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riiiii
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SPE 29907

Development and Application of the Water Control and Profile Modification

Technology in China Oil Fields.

Liu Xiang-E Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) China
SPE Member

CqJYnght 19s5, Society of Petroleum Engineers, lrw

TM paper was prepsred for presentstiin at the Interrmfiial Meeting on Pelrobum Engineering held m Beijing, PR China, 14-17 November 19S5.

Thspaperwsa eefeofed for pmeenfation by an SPE Program Committas tofkwing revisw of informatii confeii in en ebetrecfaubrmttedby the euthor(s). Contents of the paper, aa presented,
Mve not been reviewed by the Saiaty of Petroleum Engineers end are subjected 10 correcfiin by the authpr(s). The material, ea preeenwd. does not newassrify relfect any poMibn of the
soobty cd Petrdsum Engineers, ks offkers, or members. Pspere pmserrtad at SPE maetmga am subject 10 pubfiition review by Edtil Committees of the society of Petroleum Enginsera.
Pemnieeii to copy is restricted to an abatrsct of not more than 200 words. Iffustrstions may not be copred, The ebatrect ahoufd contsin conspicuous eckrrowbdgmenl of where and by whom
the paper is pmeented. Write Libmrisn, SPE, P.O. Sox S33S3S, Ribhsrdeca, TX 750S3.3S36, U.S.A. (Facaimib 214-S52-S435).

ABSTRA CT important techniques for increasing the sweep

efficiency of water flooding.
This paper presents the research, development and
field application of the water control and profile From 50’s to today, the research and application of
modification technology in China. It discusses on the water control and proiile modMcation technology m
mechanism of chemical water plugging and protie China oil field experience three stages: the 1st,
motivation as well as matching techniques and the mechanical water plugging (from 50’sto the later 70’s);
economic benefits in oil fields application. the 2nd, chemical water plugging (from the early 80’s
to the middle 80’s);and last, comprehensive treatment
for profile modification in injector and water control
ODUCTION in producer of blocks m oil fields (from the middle
80’sto today). More than 20,000 well treatments have
Since 80’s, most of water flooding oiMeld in China been earned out in oil fields from 1979 to 1993. The
gradually step rnto the stages of moderate -high water good production results from water control and profile
cut. Previous technologies for early development stage modification have been achieved, such as, the increase
of oil fields are no longer suitable for the present of recoverable reserves and oil production and
development of oil fields. It is critical and key technical decrease of water production and so on. The
problem to develop a new improved water flooding significant economic and technical benefit have been
technology to stabilize and increase crude oil achieved. (see Table 1 and Figure 1).
production m developed oilfield~ for now and fbture.
The aim of improved water flooding technologies is to
rncrease the sweep efficiencyand fluid production rate, SICAL MODEL A
length the stable oil production period and finally to
increase the water flooding oil recovery efficiency. AND PROFILE MOD IFICATION
The historical data during the production of sandstone
and limestone reservoir demonstrate that water control
and profile modification technology is one of the Using micro-model technology and nuclear magnetic
resonance & imaging (lWIRI), RIPED has studied
polymer gel filling, immigrating and plugging
mechanism in porous medium By physical -simulating
. .
181
2 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE WATER CONTROL AND PROFILE
Mnnrmr ATTON TF(V-?Nf)~QC,Y
,Vllfvu
m CHINA OIL FIELDS
*VA s .
technology, we research the polymer gel how to
increase the sweep efficiency of water flooding, how
to improve the injecting profile and how to increase
recovery efficiency. The experiment shown that: fist,
polymer gel fillthe large channels formed during initial
water injection, then the water is forced to flow into
the new channels in unswept area, therefore, the sweep
efficiency and recovery efficiency of water injection
are enhanced.
1.Micro models and experiments
Micro models are the realization ones made according
to actual core thin section fi-om Jian-2 and Jian-210
wells of Shuan=@eoilfield in Henan, the models are
made of sintering and etching glass, with the 2 mm
thickness. It’s actual size:6. 5 cmx6 .5 cm 14 cmx 14
cm; illustrated size is 4 cmx4 ~ 12 cmx 12 cm the
course of experiment is presented on Figure 2.Test and
Results: TP-910 and anionic and cationic polymers
solution as profile modification agent are injected into
model when water displace oil reach the desi~
requirement. Over 809i0 TP-910 flow into main
flowing large channel or high permeable charnels, then
is crosslin.ked to form the ge~ and plug the initial large
channels. Therefore, the injection water is forced to
bypass plugged section and sweep through low
permeability sections, the sweep efficiency has been
enhanced.
Photos taken fi-om the micro scope are as follows:
Figure 3 shown that the injection water flow through
several large channels and bypass unsweep sections
before chemicals are injected; Figure 4 shown that the
injection chemicals flow into the large channels
formed by water flooding and plug them; Figure 5
show that injection water flow through unsweep
. ..
section and forni iitxw channels afier ‘mi~~al 1..-...
-
lal~G
-L---- 10a-n nl..-ma~ .- +Ln
WIUU% al G plU~&U, W, U&
AaA-+;nn
IUJW&LUU
through the recoverable reserves untouched initially.
2.Plane physical model research by NMRI
The study is carried with the NMRI system (imported
from Spectrospin Co. Swiss). The test model is one
with two sections packed sand heterogeneously. First,
the water wet model is saturated with crude oil, then, ,82
-v. . . u-......-
displaced by water to having the water cut over 95Y0.
Finally, anionic, cationic polymers are injected for
water control and profile modification (see Figure 6
and Figure 7).
Experiment and results
The size of profile modification model: length wvidth
(high permeability width + low permeability width)x
thickness = 24cm x (7.5+7.5)cm x 0.1 cm.w’hen water
cut reach 96? approximately by water
displacemmt,polymer is rnjected rnto model, the whole
process are photoiilmed. Figure 8 shown that water
flow through high permeability section and form
fingering before profile modification. Figure 9 shown
that the oil and water distribution at water flooding
late stage. Figure 10 shown that 0.3 PV polymer
injected selectively flow into high permeability
section%when water cut reach 960A.Figure 11 shown
that gel forms and plugs the high permeability section
The results from physical micro-model and NMRI
plane physical model is consistent, i.e., polymer profile
modification agent flow rnto high permeabilityy section,
form gel and result in plugging which force the
injection water enter low permeability section
previously unswept. Therefore, the swept volume of
water injection is increased, the sweepefiiciency and
water injection efficiency are enhanced. The injected
water flow into low permeability section and displace
the crude oil initially unswept out of zone. Therefore,
the oil production and current recovery efficiency are
both increased.
3.Long tube model packed with sand
Model length is 30.0 cq and diameter 2.368 cm. The
sand packed is 50-80 mesh and 100- 1“40mesh water
...+ “..1”
.-m .-- A
wc4 swua WMLU.
lxmtar
W ab W
mxrom
s w WWF
T-et ~rl wcdtc.
. “- -. . “—.”. -in t&Fx- tectc
. ...”. the
-. ~. -—. mnAii%A~~
nrnfile —.. —-----
chemicals are injected by 0.20 pv, 0.25 pv and 0.3 pv,
the results consistently shown that, the larger the slug
of chemicals -is, the ‘-higher profile modification
efficiencyand rexxvay percent of reserves are: Figure
13 shown that, the profile modification is conducted
under difFerentwater cut. stages, the-result is difEerent
also. .
SPE29907 LIU XIANG---E
4.Numerical simulation research
The scholar Si Fugen, doctor in Production
Engineering department of RIPED, researched the
numerical simulation model with three-D, two phase
(oil, water) and six components (oU fresh water,
polymer, cross linker, gel and active metal ion). This
model considers 13 factors (gravity, capillary force,
A—----- -----
compression ofiiquid and rock, swept porous VUkme,
adsorptio% retention, disperse, resistance factor,
.- AA.-..
residwd lGSMLUUUG c. h-.
lauLul , ~~~-g, them ,
-“..
degradation effect of polymer on fluid viscosity). All
fiwtors follow mass conservation equation, the flow of
fluid follow Darcy’slaw as assumption, the disperse of
fluid follows Fick’s law, the quantative interpretation
of software model is that inside bounda~ element is
line source (water injection well) and line endpoint
(production well) and outside boundary element is
enclosed. The numerical solution of model is gained
by using finite difllerencemethod. By using IMPECES
(Implicit Pressure Explicit Concentration and Explicit
Saturation). The difference equation is established.
The parameters relative to water control and profile
modification are researched primarily by application of
this software.
The efficiency of water control and profile
modification is affected at different water cut situation
(See Figure 14).
The efficiency of water control and profile
modification is better after water flooding for one year,
water cut reached 60°/0than that after water flooding
for three years and five years, the water cut reached
85% and 909i0respectively.
The efficiency of water control and profile
modification affected by volume of agents. The
calculation results are presented on Figure 15. The
efficiencyis better at high volume of agent than that at
low volume, but the efficiency is no longer enhanced
when the volume of agent is up to certain degree.
The efficiency of water control and profile
modification tiected by Kh/Kv value. The calculation
results are listed in Figure 16. The larger the Kh/Kv
value ~ the better the efficiency of water control and ,83
3
profile modification is. When the water cut is 90%, the
efficiency of water control and profile modification at
1000 Kh/Kv value is better than that at 100, 10 Kh/Kv
value
m~ R PROFILE
MODIFICATION AGENTS ~ ITS AC TION
h fj2P~NTC~
S~ce ~0’~, t~e ~ries of water control and profile
modification agents are developed out according to
characteristic of various types of reservoir and
difl’erent development stage of water flooding in
China. Date to the end of 1993, nearly 70 kinds of
chemicals are used for water plugging and profile
modification. Chemicals can be divided into 6 types
according to plugging mechanism.
1. Inorganic salt chemicals
This type of chemicals consist of two kinds of
chemical solution separated by seal fluid, after injected
into formation, can form precipitant to plug the
channels. Because these two kinds of chemicals
solution are water solution with very low viscosity
(near to the viscosity of water), which can selectively
enter water entering interval and react to form
plugging material m high permeability formation, such
as, water glass (sodium silicate) can react with some
gelling agent to form gel and plug the water channels
m profile control rnterval. The gelling agent is acid or
metal salt solution which can form precipitant with
water glass. The reaction include:
(1) Sodium silicate + acid to form silicic acid gel
precipitant
Na#i03 +2UCl d H#i03J +2NaCl
(2) Sodium silicate + Calcium chloride to form
calcium silicate precipitant
Na +YiO~+ CaCl ~ + CaSiO ~~. 2Na(3

