Muhammed Saleem K A

GHSS Alampady
Kasaragod
9446736276

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Why seasons change?

Variations in the amount of sunshine

Reasons for The Earth's revolution and the tilt of the axis
the variation

Elliptical orbit
Revolution that the Earth
revolves around
the Sun
 Revolution Period 365 Days

The Earth
Takes 1 Year
365 Days
5 Hours
48 Minutes
45 Seconds
to complete Days
1 Revolution

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 Leap Year 366 Days

2017 365 + 1/4

2018 365 + 1/4
2019 365 + 1/4
2020 366
Parallelism of the Earth's axis

Earth is tilted at an
angle of 661⁄2°
from the orbital plane
and 231⁄2°
from the vertical plane.
Video
The Earth maintains this
tilt throughout More information
its revolution From samagra

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 Apparent
movement of the Sun

Since the parallelism

is maintained same
throughout the revolution,
the position of the Sun
in relation to the Earth
varies apparently
between
Tropic of Cancer
(231⁄2° North)
and Tropic of Capricorn
(231⁄2° South) The apparent movement of the Sun,
due to the inclination of axis,
is the reason for the occurrence of seasons
 Variation in the amount of solar
energy received on earth
due to the apparent movement of the sun

Temperature will be
higher over places where
the vertical rays of the sun fall

Temperature will be
low at places where the
sun's rays are slanting

The sun's rays fall vertically

over one hemisphere
during one half of the year and on the
other hemisphere during the other half

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 Seasons and
apparent movement of the Sun

As a result of the
apparent movement
of the sun different
seasons - Spring,
Summer, Autumn
and Winter
- get repeated in a
cyclic manner
 Activity

Characteristics of different
seasons are clearly felt in the mid
latitudinal or temperate zones

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March 21
Equinoxes

* The sun is vertically over the equator

* Equal amount of sunlight is
received in both hemisphere
* Equal Day and Night
* These days are called Equinoxes
* The Northern Hemisphere generally experiences spring season between 21 March and 21 June
* The season of transition from winter to summer
* Plants sprouting, mango trees blooming and jackfruit trees bearing buds and the like
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 June 21
Summer Solstice

* The sun will be vertically

above the Tropic of Cancer

* Longest day in the northern hemisphere.

* Longest night in the southern hemisphere.

 As the sun is in the northern hemisphere from March
to September, it will be summer in the northern hemisphere
September 23
Equinoxes

* The sun is vertically over the equator

* Equal amount of sunlight is
received in both hemisphere
* Equal Day and Night
* These days are called Equinoxes
* It is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere from 23 September to 22 December
* Transition from the severity of summer towards winter
* Atmospheric temperature decreases
* The trees generally shed their leaves
December 22
Winter Solstice

* The sun will be vertically

above the Tropic of Capricon
* Longest day in the southern hemisphere
* Longest night in the northern hemisphere

More Videos
During the period from September to March,
it will be winter in the northern hemisphere
 90° North Pole
Northern
Artic Circle 661⁄2° North
Hemisphere

Tropic of Cancer June 21 231⁄2° North

July May
April
August
Equator 0°
September 23 March 21
October November February
January

Tropic of Capricon 231⁄2° South

December 22

Antartic Circle 661⁄2° South

Southern
Hemisphere ദക്ഷിണധ്രുവം 90°
 Seasons‍
Months‍ The apparent
Northern Southern
movement of the sun hemisphere hemisphere
March 21 to From the Equator
June 21 to Tropic of Cancer
Spring Autumn
June 21 to From Tropic of Cancer Summer
September 23 to the Equator Winter
September 23 From the Equator to
to December 22 Tropic of Capricon
Autumn Spring
December 22 From Tropic of Capricon Winter Summer
to March 21 to the Equator
Activity
Utharayanam 90°
North Pole
Northern
Northward Artic Circle Hemisphere
661⁄2° North
apparent
movement
from Tropic Tropic of Cancer June 21 231⁄2° North
of
Capricorn Equator 0°
(231⁄2°S) and
it culminates Tropic of Capricon 231⁄2° South
on Tropic December 22

of Cancer
Antartic Circle 661⁄2° South
(231⁄2°N) Southern
Hemisphere South Pole
90°
 Dakshinayanam
North Pole 90°
Northern
Southward Artic Circle Hemisphere
661⁄2° North
apparent
movement
Tropic of Cancer June 21 231⁄2° North
From
Tropic of
Cancer Equator 0°
(231⁄2° N) and it
Culminates Tropic of Capricon 231⁄2° South
December 22
on Tropic of
Capricorn Antartic Circle 661⁄2° South
(231⁄2° S) Southern
Hemisphere South Pole 90°

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 When the sun is above Tropic of Cancer,
continuous day light is received for six months
throughout in the places within the Arctic Circle
During the remaining six months,
when the sun is in the southern hemisphere,
It will be six months of night throughout in the
places within the Arctic Circle.
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Rotation and calculation of time

Indian time is different from other countries-Why?

