112 Formulas of Maths

Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV
› If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a :b then
b
new quantity =  original quantity
a
The fraction by which the original quantity is multiplied to get a new
quantity is called the factor multiplying ratio.
CA Foundation Paper 3
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› Inverse Ratio: One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is

1. Thus b : a is the inverse of a : b and vice-versa.
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› The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.

› Compounding two or more ratios means multiplying them.
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› A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.
2 2
a :b is the duplicate ratio of a:b
3 3
a :b is the triplicate ratio of a:b
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a: b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a:b
3 3
a: b is the sub-triplicate ratio of a:b
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› Continued Ratio: is the relation or comparison between the

magnitudes of three or more quantities of same kind.
› The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c can be written
as a:b:c
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› Cross Product Rule: If a : b = c : d are in proportion then ad = bc
Product of extremes = Product of means
› Continuous Proportion: Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in

same units) are said to be in continuous proportion if a : b = b : c
a b
= b = ac
2
b c
7
here, a = first proportional, c = third proportional and
b is mean proportional (because b is GM of a and c)
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
› Invertendo
If a : b = c : d, then
b:a = d :c
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› Alternendo
a:c = b:d
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› Componendo
a + b:b = c + d :d
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› Dividendo
a −b:b = c − d :d
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› Componendo and Dividendo
a+b c+d
=
a −b c −d
a −b c −d
=
a+b c+d
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› Addendo
If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k
a + c + e + ...
then =k
b + d + f + ...
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› Subtrahendo
If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k
then a − c − e + ...
=k
b − d − f + ...
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Indices – Standard Results
› Any base raised to the power zero is defined to be 1
a =1
0
› Roots can also be expressed in the form of power.
1
r
a =a r
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Law 1
m+n
a a = a
m n
› If two or more terms with same base are multiplied, we can make
them one term having the same base and power as sum of all
powers.
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Law 2
m
a
m−n
n
= a
a
› If two or more terms with same base are in division, we can make
them one term having the same base and power as difference of
power.
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Law 3
(a )
n
mn
m
=a
› If a term having power is raised to another power, we can do
product of powers to simplify the expression
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Law 4
(a  b)
n
= a b
n n
› If a product of two or more terms is raised to power, we can split

the two terms with same individual power to each one of them.
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Calculator Trick for Power
Base × = = = =
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Calculator Trick for Reciprocal
÷ =
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Calculator Trick for any root
Base √ √ √ … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 −1 ÷ 𝑛
+1 ×= ×= ×= … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
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Calculator Trick for any power (including non integer)
Base √ √ √ … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 −1 × 𝑛
+1 ×= ×= ×= …
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Log Conditions
› The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to
which the base must be raised to produce the number, i.e. to make it
equal to the given number.
3 = 81 log 3 81 = 4
4
› If a x = n then log a n = x
› Conditions:
– Number should be positive
– Base should be positive
– Base cannot be equal to one
n  0, a  0, a  1
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Standard Results of Log
› Log of a number with same base as number is equal to 1
log a a = 1
› Log of 1 (one) for any base is equal to zero
log a 1 = 0
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Law 1
› Logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the
logarithms of the numbers to the same base
log a mn = log a m + log a n
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Law 2
› The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the
difference of their logarithms to the same base
m
log a = log a m − log a n
n
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Law 3
› Logarithm of the number raised to the power is equal to the index
of the power multiplied by the logarithm of the number to the same
base.
log a m = n log a m
n
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Change of Base Theorem
› If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the

logarithm of the same number to any other base can be
determined from the following relation
log m log a m
log b m = =
log b log a b
log b a  log a b = 1
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Base of Log
› Common Log’s Base
10
› Natural Log’s Base
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Quadratic Equation
› Equation having degree = 2 is called as Quadratic Equation
› QE will have two roots/ solutions usually denoted by ,
› Equation Format
ax + bx + c = 0
2
where,
a is coefficient of x2
b is coefficient of x
c is constant
a≠0
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Solution of Quadratic Equation
ax + bx + c = 0
2
› Formula to calculate roots:
−b  b − 4ac 2
2a
where,
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b is coefficient of x
c is constant
a≠0
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Sum and Product of Roots of QE
ax + bx + c = 0
2
› Sum of roots
b
 + =−
a
c
› Product of roots  =
a
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› Construction of Quadratic Equation