(3)Sodium silicate + Aluminum sulphate to form
Aluminum silicate precipitant
3Na#iO ~. AIJSOJ3 + AJ2(LW ~3~ + 3Na #’04
(4) Sodium carbonate + ftic trichloride to form ferric
carbonate precipitant
3Na~CO~.2FeCl~~ Fe2(C0 J3~ + 6Na Cl
(5) Sodium silicate + ferrous sulphate to form faous
silicate precipitant
Na#iO ~+ 2FeS0~+ Fe+!JiO
3~+Na #04
Generally, fluid is water or light o~ the volume of
seal
seal fluid depend on the location to form precipitant.
2.Polymer gel
The @yinGa gel plugs ‘&e‘water by physical phug ‘tit
some adso~tion and dynamic entrapment.
The lots of reaction groups in polymer chain can react
with crosslinking agent to form network structure,
which Iix the water in crystal constructure and form
visco-elastic gel. The gel produce the physical plug m
porous medium and stops water flowing or changes
the water flowing channels. The uncrosslioked
polymer coil in porous channel or called “entrapped m
porous medium”, can retard water flowing. The polar
groups m polymer chain can adsorb on surface of rock
and enhance the adhesive ability of high molecule and
gel on sarfhce of rock resulting in increase of residual
resistance of profile control and water shutoff agents
-~
vu .--L.
1Uwn+ :1.w.,
- Amrwa.”.m AC aa..s:-a..
Ulul GaSG UI ..C .wuLm
GIUvlGllvy U1
. .. . . . suuLull.
..L...-m
Water shutoff gel agents are developed a lot, such as,
polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, lignin sulphonate,
XC etc. The agents mentioned above is widely applied
m China oilflelds.
The profile modification agent researched out recently,
amphoteric copolymer, is a new kind of agent in
China.
1~ wide application m fiture.
,
3.Particles
The particles rnclude sodium bentonite, fit she~
lazurite powder, lime emulsion, weak crosslinked
polyacrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol and so on.
The action mechanism of water control of pafiicles
agents mainly is physical plug. The particles injected m
pore of rock plug the water flowing channels. some
particles can absorb the water and swe~ and enhance
the plugging efficiency, such as bentonite, polyvinyl
alcohol powder and polyacrykunide.
The advantages of this plug agent is low cost, high
successtid efficiency and excellent economic benefit m
wide application m Shen~ Daqrng and Xinqiang oil
fields, and especially, suitable for plugging big
channels with large volume of agent solution on
eastern oilfields.
4. Foam
--I ne P----- –—-amaea
roam are 3:-:>–3 mto
:--- L.-– .-L––. –I–
two pnases . .. ana
roam . ..3 rnree
L*.---
phases foam according to foam composition, the
former consists the foamer and other additives, the
later consists the foamer, additives and solid phase
such as bentonite, chalk and so on.
The three phases foam is much stable and wider
application in oilfields than two phases foam.
The ptofile modification mechanism of three phases
foam is that foam produce gas and liquid resistance
effect-Jamin effi m formatio~ and change permeable
direction and water entering profile of water entry
formation. Therefore, the swept area is increased, the
water line moving rate on direction of main channels
---- be Tettiided, ‘wZteiakl~tklii Gm be reduced ~d
the swept volume and oil displacement efficiency of
water flooding can be enhanced. In Kelamayi oilfield,
the ABC surfhctant is used as foamer, CMC as
stabilizer, bentonite as solid phase, and the profile
control foam is formulated at certain ratio of
gdwater. The operation of over 100 well treatments
shown good efficiency of oil increment and water
decrement with low cost, and shown the promise for
 .
SPE29907 LIU XIANG---E
5.Resin
Resin include: phenol formaldehyde resin, epoxy
res@ finfbral resin and thermo plastic polymers, such
as, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate and so on.
The resin diluted is injected into formation and
consolidated at formation temperature by harden
agent. The resin consolidated has very high hardness,
can plug channels fid.ly and li.fktimely. The
dkadvantages of this method is high cost and low
selection. It is diflicuhy to remedy if the resin is
injected into and plug the production zone. Tiierefore,
this ndmd is ouxwiorially used to seal interporosity
flow and lost circulation for high temperature
formation.
6. Others
(1)Strong sulphuric acid
The strong sulphuric acid is injected into formation
and react with Ca2+,Mg2+to form CaSOq,MgSOd
precipitant to plug water. The strong sulphuric acid is
not corrosive to pipeline. When strong sulphuric acid
encounter water, the heat produced contribute to clear
wax and push it into the depth of reservoir. The
sulphuric acid is cheap, but dangerous for worker
during operation, This method is hardly used m oil
fields.
(2)The active heavy crude oil
The active heavy crude oil is injected into water
formation and adhere on surface of rock. In one side,
heavy crude oil can form physical plug itseF, In other
side, it make the surfhce of rock hydrophobic,
resulting m decrease of water relative permeability and
water volume. The heavy crude oil is easy available
with low cost in oil field, and can be recovered. This
method has promise in fbture.
(3)Cement
l!ne cement include: water-base cement, oii-base
cement, polymer cement and so on. The water-base
cement is oldest water plug material, sequentially, the
nil-ha
“AZ “..”c- “--”m
t+smen~ ~c
I. .asa..-h -A uut
IQ va, UI.IGU ~,. -whichhas Sektive
plug action. in recent years, the polymer cement is
developed out.
The cement has high consolidation strength and low
cost, but is not injected into the depth of formmticm.
185(See Figure 20).
5
APPLICA TION AND RESULTS
1.Individual well water plug in production well can
improve the production performance. Because the high
permeable water channels has been blocked in near
wellbore zone, the water production rate can be
significantly reduced. The oil relative permeability in
near wellbore zone is increased, resulting in the
increase of oil production. The two case examples of
well treatments are discussed as follows: Well Ren 66
m Huabei oil field, the oil production curve and water
cut curve after water plug treatment demonstrate that
oil production goes up. As eiktive life passed, the oil
production decreases as same as before treatment.
After second water plug treatment, the oil production
goes up again. The water cut changes as reverse as oil
production (see Figure 17). Well 2454 (injector) in
ke~~~x ~flfie!~, afier lx~~t-rfirfifila
..u6w.Yfiv-. mfi~i~--+~fim
unnuuuauuu, ●L-
LUG
oil production is significantly increased and water
production is decreased sha~-~ in we!l 2434 (reponsed
production well). Better result has been achieved afler
active heavy crude oil treatment m production well
2434 (See Figure 18).
2. The water shutoff treatment can increase the
thickness of oil production interval and decrease the
thickness of high water cut interval. The water shutoff
treatment can change the production profile of high
water cut producers.
Well Yan 10 in Huabei Yanling oilfield, the fluid
production of fracture rnterval 2966-2974 m the low
water producing interval is 67 t/d (by 13.2°Aof total
well fluid production), after water shutoff treatment,
the fluid production increase to 199.8 t/d (by 44.2’% of
total). The fluid production of fracture interval 2974
-2978 m the high water cut interval change from 378
t/d (by 74.2?40of total) to 9.5 t/d (by 2.1YOof total)
after water shutoff treatment. The oil production
increase horn 42 t/d to 190.5 t/d, the cumulative oil
increment is 5,251 tons, the effective Me is 155 days.
The changes of fluid production profile are presented
on Figure 19. Ren 221 well in Huabei oil field, the
fluid production of fracture intexvai below 3190 m
decrease from 98’Moto 22% afler water shutoff
treatment. The fluid production of other fracture
interval are increased, therefore, the total well oil
. I. c incp=a c+ ~~ ~+~~~er ~dg is ~eeiea~e~
prmhl
. ---... r.tmn
=.. . . -“ WU.w
6 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE WATER CONTROL AND PROFILE
MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA OIL FIELDS
Well 2-17 in kelamayi oil field, S; zone with 3 l%
fluid production is plugged, the fluid production of
zone ST is increased. therefore, total well oil
production is enhanced and water cut is reduced by
water shutoff treatment (see Figure 21).
3.The oil displacement efficiency can be enhanced by
water shutoff treatment in production well. The
obvious change of slope of water flood displacement
cmve after water shutoff treatment demonstrates that
the stage recovery percent is increased. On other hand,
as water production decreases, the water consumptive
volume is decreased also. Figure 22 shown
displacement curve of well 2-O-13 in Shengto oil field
after water shutoff treatment with packer. Figure 23
shown displacement curve after water shutoff
treatment by chemicals.
For example, Well Ren 11 in Huabei oil fieid, in May
1988, oil production rtae was 23 tld, water
production rate is 284 m3/d, water cut is 92.4Y0. In
June 1988,77 m3 the lime emulsion is squeezed into
pay zone successfidly,m June 1988, the oil production
is increased to 124 t/d and the water production is
decreased to 55 mJ/d. In Aug. 1988, the oil production
is 43 t/d, the water production is 138 m3/d. the
effective is 308 days. The cumulative oil increment is
3,892 tons. The consumptive volume of water for
producing one ton oil is reduced from 11.4 m3/t to
0.28-5.3 m3/tafier lime emulsion is squeezed (See Fig.
24).
For other example, Well Ren 323 in Huabei oilfield, in
Jan. 1989, the production rate of oil and water are 11
t/d and 60 m3/d respectively, the water cut is 89.1Yo.
Afler 24 m~lime emulsion is squeezed, m Aug. 1989,
the oil production is 26 t/d, water cut is zero (See Fig.
25).
4. The water injection profile modification technique
im i@ection weu can effectively decrease the water
injectivity of high permeable-intervals and increase the
water injectivity of low permeable internals. The
water injection profile can be improved. The kjected
water can be reasonablely distributed to rntervals to
increase the vetiical sweep volume.
For example, Du 18 well (water injection well) in
Liaohe oil field, the Du Formation connects this well
with five production wells continuously,-. but the
186
injection profle is not desirabie. Du 3-5 Zone is 8.6
m thick occupying 28.9°/0 of total thickness and its
water injected volume is 60.3?40.Jn July 1984, the
water rnjection profile is modified by using Iignin
sulphonated and sodium dichromat gel. The profiles
measured in Sept. 1984 and Sept. 1985 demonstrated
that water entering profile become more reasonable.
The water entering volume of Du 3-5 is decreased
from 66,7% (1982.9.6) to 37.1% (1985.9. 16), the
water entering volume of other zones was increased
respectively (See fig. 26).
Well 2-261, Pu 53 block m Zhongyuan oillield, the
water injection rate of main pay zone S2UJG was 22
m3/d (occupy 90.2’%0of total, 1991.2.23). The 60 m3
bentonite were squeezed into pay zone (1991 .4.21 ).
The injection profile was significantly improved
( 1991.6.7) injection rate of pay zone S2U36decrease
from i20 m~ to 3 i.3 ml @y 26. i~o of totai), the
injection volume of other zones was increased (See
Fig.27).
5.The systematic comprehensive treatment of water
plug of production wells and profile modification of
injection wells in a oilfield or a block can obviously
improve the effectiveness of water flooding. The
good results are listed as follows:
(1 )The ascent rates of comprehensive water cut of
blocks are slowed, the decline rates of production are
decreased or even the production rate turn to increase.
(2)The slope of displacement curve of water flooding
of block become gentle which demonstrate that sweep
efficiency is improved and that the recoverable
resewes ofblocks is increased. the recove~ percent of
reserves at same water cut is increased and the stage
recovery efficiencyof water flooding is increased also.
The typical examples are listed as follows:
( l)S~, block 2 in shengli oilfield
This block has 10.7 km2 oil-bearing area and 1.079
million tons OOIP. The SZ3pay zones in 12 wells are
plugged by sodium bentonite through double flow
method. Afier treatments, The water cut of block
decreases and the daily oil output of block increases
(See Fig. 28).
The slope of displacement cume of water flooding of
block become gentle which shown that utilization
efficiencyof water rnjected is enhanced, swept volume
is increased (See Fig.
-. 29).
SPE 29907 LIU XIANG---E
The excellent economic benefit has been achieved afler
water plug and profde modification treatment in SZ3,
block 2 in shengli oilfield. In 12 well treatments, 20788
m3 bentonite has been used and cost of operation is
1.154 millionyuan. Totally 38,849 tons incremental oil
and 220,000 m3 decremental water have been
achieved. If the price of crude oil is calculated by 700
Wan per ton, revenue is 14.55 million Yuan. The
rnput-output ratio is 1:12.5. If considering the price of
crude oil is 350 ywudton, the input-output ratio is
1:6.25.
t9\c 2+3C-.-+: -
lU1 UMILIUU, ..*.-
=asb=ln ~!~~~ ;= tiUUl15J
mnnmnlml
USUJ
(~ )=2(U)
Pucheng oil field.
This block has 3.53 km2 oil-bearing area and 6.07
milliontons OOIP, and has 34 production wells and 27
water injection wells. The comprehensive treatments
are as follows: 13 protile modification in water
injection wells, 6 well treatments for water plugging
in production wells, the re-perforation for 3
production wells and one water injcetion well , and
two production wells are changed into water injection
wells.
The results of treatments are as follows:
a. Among 13 well profile modification operations, the
injection profiles of 12 wells were improved
successfidly.
b. The raise rates of comprehensive water cut of 12
wells were controlled and decreased Iiom 4.24°/0 in
Dec. 1991 to 0.36?40m Oct. 1992. The respective
water cut of block is 77.610/0and 78.010/O.
c. The oil daily production of this block was increased
obviously from 195 t/d m Dec. 1991 to 239 t/d m Oct.
1992.
d. The recoverable reserves of this block is increased
from 2.1637 million tons to 2.2737 million tons.
e. The forecasting recovery factor of water flooding
is increased from 35.6 1°/0to 37.48°/0.
f The amual benefits have been achieved after
comprehensive treatments. The cumulative oil
increment is 10,258 tons and the water decrement is
86,500 m3.By simple estimation, input-output ratio is
1:5.
(3) K’ formation, 2W, block in Kelamayi oilfield has
8.91 km2oil-bearing area and 9.12 million tons OOIP.
Since 1970, the production of this block is earned on
pattern water flooding. In 1988, the cumulative
injected water volume is 8.103 million m3, the
cumulative oil production is 2.413 million tons, the
18 7
7
recovery percent of OOIP is 26.45°/0 and the
comprehensive water cut is 79.20A. The three phases
foam is used to modi.& the injection profile in water
injection wells from 1985 to 1989 and the successivity
is 82?40in 56 well treatments. The water plugging
treatments were carried on 49 oil production well.The
obvious effectiveness of oil increment and water
decrement is achieved:
a. The comprehensive water cut of this block was
decreased from 79.2% to 75.5!40and stabilized under
78% , that was 75.9?z0in 1986, 76?40in 1987 and
7Q
,“. 1U
’,”-,. in 10QQ
““.
b. The annual oil production of this block was stable or
declined slowly, that was 55,300 tons in 1985,52,500
tons in 1986, 51,900 tons in 1987 and 49,000 tons in
1988. The decline rate tends slow and it is 13.6?40
before 1985, and is 2% in 1988.
c. The displacement curve of water flooding changed
to gentle obviously, which demonstrate that swept
volume and recoverable reserves are both
increased.By simple estimation, the water swept
reserves is rncreased by 1.65 million tons, the
recoverable resewes is increased by 370,000 tons and
the current recovery efficiency is increased also (See
Fig. 30).
6. The economic benefit ofwater control in production
well and profile modification in water injection well by
chemicals.
The economic benefit of profile modification treatment
is pximarily estimated (of the common used chemicals
in China. ) There are 13 kinds of chemical used as
profile modification agent. By usrng these chemicals in
591 rnjectiors,the total oil rncrement is 118.4x 10dtons
and per well treatment is 306-6,840 tons, the average
oil increment is 3,573 tons and the oil rncrement per
ton polymer is 81.7-1,293 tons. The water control
treatments were conducted m 475 producers, the
cumulative oil rncrement is 82.27x 104million tons, the
oil increment per well treatment is 111-2,571 tons, the
average oil increment is 1,341 tons. The oil increment
per ton polymer is 359-1,863 tons, the data are
presented in table 2 and table 3 m detail.
THE WATE R CONTROL AND PROFILE
MODIFICA TION TECHNOLOG Y
8 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE WATER CONTROL AND PROFILE
MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA OIL FIELDS
According to application results of difl?erentreservoirs,
the operation technology are summarized out
preliminarily.
I.The principles for selection of wells, intervals and
blocks.
( 1)The selection of oil well in sandstone for water
shutoff refer to following conditions:
a. The thickness of objective pay zone is over 5 m. The
treatment results of water shut off m Shengli oilfield by
using polyacrylamide gel crosslinked by methanal
demonstrate that the good effects can be obtained
when the thickness of pay zone is 5 m to 13 m.
b. The permeability difference in vertical profile is
large heterogeneities are signifm.ut, and the high water
cut zone is high permeability or fractured interval. The
water shutoff agent can preferentially enter the high
permeable or fractured interval.
c. The vertical sweep efficiency is low, the water
flooded area is not homogeneity in plane, some of pay
zones are of non-contrbution to oil production, and
there are some potential productivity.
(2)The selection of water injection well for profile
modification m sandstone reservoir must refer to
following principles:
a. The raise rate of water cut in well patterns is fist.
b. There are potential recoverable reserves in well
patterns.
c.The pefiormance, static and log interpretation data
shown that there are good continuity between the
production and injection wells.
d. The permeability diilerence in vertical of injection
well is heterogeneous and injection profile is not
homogeneous.
e. The cement job quality of production well and
injection well are good and no channeling between
fQrmm~~QQ~.
(3 )Based on practice experience of water shutoff in
Huabei oilfield, the selection condition of the water
shutoff of limestone reservoir in production well refer
to follows:
a. In fracture zone, solution cavity zone or porous
zones rnter crystal and rnter particles the water shutoff
effect is better than complex ones. Because the
channel types of oil prodution are of simplicity, the
188
water shut off agent solution can easily enter the main
channels of producing water.
b. In the production well or interval with lots of
horizontal fracture. the water shutoff agent solution
can enter in depth of pay zone along horizontal
fractures.
c. The fluid production profile exists large difference
that means that, besides high water cut rntervals, there
are good potential intervals, and potential recoverable
reserves in production wells.
d. The cement job quality in production well is good.
no channels exist.
(4)The comprehensive treatments of water shutoff
profile modification in an oil field or a block must
follow these principles:
a:The injection profile is heterogeneous.
b. The raise rate of comprehensive water cut in block
is fast.
c. The movable rsserves of water flooding in block
is low.
d. There are some potential recoverable reserves in
block.
e. The connection of production well with water
injection well is good, in partial intervals there are
channel flowing in certain direction.
2.The reservoir description technology
a. Make sure the geological structure and
petrophysical characteristics of reservoir by means of
static and performance data.
b. Proceed the historical match of reservoir
performance by using black oil model and analyse the
fluid saturation and distribution of pressure in
reservoir.
3.The trace technology
After adding the tracer in water injection weu the
analysis results of samples from production wells
arround traced water injection well can give a curve
which can be used for calculation of permeability and
largest throat diameter of water channeling formation,
aiming to make sure of direction and rnterval of water
flowing, and main physical parameters. The tracer
selected must have following charactistic: good
SPE29907 LRJ XANG---E 9

