ASSIGNMENT 3B

%generating QPSK symbol sequence of 20000 symbols & plotting the constellation

>> konst_qpsk = exp(j*[pi/4 3*pi/4 5*pi/4 7*pi/4]);

>> qpsk = konst_qpsk(randint(20000,1,4)+1);

>> plot(qpsk,'o'); xlabel('Re'); ylabel('Im'); axis([-2 2 -2 2]);

Result

1.5

0.5

0
Im

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Re
%generating 8-PSK symbol sequence of 20000 symbols & plotting the constellation

>> konst_e8psk = exp(j*[pi/8 3*pi/8 5*pi/8 7*pi/8 9*pi/8 11*pi/8 13*pi/8 15*pi/8]);

>> e8psk = konst_e8psk(randint(20000,1,8)+1);

>> plot(e8psk,'o'); xlabel('Re'); ylabel('Im'); axis([-2 2 -2 2])

Result

1.5

0.5

0
Im

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Re
%generating 64-QAM symbol sequence of 20000 symbols & plotting the constellation

>>aqam = [-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7];

>>A = repmat(aqam,8,1);
>>B = flipud(A');
>>konst_qam = A + j*B;
>>konst_qam = konst_qam (:);
>>qam = konst_qam(randint(20000,1,64)+1);
>>plot(qam,'o'); xlabel('Re'); ylabel('Im');

Result

0
Im

-2

-4

-6

-8
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Re
%adding noise to the signal

>> nqam = randn(size(qam))+j*randn(size(qam)); %noise to be added to 64-QAM signal

>> nvqam = std(nqam)^2 %Variance of the noise to be added to 64-QAM signal

nvqam = 2.0099

>> nqpsk = randn(size(qpsk))+j*randn(size(qpsk)); %noise to be added to QPSK signal

>> nvqpsk = std(nqpsk)^2 %Variance of the noise to be added to QPSK signal

nvqpsk = 2.0108

>> svqpsk = std(qpsk)^2 %QPSK signal variance (power)

svqpsk = 1.0000

>> svqam = std(qam)^2 %QAM signal variance (power)

svqam = 41.8193

SNR = 20; %Plotting the constellation points in case of noise

p1 = std(qpsk)/(std(nqpsk)*10^(SNR/20));

snqpsk = qpsk+nqpsk*p1; % Add noise to signal

plot(snqpsk,'o');

Result

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
p2 = std(qam)/(std(nqam)*10^(SNR/20));

snqam = qam+nqam*p2; %Add noise to signal

plot(snqam,'o');

Result

10

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
SNR = 15;

p1 = std(qpsk)/(std(nqpsk)*10^(SNR/20));

snqpsk = qpsk+nqpsk*p1; % Add noise to signal

plot(snqpsk,'o');

Result

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
p2 = std(qam)/(std(nqam)*10^(SNR/20));

snqam = qam+nqam*p2; %Add noise to signal

plot(snqam,'o');

Result

10

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Similarly for SNR = 10;

Result

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

15

10

-5

-10

-15
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
For SNR = 5; Result

-1

-2

-3
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

20

15

10

-5

-10

-15

-20
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
% Signal Detection (symbol by symbol detection) for % QPSK

>>sn_block = repmat(snqpsk,1,4).';

>>konst_block = repmat(konst_qpsk,1,20000);

>>distance = abs(sn_block.' - konst_block);

>>[y,ind_1] = min(distance)

>>y = 0.0015

>>ind_1 = 4593

>>qpsk_det = qpsk(ind_1)

>>qpsk_det = -0.7071 + 0.7071i

% Signal Detection (symbol by symbol detection) for % QAM
>>sn_block = repmat(snqam,1,64).';
>>konst_block = repmat(konst_qam,1,20000);
>>[y,ind_2] = min(distance);
>>qam_det = konst_qam(ind_2);
% Symbol Error Probability (SEP) / Symbol Error Rate (SER) for % QPSK
>>SNR = 20;
>>d = sqrt(2);
>>sigma = std(real(nqpsk*p1));
>>Q = 0.5*erfc(d/(sqrt(2)*2*sigma));
>>sep_theo = 2*Q - Q^2
>>sep_theo = 1.1233e-023
>>number_of_errors = sum(qpsk ~= qpsk_det);
>> sep_simu = number_of_errors/20000
>>sep_simu =0.7492
 % sep_qpsk is mfile function
>>function [sep_theo, sep_simu ] = sep_qpsk(SNR)
>>d = sqrt(2);
>>konst_qpsk = exp(j*[pi/4 3*pi/4 5*pi/4 7*pi/4]);
>>qpsk = konst_qpsk(randint(20000,1,4)+1);
>>nqpsk = randn(size(qpsk))+j*randn(size(qpsk)); %noise to be added to QPSK signal
>>p1 = std(qpsk)/(std(nqpsk)*10^(SNR/20));
>>snqpsk = qpsk+nqpsk*p1; % Add noise to signal
>>sn_block = repmat(snqpsk,1,4).';
>>konst_block = repmat(konst_qpsk,1,20000);
>>distance = abs(sn_block.' - konst_block);
>>[y,ind_1] = min(distance);
>>qpsk_det = qpsk(ind_1);
>>sigma1 = std(real(nqpsk*p1));
>>Q = 0.5*erfc(d/(sqrt(2)*2*sigma1));
>>sep_theo = 2*Q - Q^2;
>>number_of_errors = sum(qpsk ~= qpsk_det);
>>sep_simu = number_of_errors/20000;

