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Per Microproject 2137-2140
Per Microproject 2137-2140
VIDYAVARDHINI’S
BHAUSAHEB VARTAK POLYTECHNIC
MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2020-2021
TITLE OF PROJECT
Levers and applications in Engg practice. Design procedure of hand lever
&problem
Certificate
Place:
Date:
ACTIONS PLAN:
Name of
Planned Start Planned
Sr. No. Details of Activity Responsible
Date Finished Date
Team Member
1. Making of Chart Shubh Mistry
Hardik
2. Making of Report
Kharkhandi
NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS:
Marks of out of 6 Marks out of 4
Roll Name of performance in for individual Total out
Sr. No.
No. Students. group activity. (D5 performance. of 10.
Col. 8) (D5 Col.9)
1. 2137 Shubh Mistry.
2. 2138 Mangesh Rajput.
Hardik
3. 2139
Kharakhandi.
4. 2140 Omkar Tare
1. Presentation (oral)
2. VIVA
Rationale:
Power producing and absorbing devices are essentials for mechanical
engineering. It is necessary for mechanical engineering technologists
to analyze working and plot the performance of devices like internal
combustion engines, air compressor, gas turbines so that he will able
to operate them effectively in an industrial situation. This knowledge
is also useful in selecting suitable prime mover for given application
and to maintain and test the same. This course is also given basic
exposure of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment which play
a vital role in maintaining controlled atmosphere in different
domestic and industrial applications. A separate elective course
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning is also available in sixth semester
for in-depth knowledge of course.
INDEX
SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1) INTRODUCTION
2) CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE
FOUR STROKE PETROL/DIESEL
3)
ENGINE
4) TWO STROKE S.I. AND C.I. ENGINES
5) VALVE TIMING DAIGRAM
6) REFRENCE AND RESOURCES
Content (Report of Micro-Project)
Lever
Introduction
Lever is a simple mechanical device, in the form of a straight or curved link or a rigid rod,
pivoted about the fulcrum. It works on the principle of moments and is used to get
mechanical advantage and sometimes to facilitate the application of force in a desired
direction. Examples of levers are: straight tommy bar used to operate screw jack, bell crank
lever, rocker arm, lever of lever loaded safety valve etc. Figure shows the construction of a
simple lever. P is the applied effort required to overcome load, W.
Ratio of load to effort is called Mechanical Advantage and ratio of effort arm length to load
arm length is called leverage.
Depending upon the position of load point, effort point and fulcrum, levers are classified
into following classes:
Lever having the fulcrum located between the load point and effort point is
Class I called Class I lever. Examples are rocker arm, bell crank lever etc.
Levers Mechanical advantage of such levers is greater than one as effort arm is larger
than the load arm.
Lever having load point located between the fulcrum and effort point is called
Class II Class II lever. Lever used in safety valve is an example of lever of this class.
Levers The effort arm is larger than the load arm; therefore the mechanical advantage
is more than one.
Lever having effort point located between the fulcrum and load point is called
Class III lever. The effort arm, in this case, is smaller than the load arm;
Class III
therefore the mechanical advantage is less than one. Due to this, the use of
Levers
such type of levers is not recommended. However a pair of tongs, the treadle
of a sewing machine etc. are examples of this type of lever.
Design of Lever
Design of lever involves determination of various dimensions of the lever for a specified
load or output force required. For a specified load or output force desired, effort required
can be calculated using principle of moments. Due to these forces, arms of the lever are
subjected to bending and are designed based on that. Reaction force acting on the fulcrum
can be calculated. Fulcrum of the lever is a pin joint and is designed based on bending and
bearing considerations. Design procedure is discussed below.
Determination of Forces
If the load and effort are parallel to each other, as shown in figure, reaction on the fulcrum
is the algebraic sum of these two forces. But if the load and effort are inclined to each other
at an angle q, as shown in figure, reaction (R) at the fulcrum can be determined as:
Design of Lever Arms
Arms are subjected to bending moment and their section is estimated from bending stress
consideration. Figure 29.4 shows lever with fulcrum located between the load and the effort
point. Bending moment is zero at the point of application of forces and is maximum at the
fulcrum. Maximum Bending Moment is given by,
Most commonly used sections for lever arms are: rectangular, elliptical and I-section.
Values of moment of inertia, I and distance of farthest fibre from neutral axis, y for these
sections are given in table.
Design of Fulcrum
Fulcrum of lever is a pin joint as shown in figure. Pin is designed based on bearing and
bending considerations as discussed below.
Bearing Failure
The permissible bearing pressure ([Pbearing]) depends upon relative velocity, frequency of
relative motion and the lubrication condition between the pin and the bush. The usual range
of allowable bearing pressure for brass/bronze bush and steel pin is 10-25 N/mm 2. Lower
values are used for high relative velocity, frequent motion and intermittent lubrication
conditions. If dp and lp are diameter and length of the pin respectively, bearing pressure is
given by,
Shear Failure:
Pin is subjected to double shear and maximum shear stress is given
by,
Bending Failure
As discussed in the design of pin for knuckle joint, when the pin is loose in the eye, which
is a desired condition here for relative motion, pin is subjected to bending moment. It is
assumed that: Load acting on the pin is uniformly distributed in the eye and uniformly
varying in the two parts of the fork. Maximum Bending Moment (at centre) is given by,
where,
Types of Levers
• According to the application of load and effort, the levers are classified as
1) One Arm Lever
2) Two Arm Lever
3) Angular Lever
4) Bell Crank Lever
The examples of such lever are rocket arm of I.C. engine, beam of a balance, handle of
hand pump. These lever have mechanical advantage is equal to one.
2) Fig. shows the two arm lever in which the effort arm is longer than the load arm and
mechanical advantages than one.
Such types of lever used in boiler safety valve.
3) Fig. shows the two arm lever in which the effort arm is smaller than the load
arm and mechanical advantage is less than one.
Such types of levers are used in stapler and forceps.