PRINCIPLES oF COMMUNICATION ENg4

(PCE Baok 0Kanntdy

Eleutionu Communilalo

Somd
Fana
DSartoy Shauna
Communitatne

SUabus
Ond: LaboduduD (1H)

odudalho
(3h)
(3H)
U Avmpltude
Mordulaken

Unt eguenay Mrdulatie (4 H) Arngle

Phase Modulatue (2hr)

Unt 4:
Modudators
.

(4H-)
Unt 5 Bunupl AM
FM
Madudatoes
Madulatoes
4H).
4H).

FM
Punuple
Dd 6 wawy
(3HY)
D e m o d u l a t i e n of AM

Unk FM
waves
[6H-)
D e m r d u l a t i o

Unat 8 (7 H)
Pase Modnlaluen

Un9 Tot 34Ha)

 O
TNTRODUCTION

to send and neceive

The abili
Communicattan :
and pedictaby
predictably
menages heliably

Recwes
Sende
Infomatian

CRecewes)
Channel

CTyanamt)

Communicou
Syan
mdn
Basic Scheme aa

Decodang
D e m a d u l A u e

Entodung
(diutoste-y (Aitontue)
Modudotu
Enfeomau Tia
(dnir
tpia
ttouC
e)h a n n e l RecvesDexinaluom

Sowe

Noue S o u n

word
hueh sinifes
Tt u a geneiu us intendeo
Intomaluem anfthing
wuh
absttat Jevel
at he nos , fecur
Communue».Ex: thougat,
o
visual St Scene, el
 coweas abstaot Jovef
Lnmauen Souhne: T
nleRmau
into a physica qpanty
Ths physicol ApAOLenlatten
e nomalo

tosmed as mesage qna

hud ComveaA
aansdmen: It s a device
to t h
Ovtem ongy
Ex Voe speech signal huch u acualy
Ex nto
vaaiatuon Conweatd
QCOugtnpruu
amus0-
eoctaica signal with he holp
phene (muo).
he ncomun msa
mna
TcoUedt
ansmtli
it m a Suitable eimat,
Sinal ano modifus
Jbe aanimitled via h e chos en
So h a t , t can

hanne! ohe hCAwing pount

RFoutpt
Guylal RF bules RFothae
osculali omp Powea
anpl
ampliku

Mocudato
Medusalion Modulalugn Modulatv
anpu
pce
QnponA
radio
Bau ock duagkam d typica
h aantnlle
 Chonnel t u he physical madim whih comoct
h aontmdle toith h a q he 12cwe

The phygieal meduum Could he Coppe wie,

CO-aua cable, fibae- opi cable, mawegude
ee pac or cmospheie
o d u l a t o d

incomma
Recowe Ths lock Aecouvel h To
tT o
ceke
proCee
ond ro
he channe
Styma om gna

Ogunal mama
mma
hecheal th e ommuniCaJ-

Jock
boCK
Lt u h tuna
Degtinalue m r
malsue
wwe nuwes
fue Sydom dhe o m a
cCempRchand
to
amd procen
be du
d et
u in
tianTauuee
n
leck
locku

humans
wil
l be a
Usuually
Vualy

*Seme basi Amanolog:

helenence
h eeneee
wit
qa+lty
Time:(*): b a n l l f u n d a m a n t a l

Tt u
Ahe
C o m m n i i u t n W
happ
happln

whh all
to
Unut Secnds (s)

opculalen hes seceno

pea Sectnd
Fsn:Cf) oculauens
numbe o
Tt u elafuned
Unu Meatz (HZ)
Wawelenuth (a) bu am Elctremapnetuo
Elctaomasneli
auelled by a n

Tt as dittance

ne de.
waue duting h ume o
Onat molen (m)

of he
Specun: domm
epaeseniatin
opARIARAATuon

nuy
e

qwen Anal
CBW ).
BanAdidth he EM
m
Tt hehanao o g ney
Anpoimaien
oves heh
SpecRund sgn
pReye. bandwidth.
as Sna
AMo kmown

Channel Banditth banmimuo-

h Jaanmino
gnonu hegjuhad
The sange
Tha o
omodudatod ugne

oTantokmuh Sgna m
Tt t h e pAocRs
bandwitth to dhannel banwidih
gnal
Demodulaluen

modulaue te, Jantkom

t aeeA
Channo bandioid. to na banusidth
ARna Am

Lasehandu snal
Messac n a 0gunay uenay Aan
aueband aanmue Ohanal
Ofunay
sgna A
AQnkmujuev d m

BAoadband na 4uny an
tmoduletad

Message SAgna
I&oadband hanymukugn ts m
mard
duudla
atu
d

t
munese supna
TkansmuMe
eonay hane n d e p e n d l e n

mete
On Anemaluey i
Sgnal: A und 9m
ww.h Centan
Vauably
Caled Cugme

omagnel Specium
d
ElemOmagne (EM) wawe a signa mad
elhcBuo aud manotuu quuld.
a Chanqin eleAu

O9illat
Ce' imfeAmatienm peent
ensi at specwd
and magn+uu
ild
mumbe oumn pes
ecmd
requ

Table 1.1 EM spectrum classified in terms different frequency ranges and corresponding wavelength ranges,
I kHz
nomenclature and typical application. The abbreviations in the table have the following values:
= I x 10' Ha, 1 MH 1 X 10 Ha. 1 GH: = 1 X 1 0 H:, 1TH2 = I x 10" Hz, 1um = 1 x 1 0 m
and 1 m = 1 x 10m.

Frequency () Wavelength EM Spectrum Nomenclature Typical Application

range (2) range
30 300 Hz 107 10 m Extremely low frequency (EL) Power line communication
Face to face speech communication
0.3 3 kHz 10 10 m Voice frequency (VF)
Intercom

3-30kHz 10-10 m Very low frequency (VLF) Submarine communication

30 300 kHz 10-10 m Low frequency (LF) Marine communication
0.3-3 MHz 103 102m Medium frequency (MF) AM Broadcasting
3-30 MHiz 102 10'm High frequency (HF) Landline Telephony
30 300 MHz 10-100 m Very high frequency (VHF) FM Broadcasting, TV
0.3-3 GHz 10-10-l m Ultra high frequency (UHF) TV, Cellular telephony
3-30GHz 10- 102m Super high frequency (SHF) Microwave oven, radar

30-300GHz 102- 10m Extremely high frequency (EHF) Satellite communication, radar
0.3-3 THz .1-1mm Experimental For all new explorations
43-430THz 7-0.7 m Infrared LED, Laser, TV Remote
430 750 THz 0.7-0.4 um Visible light Optical communication
750-3000 THz 0.4 0.1 um Ultravoilet Medical application
3000 THz <0.1 m X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays Medical application