INTRO

A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom

distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus.[1]
Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen. All chemical matter consists of these elements.

Save for the hydrogen and helium in the universe, which are thought to have been mostly
produced in the Big Bang, most chemical elements are thought to have been produced by
later processes. These processes are divided into cosmic ray spallation (important for
lithium, beryllium and boron, though some of these may have formed in the Big Bang),
and stellar nucleosynthesis which produces all elements heavier than boron (with carbon
being the first of this series). The very heaviest elements (those beyond element 94,
plutonium) decay with half lives too short to allow them to be observed naturally on
Earth.

PLATINUM

Platinum ( /ˈplæt.n.əm/ or /ˈplæt.nəm/) is a chemical element with the chemical symbol

Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del
Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River."[1] It is a dense,
malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal. Even though it has six naturally
occurring isotopes, platinum is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust and has an
average abundance of approximately 0.005 mg/kg. It occurs in some nickel and copper
ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa which accounts for 80% of
the world production.
 COPPER
Copper ( /ˈkɒpər/ KOP-ər) is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum)
and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal, with very high thermal and electrical
conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable, and a freshly exposed surface has a
Copper ( /ˈkɒpər/ KOP-ər) is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum)
and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal, with very high thermal and electrical
conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable, and a freshly exposed surface

SILVER

Silver ( /ˈsɪlvər/) is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag (Latin:
argentum, from the Indo-European root *arg- for "grey" or "shining") and atomic number
47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of
any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs
naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and
in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a by-product of
copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

ALUMINIUM

Aluminium (UK i /ˌæljʉˈmɪniəm/ AL-ew-MIN-ee-əm)[4] or aluminum (US i /ə

ˈluːmɪnəm/ ə-LOO-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical
elements. It has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water
under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust,
and the third most abundant element, after oxygen and silicon. It makes up about 8% by
weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur in
nature as a free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[5] The
chief source of aluminium is bauxite ore.v

Mercury
Mercury ( /ˈmɜrkjəri/ or /ˈmɜrkəri/ MER-k(y)ə-ree), also known as quicksilver ( /
ˈkwɪksɪlvər/ ) or hydrargyrum ( /haɪˈdrɑrdʒɪrəm/ hye-DRAR-ji-rəm), is a chemical
element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from "hydr-" meaning
watery or runny and "argyros" meaning silver) and atomic number 80. Mercury is the
only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only
other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine.[1] With a freezing point of
−38.83 °C and boiling point of 356.73 °C, mercury has one of the broadest ranges of its
liquid state of any metal. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is also one of the five
metallic chemical elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure,[2][3]
the others being caesium, francium, gallium, and rubidium
Iodine ( /ˈaɪ.ɵdaɪn/ EYE-o-dyne, /ˈaɪ.ɵdɪn/ EYE-o-dən, or in chemistry /ˈaɪ.ɵdiːn/ EYE-o-
deen; from Greek: ιώδης iodes, meaning violet or purple) is a chemical element that has
the symbol I and the atomic number 53.

Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, the production of acetic acid
and polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of
attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in
modern medicine.

Calcium

Calcium ( /ˈkælsiəm/ KAL-see-əm) is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and
atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline
earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium
is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after
sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.[2]

Zinc ( /ˈzɪŋk/ zingk; from German: Zink), also known

as spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It
is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically
similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation
state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable
isotopes. The most exploited zinc ore is sphalerite, a zinc sulfide. The largest exploitable
deposits are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes
froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

Mg

Magnesium ( /mæɡˈniːziəm/ mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol

Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal
and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, where it constitutes about 2%
by mass,[2] and ninth in the known Universe as a whole.[3][4] This preponderance of
magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a
sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three
helium nuclei). Magnesium ion's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third
most abundant element dissolved in seawater.[5]

na
Sodium ( /ˈsoʊdiəm/ SOH-dee-əm) is a metallic element with a symbol Na (from Latin
natrium or Arabic ‫ ناترون‬natrun; perhaps ultimately from Egyptian netjerj) and atomic
number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali
metals within "group 1" (formerly known as ‘group IA’). It has only one stable isotope,
23
Na.
 thorium
Thorium ( /ˈθɔəriəm/ THOHR-ee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Th and
atomic number 90. Thorium is a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal. A
Thorium atom has 90 protons and 90 electrons, of which 4 are valence electrons. Jöns
Jakob Berzelius discovered it in 1828 and named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.

Nickel ( /ˈnɪkəl/) is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni

and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is
one of the four elements that are ferromagnetic around room temperature, the other three
being iron, cobalt and gadolinium

Carbon ( /ˈkɑrbən/) is the chemical element with symbol C and

atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and
tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are
three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive,
decaying with a half-life of about 5730 years.[9] Carbon is one of the few elements known
since antiquity.[10][11] The name "carbon" comes from Latin language carbo, coal.

Argon ( /ˈɑrɡɒn/) is a chemical element represented by the symbol

Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic
table (noble gases). Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at
0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide. Nearly all of this argon is
radiogenic argon-40 derived since the formation of the Earth, from the decay of
potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common
argon isotope, being the preferred argon isotope produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in
supernovas.
Krypton ( /ˈkrɪptɒn/ KRIP-ton; from Greek: κρυπτός kryptos "the hidden one") is a
chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of Group 18
and Period 4 elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace
amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquified air, and is often
used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. Krypton is inert for most practical
purposes. Krypton can also form clathrates with water when atoms of it are trapped in a
lattice of the water molecules.

Neon ( /ˈniːɒn/) is the chemical element that has the symbol Ne and an atomic number
of 10. Although a very common element in the universe, it is rare on Earth. A colorless,
inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow
when used in discharge tubes and neon lamps and advertising signs.[5][6] It is
commercially extracted from air, in which it is found in trace amounts.