compatibility with formation fluids; low retention;
.+.hla
3L~ul= Chems%y ppefiy; Icw dosage; easy to
purchase; Low cost and no toxic. The current
common used tracers are ammonium thiocyanate,
sodium nitrate, tritiated water, fluoresein,
formaldehyde, phenol and so on. The permeability and
largest throat diameter of water channeling can be
calculated by a equation through the production curve
of tracer from arround production wells.
4.Optimize treatment and design technique
( I)Application of numerical simulating software with
three-D, two phases and six components can match
out lots of treatment designs, including selection of
wells, formations and blocks, prediction of the effect
and economic benefits of water control and profile
modification m one well treatment and block treatment
and can optimize the treatment parameters, such as,
rnjection pressure, solution volume, injection rate and
so on.
volume of water shut off agent. For example. in Jin
16 block Liaohe oilfield, the calculation equation is as
follows:
Q=nR2h(p
In Liu 25 block, Jidong Oilfield, the calculation
equation is as follows:
Q=nRzh(pqlqz
Under cooperation of Shengli Production Factory of
Shengli oilfield and Petroleum University (in
Huadong), systematic water plug treatment are
proceeded for large channels m SJ, block 2, Shento oil
field. According to the calculation results from tracer,
the thickness of water channeling zone and direction
of large channels of water flowing are determine.
Based on the location of wells, the total volume of
water plug agent solution needed is as follows.
QP=QP1
+ QP2 + ‘.”- = A] hl + z42 h2 ‘+ ‘-””
here A(A2---area
h1h2---thikness of water channeling zone

