ARYABHATTA KNOWLEDGE UNIVERSITY, PATNA

Industrial Training report

AT
FLOOD CONTROL DIVISION
HATHAURI, SAMASTIPUR, BIHAR
(6th October 2021 to 17th November 2021)
Submitted to Department of Civil Engineering
Of

b.p mandal college of engineering

madhepura

As a part of Coursework of
B.TECH ( Civil Engineering)

Submitted By
NAME - KUNAL KUMAR
BRANCH – Civil Engineering
SEMESTER – 7th
REGN NO – 18101128048
ROLL NO. – 18147

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 PREFACE

This document contains the report of Industrial Training I had from

6th October 2021 - 17th November 2021 at Flood Control Division,
Hathauri, Samastipur. This document contains the summary of the
whole training period starting from the basic knowledge of the
project. After that this report is focused upon some basic concepts of
the structures involved in the project and about the details of the
same with some pictures to understand it easily. It also has the
pictures of the site where work was undergoing. It ends with the
conclusion the whole experience.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Industrial Training is an integral part of engineering

curriculum providing engineers with first hand and practical
aspects of their studies. It gives them the knowledge about
the work and circumstances existing in the company. It gives
me great pleasure in completing my training at FLOOD
CONTROL DIVISION at Hathauri, Samastipur and submitting
the report for the same.
I express my deepest gratitude to
MR. ABHINANDAN KUMAR (Executive Engineer, FCD) for
giving me permission to go through the work at the site and
supporting throughout the training and channelize my work
towards positive outcome.
Last but not the least, this acknowledgement would
be incomplete without rendering gratitude to all those
people who have helped me directly or indirectly in the
completion of training and preparation of this report.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO TOPIC PG NO.

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 5

2. PROJECT INFORMATION 6

3. STAGES OF THE PROJECT 7

4. EARTHEN EMBANKMENT 8

5. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 9

6. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 10

7. SITE SELECTION AND INVESTIGATION FOR EARTHEN 13

EMBANKMENT/DAM

8. COMPONENTS OF EARTHEN DAM 16

9. STRENGTHENING OF EARTHEN EMBANKMENTS 17

10. ANTI FLOOD SLUICE 19

11. ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS 23

12. CONCLUSION 24

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 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Flood has become an annual disaster affecting lives of people

mostly in rural areas of Bihar. We are unable to find the
permanent solution to it therefore Government of Bihar has
Flood control Divisions coming under Water Resource
Department in the flood prone districts. Samastipur is one of
them, prone to flood caused by the river BAGMATI.
This river is one of the perennial rivers in the
North Bihar, originates in the Shivpuri range of hills in Nepal
at latitude 27o 47’ N and longitude 85o 17’ E North East of
Kathmandu at an elevation of 1500m above MSL. Bagmati
basin is bounded by the Himalayas in the north, the Ganga in
south, the ridge separating it from Gandak on the west and
Kosi in the east. River Burhi Gandak is the supporting drain of
Bagmati which includes Samastipur, Darbhanga, Begusrai,
Saharsa And Khagaria district of North Bihar.
Flood in this river causes massive destruction by
inundation as well as erosion in Monsoon annually.
Therefore, the project was passed by the
Government of Bihar to minimize the damage. This project
was named BAGMATI FLOOD CONTROL MANAGEMENT
SCHEME which is currently in its 3rd phase.

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 PROJECT INFORMATION

Name of project :
BAGMATI FLOOD CONTROL MANAGEMENT SCHEME PHASE
III A
PURPOSE:
Raising and strengthening of the existing Hayaghat Karachin
Embankment from 123.52 KM(0.00KM) to 165.52 KM(42.00KM),
Karchin BadlaGhat Embankment from 198.52KM (0.00KM) to
246.02KM (47.50KM), Badlaghat Nagarpara Embankment from
246.02KM (0.00KM) to 264.03KM (18.00KM) and construction of 99
nos. of earthen dhala, 107 nos. of vehicle crossing platforms, 17 nos.
of Anti Flood Sluice.
BENIFITTED POPULATION : 3.75 Lakh
REVISED ESTIMATED COST : Rs 980.81 CR
BENFIT COST RATIO : 1:1.119
CONCERNED DEPARTMENTS
 Flood Control and Drainage, WRD Samastipur
 Flood Control Circle , Khagaria
 Flood Control Division – 2, Khagaria
DESIGN CRITERIA

Top width of retire embankment has been taken as 5.0m, river side
slope and country side slope has been taken as 3H:1V respectively.
Hydraulic gradient taken as 5:1.