%Using for loop to calculate sep_theo & sep_simu for SNR values 0 to 10 db

>> for SNR=0:10

>>[sep_theo, sep_simu]= sep_qpsk(SNR)

>>sep_theo = [0.2941 0.2401 0.1980 0.1513 0.1092 0.0753 0.0462 0.0246 0.0121 0.0049 0.0016];

>>sep_simu = [0.7516 0.7538 0.7405 0.7507 0.7459 0.7461 0.7474 0.7514 0.7461 0.7538 0.7530];

>> SNR=[0:10];

>>plot(SNR, sep_theo); xlabel('SNR'); ylabel(' septheo '); grid on;

>>figure; plot(SNR, sep_simu); xlabel('SNR'); ylabel(' sepsimu '); grid on;
Result

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
s eptheo

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SNR

0.35

0.755
0.3

0.25

0.75
0.2
septheo
sepsimu

0.15

0.745
0.1

0.05

0.74
0
00 11 22 3
3 44 55 66 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
SNR
SNR
% 64-QAM (results and graphs)

function [sep_theo, sep_simu ] = sep_qam(SNR)

d = 2;
aqam = [-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7];
A = repmat(aqam,8,1);
B = flipud(A');
konst_qam = A + j*B;
konst_qam = konst_qam (:);
qam = konst_qam(randint(20000,1,64)+1);
nqam = randn(size(qam))+j*randn(size(qam)); %noise to be added to 64-QAM signal
p2 = std(qam)/(std(nqam)*10^(SNR/20));
snqam = qam+nqam*p2; %Add noise to signal
sn_block = repmat(snqam,1,64).';
konst_block = repmat(konst_qam,1,20000);
distance = abs(sn_block-konst_block);
[y,ind_2] = min(distance);
qam_det = konst_qam(ind_2);
sigma2 = std(real(nqam*p2));
Q = 0.5*erfc(d/(sqrt(2)*2*sigma2));
sep_theo = 3.5*Q - 3.0625*Q^2;
number_of_errors = sum(qam ~= qam_det);
sep_simu = number_of_errors/20000;
for SNR=15:25
[sep_theo, sep_simu]= sep_qam(SNR)

sep_theo = [0.3513 0.2740 0.2057 0.1432 0.0905 0.0509 0.0251 0.0106 0.0037 9.1196e-004 2.0702e-004];
sep_simu = [0.3458 0.2747 0.2049 0.1391 0.0910 0.0505 0.0240 0.0102 0.0037 0.0013 5.0000e-004];
SNR=[15:25];
plot(SNR, sep_theo); xlabel('SNR'); ylabel(' septheo '); grid on;
figure; plot(SNR, sep_simu); xlabel('SNR'); ylabel(' sepsimu '); grid on;
Results for sep_theo and sep_simu

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
s eptheo

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
s eps im u

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR
Answers to questions asked in assignment
1) Amplitudes and Phases for 8-QAM:

When using QAM, the constellation points are normally arranged in a square grid with equal vertical and
horizontal spacing and as a result the most common forms of QAM use a constellation with the number
of points equal to a power of 2 i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16 . . . .To provide an example of how QAM operates the table
below provides the bit sequences, and the associated amplitude and phase states. From this it can be
seen that a continuous bit stream may be grouped into threes and represented as a sequence of eight
permissible states.

Bit sequence Amplitude Phase (degrees)

000 1/2 0 (0°)
001 1 0 (0°)
010 1/2 π/2 (90°)
011 1 πi/2 (90°)
100 1/2 π (180°)
101 1 π (180°)
110 1/2 3πi/2 (270°)
111 1 3π/2 (270°)
Bit sequences, amplitudes and phases for 8-QAM

2) Effect of noise on signal

From the figs it is clear that as the value of SNR decreases from 20 to 5, Gaussian clouds around the constellation
points become more pronounced i.e. signal becomes more and more noisy.
3) Analytical method differs from the computer simulation?

The two methods are same in nature but different in implementation. One is based on statistical behavior of
communication channel, noise, computation etc, while other one is actually performing the experiment in an in-
deterministic way. And so are their results different.