcement. Additionally, standard [29] does not explicitly define any
method of calculating the displacement of the composite column. Column
displacement can only be determined by the numerical model using the finite
element method.
3. Numerical model
The second part of the work consists in modelling the steel and composite
columns. The geometries, loads and boundary conditions of the columns were
used as in the analytical calculations.
3D-solid, 27-node finite elements were used for the steel profiles in both
columns and concrete. Truss, 3-node finite elements were used for the
reinforcement bars. The model was loaded with axial force NEd = 2045.1 kN and a
pressure of 0.464 MPa (Fig. 4) acting on the lateral surface of the column. The
pressure was intended to reflect bending moment MEd =
180.27 kNm acting on the supports.

The steel column model has 4104 3-D solid elements. The composite column
model has 23292 3-D solid elements and 2112 truss elements. The
calculations are performed in 10 time steps.
Fig. 4. Column models with load and boundary conditions: a) steel column, b)
steel reinforced concrete column
A plastic isotropic material model with the following parameters:
– Density ρ = 7850 kg/m3

– Poisson’s ratio ν = 0,3
– Modulus of elasticity Ea = 210 GPa
– Yield strength fy = 235 MPa
– Ultimate tensile strength fu = 360 MPa
– Elongation A5 = 25%
was used for the steel profiles made from S235 structural steel.
A plastic isotropic material model with the following parameters:

– Poisson’s ratio ν =0.3
– Modulus of elasticity Es = 205 GPa
– Yield strength fsk = 500 MPa
– Ultimate tensile strength fu = 550 MPa
– Elongation A5 = 10%
was used for the reinforcement bars made from A-IIIN RB500W steel.

A model with the following parameters:

– Tangent modulus at zero strain Ecm = 32 GPa
– Uniaxial cut-off tensile stress fctm = 2.9 MPa
– Uniaxial maximum compressive stress (SIGMAC) fcm = 38 MPa
– Uniaxial compressive strain at SIGMAC εc1 = 2.2‰
– Uniaxial ulitimate compressive stress fck = 30 MPa
– Uniaxial ulitimate compressive strain εcu2 =
3.5‰ was used for the C30/37 concrete material.
The basic concrete material model characteristics are [25]:
 Tensile cracking failure at a maximum, relatively small principal tensile

stress
 Compression crushing failure at high compression
 Strain softening from compression crushing failure to an ultimate
strain, at which the material totally fails
4. Results
Results for the steel and composite columns are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Results for steel and composite columns

Z-displacement, mm
X-displacement, mm
Stress XX, MPa
Stress YY, MPa

Time step
Column
Stress ZZ, MPa
Principal stress, MPa

Y-displacement, mm

1 Steel -0.3 - -0.2 -33.9 -11.1; -10.2; -37.4;
0.0 8.8 2.4 10.5
0
Composite, steel -0.1 -0.00 -0.1 -179.1; -7.6; -23.2; -33.4;
part 54.7 5.2 11.2 24.0
Composite, concrete -15.34; -5.0; -3.6; -5.2;
part 0.7 0.7 2.4 3.0
2 Steel -0.6 - -0.4 -67.0 -21.9; -20.1; -68.9;
0.0 17.4 4;8 18.0
1
Composite, steel -0.2 -0.00 -0.2 -34.9; -16.7; -52.3; -72.1;
part 8.4 12.2 27.8 54.0
part 1.6 1.4 2.6 2.7
3 Steel -0.8 - -0.6 -100.1 -32.7; -30.0; -102.9;
0.0 26.1 7.1 27.0
2
Composite, steel -0.4 - -0.3 -53.9; -26.4; -82.3; -111.8;
part 0.0 12.9 19.3 44.2 75.0
1