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 STAGES OF THE PROJECT

Any government project undergoes through certain steps or stages. The stages
are mentioned below:
I. Discussion in the Government about the need of the project.
II. After that committee is allotted to check the feasibility of the project. In
order to check the feasibility certain steps are taken which are
mentioned below:
i) Initial screening is conducted based on river profile and topographic
maps.
ii) Reconnaissance plan is developed using only already available data.
iii) Pre-feasibility plan is developed with a little exploration and
additional field data.
iv) Feasibility plan is developed with extensive exploration and collection
of additional field data.
v) Then if the project is found feasible, detailed survey is done in order
to collect more data.
vi) After it public opinion, environmental issues and effect on aquatic life
is taken in consideration.
vii) If all above results are satisfactory then the project is passed by
Government.
III. Design stage: point tests/surveys are conducted to finalize the design of
dams. At each succeeding stage, more data is collected and the plan is
firmed up with more precise details, dimensions and analysis. The design
stage ends up with drawings appropriate for construction activities. Still
further details/revision continues well during the construction of the
dam as new information is gathered or some already available
information is found to be incorrect and not valid.
IV. Phase wise detailed estimate is prepared
V. Tender is opened for the project
VI. Tender bid winner submits the working estimate
VII. Then the work is started with the authenticity of concerned government
division of that area.

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 EARTHEN EMBANKMENT

An earthen embankment is a raised confining structure made

from compacted soil to confine runoff either for surface
storage or for ground water recharge. These are also used for
increasing infiltration; detention and retention of water to
facilitate deep percolation and also to provide additional
storage as in the case of semi dug-out ponds. The cross-section
of embankments is usually trapezoidal in shape. When
constructed across natural channel to induce channel storage,
the embankment also called earthen dam. Further, the
embankment depends on its own weight to resist against
sliding and overturning whereas foundation work is also
included in case of dam. However, at many instances both
terms are used as synonymously.

In this project, the main purpose of this is to control flood.

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 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
There are two methods of constructing earthen dams:

(1) Hydraulic-fill Method; and

(2) Rolled-fill Method.

(1) Hydraulic-fill Method. In this method of construction, the dam body is

constructed by excavating and transporting soils by using water. Pipes called
flumes, are laid along the outer edge of the embankment. The soil materials are
mixed with water and pumped into these flumes. The slush is discharged through
the outlets in the flumes at suitable intervals along their lengths.

The slush, flowing towards the centre of the bank, tends to settle down. The coarser
particles get deposited soon after the discharge near the outer edge, while the fines
get carried and settle at the centre, forming a zoned embankment having a relatively
impervious central core.

Since the fill is saturated when placed, high pore pressures develop in the core
material, and the stability of the dam must be checked for these pressures. This type
of embankment is susceptible to settlement over long periods, because of slow
drainage from the core.

Hydraulic-fill method is, therefore, seldom adopted these days. Rolled-fill method
for constructing earthen dams is, therefore, generally and universally adopted in
these modern days.

(2) Rolled-fill Method : The embankment is constructed by placing suitable soil

materials in thin layers (15 to 30 cm) and compacting them with rollers. The soil is
brought to the site from burrow pits and spread by bulldozers, etc. in layers. These
layers are thoroughly compacted by rollers of designed weights. Ordinary road
rollers can be used for low embankments (such as for levees or bunds); while power-
operated rollers are to be used for dams. The moisture content of the soil fill must be
properly controlled. The best compaction can be obtained at a moisture content
somewhere near the optimum moisture content. (The optimum moisture content is
the moisture required for obtaining optimum density in the fill). Compaction of
coarse gravels cannot be properly done by rolling and is best done by vibrating
equipment.

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 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
Earth fill dam, also called earth dam or embankment dam, dam built up by
compacting successive layers of earth, using the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more permeable substances on the upstream and
downstream sides. A facing of crushed stone prevents erosion by wind or rain,
and an ample spillway, usually of concrete, protects against catastrophic
washout should water overtop the dam.

