C P 63.13330.

2012

If due to design considerations or based on a service limit state analysis, the area of the tension
reinforcement is taken as greater than is required to meet the condition , it is permitted to
determine the ultimate bending moment Мult using the formulas (8.4) or (8.7), using the values of the
compression zone height
8.1.13 If symmetrical reinforcement is used, when , then the value of Мult, is
determined using the formula

(8.9)
If the height of the compression zone calculated without accounting for compression reinforcement
(Аs =0) is
х<2а', then the value x/2 is used in the formula (8.9) in place of а'
2'
Analysis of eccentrically compressed members
8.1.14 Strength analysis of the rectangular cross sections of eccentrically compressed members is
performed based on the condition

(8.10)
where N- longitudinal force from external load;
е – the distance from the center of longitudinal force N to the center of gravity of the cross section of
the tension reinforcement or least compressive reinforcement (if the member cross section is
completely compressed), which is equal to

(8.11)
Here – a factor accounting for the effect of the longitudinal bending (deflection) of the member on its
bearing capacity and which is determined per 8.1.15 e0 – per 8.1.7
The height of the compression zone х is determined:

а) if (figure 8.3) using the formula

(8. 12)

b) if using the formula

(8. 13)

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 CP 63.13330.2012

Figure 8.3 – Diagram of forces and the stress envelope in a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
an eccentrically compressed concrete member during strength analysis
8.1.15 When analyzing structures using non-strain method, the value of factor is determined using the
equation

(8. 14)

where N- longitudinal force from external load;

Ncr is the assumed critical load determined from

(8. 15)

Here D is the stiffness of the reinforced concrete member in the ultimate strength stage, determined
according to the instructions for strain analysis;
l0 is the design length of the member, determined according to 8.1.17. The value of О may be
determined from

where are the modulus of elasticity for the concrete and the reinforcement respectively;
- are the moments of inertia of the cross sections of the concrete and the entire longitudinal
reinforcement respectively, relative to the axis passing through the center of gravity of the cross section of
the member;

- is a factor taking into account the effect of the duration of the load action

, but is not more than 2.

Here are the moments relative to the center of the bar under the greatest tension or least
compression (where a section is compressed in its entirety) respectively when exposed to full load and to
dead and long-term loads;
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 C P 63.13330.2012

- is the relative value of the eccentricity of the longitudinal force — ,

assumed to be not less than 0.15 and not more than 1.5. The value of the factor may be reduced,
taking into account the distribution of the bending moments along the length of the member, the nature of its
strain, and the effect of deflections on the value of the bending moment in the design section, by analyzing
the structure as an elastic system.
8.1.16 Strength analysis of rectangular cross sections of eccentrically compressed members with
reinforcement located on opposite sides in the plane of bending of the section, where the eccentricity of the

longitudinal force and the flexibility may be based on the condition that
N≤Nult (8.16)
where Nult is the ultimate value of the longitudinal force that can be taken up by a member,
determined from
(8. 15)

Here А is the area of the concrete section;

Аstot is the area of all the longitudinal reinforcement in the cross section of a member;
F is a factor assumed in the case of a long-term load action according to Table 8.1 depending on the
flexibility of the member; in the case of a short-term load action the values of F are determined linearly,
assuming

when and when

Concrete Class when value
6 10 15 20
В20-В55 0,92 0,9 0,83 0,7
В60 0,91 0,89 0,80 0,65
В80 0,90 0,88 0,79 0,64

8.1.17 The design length l0 of an eccentrically compressed member is determined in the same way as
for frame structure members, taking account of the state of strain if the load is in the most unfavorable
location for the member in question, and allowing for inelastic strains in materials and the presence of
cracks.
The design length l0 of members with a constant cross section along their length l exposed to
longitudinal force may be assumed to be:
а) for members with a hinged support at two ends - 1,0/;
b) for members with rigid embedding (preventing the bearing cross section from rotating) at one end
and the other end free (cantilever) - 2,0/;
c) for members with a hinged restrained support at end, and at the other end:
rigid (non-rotating) embedding - 0,7/;
yielding (allowing limited rotation) embedding - 2,0/;
d) for members with a yielding hinged support (limited movement of the support) at one end and at
the other end: -1,5/;
with rigid (non-rotating) embedding with yielding (with limited rotation) embedding
e) for members with restrained embedding at both ends: -0,5/;
rigid (non-rotating) yielding (with limited rotation) -0,8/;
f) for members with embedding with limited movement at both ends:
rigid (non-rotating) -0,5/;
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 CP 63.13330.2012
yielding (with limited rotation) -1,2/;
Analysis of members under axial tension
(8.18)
8.1.18 Strength analysis of sections of members under axial tension should be based on the condition

where N is the longitudinal tensile force from external loads;