(2)The design of the treatment radius (4)The adaptable range of the pazticle size of particle
The design of the treatment radius are almost not same plugging agents.
m MTerent oilfields, such as for limestone reservoir in As early as 60’s, the particle plugging agents are used
Huabei oiliield, the radius of water plugging by in China, such as bentonite, but considering the
polyacrylamides is 2.5-4 ~ in Shengli oilfield, the formation damage and other problem presented, this
radius of water plugging is 3--8m by using technique has not been widely applied. Based on the
polyacrylamide crosslinked by formaldehyde; for research and test results of particle size, the conclusion
Guang2 formation, block 3, in Dagong Yang-san-mu can be summarized out roughly.
oil.ileld, the treatment radius is 7-8 @ and Jiang 16 Daqing oil field has proceeded the water control test
block m Liaohe oilfield, the treatment radius is 0.5-3 by using suspended liquid and suggest when the
m for water rnjection well and 1.5-4 m for production particle size is less than 1/2 of rock throat diameter,
well by rnjecting TP-9 10.The lime emulsion is effective the particles can enter rock pores and plug these pores.
to plug the large channels, from the calculation results The lab tests in Petroleum University and Shengli
of the 8 well treatments of production wells in Huabei Production Factory shown that when the particle
Renqiu oilfield, the water control redius is 26-71 ~ diameter is 1/2-1/9 of the rock throat diameter, the
average 42 m by spherical flow calculation and is plugging efficiency is better. The formation damage
30- 104~ average 62m by plane radial flow test of particles rnject~ ctied by Production Dept of
calculation. In Shengli oilfield, the 1000-3000m3 RIPED, CNPC, presented that when particle diameter
sodium bentonite are used to plug the large channels is 1/3- 1/9 of throat diameter, the rock permeability is
by Cioitibk hl.uquwu
flu w L.GQ
A... +-. -:#l*. * % *aPnnt
IWwwsl.
damaged most .%ous!y when particle diameter is less
two
*V.
Veslrc
,...”, the