part 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.5
4 Steel -1.1 - -0.8 -133.3 -43.5; -39.9; -137.0;
0.0 34.7 9.5 37.5
3
Composite, steel -0.5 -0.01 -0.5 -72.6; -36.2; -111.6; -151.2;
part 17.4 25.8 59.5 105.0
part 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0
5 Steel -1.4 - -1.0 -166.4 -54.4; -49.8; -171.1;
0.0 43.4 11.8 45.0
3
Composite, steel -0.6 -0.01 -0.6 -91.3; -46.1; -140.0; -190.2;
part 21.7 32.1 74.4 150.0
part 3.7 2.8 2.5 3.5
6 Steel -1.7 - -1.2 -199.6 -65.2; -59.7; -205.1;
0.0 52.1 14.2 52.5
4
Composite, steel -0.7 -0.02 -0.7 -109.5; -55.6; -166.8; -228.2;
part 26.0 38.3 89.4 180.0
part 4.3 2.8 2.3 4.0
7 Steel -1.9 - -1.4 -232.8 -76.0; -69.7; -239.2;
0.0 60.8 16.5 60.0
5
Composite, steel -0.9 -0.02 -0.8 -127.0; -64.3; -190.3; -263.9;
part 30.0 44.4 104.4 180.0
part 5.3 2.7 3.6 5.0
8 Steel -2.2 - -1.6 -266.0 -86.9; -79.6; -273.3;
0.0 69.5 18.9 75.0
6
Composite, steel -1.0 -0.02 -1.0 -144.9; -74.7; -216.9; -297.2;
part 34.1 50.7 120.0 210.0
part 6.3 3.2 2.9 5.0
9 Steel -2.5 - -1.8 -299.4 -97.6; -89.6; -307.7;
0.0 78.2 21.3 90.0
6
Composite, steel -1.1 -0.02 -1.1 -161.7; -90.4; -233.0; -313.8;
part 43.3 58.0 136.9 280.0
part 7.4 3.6 3.8 6.0
10 Steel -2.8 - -2.0 -325.0 -106.0; -103.4; -367.5;
0.0 86.9 24.6 105.0
7
Composite, steel -1.2 -0.03 -1.2 -179.1; -107.3; -248.1; -331.4;
part 54.7 65.0 152.0 240.0
part 8.6 4.5 3.3 6.0
The principal stresses distribution (Fig. 5) shows that compression stresses

prevail in the steel column. The maximum compression stress is 321 MPa. It
is located at the head of the column, on the outer surface of the flange, which
is not loaded by pressure. The tensile stresses are on

the outer surface of the flange on which the transverse load of the column is
acting. The maximum tensile stress of 90 MPa is on this flange.
Fig. 5. Distribution of principal stresses in steel column, MPa

As shown in Fig. 6, the largest displacements with respect the X and Z axes of
the steel column are lx = 2.1 mm and lz = 2.8 mm. The locations of the
largest displacements are presented in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Steel column displacements with respect X and Z axes, mm
The principal stresses distribution in the concrete material (Fig. 7) shows that
the principal compressive stresses are on most of the column surface. The
maximum compression stress is 24 MPa. The maximum value is located at
the base of the column, on the opposite side of the applied pressure. The
tensile stresses in the concrete element are at the ends of the columns, on the
applied pressure side. The maximum tensile stress is 4 MPa.
Fig. 7. Distribution of principal stresses in concrete of composite column, MPa

Compressive stresses prevail in the HEB profile (Fig. 8). The maximum
compressive stress (201 MPa) is at the column head, on the outer surface of
the flange, which is not loaded by pressure. The maximum tensile stress (201
MPa) is in the corner between the flange and the web.

Fig. 8. Distribution of principal stresses in HEB profile of composite column,

MPa
The distribution of axial stresses in the reinforcement (Fig. 9) shows that the
reinforcement bars are compressed, which is due to the nature of the work of
the column. In contrast, the binders are stretched because during compression
of the column, the column strives to increase the cross-section, which in
consequence leads to stretching of the extreme fibres.

