Chapter 3 - Derivatives

Tangent Derivatives Velocities Differentiability Chain rule Implicit Differentiation Related rates Appro Differentials
Chapter 3: Derivatives
Dr. Cao Van Kien
kiencv@fpt.edu.vn
31st December 2021
Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 1 / 43

Outline
1 Tangent line
2 Derivatives
3 Velocities
4 Differentiability
5 Chain rule
6 Implicit Differentiation
7 Related rates
8 Linear approximations
9 Differentials

Tangent line (÷íng ti¸p tuy¸n)
A tangent line to the function f(x) at the point x = a is a line that just touches
the graph of the function at the point in question and is parallel (in some way)
to the graph at that point. Take a look at the graph below.

Definition 1.1
The equation of the tangent line through the point (a, f (a)) with slope f 0 (a):
y = f 0 (a)(x − a) + f (a).

Example 1.1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola f (x) = x2 at x = 3.
Solution. The equation of the tangent line through the point (3, f (3)) with slope
f 0 (3) = 6:
y = f 0 (3)(x − 3) + f (3)
= 6(x − 3) + 9
= 6x − 9.
y
20
f (x) = x2
10
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
y = 6x − 9
−10

Definition 2.1
The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f 0 (a), is
f (x) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim (1)
x→a x−a
if this limit exists.
• Differentiation can help us solve many types of real-world problems.
• We use the derivative to determine the maximum and minimum values of

particular functions (e.g. cost, strength, amount of material used in a
building, profit, loss, etc.).
• Derivatives are met in many engineering and science problems, especially

when modelling the behaviour of moving objects.

Example 2.1
The daily profit of an oil refinery is given by P = 8x − 0.02x2 , where x is the

number of barrels of oil refined. How many barrels will give maximum profit and
what is the maximum profit?
Solution. The profit is a max (or min) if

1,000
P = 8x − 0.02x2
dP
= 0 ⇐⇒ 8 − 0.04x = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 200. 800
dx
Is it a maximum? 600
P
d2 P 400
= −0.04 < 0, for all x,
dx2
200
so we have a maximum.
0
0 100 200 300 400
x
So if the company refines 200 barrels per day, the maximum profit of $800 is
reached.
Example 2.2
(
x2 sin x1 if x 6= 0
For f (x) = , find f 0 (0).
0 if x=0
Solution.
f (x) − f (0)
f 0 (0) = lim
x−0
x→0
x sin x1 − 0
2
= lim
x→0 x−0
1
= lim x sin
x→0 x
= 0

Properties of the derivative
Theorem 1
Let f (x) and g(x) be derivative functions. Then,

1 (f + g)0 (x) = f 0 (x) + g 0 (x)
2 (f − g)0 (x) = f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)
3 (cf )0 (x) = cf 0 (x), where c is a constant
4 (f g)0 (x) = f 0 (x)g(x) + g 0 (x)f (x)

0 0 0
5
f
g (x) = f (x)g(x)−g
(g(x))2
(x)f (x)

Example 2.3
Find the derivative of the following function:
5x2
h(x) =
x + 47
5x2 −470x 10x2 +470x 5x2 +470x
a.
(x+47)2 b.
x+47
c. 10x d.
(x+47)2
Solution. Apply the quotient rule:
f 0 (x)g(x) − g 0 (x)f (x) 10x(x + 47) − 5x2 (1) 5x2 + 470x

h0 (x) = 2
= 2
= .
(g(x)) (x + 47) (x + 47)2

Higher-order derivative
Definition 2.2
The notation for the higher-order derivatives of y = f (x) can be expressed in any
of the following forms:
• f 00 (x), f 000 (x), f (4) (x), . . . , f n (x)
• y 00 (x), y 000 (x), y 4 (x), . . . , y n (x)
• d2 y d3 y d4 y dn y
dx2 , dx3 , dx4 , . . . , dxn

d2 y d dy
Note that: dx2 = dx dx
Example 2.4
For f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1, find f 00 (x).
Solution. f 0 (x) = 4x − 3 =⇒ f 00 (x) = 4.