treatment radius is greatly increased and the deep plug than 1/1O and larger than 1/2 of throat diameter, the
technique is developed out. permeab~ damage is very low. A&r considering and
analyzing the all results mentioned above, the
(3)The volume of water shut off agent. efficiencyof the water control and profile modification
In China, the volume calculation method with di&erent of particles will be more promised.
or no experience coefficient is used to determine the, 89
(5)Treatment technology
Depending on the types of reservoirs, the different
squeezing methods should be chosen. In the limestone
reservoir with a lots of vertical fractures, the water
control treatment in production well can be carried by
whole well injection, otherwise, by separated water
injection with the packer. The injection pressure
dikence is controlled as possible as low to make the
most of plugging agent solution effectively entering
high water producing intervals or fracture intervals.
Too high injection pressure difference is avoided for
preventing the damage on the oil producing fracture
intervals.
For the sandstone reservoir, the water plugging in
prQdl~@.i~nweus is generally carried with low
pressure and low injectivity rate to achieve good
plugging effect for target zones and less damage for
nontarget zones. In production well with several
zones, water plugging must be earned with separated
injection by packers.
The reasonable rnjection pressure is critical for profile
modification in water injection wells. Generaiiy, the
rnjection pressure is controlled below or approximate
normal water injection pressure, and force the
plugging agent solution flow into high permeability
interval or large channels. For injection wells, the
treatments without packer are usually operated
through controlling injection pressure to plug and
reduce the water injectivity of high permeable
intervals. Atler profile modification, the injection
pressure is enhanced to increase the injectivity of low
permeable zones.
The reasonable design of injection pressure is the
critical measures for protecting or reducing damage of
nontarget zones. Today, an empirical equation,
researched by I%oductionDept of RIPED for selective
injection technology, has been applied in some oil
fields m China. For an example, the following equation
Where the empirical value of P~is 0.03 -O.04MPa/m.
The following measures are summarized out for water
control treatments in twoduction
, wells and for Drolile
r-. ,~oplaced in the shallow well. The fluid is provided by
modification in injection wells.
(1 )The production profile in oil wells should be
measured before treatment. If it is difficulty. based on
the results ofperformance analysis in production wells
and oilfields, we must determine the current main pay
zones and potential pay zones.
(2 )Before the treatments in injection wells, the
injection profile must be detected .
(3)The injectivity curve should be tested before job
implements.
(4)The preferable operating tool strings should be
designed and chosen. Single string injection can be
adapt for single zone production wells. Packers can be
set down and located at target zone for multi-zone
production wells during operation period. Generally,
the packers are not needed for ti~ection wells, the
rnjection can be finished through controlling injective
pressure. If necessary, the packers can be used also.
(5)The water shut off agents or profile control agents
are injected according to the design requirement. lle
high strength water shut off agents, such as cement,
volume expansion agents etc. can be adapted as
blocking plug.
(6)The well is shut m according to design requirement.
(7)When the well is put into production or injection,
initial production or injection rate should be kept in
low level and be gradually return to normal.
(8)The production profile of the production well or the
iojection profile of the injection well should be
monitored according to design.
(9)AU the data and information must be gathered as
designed.
S.Injection apparatus and technological process
The rnjection apparatus used for the treatment of water
shutoff and profile control have been gradually
developed to become tied or skid-mounted pump
..-”+. k--uu QGUGULW5
udLs u
..m-nmt;mm+ L~& and ii~~tllfifig t~dck. ~ue
c-*
-b u.fif init=fiifim emlrnm~u$ and p~~c~~~ ~a~~ ~~e~
‘J””””” “YV
designed and mantiactured out, of them current used
m oillields including:
(1 )Cementittg truck unit or fracturing truck unit and
matching process.
(2)Submersible electric pump injection apparatus and
process; The subsurface submersible electric pump is
SPE29907 LIU XIA.NG---E