Nult is the ultimate value of the longitudinal force that can be taken up by the member. The value of
force Nult is determined from
(8.19)
where As,tot is the area of the cross section of all the longitudinal reinforcement.
Analysis of members under eccentric tension
8.1.19 Strength analysis of rectangular sections of members under eccentric tension should be
performed depending on the position of the longitudinal force
а) if the longitudinal force N is applied between the resultant forces in the reinforcement S and S’
(Figure 8.4, a) – based on conditions

; (8.20)

(8.21)
where are the forces from external loads;

are the ultimate forces that can be taken up by the section

The forces are determined from

(8.22)

(8.23)
b) if the longitudinal force N is applied outside the distance between the resultant forces in the
reinforcement S and S' (Figure 8.4, b) based on (8.20), by determining the ultimate moment using
(8.24)
In this case the concrete compression side height is determined from the following formula:

(8.25)

If the value obtained from the calculation made using (8.25) is substituted in (8.24) х =
, where ^ is determined according to the instructions in 8.1.6.

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 C P 63.13330.2012

a – between the resultant forces in reinforcement S and S';

b – outside the distances between the resultant forces in the reinforcement S and S'
Figure 8.4 – Force and stress-strain diagrams for a section normal to the longitudinal axis of a reinforced
concrete member under eccentric tension, during a strength analysis with longitudinal force N applied

Strength analysis of normal sections based on a non-linear deformation model

8.1.20 During a strength analysis the forces and strains in a section normal to the longitudinal axis of a
member are determined based on a nonlinear deformation model, which uses equilibrium equations for the
external and internal forces acting in the section of the member, and also based on the following
assumptions:
The concrete and reinforcement unit strain distribution by the member cross section height is assumed
to follow the linear law.
The relation between the axial stresses and the relative strains in the concrete and reinforcement is
assumed to follow the stress-strain curves of the concrete and reinforcement.

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 CP 63.13330.2012
The resistance of the concrete in the tensile zone does not have to be taken into account, assuming

where stresses . In individual cases (for example, flexural

concrete structures and those under eccentric compression in which cracks are not permitted) the strength
analysis takes the behavior of the concrete under tension into account.
8.1.21 It is recommended that the transition from the concrete stress diagram to the generalized
internal forces be performed with the help of the method of numerical integration in the normal cross
section. To do this, the normal section is nominally broken down into small parts: where there is oblique
eccentric compression (tension) and skew bending – along the height and width of the section; where there is
eccentric compression (tension) and bending in the plane of the axis of symmetry of the cross section of the
member – only along the height of the section. The stresses within each of the small areas are assumed to be
evenly distributed (averaged).
8.1.22 When analyzing members using a strain model the following are assumed:
the values of the compressive longitudinal force, and of the compressive stresses and strains which
shorten the concrete and reinforcement, with a “minus” sign;
the values of the tensile longitudinal force, and of the tensile stresses and strains which elongate the
concrete and reinforcement, with a “plus” sign.
The signs for the coordinates of the centers of gravity of the reinforcing bars and of the areas of
concrete singled out, and the points of application of longitudinal force, are assumed in accordance with the
specified XOY coordinate system. The starting point for the coordinates in this system (point 0 in Figure
8.5) is generally located at a random point within the cross section of the member.