If sum of roots and product of roots are given, equation can be constructed in the below
manner:
x − ( +  ) x +  = 0
2
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› Concept of discriminant – to get nature of roots

Discriminant of QE is the mathematical expression which is used to understand nature of
roots of QE, it is expressed as below:
b − 4ac
2
Condition Nature of Roots

b 2 − 4ac = 0 Real and Equal
b 2 − 4ac  0 Imaginary
b 2 − 4ac  0 Real and Unequal
b 2 − 4ac  0 and a perfect square Real, Unequal and Rational
b 2 − 4ac  0 & not a perfect square Real, Unequal and Irrational
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› Conjugate Pairs
– If one root of the equation is
m+ n
– The other one is surely
m− n
– This pair is called as conjugate pairs
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Simple Equation
› Equation of one degree and having one unknown variable is
simple.
› A simple equation has only one root.
› Form of Equation:
ax + b = 0
where,
a is coefficient of x
b is constant
a≠0
› Solution Method – Direct basic algebra
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Simultaneous Linear Equations (two unknowns)
› Here we always deal with two equations as it consist of 2
unknowns
› Form:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
where,
a is coefficient of x
b is coefficient of y
c is constant
a≠0
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Methods of Solution Simultaneous Linear Equations
› Elimination Method: In this method two given linear equations are reduced to a linear
equation in one unknown by eliminating one of the unknowns and then solving for the
other unknown.
› Substitution Method: equation is written in the form of one variable in LHS and that value
is substituted in other equation.
› Cross Multiplication Method: Formula based method
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 x y 1
= =
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 b1c2 − b2c1 c1a2 − c2 a1 a1b2 − a2b1
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Cubic Equation
› Form:
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
where,
b is coefficient of x2
c is coefficient of x
d is constant
a≠0
› Method of solution: Trial and Error
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Addition/Subtraction of Matrices
› Property
– Commutative Law:
A+ B = B + A
– Associative Law: ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )
– Distributive Law: k ( A + B ) = kA + kB
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Multiplication of Matrices
› Condition
– The product A x B of two matrices A and B is defined only if the number of
columns in Matrix A is equal to the number of rows in Matrix B.
Amn  Bn p = ABm p
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Determinant – 2x2
› If a square matrix of order 2 x 2 is given
 a11 a12  a11 a12

A=  det A =
 a21 a22  a21 a22
det A = a11  a22 − a12  a21
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Determinant – 3x3
› If a square matrix of order 3 x 3 is given
 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12 a13

A =  a21 a22 a23  det A = a21 a22 a23
a a33 
 31 a32 a31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

det A = a11 − a12 + a13
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a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
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Minors and Cofactors
› Minor of the element of a determinant is the determinant of Mij by
deleting ith row and jth column in which element is existing.
Cij = ( −1)
i+ j
M ij
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Inverse of Matrix
−1
1
𝐴 = × 𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
det 𝐴
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Cramer’s Rule
𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥 = ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
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Simple Interest
P.r.t
SI =
100
P = principal value
r = rate of interest per annum
t = time period in years
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Simple Interest
› Amount as per SI
P.r.t rt
A = P + SI = P + = P (1 + )
100 100
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Conversion Period
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Compound Interest Amount
– Calculation of Accumulated Amount under CI denoted by A
A = P (1 + i ) n
where,
P = Initial Principal
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods
r%
i= n = t  noccpy
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nocppy
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Compound Interest Amount by Trick
› Calculator Tricks for Amount as per CI
– Example: P= 1000, i = 10%, n = 3 then
Calculator Steps to obtain A:
1000 + 10 % + 10 % + 10 %
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Compound Interest
› Formula for Compound Interest
– Calculation of Compound Interest Value denoted by CI
CI = P[(1 + i ) − 1] n
– where,
P = Initial Principal
i = adjusted interest rate r%
n = no. of periods
i= n = t  noccpy
nocppy
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Effective Rate of Interest
E = [(1 + i ) − 1] n
where,
n = no. of periods in a year
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Future Value – Single Cashflow
FV = CF (1 + i ) n
where,
CF = Single Cashflow of which FV is to be calculated
n = no. of periods
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Future Value – Annuity Regular
FVAR = Ai  FVAF (n, i )

