ASSIGMENT 1

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude
that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback
converter using a single inductor instead of a transformer. Two different topologies are
called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, ranging from
much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero. In the inverting
topology, the output voltage is of the opposite polarity than the input. This is a switched-mode
power supply with a similar circuit topology to the boost converter and the buck converter. The
output voltage is adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. One possible
drawback of this converter is that the switch does not have a terminal at ground; this complicates
the driving circuitry. However, this drawback is of no consequence if the power supply is isolated
from the load circuit (if, for example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode polarity
can simply be reversed. When they can be reversed, the switch can be on either the ground side or
the supply side. When a buck (step-down) converter is combined with a boost (step-up) converter,
the output voltage is typically of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower or higher than
the input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost converter may use a single inductor which is used for
both the buck inductor mode and the boost inductor mode, using switches instead of diodes,
sometimes called a "four-switch buck-boost converter", it may use multiple inductors but only a
single switch as in the SEPIC and Ćuk topologies.

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CUK CONVERTER
The Ćuk converter is a type of buck-boost converter with zero ripple current. Ćuk converter can
be seen as a combination of boost converter and buck converter, having one switching device
and a mutual capacitor, to couple the energy. Similar to the buck-boost converter with inverting
topology, the output voltage of non-isolated Ćuk converter is typically inverted, with lower or
higher values with respect to the input voltage. Usually in DC converters, the inductor is used as
a main energy-storage component. In ćuk converter, the main energy-storage component is the
capacitor. It is named after Slobodan Ćuk of the California Institute of Technology, who first
presented the design.
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SEPIC CONVERTER
The single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a type of DC/DC converter that allows
the electrical potential (voltage) at its output to be greater than, less than, or equal to that at its
input. The output of the SEPIC is controlled by the duty cycle of the control switch (S1). A SEPIC
is essentially a boost converter followed by an inverted buck-boost converter, therefore it is similar
to a traditional buck-boost converter, but has advantages of having non-inverted output (the output
has the same voltage polarity as the input), using a series capacitor to couple energy from the input
to the output (and thus can respond more gracefully to a short-circuit output), and being capable
of true shutdown: when the switch S1 is turned off enough, the output (V0) drops to 0 V, following
a fairly hefty transient dump of charge. SEPICs are useful in applications in which a battery voltage
can be above and below that of the regulator's intended output. For example, a single lithium ion
battery typically discharges from 4.2 volts to 3 volts; if other components require 3.3 volts, then
the SEPIC would be effective.
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