electric centrifugal pump andthe agent solution will be
injected into the treated wells.
(3)Fixed and skid-mounted pump units injection
., ----
systern3dsb/200 dupiex high pressure ram pump or
SZB-250 plunger displacement pump can be adapted
to provide fluid.
The recirculating centrifuged pumps form a pump set
to accomplish m-situ injection.On the other hand, the
pump unit can be communicated with the water
distrilmtionplant by the high pressure pipeline to form
the rnjectionpump station of water shutoff and profile
control agents. By these equipments, the polymer
components, flocculant components and other non
particle components can be rnjected rnto the treated oil
or injection well and the particle components can be
injected by usrng cementing trucks on the wellhead.
(4)The set of rnjection equipment:
There are the injection equipments imported from
PFLZER Cor. U.S.A and some manufactured by the
Machinery Factory of Dagang oil field and
Zluu@nkou Petroleum Machinery Plant. They include
the mixing and compounding systems of polymers,
injection system and monitoring system etc. But
generally speaking, the rnjection apparatus and process
used m water shut off and profile control treatment in
China aren’t still perfect and remain to be improved
and enhanced.
co NCLUSI ONS
1.The water shut off and profile modification
technology is a critical and effective technical
measures for improving water flooding results and
increasing water flooding recovexy efficiency during
the middle and late period of water flooding in China
oil fields.
2.The polymer gel type water shut off chemicals have
been widely applied in China oiMelds. The better
oilfield are the effective measures to improve the
injection sweep volume, increase the utilization
efficiencyof rnjection water, stage recovery percent of
reserves and finaiiy rncrease the water flooding
recovery efficiency of whole resexvoir. This technique
should be tier popularized.
5. The study and application of the accurate
description technique, three-D numerical model
technique, the study and manufacture of the effective
and cheap chemicals and the study of the mechanism
of water shut off and profile modification for the high
water cut reservoirs are critical to develop the water
shutoff and profile control techniques now. These
techniques must be studied deeply in fbture.
NOMENCLATURE
A--Surface area (mz)
fq--Injectivity ratio (or production ratio) before and
after treatment
h--Thickness of rnterval treated (m)
Thickness of water loaded formation (m)
KwEffective permeability to water in origanal area
(mD)
L--The shortest distance between oi! wd!s and
injection wells (m)
PC--The liquid column pressure in oil formation of
wellbore (MPa)
P~--Foxmation pressure in reservoir (MPa)
PM-Injection pressure (for squeezing plugging agent)
in wellhead (MPa)
Pr-Pressure gradient between injection wells and
production wells (MPa/m)
APW--Production(rnjection) pressure difference before
treatment (psi)
APw-Production (injection) pressure diiTerence afier
treatment (psi)
q--Da fly iniectivitv m dailv nrnrlnckkw
—J---- .--J -- -.---J y.
(hhl 1A)
”--” . . . . . . \“”u, u,

economic and technical benefits have been obtained. ql--Dilution factor of polymer solution along front
3.The clay type water shut off agents play the profile (%)
important role m blocking large channels when the oil q2--Loss factor of polymer solution from channels in
fields are in high water-cut and even super high water cement sheath (’%0)
cut period. This type of agents with low cost can be r,--Treatment radius (ft)
applied in oilfields whose geological condition is r,-- Sweep radius m water injection well or drainage
suitable. radius in production well (ft)
4.The water shut off and profile control R--Plug radius (m)
———— ..-
conmrehensive
. techniaue
. for the whoie biock of KKF--Kesidual resistance factor
191
12 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE WATER CONTROL AND PROFILE
MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA OIL FIELDS
rw-Wellbore radius (fi)
kW--Water mobility (mdkp)
Am--Average fluid mobility (mdkp)
pW-Water viscosity (cp)
qb-Porosity of formation (%)
l.Liu Xiang-E: “Application and its Effectiveness off
Water Shut of Technology in Oil Fields”, Presented at
Water Shut off Technology Symposium & Petroleum
DriMing and Production Technology, Oct. 1998.
Z.Fan ~ Qin Rongzang: “The Water Shutoff
Technology of Production Well in Fracture Limestone
Reservoir”, Presented at Water Shut off Technology
Symposium & Petroleum Drdliing and Production
Technology, Oct. 1998.
3.Jin Deliang, Zhang Hon@m: “The Deep Profile
Modification Technology with Large Volume of
Chrome Lignin Sulphonated in Injection Wells”,
presented at ‘water Sinut ofi Technology Symposi-um
& Petroleum DriUiing and Production Technology,
Oct. 1998.
4.Zhou Limin, Chen Xin.&Wu Zhenpan: “The Profile
Modification Technology with Bentonite”, Presented
at Water Shut off Technology Symposium &
Petroleum Drilli@ and Production Technology,
Ott.1998.
5.Zhu Henchua, Yu chengan: “The Water Shut off
Technology with Polyacgdamide Crosslinked with
formaldehyde”, Presented at Water Shut off
Technology Symposium
& Petroleum Drilliing and Production Technology,
Oct. 1998.
6.Li Yuxiang: “The Profile Modification Technology
with TP-910 Agent”, Presented at Water Shut off
Technology Symposium & Petroleum Drilhing and
Production Technology, Oct. 1998.
7.Luo Chenjian: “Comprehensive Water Shut off
Treatment Practice in Ren 11 Block of Renqiu
Oilfield”, Presented at Water Shut off Technology
Symposium & Petroeum DrWing and Production
Technology, Oct. 1998.
8.TmDongmin: “Application of Mechanical Water shut
off Technology in Daqiang Oilfield”, Presented at
Water Shut off Technology Symposium & Petroleuml
DrUii.ng and Production Technology, Oct. 1998.
9.Liu Xiang-E: “Systematic Water Shut off and Profile
Modification Technology m Blocks of GiMelds”,
Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s systematic Water
Shut off and Profile Modification Technology
SymposiW Published by Petroleum Industry Press,
i 994.
10. Xie Tongchen, Xie Gang, Zhao Fulin,Chen
~~efirn: “The Systematic Water COntrol and Oil
Increment Technology by Plugging Large Pores a
Channels m S; Formation, Block 2, Shento Oilfield”,
Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s systematic Water
Shut off and Profle Modification Technology
Symposiw Published by Petroleum Industry Press,
1994.
1l.Tang C- Tian Yanglin: “The Large Pores and
Channels Plugging Technology in Ng~ Formation,
West Block, Chendon GiMeld”, Presented at Oil
Field’s& block’s systematic Water Shut off and Proiile
Modification Technology Symposiwq Published by
Petroleum Industry Press, 1994.
I* m--- %hig, . . .
1A.L.LIdilfj hi Mm, }?’ang Ywhun: ‘me
Comprehensive and Systematic Water Control and
I%ofileModification Treatment m Tm 16 Block, Liaohe
Oilfield”, Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s systematic
Water Shut off and Profile Modification Technology
Symposi~ Published by Petroleum Industry Press,
1994.
13.Liu Jisong, Qin Tao: “The Comprehensive and
Systematic Water Control and Profile Modification
Treatment in Shaershang2+3 Formation, East Block,
Pucheng (liliield”, Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s
systematic Water Shut off and Profile Modification
Technology Symposiuq Published by Petroleum
Industry Press, 1994.
14.Zheng Jun, Zhu XiaoQiao: “Application and
Results Analysis of Profile Modification Treatment in
Luiko Block, Kelamayi Oilfield”, Presented at Oil
Field’s & block’s systematic Water Shut off and
Proiile Modification Technology Sy.nposiuq
Published by Petroleum Industry Press, 1994.
15.Xie Gang, Yu Junzie: “The Large Pores and
Channels Plugging Technology During Late Period of
High Water Cut Production m Duanzhu Reservoir of
Renqiu Oilfield”, Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s
systematic Water Shut off and Profile Modification
92Technology Symposi~ Published by Petroleum
 .

SPE29907 LIU XIANG---E 13

Industry Press, 1994.