Future Value Annuity Factor:
It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
to obtain Final Future Value
[(1 + i ) − 1]  n
FVAR = Ai   
 i 
where,
FVAR = Future Value of Annuity Regular
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
FVAF = Future Value Annuity Factor
n = no. of periods
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Future Value – Annuity Due
› Formula:
Future Value Annuity Factor:
FVAD = Ai  FVAF (n, i )  (1 + i ) It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
to obtain Final Future Value
[(1 + i ) n − 1] 
FVAD = Ai     (1 + i )
 i 
where,
FVAD= Future Value of Annuity Due
FVAF = Future Value Annuity Factor
n = no. of periods
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Present Value – Single Cashflow
CF
PV =
(1 + i ) n
where,
CF = Single Cashflow for which PV is to be calculated
n = no. of periods
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Compounding and Discounting Factor
› Compounding
– Finding Future Value of any Cashflow
– Compounding Factor:
(1 + i ) n
› Discounting
– Finding Present Value of any Cashflow
– Discounting Factor:
1

(1 + i ) n
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Present Value – Annuity Regular
PVAR = Ai  PVAF (n, i )

1  1  Present Value Annuity Factor:
It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
PVAR = Ai    1 − n  to obtain Final Present Value
 i  (1 + i ) 
where,
PVAR = Present Value of Annuity Regular
PVAF = Present Value Annuity Factor
n = no. of periods
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Calculator trick of PVAF
1 + i  = = ...n − times GT
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Present Value – Annuity Due
PVAD =  Ai  PVAF (n − 1), i + Ai

where,
PVAD = Present Value of Annuity Due
PVAF = Present Value Annuity Factor
n = no. of periods
n-1 = one lesser period
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Perpetuity
Ai
PVP =
i
where,
PVP = Present Value of Perpetuity
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Growing Perpetuity
Ai
PVGP =
i−g
where,
PVGP = Present Value of Growing Perpetuity
g = growth rate
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Net Present Value
› Formula
– NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows – Present Value of Cash Outflows
› Decision Base:
– If NPV ≥ 0, accept the proposal, If NPV < 0, reject the proposal
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Real Rate of Return
› Meaning:
– The real interest rate is named so to show what a lender or investor receives
in real terms after inflation is factored in.
› Formula:
– Real Rate of Return = Nominal Rate of Return – Rate of Inflation
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CAGR
› Compounded Annual Growth rate is the interest rate we used in
Compound Interest.
› It is used to see returns on investment on yearly basis
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Rules of Counting
› Multiplication Rule
– If certain thing may be done in ‘m’ different ways and when it has been done,
a second thing can be done in ‘n ‘ different ways then total number of ways
of doing both things simultaneously is (m × n) ways
› Addition Rule
– It there are two alternative jobs which can be done in ‘m’ ways and in ‘n’ ways
respectively then either of two jobs can be done in (m + n) ways
Word Used Use

OR + Plus
AND × Product
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Factorial
› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 … 3.2.1
› 𝑛! = 1.2.3 … 𝑛 − 2 𝑛 − 1 𝑛
› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 !
› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 !
› 0! = 1
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Factorial Values
Value of n Value of n! Value of n Value of n!

