ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

I. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives describe nouns

1. How to use:
- Before nouns:
VD:
There are so many historical buildings
- After the following verbs: be, become, get, seem, appear, look, smell, taste, feel…
VD:
The mosques are very beautiful
He seems happy to see you
- After “find/make/keep” + Object
VD:
If you want to make your trip enjoyable, do a lot of research
I find the insects frightening
- With other adjs or nouns to describe a noun:
VD:
A long tiring boat ride
2. The order of Adjectives
- Opinion -> characteristics
VD:
A beautiful Turkish carpet
- When there are more than one adj to describe characteristics:
Size -> temperature -> age -> shape -> colour -> nationality -> material -> type
VD:
Indian silk embroidery (nationality -> material)
Small mountain village (size -> type)
Hot black coffee (temp -> type/colour)
A beautiful old round table (opinion -> age -> shape)
- When there are two or more adjs after a V or a N, we use “and” between the last two

VD:

The people in my country are very welcoming and friendly

She is tall, skinny and beautiful.

- We also use “and” between 2 colours

VD:

The bird has blue and green feathers

3. Typical adjective endings

o -al: mathematical, chemical, functional
o -ful: beautiful, helpful, harmful
o -ic: terrific, artistic
 o -ive: attractive, intensive
o -less: hopeless, restless
o -ous: dangerous, adventurous, fabulous
o -y: oily, icey
o -ed: interested
o -ing: interesting

NOTES:

Adjectives connected with feelings (formed from V) have 2 possible forms: -ed & -ing

o We use -ed form to talk about how we feel

VD:
I am interested to see the Eiffel Tower
She was amazed at the variety of the animals
o We use -ing form to describe things or people that cause the feelings
VD:
Hanoi is an interesting city to visit
Vietnam is an amazing country

2. ADVERBS
Adverbs give information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Adverbs tell us:

- HOW (manner)
o Manner adv are often formed by adding –ly to the adj form:
VD:
Careful -> carefully
Happy -> happily
o Usually come after the Verb (and object, if there is one):
VD:
She runs quickly
I plan my trips carefully
- WHERE (place)
o Usually come after the V
VD:
I live near the old part of the city
It is the first time I have been there
- WHEN (time)
o Can go at the beginning or the end of a clause
VD:
Today, tomorrow, yesterday, next week, last month, now, since 2003, for 2
months
(Last year) I had a very memorable trip (last year)
- HOW OFTEN (frequency)
o Usually come before the V but after “be” or an auxiliary verb
VD:
Usually, often, sometimes, never, always, rarely….
 I often travel for my job
I have always enjoyed my visits there
- HOW MUCH (intensity)
o Affect the strength of adj or adv (come before adj or adv)
VD:

Weaker ======== Stronger

Fairly, quite, rather, Very, extremely, highly, Absolutely, completely,
pretty really totally

o The adverbs at the stronger end of the scale can only be used with some
adjectives (extreme adjectives)
VD:
Absolutely terrifying
Totally excellent
Completely exhausted
- ORDER OF ADV:

Manner -> place -> time

VD:

I will happily see you outside my house at 6 p.m

- IRREGULAR ADV:
o Similar to adj form:

Hard, fast, straight, late, early

o Hardly = very little

VD:
He hardly had time to say hello
o Good => well
Well (adj) = talking about health
VD:
She is not well