Compared with concrete, soils and rock fragments lack strength, are much
more permeable, and possess less resistance to deterioration and disturbance
by flowing water. These disadvantages are compensated for by a much lower
cost and by the ability of earthfill to adapt to deformation caused by
movements in the dam foundation. This assumes, of course, sufficient usable
soil or rockfill is available near the dam site. Earth fill is often quite economical,
provided that a suitable “borrow” area can be utilized close to the construction
site.

Because of their great base widths, earth fill dams can be constructed on
unfavourable sites, such as open-joined rock or weaker and possibly locally
permeable clay. It is necessary, however, either to check or to harmlessly drain
away the seepage water that would otherwise weaken the downstream parts
of the dam and, in extreme cases, cause it to fail. Several countermeasures,
possibly in combination, can be employed: the foundation can be grouted or a
cut-off trench excavated and backfilled with an impermeable material; a
drainage blanket can be constructed at the base of the downstream part of the
dam, or individual drainage wells or galleries can be excavated; the length of
the seepage paths under the dam can be extended by means of an
impermeable blanket laid on the upstream side of the dam; or additional free-
draining fill can be placed at the downstream toe of the dam.

Picture CP 1 shows an excavation site.

Picture CP 2 shows the filling of the Embankment.

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 BULL DOZER AT WORK

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 SITE SELECTION AND INVESTIGATION FOR
EARTHEN EMBANKMENT/DAM

The embankment should be proposed based on site specific considerations to

prevent hydraulic, seepage and structural failure of dam.
Brief introduction of failure are as follows:

A) Hydraulic Failure
Hydraulic failure accounts for over 40% of earth dam failure and may be due to
one or more of the following:

(i) By Overtopping: When free board of dam or capacity of spillway is

insufficient, the flood water will pass over the dam and wash its downstream.

(ii) Erosion of Downstream Toe: The toe of the dam at the downstream side
may be eroded due to heavy cross-current from spillway buckets or tail
water. When the toe of downstream is eroded, it will lead to failure of dam.
This can be prevented by providing a riprap at downstream side up to a height
above the tail water depth. Also, the side wall of the spillway should have
sufficient height and length to prevent possibility of cross flow towards the
earthen embankment.

(iii) Erosion of Upstream Surface: During winds, the waves developed near the
top water surface may cut into the soil of upstream dam face which may cause
slip of the upstream surface leading to failure. For preventing against such
failure, the upstream face should be protected with stone pitching.

(iv) Erosion of Downstream Face by Gully Formation: During heavy rains, the
flowing rain water over the downstream face can erode the surface, creating
gullies, which could lead to failure. To prevent such failures, the dam surface
should be properly maintained. All cuts\cracks should be filled on time and
surface should be well grassed to reduce the effect of surface runoff. Berms
could be provided at suitable heights and proper drainage should be
maintained.

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B) Seepage Failure
Seepage always occurs in the dams. If the magnitude is within design limits, it
may not harm the stability of the dam. However, if seepage is concentrated or
uncontrolled beyond limits, it will lead to failure of the dam. Following are
some of the various types of seepage failure.

(i) Piping through Dam Body: Seepage starts through the poor soils in the body
of the dam, small channels are formed which transport dam’s material
downstream. As more materials are transported downstream, the channels
grow bigger and bigger which could lead to wash out of dam.

(ii) Piping through Foundation: When highly permeable cavities or strata of

gravel or coarse sand are present in the dam foundation, it may lead to heavy
seepage. The concentrated seepage at high rate will erode soil present in the
foundation which will cause increased flow of water and soil. As a result, the
dam will settle or sink leading to failure.

(iii) Sloughing of Downstream Side of Dam: The process of failure due to

sloughing starts when the downstream toe of the dam becomes saturated and
starts getting eroded, causing small slump or slide of the dam. The small slide
leaves a relative steep face, which also becomes saturated due to seepage and
also slumps again and forms more unstable surface. The process of saturation
and slumping continues, leading to failure of dam.