Fig. 9. Distribution of axial stresses in reinforcement of composite column,

MPa

The displacement of the composite column can only be determined by the
numerical model, since the PN 1994-1-1 standard [29] does not define the
method of calculation. The maximum displacements with respect to the X and Z
axes of the analysed column are lx = 1.2 mm i lz
= 1.3 mm.
Fig. 10. Composite column displacements with respect X and Z axes, mm
5. Discussion
After loading the existing steel column, the compressive stress of 321 MPa
exceeds the steel yield strength of 235 MPa. Therefore, changing the
structure of the column is suggested.

In the designed composite column, the maximum compressive stress of 25
MPa in the concrete material is less than the compressive strength of the
concrete. In analytical calculations, the stretching of concrete is omitted. By
contrast, the numerical model provides real stress. The maximum stretching
value of 4 MPa exceeds the tensile strength of 2.9 MPa. Exceeding the tensile
strength will result in scratches when the maximum load is reached.
The maximum compressive and tensile stresses in the steel section of the
composite column are 201 MPa, which is 86% of the yield strength. This
proves compatibility with the analytical calculations of the load carrying
capacity.
One of the advantages of steel-concrete composite columns is the small
displacement compared to a steel column. The displacement of the steel
column relative to the Z axis was
2.1 mm, while the displacement of the column to the Z axis was 1.3 mm. The
difference is

due to the fact that in the composite column the displacement of the buckling
steel is limited by the steel profile.
6. Conclusions
 Due to the boundary conditions and way of loading, the concentration
of stresses in the steel and composite columns is at the base and the
head of the column.
 Changing the structure of the steel column is suggested because after
loading this column, the stresses of 321 MPa will exceed the yield
strength of 235 MPa.
 The load carrying capacity analytically calculated for the steel
reinforced concrete column amounted 90%.
 Based on numerical analysis, the stresses in the steel section of the
composite column were 201 MPa, which corresponded to 86% of the
yield strength.
 The numerical model takes into account stretching of the concrete. The
tensile stresses in the concrete in the base and the head of the column
exceed the tensile strength resulting in the appearance of scratches.
 The steel reinforced concrete column is stiffer than the steel one and
undergoes less displacement (lx = 1.2 mm, lz = 1.3 mm).
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VLHENMA HKI 18-19 BBKH 1-2

Comparison of steel-concrete composite column and

steel column Piotr Lacki, Anna Derlatka, Przemysław

To appear in: Composite Structures

Received Date: 27 September 2017

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 1

Prof. Piotr Lacki, Ph.D. Anna Derlatka*, Ph.D. Przemysław Kasza

Comparison of steel-concrete composite column and steel column

Keywords: steel-concrete composite column; steel reinforced concrete column;

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 1

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 2

Fig. 1. Examples of composite columns sections:

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 4

2. Goal and scope of work

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 5

Fig. 2. Internal forces in analysed column

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 6

 HEB 260 steel profile made from steel S235

Fig. 3. Cross-section of:

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 8

A plastic isotropic material model with the following parameters:

– Density ρ = 7850 kg/m3

A plastic isotropic material model with the following parameters:

– Density ρ = 7850 kg/m3

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 10

– Density ρ = 2500 kg/m3

3.5‰ was used for the C30/37 concrete material.

The basic concrete material model characteristics are [25]:

 Tensile cracking failure at a maximum, relatively small principal tensile

Table 1. Results for steel and composite columns

Stress XX, MPa

Stress YY, MPa

Stress ZZ, MPa

Principal stress, MPa

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 11

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 12

Composite, concrete -48.1; -15.7; -11.1; -14.74;

The principal stresses distribution (Fig. 5) shows that compression stresses

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 14

Fig. 5. Distribution of principal stresses in steel column, MPa

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Fig. 7. Distribution of principal stresses in concrete of composite column, MPa

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 16

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Fig. 8. Distribution of principal stresses in HEB profile of composite column,

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 18

Fig. 9. Distribution of axial stresses in reinforcement of composite column,

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 19

Fig. 10. Composite column displacements with respect X and Z axes, mm

NGUYỄN ANH PHƯƠNG – 16146449 20

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