16.Yang Lundong: “The Profile Modification
Technology m Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoir
m Huabei Oi.liield”, Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s
systematic Water Shut off and Profile Modification
Technology Symposium Published by Petroleum
Industry Press, 1994.
17.Deng Yuanzhong: “The Profile Motivation and
Comprehensive Treatment Technology with Large
Volume of Agent in Qian Shabei Block of Jianghan
Oilfield”,Presented at Oil Field’s & block’s systematic
Water Shut off and Profile Modification Technology
Symposium Published by Petroleum Industry Press,
1994.
! S..XU Buo.xian, Luo HonQqou: “The Systematic
Profile Modification Technology for Controlling Water
and Stabilizing Oil Production in Henan Shuanghe
Oilfield”, Presented at Oil Field%=s & block~=s
systematic Water Shut off and Profile Modification
Technology Symposi~ Pubiished by Petroieum
Industry Press, 1994.
19.LiuXiang-E etc: “Petroleum Production Technical
Manual-Water Shut off Technology Branch Manual”,
Presented at Oil Field%=s & block%=s systematic
Water Shut off and Profile Modification Technology
SymposiW Published by Petroleum Industry Press,
1994.
20. The Technical Reports and Summiuy Materials
Relative to Water Control and Profile Modification
from Oiliields and Universities.
2 1.H. W. Wang, Petro. Engin. NO.4 ( 1985).

Tablel: The well treatments of water con-

trol and profile modification in China.
Date WCI1treatments (times) Annual oil incrcrncnt (T)

1979 1789 21X104

1980 1568 57.4X104
1981 1310 54. 3X104
1982 1409 64. 32X 104
1983 1583 71.16X104
1984 1439 78. 9X104
1985 1450 74. 9X104
..
1986 1058 81.8X104
, t
1987 1197 60. OX1O’
1989 1617 46. 5X104
1984 1647 52. 69X 104
1990 1014 45. 6X104
1991 1720 51.8X104
1992 2204 72. 98X 104
1993 2107 61. 1X104
 Table 2, Application of chemical agents for wat “ shut off in oil wells
Well cumula-
. .
ofAgente OdFlelda DateofOperetitm Trest- ~m::
lrder Naniaa
menta
(lo’t)
Cement & lime ~ubti
1
emulsion “
1988.6-1990.1 43 9.097 2115 I I I
1
2 I cr-PAM I Sk&i I 1976.11-199X.10 I 100 I 18.00

3 HPAM-306 Henan 1984.8-1988 21 1.600:

4 I Methettal-PAM I Shengli I 1977-1988 I 52 I 6.265 *

5 Lignin eenea Shengli 1987.9 -1987.9

I 11
I 2.828 2571 I I I
Water Gleae
6
(single)
Henan 1988.1 -1989.9 6 0.217 362
I I I
7 Water Glese(Dual) Henan 1988.1-1989.9 I 8
I 0.089 111 I I I
8 I Modified PAM I 34uabei I 1981-1990.12 I 125 I 25.00 2000 I 1-1. s I >1000 I

9 RP-8201 Huabei
1
1983-1990.12
I 102
I
19.00 1863
I
1.0
I
1863
I
lo G L@r Srdpho- 7 0.171
Shengli 1991.1 -1991.7

TotalI
1
lated

! ] I 475 I 82.27
+---l-+
Applicationof cbemkal●gentsfor profilemodificationin injectors
Table 3 I
Weu Cumda-
. AveregeOil Conaum* Ou lncre-
oil increment tion 0{ Poly-
ofAgents OdPieIds DeteofOperation Treat- !’:remnt ( tom per mer ( Tons mem per ton
OrderN~mee
ments polymer(t)
(lo’t) well) per well)
Liaohe 3471 3–5 600-800
1 TP-91O 1988.6-1990.10 170 59.00
etc
Zhong 3449 7.15 482
2 PIA-601 1987.7 -1990.3 29 5.900
yuan
.: I
I 3 I PIA-604 I Huabei ] 1989.6-1991.11 I 15 ] 1.548 ] 1032 \ 2.0 I 560

4 Xanthan gum Herian 1989.4 -1991.3 9 1.773 1970 1.0 1293

5 BD-861 Shengli 1987. 111-i990. 3 22 15.05 6840 3-5 >1000

6 HPAN Shengli 1987.11-1989.9 21 6.340 3019 12. s 300

7 SJ-2 Xingjiang 1987.6-1989.12 65 3.312. 510

I 8 I Three pbes foem I Xingjiang I 1985-1990.3 / 128 I 4.880 I 380 I 4.65 I 81.7 I

9 PAM- Z Shengli 1989.5-1990.12 16 4.898 3061 6.75 453

10 Bentonite Shengli 1987.9 -1989.9 21 6.764 3221

PAM - ‘gtin Shengli 1983.11-1986.6 22 5.190 2359 8.10 291

11
sulpholated

12 PTA- 605 Liaohe 1990-1991.10 37 2.600 703 2.00 350

Huairei 306 2.00

13 , JDP-02 1990-1991.10 36 1.100 150
I ~rilan
I ---
l“rolal~ svl I ii8.35
I I

194
 80

?g

St

5(

, 4[

2(

2(
1. Annual Oil Increment (10’t )
2. WellTr-tments
1[

1 I 1
9 1985 1990 1995

Figure 1. Total well treatments and effects of water control and

profile modification finished in past years in china oilfield.

I
.
11

2
3

1. Nlicropump 2. Valve 3. Intermediate container 4. Microscopic Mode]

5. Receiver 6. Light source 7. Microscope 8. Sight Window
11. Vadeo Recorder 12. TV &t
9. Camera 10. Camcorder

Figure 2. Test course sketch cliagram of microscopic model.

195
 Figure 4. The water plugging chemicals solution
Figure 3. The flow paths before injecting
water plugging chemicals. enter water flowing large paths.

New F] ow Pa

Figure s. The new water flowing paths are formed after

initial water flowing paths are plugged
by water plugging chemicals.

2 6
3
A
F 7
2 ..-—-—
3 4
G- il -“o--’~
A 4
 2
1-
4
1

2
I
3

1. Micropump 2. Valve 3. Intermediate Container 4. Pressure Gauge

5. Model 6. Receiver 7. Camcorder 8.,Vadeo Recorder 9. Color TV Monitor

Figure 7. Test course sketch diagram of video recording system of NMRI.

Figure 8. Injection water channel to high permeability intervals before controlled

FifiuIe 9. T}Ie oil and water distributic,n at lA:C ]w:inrl O! “.r.-tic!. illjecl~c>ll.

197
Figure 10. The water shut off agent solution flow into high permeability interval.

Figure 11. The high permeability interval is blocked after polymer crosslinked.

198
 l–o. 20PVslug
2—O. 25PVSlug
3—o.30PVslug
d r 1 I 1 , ( 1 1 ,
J
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Pore volume injected (PV)

Figure 12. The relationship curves between recovery percent of
reserves and pore volume injected (PV) of single slug.

70

60

50

40

30
1 Y I —Water Cut Trace
2—Water 30%
Cut
3—Water Cut 60%
4-Water

6—Untreated
Cut 80%
5—Water Cut98%
20
El

Ii

0[ I ! \ 1 t J
o 1 2 : t 5 6

Pore volume injected (PIT)

I?igurc
— 13. The comparative curves of recovery percent of reserves
after profile modification at different water cut.

199
 ~“ 2—Water Flooding for Three Yeer
3—Wmer Flooding for Five Yeax
/ \ 4—Untreeted
fw==60%
/
1 1 ,
1
o~’
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Production date (year)

~~gu~~ 14. The --- —... of profile

results modification at different date.

70
%
; 60 :
w
~
: 50 -
w
&

% 40 ;
~~2—
; \
v 30 -
&
w \ I —Untrrxtted

I
a rw=90X
20 - 2—Agent Solution Volume 212.5 m’

4—
h
k
$ 3— Agent Solution Volume 85 m’
Agent Solution Volume 42.5 m’

2
I 1 1 . . ,
0
0 ? 4 6 8 10 12 14

Production date (year)

Figure 15. The effects of profile modification at different volume of profile control agent solution.