C) Structural Failure
About 25% of failure is attributed to structural failure, which is mainly due to
shear failure causing slide along the slopes. The failure may be due to:

(i) Slide in Embankment: When the slopes of the embankments are too steep,
the embankment may slide resulting in its failure. This occurs when there is a
sudden drawdown or drastic decrease in the upstream water level due to
some means, which is critical for the upstream side. Because of this,
development of extremely high pore pressures takes place which decreases
the shearing strength of the soil. The downstream side can slide especially
when dam is full. In this case upstream embankment failure is not as serious as
downstream failure.

(ii)Foundation Slide: When the foundation of an earth fill dam is composed of

fine silt, clay, or similar soft soil, the whole dam may slide due to water thrust.

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If fissured rocks, such as soft clay, or shale exist below the foundation, the side
thrust of the water pressure may shear the whole dam and cause its failure. In
such failure the top of the dam gets cracked and the lower slopes moves
outward and forms large mud waves near the dam heel.

(iii) Faulty Construction and Poor Maintenance: If during construction, the

compaction of the embankment is not properly done, it may lead to failure.

(iv) Earthquake may Cause the Following Types of Failure to Earth fill
Dams:

 Cracks may develop in the core wall, causing leakages and piping failure.
 Slow waves may set up due to shaking of reservoir bottom, and dam may
fail due to overtopping.
 Settlement of dam which may reduce freeboard causing failure by
overtopping.
 Sliding of natural hills causing damage to dam and its appurtenant
structures.
 Fault movement in the dam site reducing reservoir capacity and causing
overtopping.
 Shear slide of dam.
 Failure of slope pitching.

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 COMPONENTS OF EARTHEN DAM

The various components of an earthen dam:

1. Shell, Upstream Fill, Downstream Fill or Shoulder: These components of

the earthen dam are constructed with pervious or semi-pervious
materials upstream or downstream of the core. The upstream fill is
called the upstream shell and the downstream portion is the
downstream shell.
2. Upstream Blanket: It is a layer of impervious material laid on the
upstream side of an earthen dam where the substratum is pervious, to
reduce seepage and increase the path of flow. The blanket decreases
both the seepage flow and excess pressure on the downstream side of
the dam. A natural blanket is a cover of naturally occurring soil material
of low permeability.
3. Drainage Filter: It is a blanket of pervious material constructed at the
foundation to the downstream side of an earthen dam, to permit the
discharge of seepage and minimize the possibility of piping failure.
4. Cut-off Wall or Cut-off: It is a wall, collar or other structure intended to
reduce percolation of water through porous strata. It is provided in or on
the foundations.
5. Riprap: Broken stones or rock pieces are placed on the slopes of
embankment particularly the upstream side for protecting the slope
against the action of water, mainly wave action and erosion.
6. Core Wall, Membrane or Core: It is a centrally provided fairly
impervious wall in the dam. It checks the flow of water through the dam
section. It may be of compacted puddled clay, masonry, or concrete built
inside the dam.
7. Toe Drain: It is a drain constructed at the downstream slope of an
earthen dam to collect and drain away the seepage water collected by
the drain filters.
8. Transition Filter: It is a component of an earthen dam section which is
provided with core and consists of an intermediate grade of material
placed between the core and the shells to serve as a filter and prevent
lateral movement of fine material from the core.

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 STRENGTHENING OF EARTHEN
EMBANKMENTS

Based on the result of root cause analysis of the failure; strengthening

measures are adopted. These needs experience. Some of the most common
strengthening measures are listed below:
a) Cut-off in the form of trench, sheet piling or a diaphragm of impervious
materials like bentonite, concrete, etc. can be provided to reduce loss of
stored water through foundation and to prevent subsurface erosion by
piping.
b) Core : By providing impermeable core within the body of the
embankment seepage can be controlled. To control cracking of the
embankments plastic clay cores rolled at slightly more than optimum
moisture content is provided. Many times, 2 to 5 percent bentonite of
200 to 300 liquid limit is mixed to increase the plasticity of the core
material. Use of wider cores also helps to reduce the possibility of
extension of horizontal cracks.
c) Casing : This is provided to protect the core from cracking and to make
the embankment stable.
d) Internal drainage system : Many times, internal drainage system within
the earthen bund comprising of inclined, horizontal or vertical drains
filled with filter material is provided to channelize the seepage water
safely to a toe drain and thereby reduce destabilizing forces on the
bund. For this suitable toe protection is also needed.
e) Slope protection : Upstream slope protection by riprap / concrete/
liners and downstream slope protection by grass turfing /riprap also help
prevent bund collapse.
f) Impervious blanket : This arrangement is resorted to increase the path
of seepage when full cut-off is not practicable on pervious foundations.
g) Relief wells : These are very often provided to release uplift pressure
and make the embankment stable.
Careful selection of fill materials to reduce the differential movement is very
important. Transition zones of properly graded filters of adequate width are
also provided for handling drainage when cracks develop. Special treatments
to the foundation; like preloading, presaturation, removal of weak material,
etc., may sometimes be required. Delaying placement of core material in the
cracked region till most of the settlement takes place is also suggested many
times.