L'
Figure 8.5 – Design diagram of a normal section of a reinforced concrete member

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 C P 63.13330.2012

8.1.23 A strength analysis of normal sections is generally performed using (see Figure 8.5):
equilibrium equations for the external and internal forces acting in the normal section of a member:

(8-26)

(8.27)

(8.28)
Equations that determine the deformation distribution in the member cross section:

(8-29)

(8.30)
And relationships that couple stresses and unit strains in concrete and reinforcement:

(8.31)

(8.32)
In equations (8.26) - (8.32):

are the bending moments from the external load relative to the coordinate axes selected and
located within the cross section of the member (acting in planes XOZ and YOZ or parallel to them
respectively), determined from:

(8.33)
(8.34)
here are the bending moments in the corresponding planes from the external load,
determined from a static analysis of the structure;
N is the longitudinal force from the external load;
x, y are the distances from the point of application of longitudinal force N to the corresponding selected
axes;
- the area, the coordinates of the center of gravity of the i-th concrete section and the
stress at the level of its center of gravity;

is the area, the coordinates of the center of gravity of the j-th reinforcing bar and
the stress in it;

-is the relative strain in a fiber located at the point of intersection of the selected axes (at point 0);

is the flexure of the longitudinal axis in the given cross section of the member in bending moment
Мх and Му planes
-concrete elastic modulus;
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 CP 63.13330.2012

-is the modulus of elasticity of the j-th reinforcing bar;

Vhi is the elasticity ratio of the concrete in the j-th area;
Vsi is the elasticity ratio of the j-th reinforcing bar.
Ratios Vbi and Vsj are taken from the corresponding stress-strain curves of the concrete and the
reinforcement shown in 6.1.19, 6.2.13.
The values of ratios Vbi and Vsj are determined as the ratio of the values of the stresses and strains for
the given points on the corresponding concrete and reinforcement stress-strain curves, assumed in the
analysis, divided by the modulus of elasticity for the concrete Eb and reinforcement Es (in case of a two-line
concrete stress-strain curve – by the adjusted strain modulus for compressed concrete ). In this case
the “stress – strain” relationships (6.5)—(6.9), (6.14) and (6.15) on the given sections of the diagrams are
used.

(8.35)

(8.36)
8.1.24 The strength of normal reinforced concrete member cross section is analyzed on the basis of
the following conditions:

(8.37)
(8.38)
where is the relative strain of the most compressed concrete fiber in the normal section of the member
due to external load;
-is the relative strain of the reinforcing bar under the greatest tension in the normal section of the
member due to external load;

is the ultimate value of the relative strain of the concrete under compression,
assumed in accordance with the instructions in 8.1.30;
-is the ultimate value of the relative strain lengthening the reinforcement, assumed in accordance
with 8.1.30.
8.1.25 For reinforced concrete members exposed to bending moments in two directions and

longitudinal force (Figure 8.5), the concrete and reinforcement strains in a normal section of
random shape are determined by solving simultaneous equations (8.39) (8.41) using equations (8.29) and
(8.30)

(8.39)

(8.40)

(8.41)
The stiffness (i,j-1,2,3) in the simultaneous equations (8.39)-(8.41) is determined from

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 C P 63.13330.2012

(8.42)
(8.43)
(8.44)
(8.45)

(8.46)

(8.47)

For a key to the above, see 8.1.23.

8.1.26 For reinforced concrete members only exposed to bending moments in two directions Мx and
Мy (skew bending), in equation (8.41) it is assumed that N=0.
8.1.27 For reinforced concrete members under eccentric compression in the cross section plane of
symmetry and the location of the X axis in this plane, it is assumed that Mу=0 and D 12=D22=D23 =0. In this
case the equilibrium equations look like this:

(8.48)

(8.49)

8.1.28 For reinforced concrete members bending in the plane of symmetry of the cross section and the
location of the X axis in this plane, it is assumed that N=0, My, D12=D22=D23=0. In this case the equilibrium
equations look like this:

(8.50)

(8.51)
8.1.29 A strength analysis of the normal sections of concrete members under eccentric compression
where the longitudinal compressive force is located within the cross section of the member is performed on
the basis of (8.37) in accordance with the instructions in 8.1.24 - 8.1.28, in the formulae in 8.1.25 to
determine D11, assuming the area of the reinforcement Asi = 0.
For flexural concrete members and concrete members under eccentric compression, in which cracks
are not permitted, the strength analysis takes the behavior of the concrete under tension into account

