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Os Chapter 1
Os Chapter 1
Ans: Managing all the hardware components and using them optimally is
an exceedingly challenging job for this reason , computers are equipped
with a layer of software called the ‘operating system ‘ whose job is to
provide user programs with a better dimplier cleaner model of the
computer and to handle managing all the resources.
Multiprogramming:-
The most popularized key technique absent in second- generation operating
systems was multiprogramming.
On the 7094 when the current job paused to wait from a tape or other I/O
operation to complete the CPU simply the idle Unit the I/O finished.
With heavily CPU-bound scientific calculations I/O is infrequent so this
wasted time is not significant with commercial data processing the I/O wait
Computer Department: Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Piludara
time can often be 80or90 present of the total time so something had to be
done to avoid having the CPU be idle so much.
The situation that evolved was to partition memory into several pieces with
a different job in each partition.
While one job was waiting for I/O to complete another job could be using
the CPU. It enough job could be held in main memory at once, the CPU
could be kept busy nearly 100 percent of the time .Having multiple jobs
safely in memory at once requires special hardware to protect each job
against snooping and mischief by the other ones, but the 360 and other
third-generation systems were equipped with this hardware.
Timesharing:-
For quick response time paved the way for time sharing a variant of
multiprogramming in which each user has an online terminal.
In a timesharing system ,it 20 users are logged in and 17 of them are
thinking or talking or drinking coffee, the CPU can be allocated in turn
to the three job that want service.
Since people debugging programs usually issue. Short commands
rather than logo ones the computer can provide fast, interactive
service to a number of users and perhaps also work on big batch jobs
in the background when the CPU is otherwise idle.
The first general purpose timesharing system CTSS (compatible time
shoring system) was developed at M.I.T on a specially modified 7094.
However, timesharing did not really become popular unit the
necessary protection hardware become widespread during the third
generation.
The smallest operating system run on smart card which is credit card sized
devices containing a CPU chip.
They have very severe processing power and memory constraints. Some
are powered by contacts in the reader into which they are inserted , but
contactless smart cards are inductively powered which greatly limits what
they can do some of them can handle only a single function such as
electronic payments but others can handle multiple functions on the same
smart card.
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