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 Time calculation in ancient period

Local time
Based on the apex position of the Sun and
the length of the shadow cast by it Calculation of time when the
Sun is vertically overhead
ACTIVITY
Scientific calculation of time

* The Earth rotates from west to east

* It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation

* The Sun rises in the east

 North

The people of Indian state

who see the sun first –
Arunachal Pradesh

West East

South
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 * The angular distance of the earth
180° is 360º
* One longitude in each degree
* Total 360 longitude
* Required 24 hours to rotate 360 º
* 1 hour = 60 Minutes
* 24 X 60 = 1440
* Required 1440 Minutes
90° to rotate 360º
90° * To rotate 1º - 1440/360 =
WEST EAST 4 Minutes
* To rotate 15º - 15X4=60 (1Hour)
* 1 hour needed to rotate 15º

That is, 15° longitudinal

area of the earth passes by
0° the sun within a period
of one hour
 11.48 AM 11.56 AM 12.04 PM 12.12 PM
11.44 AM 11.52 AM 12 PM 12.08 PM 12.16 PM

4º 3º 2º 1º 0º 1º 2º 3º 4º
EAST
WEST
From a definite longitude, the time is estimated to increase by 4 minutes towards the east
and decrease by 4 minutes towards the west for every degree of longitude
8 AM 9 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM

30º 30º
60º 45º 15º
0º 15º 45º 60º

WEST EAST
For every 15º longitude, the time is estimated to increase
by 1 hour towards the east and decrease by 1 hour towards the west.
Greenwich time (GMT)

* The zero degree (0º) longitude

* It acquires its name from Greenwich, the place

where the Royal British observatory is situated

* Time is calculated worldwide is

based on the Greenwich line

* Hence this line is also known

as the prime meridian

* The local time at the prime meridian

is known as the Greenwich Mean Time Greenwich
line
Time zones

Based on the
Greenwich line,
the world
is divided
into 24 zones,
each with
a time difference
of one hour
Standard Time

* The local time would be different at each longitude.

* calculating the local time based on the longitude
create lot of Confusion.
* To solve this, the local time at the longitude that passes
through the middle of a country is selected
as the common time for the whole country.
* Each country in the world considers the longitude
that passes almost through its
middle as the standard meridian.
* The local time at the standard meridian
is the standard time of that country.
 The Countries with large longitudinal extent estimates more than
one local time by considering more than one standard meridian-
Why?

More information about

Countries
more than one standard meridian

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Indian Standard Time (IST)

82½ longitudes has been fixed as

º
the standard meridian of India
The longitudinal extent of India is from 68°E to 97°E

68+97=165
165/2=82½
The middle longitude of India 82½ º
This longitude is generally considered as
the common time of India
This is known as the Indian Standard Time
International Date Line
To West from Greenwich To East from Greenwich
Longitude Days Time Longitude Days Time
The time 15º Monday 9 am 15º Monday 11 am
at each 15° 30º Monday 8 am 30º Monday 12 pm
longitude
east and west 45º Monday 7 am 45º Monday‍ 1 pm

of the 60º Monday 6 am 60º Monday‍ 2 pm

Greenwich 75º Monday 5 am 75º Monday 3 pm
Line up to 180° Monday 4 am Monday 4 pm
90º 90º
Longitude
When 105º Monday 3 am 105º Monday 5 pm
Greenwich 120º Monday 2 am 120º Monday 6 pm
Time is Monday 1 am Monday 7 pm
135º 135º
10 am
on Monday 150º Monday‍ 12 am 150º Monday 8 pm

165º Sunday 11pm 165º Monday 9 pm

180º Sunday 10 pm 180º Monday‍ 10 pm

* There is a difference of 24 hours, at 180° longitude to the east and west of Greenwich

10 PM 10 PM
Monday Sunday

10 AM
Monday
* Adjustments have been made avoiding the land areas along the 180° longitude
* Note the longitude marked with broken lines.
* The line is so arranged as to avoid some of the islands to the south of the
Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean.
* From the east calculate time by advancing one day and from the west deduct one day
* This imaginary line is known as the International Date Line
 180º

Sunday‍10 PM
Monday 10 PM
Gain Loss
WEST EAST

0º More about International

Date Line
Activity

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 Let’s calculate time
What will be the time in India when it is 12 noon at Greenwich?

(0º)
Greenwich
India 82°30 E
East
West‍

* The longitudinal difference between India and Greenwich = 82°30

* The time difference for 15° longitude = 1 hour
* The time difference for 82°30 longitude = 51⁄2 hours ( 5 hours 30 minutes)
* As India is located to the east of Greenwich, the time in India
will be 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
* Therefore the time at India = Time at Greenwich + Time difference
= 12 Noon + 5 hours 30 minutes = 5.30 pm
 Let’s calculate time
What will be the time in Japan (135° East) when it is 11 pm on Monday in India?

(0º)
Greenwich

East Japan
West‍
135° E

* The longitudinal difference between India and Japan = 135°- 82°30 = 52°30
* Time difference for 1° longitude is 4 minutes.
* Time difference for 52°30 longitude = 52 1⁄2 X 4 = 210 minutes = 3 hours 30 minutes
* As Japan is situated at the east of India, the time in Japan
would be 3 hours and 30 minutes ahead of that time in India.
* When it is 11 pm on Monday in India, the time in Japan
= 11 pm Monday + 3 hours 30 minutes = 2.30 am Tuesday
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For every 15º
longitude, West Greenwich Lane East
the time is
estimated to 5 am 7 am 9 am 11 am 1 pm 3 pm 5 pm
increase 8 am 12 pm
by 1 hour towards 4 am 6 am 10 am 2 pm 4 pm 6 pm
the east and
decrease 90º 75º 60º 45º 30º 15º 15º 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 105º 120º
by 1 hour
towards the west. 0 Degree
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 Muhammed Saleem K A
GHSS Alampady
Kasaragod
9446736276

visit www.shenischool.in whatsapp 7012498606