1 1 8 40320
2 2 9 362880
3 6 10 3628800
4 24 11 39916800
5 120 12 479001600
6 720 13 6227020800
7 5040 14 871178291200
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Theorem of Permutations
Number of Permutations when 𝑟 objects are chosen out of 𝑛 different
objects
𝑛 𝑛!
𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
Few Observations:
𝑛≥𝑟
𝑛 is a positive integer
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Particular Case of theorem (n = r)
Number of Permutations when 𝑛 objects are chosen out of 𝑛
different objects
𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛!
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Special Formula (Must Remember)
(𝑛 + 1)! – 𝑛! = 𝑛. 𝑛!
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Circular Permutations
› Theorem:
– The number of circular permutations of n different things chosen
at a time is (𝑛– 1)!
– Note: this theorem applies only when we choose all of n things
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Circular Permutations (Type II)
› number of ways of arranging n persons along a closed curve so
that no person has the same two neighbours is
1
𝑛−1 !
2
› Same formula will apply if ask is to find number of different forms of necklaces/ garlands
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Permutation with Restriction : Theorem 1
› Number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time
when a particular object is not taken in any arrangement is
𝑛−1
𝑃𝑟
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Permutations with Restrictions : Theorem 2
› Number of permutations of r objects out of n distinct objects when
a particular object is always included in any arrangement is
𝑛−1
𝑟. 𝑃𝑟−1
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Relation between restriction theorem
𝑛−1
𝑃𝑟 + 𝑟. 𝑃𝑟−1 =
𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑃𝑟
One particular thing

always included
Total
Permutations
One particular thing

always excluded
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No. of ways when things are never together
Ways of Never Together =
Total ways – Ways of always together
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Theorem of Combinations
Number of Combinations when 𝑟 objects are chosen out of 𝑛
different objects
𝑛 𝑛!
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
Few Observations:
›𝑛≥𝑟
› 𝑛 is a positive integer
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Linkage of PNC Theorems
𝑛
𝑛 𝑃𝑟
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟!
Few Observations:
›𝑛≥𝑟
› 𝑛 is a positive integer
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Special Result of Combinations
𝑛
𝐶0 = 1
𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = 1
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Complimentary Combinations
𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟
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Special Formula of Combination
𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶𝑟−1
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Combinations of one or more
Combinations of n different things taking one or more out of n things
at a time
2𝑛 −1
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Geometry in PNC
Particulars Tips to Solve
No. of Straight Lines with 𝑛
the given 𝑛 points 𝐶2
2 is used as we need to select two points to make a line
No. of Triangles with the 𝑛
given 𝑛 points 𝐶3
3 is used as we need to select two points to make a line
Adjustment of Collinear If there are collinear points in any problem, no. of lines or
Points triangles formed using those points should be deducted
from total no. of lines/ triangles
No. of Parallelogram with
𝑛 𝑚
the given one set of 𝑚 𝐶 × 𝐶
2 2
parallel lines and another
Selecting 2 lines from each set of parallel lines
set of 𝑛 parallel lines
No. of Diagonals 𝑛
𝐶2 − 𝑛
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Common Difference of AP
d = t2 − t1 = t3 − t2 = ... = tn − tn −1
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General Term of an AP
tn = a + (n − 1)d
where,
a = first term
d = common difference
n = position number of term
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tn = a + (n − 1)d
Calculator Trick:
a  d = = = ... =
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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Sum of first n terms of an AP
n n
S n = ( a + tn ) Sn = 2a + (n − 1)d 
2 2
where,
a = first term
d = common difference
tn = nth term of AP
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Sum of first n terms of an AP
n n
S n = ( a + tn ) Sn = 2a + (n − 1)d 
2 2
Calculator Trick
a  d = = = ... = GT + a
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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Sum of first n natural or counting numbers
n(n + 1)
S=
2
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Sum of first n odd numbers
S =n 2
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Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
S=
6
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Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers
2
 n(n + 1) 
S = 
 2 
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Common Ratio of GP
t 2 t3 t n
r= = =
t1 t2 tn −1
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General Term of an GP
n −1
tn = ar
where,
a = first term
r = common ratio
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n −1
tn = ar
Calculator Trick:
r  a = = = ... =
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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Sum of first n terms of a GP
a (1 − r ) n
a (r − 1) n
Sn = Sn =
1− r r −1
Use when r < 1 Use when r > 1
where,
a = first term
r = common ratio
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Sum of first n terms of a GP
a (1 − r ) n
a (r − 1)
n
Sn = Sn =
1− r r −1
Calculator Trick
r  a = = = ... = GT + a
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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Sum of Infinite Geometric Series
a
S = Can be used only
if -1 < r < 1
1− r
where,
a = first term
r = common ratio
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Subset
› No. of possible subset of any set
Total = 2𝑛
Proper= 2 -1
𝑛
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De Morgan’s Law
› (P∪Q)’ = P’∩Q’
› (P∩Q)’ = P’∪Q’
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2 Set Operations Formulas
› n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
– Proof:
› Example: A = {6, 2, 4, 1} B = {2, 4, 3}
104
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
3 Set Operations Formula
› n(A∪B∪C) =
n(A) + n(B) + n(C) –
n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) +
n(A∩B∩C)
105
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
Composition of Functions
› 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
› 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]
106
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
Step Method of finding inverse of f
1. Write your function in the form of y