7nn
b..
 —l— Kh/iiv= 1000

—2— Kh/Kv= 100

—3— Kh/Kv=lCl

‘o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

production date (year)

Figure 16. the influence of KJK, on the effect of profile modification.

J/ I ,
:’3 g.: E2 :: u Es 85
Pi(JLiLICrif:Il (iat~ (ycarj

Figure 17. The curves of oil production variation and water cut variation
before and after water plug in, in Ren 66 well.

201
 .

.!I

/ \\
5

//”\

L
4

//’
3
Water Cut

I I , I

1 3 5 .7 9 11 12

Date (month)
Figure 18. The production curve of well 2434, Erzhong block 2454, Kelamayi oilfield.

—
79.10.31 80.3.8 80.7.11
79.10.18

Before plug After plug After acid Before plug

300tld 100200 l/d 100 3W C/d 200 400I/d

100

r r

~,
//
b
& 960 67
1
199.8 347 284

/
!?4
—.
—
=,
2-
974

978

!983
61
387
)9.5

242.7
b
44

Figure 19. The fluid production profile variation before and after
water plugging in yan 10 well , Huabei Yanling oilfield.

202
 5; o 10.0 15.0 T/d

3024 3024
3030 ).5% 3030
3034
3037.5 56%
1.0% 3050
3050

r
3079 3078
. ...
u an 21.5%
30%
3100

98%
3190 ?

Before water shut off After water shut off

Figure 20. The fluid production profile variation before
and after water shut off in Ren 221 well.

9 10 11 12 13 14 30 3,1 32 33 34 3S
Variation
I
.. .
4UU
\

A
{ Ufore Water Shut off Shut off
i
410.
i\
420<
I
\\
j \
31%

1 “/’
5!4

18%
35%
10%

‘/
Y

Figure 21. Temperature curve in well 2 – 17, Erzhong block, Kelamayi oilfield.

203
 n

“E
“o
l-l
I

I
I
, I
al
44 I ~~

g lot Valid Period of Water

al Shut off with Packers

>
..J

(u

g 01
678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
u cumulative oil production (lo’t)

Figure 22. The effect curve of water shut off with packers
in well 2— O—13, Shengto oilfield.

Lime Emuleion
= I@ I
1,
.J{. e”
n “E
-o ●a
,“
‘E ,.”
“o ,W ..”
c .“
w . . . . .*
.“o .
u ..”
‘1Q 10
.“
4
o . .“
1- .“
a ..
b ..
al 1= .
e
.
g, - ;“
a ..
.-> .
U
a
3
E
6 0
5 Cumulative oil production (103t) 480 495 500 505

Cumulative oil production (lo’t )

Figure 23. The effect curve of water shut off by
chemicals in well 3— 4— 19 ~ Shengto
Figure 24. The water floodin~ curve in Ren 11 well.
oilfield.

204
.

_fi 1001
“6
“o Lime Emulsion
c
C
o
“: 10-
z .,4 .
.
~
a .
4.I .
a .
~ .
.
1: i- .
.
>
.-
+
a .
3
E .
5
().1. 1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Cumulative oil production (104t )

Figure 25. The water flooding curve in Ren323 well.

On 16 Sept. 1984 on 16 Sept. 1985

1320

IT
. ..-
IJJ(I

1340

1350
11
1360

IIj37~

12.93m 24. 1]
1?80
13.63 15. 6]
13YI

1(00

34. 03DU I 8-$ zz=-- 34. 5j

14;0 ‘ ‘~~k. 75. 8]
L 32.73 I b

Figure 26. The water entry profile before and after ~rofile
modification in She 18 well, Liaohe oilfield.

9n5
-..
 7 June, 1991
23 Feb. 1991
pump hewn I 17MPs
Pump Preseure I 19MPa
QJ p.~&@ : ~?MPa
Od P-ure, 16M2%
Ddy 2njrctivityt 120m’
D8ily2niec4inty, 24SM’
234

23~o
1 16.1
11. s

1 232

23s0
6.0
1

I K

I4.6
2. 5-J 3.1

1
K
00

2370

1
4. 9-J 12.2

Lo 236 28.3

2s
I

2330
I 3.4
J
“-190.2
2216
,
1
1 31.3

~rh 8

T32
2330- 1

Figure 27. The water entry profile comparison before snd after profile
modification in-Pu 2— 261 well, Zhongyuan oilfield.

386 ‘ l@o n
x
357. 4“-
Before Shutoff I After Water Shut off
n- Y
~ ~2&8 -
I
= 300.2

’85>
157.2
- — Water Cut @

i 28.6 — oil Production

:
100 80 $
122458 1012246810
Time
- . . ..- (month)
. --------. ,

Figure 2S. The production curves before and after

the large pores and Chailncls arc plugged
iil S; fomation, blOCk 2, S!l Ctfi;:tCJ(Jiliicld.

206
. .

,.,,~
309
/“”y 314
Wp [Cumulative Water Production
Np: Cumulative Oil Production

Np(10’t)
319 324

Figure 29. The water flooding curves before andafter the large
pores and channels are plugged in S; formation.

ZQW
10U
I I I I I I

/
I I

o 50 10G 150 200 IQo

Figure 30. The water curves in kexiao formation, Erxi 1 block.

 o 200 400 600
.
.5 -,,,> . 1 ,
,1,-IQ
I 1 P I P

\
h
I

\ 1 1
Uncon6ncdModel
. . !-1! !
200 “
t- ‘A49Ji
P

400 1- I I I I

-td
Co

Figure3 Comparisonof TemperatureContours between Confined and Unconfined Model

(Wavy oil steamfloodPilot)

300

250-
Confimd Pilot

2m-
. .P.
/ ‘..
“..
1s0 - : ‘.

-.. -.
100. ..!’
#

50-

k
0+
_—--
0 2o0400eoomolm lzmlaolwol~m
-—. J ,.,-A -- n--
IIITMWICIIJOGUOll, -~

Figure 4 Compzukonof Oil Production Rate between Con&d and Unconfined Pilot
(Light Oil Resewoir)

177
Un

soo L

co
-%1 P

r A

[ P II

Figure 5 Comparisonof Temperature Contours between Confined and Unrxmlhd Model

(Light Oil Steamflood Pilot)

y--y --*--* --?---?---?

I I I I
I / / I I I

@-- Injector

I ● -- Producer

F -- Fully-confined
pattern

Ics -
I
- Sidepattern

Cornerpawrr
I
~J7~=a;@~Jq I

t_-+ --c+
--s+?
+_x+___+_+
&---& --A--& --A---i---i

Figure 6 Sixteen-Pattern Steamflood Project Used for Scale-Un

—rForecast
----——.Examnle
—.-_..r._

178
.

160 A

140

1. E . . . . . . Pmcliclion, Well Damages

20 I --------- .—.. .-. .

I
0 ml 4OO6OO8OO1OOO12OO 1400 1600 1800 2000

Time of Injection, Dayc

Figure 7 Comparison of Actusl and Predicted Oil Production tiom

Pilot Producers - Elk Hills Light Oil Stcsmtlood Pilot

160

I o Actual Pmdudii

140
t I — Predidton, No Oemage
I
1 ------ Prodklhn, Well Damagea

----
.- . ..-
4) - - . . .. . .. .
-..
= 40
o
20

0 2OO4OO6OO6OO1OOO 1200 1400 10W 16M 2000

Time of Injection, Dayc

Figure 8 Comparison of Actual and Predicted Oil Reduction born

Peripheral producers - Elk Hills Light Oil Steamflood Pilot

4 7n
I(Y