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 Geo Textile Sand Bags
for Slope Protection
on the Embankment

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 ANTI FLOOD SLUICE
A sluice is a water channel controlled at both sides by a gate or lock. In this
project its main function is to control the flow of water from riverside to
country side.

PLAN AND SECTION OF ANTI FLOOD SLUICE AT 13.20KM OF HAYAGHAT

KARCHIN EMBANKMENT UNDER BFMS PHASE III A

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE AFS

 Design Discharge : 10.24 cumec

 Sill Level : 40.82m
 H.F.L of River Side : 51.485 m
 Design H.F.L Country Side taken : 50.00 m
 Formation level of Embankment : 53. 285 m
 Number Of Vents : 1
 Type of Structure : R.C.C Barrel Type
 Width * Height : 1.8m x 3.0 m
 Length of Floor : 30.00 m
 Top Slab length of Barrel :27.70m

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 ACTUAL PICTURE OF AFS

TERMINOLOGY RELATED :
H.F.L : The level of the highest flood ever recorded or the calculated level for
the highest possible flood discharge in a stream or river is called Highest Flood
Level (HFL)
WING WALL : A wing wall (also "wingwall" or "wing-wall") is a smaller wall
attached or next to a larger wall or structure.
BREAST WALL : Breast wall is the wall which is built to sustain the face of a
natural bank of the earth.
PARAPET : The parapet walls of the dams are constructed on the crest of the
dam.
SHEET PILES : Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials with interlocking
edges that are driven into the ground to provide earth retention and
excavation support. Sheet piles are most commonly made of steel, but can also
be formed of timber or reinforced concrete.
RCC BARREL TYPE : It is a straight forward single curvature shell construction.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF AFS AT PINNED LOCATION

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 GATE WALL 1ST LIFT RCC AT
10.5 KM

SIDE VIEW OF AFS AT

10.50 KM

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 ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS

The major advantages include.

 Local natural materials are used.

 Design procedures are straightforward.
 Comparatively small plant and equipment are required.
 Foundation requirements are less stringent than for other types of
dams. The broad base of an earth dam spreads the load on the
foundation.
 Earth fill dams resist settlement and movement better than more rigid
structures and can be more suitable for areas where earth movements
are common.

The shortcomings are

 An earth embankment is easily damaged or destroyed by water flowing

on, over or against it. Thus, a spillway and adequate upstream
protection are essential for any earth dam.
 Designing and constructing adequate spillways is usually the most
technically difficult part of any dam building work. Any site with a poor-
quality spillway should not be used.
 If it is not adequately compacted during construction, the dam will have
weak structure hence prone to seepage.
 Earth dams require continual maintenance to prevent erosion, tree
growth, subsidence, animal and insect damage and seepage.

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 CONCLUSION
The industrial training at FCD, Hathauri, Samastipur has been a very good
learning experience for me. The knowledge of theoretical subject is not enough
for any engineering stream. One has to have the practical knowledge to
remove the gap between the actual and expected performance.
Training helped me to know and develop various technical and
communication skills. It also gives us a lot of knowledge about the process, its
equipment and operational phases. The training is an important step towards
us becoming successful engineers.
The most important lesson that I have learned and co-operation is
discipline, management. With the immense cooperation at FCD not only did I
grasp technical knowledge regarding the public issues and operations but also
filled in the gap that always existed in real while studying a theoretical subject
with the same being put into practical use.

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