– 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2. From above expression, find the value of 𝑥

– 𝑥=
3. Interchange value of x and y, now the RHS is Inverse function

– 𝑦=
107
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
Differentiation Basic Formulas
𝒇 ( 𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅 𝒏
𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 ) 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(𝒆 ) 𝒆𝒙
𝒅
(𝒂𝒙 ) 𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒂
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
(𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(𝒆 ) 𝒂𝒆𝒂𝒙
108
𝒅 𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒙
Formula marathon
Basic Laws of Differentiation
Function Derivative of the Function
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄. 𝒇(𝒙) where c is a real constant, scalar 𝒅 𝒅

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄. {𝒇(𝒙)}
multiplication of function 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± {𝒈(𝒙)}
sum/ difference of function 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙)
Product of functions 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒅 𝒅
109
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒈( 𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒉( 𝒙 ) = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Quotient of Function
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟐
Formula marathon
Cost and Revenue Functions
Cost Function y = C ( x)
C ( x)
Average Cost A( x) =
x
Average Cost is
minimum or maximum A '( x) = 0
when
dC
Marginal Cost M ( x) =
dx
Marginal Cost is
minimum or maximum M '( x) = 0
when
dR
110
Marginal Revenue MR( x) =
dx
Formula marathonQUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3

Integration – Basic Formulas
111
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
Integration by Parts – ILATE Rule
112
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1

112 Formulas of Maths

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112 Formulas of Maths

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Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a :b then

› Inverse Ratio: One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is

› The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.

› A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.

a: b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a:b

› Continued Ratio: is the relation or comparison between the

› Cross Product Rule: If a : b = c : d are in proportion then ad = bc

Product of extremes = Product of means

› Continuous Proportion: Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in

› Componendo and Dividendo

If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k

If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k

› Roots can also be expressed in the form of power.

› If a product of two or more terms is raised to power, we can split

log a mn = log a m + log a n

› If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the

› Formula to calculate roots:

› Construction of Quadratic Equation

› Concept of discriminant – to get nature of roots

Condition Nature of Roots

› Method of solution: Trial and Error

Amn  Bn p = ABm p

 a11 a12  a11 a12

det A = a11  a22 − a12  a21

 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12 a13

a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

– Example: P= 1000, i = 10%, n = 3 then

Calculator Steps to obtain A:

FVAR = Ai  FVAF (n, i )

PVAR = Ai  PVAF (n, i )

PVAD =  Ai  PVAF (n − 1), i + Ai

Word Used Use

Value of n Value of n! Value of n Value of n!

– Note: this theorem applies only when we choose all of n things

One particular thing

One particular thing

Ways of Never Together =

Total ways – Ways of always together

› 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

1. Write your function in the form of y

2. From above expression, find the value of 𝑥

3. Interchange value of x and y, now the RHS is Inverse function

Function Derivative of the Function

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄. 𝒇(𝒙) where c is a real constant, scalar 𝒅 𝒅

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒈(𝒙)

Formula marathonQUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3

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