(8.52)

Where is the relative strain of the concrete fiber under the greatest tension in the normal section of
the member from the action of the external load, determined in accordance with 8.1.25-8.1.28;

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 CP 63.13330.2012

-is the ultimate value of the relative strain of concrete under tension, assumed in accordance
with the instructions in 8.1.30

8.1.30 The ultimate values of the relative strains of concrete are assumed, in the
case of a two-value strain diagram (compression and tension) in the cross section of the concrete in a

member (flexing, eccentric compression or tension with significant eccentricity), to be

Where members are under eccentric compression or tension and where strains of only one value are
distributed in the cross section of the concrete in the member, the ultimate values of the relative concrete
strains are determined depending on the ratio between the concrete strains on opposite sides

of the section of the member from:

(8.53)

(8.52)

where are the strain parameters in the design stress-strain curves

for the concrete (6.1.14, 6.1.20, 6.1.22).

The ultimate values of the relative strain in the reinforcement are assumed to be:
0.025 – for reinforcement with a yield point;
0.015 – for reinforcement with an offset yield point.

Strength analysis for reinforced concrete members under the action of transverse forces
General
8.1.31 A strength analysis for reinforced concrete members under the action of transverse forces is
performed on the basis of an oblique cross section model.
In calculations with the help of the model, the oblique cross sections have to be supported by the
strength of their members under the effect of shearing forces along the strip between the oblique cross
sections and in the oblique cross section itself, as well as the strength under the effect of moment along the
oblique cross section.
The strength over the inclined strip is described by the maximum value of the transverse force that can
be taken up by an inclined strip that is exposed to compressive forces along the strip and tensile forces from
the transverse reinforcement that intersects the inclined strip. The strength of the concrete is determined in
terms of the resistance of the concrete to axial compression, taking into account the effect of the complex
stressed state in the inclined strip.
The analysis in terms of the strength of the oblique cross section under the action of transverse forces
is performed on the basis of an equilibrium equation of the external and internal transverse forces acting in
an oblique cross section with projection length C onto the longitudinal axis of the member. Internal
transverse forces include the transverse force taken up by the concrete in the oblique cross section, and the
transverse force taken up by the transverse reinforcement that intersects the inclined section. The transverse
forces taken up by the concrete and by the transverse reinforcement are determined in terms of the resistance
of the concrete and the transverse reinforcement to tension, taking into account the length of projection C on
the inclined section.
The analysis in terms of the strength of the oblique cross section under the action of moment is
performed on the basis of an equilibrium equation of the moments from external and internal forces acting in
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 C P 63.13330.2012

the oblique cross section with projection length C onto the longitudinal axis of the member. The moments
from internal forces include the moment taken up by the longitudinal tensile reinforcement intersecting the
oblique cross section, and the moment taken up by the transverse reinforcement intersecting the oblique
cross section. The moments taken up by the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement are determined in
terms of the resistance of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement to tension, taking account of
projection C on the inclined section.

Analysis of reinforced concrete members on a strip between oblique cross sections

8.1.32 The analysis of bended reinforced concrete member in the strip between the oblique cross
sections is performed on the basis of the condition:

(8.55)
where the transverse is force in the normal section of the member, and is the factor assumed to be
0.3.
Analysis of reinforced concrete members on inclined sections for the action of transverse forces

8.1.33 The analysis of flexural members on an inclined section (Figure 8.6) is performed on the
basis of:

(8.56)
where is the transverse force in the oblique cross section with length C projected onto the longitudinal
axis of the member, determined from all the external forces on one side of the given oblique cross
section; the most dangerous loading within the oblique cross section is taken into account;
-is the transverse force taken up by the concrete in the oblique cross section;
-is the transverse force taken up by the transverse reinforcement in the oblique cross section.
The transverse force is determined from (8.57)

but is assumed to be not more than and not less than

-is a coefficient assumed to be 1.5;

Figure 8.6 – Diagram of forces for an analysis of reinforced concrete members on an inclined cross section for
the action of transverse forces

The force for the transverse reinforcement, normal to the longitudinal axis of the member, is
determined from
49