Suppose an object moves along a straight line according to an equation of motion

s = f (t), where s is the displacement (sü dàch chuyºn) of the object from the origin
at time t. The function f that describes the motion is called the position function
of the object.
• The average velocity over this time interval [a, a + h] is
displacement f (a + h) − f (a)
average velocity = = . (2)
time h
• As the values of h approach 0, we define the velocity (or instantaneous
velocity) v(a) at time t=a to be the limit of these average velocities:
f (a + h) − f (a)
v(a) = lim = f 0 (a). (3)
h→0 h

Example 3.1
A ball is dropped from a height of 64 meters. Its height above ground t seconds
later is given by s(t) = −16t2 + 64, t ∈ [0, 2]. Find its instantaneous velocity 1
second after it is dropped.
s(t)
60
s(t) = −16t2 + 64
40
20
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

t
0
Solution. We have s (t) = −32t, and
s(1 + h) − s(1)
v(1) = lim = s0 (1) = −32m/s,
h→0 h
where the minus sign indicates that the ball are moving down.
Rates of Change
Definition 3.1
The instantaneous rate of change (tèc ë thay êi tùc thíi) of a function f (x) at
a value a is its derivative f 0 (a).

Rate of change of temperature
Example 3.2
A homeowner sets the thermostat so that the temperature in the house begins to
drop from 700 F at 9 pm, reaches a low of 600 during the night, and rises back to
0
70 by 7 am the next morning. Suppose that the temperature in the house is
given by T (t) = 0.4t2 − 4t + 70 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, where t is the number of hours
past 9 pm. Find the instantaneous rate of change of the temperature at midnight.
Solution. (700 F = 21.110 C). Since midnight is 3 hours past 9 pm, we want to
0
compute T (3).
T 0 (t) = 0.8t − 4
=⇒ T 0 (3) = −1.60 F/h
The instantaneous rate of change of the temperature at midnight is −1.60 F per

hour.

Differentiability and Continuity
Definition 4.1
A function f is differentiable at a if f 0 (a) exists. It is differentiable on an open

interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at every number in the interval.
Both continuity and differentiability are desirable properties for a function to have
Theorem 2
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
The converse of the above Theorem is false; that is, there are functions that are
continuous but not differentiable.

Example 4.1
Is it true to say that: If f is continuous at a, then f is differentiable"?
Solution: Considering the function f (x) = |x|. We have
• the function f (x) = |x| is continuous at 0 because
lim f (x) = lim |x| = 0 = f (0).

x→0 x→0
• but the function f is not differentiable at 0. Since
f (x) − f (0) |x| − |0| |x|

f 0 (0) = lim = lim = lim
x→0 x−0 x→0 x − 0 x→0 x
this limit does not exist.
We conclusion that the above statement is false.

Definition 5.1
Let f and g be functions. For all x in the domain of g for which g is differentiable
at x and f is differentiable at g(x), the derivative of the composite function
h(x) = (f ◦ g) (x) = f (g(x))
is given by
h0 (x) = f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x).
In Leibniz notation, if y = f (u) and u = g(x) are both differentiable functions,

then
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx

Example 5.1
Let h(x) = f (sin 3x). Find h0 in term of f 0.

a. 3 cos 3x · f 0 (x) b. 3 cos 3x · f 0 (sin 3x) c. cos 3x · f 0 (sin 3x)
Example 5.2
Suppose h(x) = f (g(x)) and f (2) = 3, g(2) = 1, g 0 (2) = 1, f 0 (2) = 2, f 0 (1) = 5.

0
Find h (2).
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
Example 5.3
dy
Let y = cos u and u = − x8 , find dx .
x 1 x 1
cos − x8 · 1
− cos − x8 · 1

a. sin − 8 · 8 b. − sin −
8 · 8 c.
8 d.
8

Example 6.1
dy
If x2 + y 2 = 25, find
dx .
Example 6.2
dy
If x3 + y 3 = 6xy , find
dx .
It's not easy to solve equations in Example 1 and 2 for y explicitly as a function of
x by hand.
Fortunately, we don't need to solve an equation for y in terms of x in order to find

the derivative of y. Instead we can use the method of implicit differentiation.
Definition 6.1
The implicit differentiation consists of differentiating both sides of the equation

with respect to x and then solving the resulting equation for y 0 .

Example 6.3
dy
If x2 + y 2 = 25, find
dx .
Solution. Differentiate both sides of the equation x2 + y 2 = 25:

d 2 d d 2 d 2
(x + y 2 ) = (25) ⇐⇒ (x ) + (y ) = 0
dx dx dx dx
Remembering that y is a function of x and using the Chain Rule, we have
d 2 d 2 dy dy
(y ) = (y ) = 2y .
dx dy dx dx
Thus
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
Now we solve this equation for dy/dx:
dy x
=− .
dx y
Example 6.4
Find an equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = 25 at the point (3, −4).
Solution. At the point (3, −4) we have x=3 and y = −4, so
dy 3
= .
dx 4
An equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, −4) is y = 34 x − 25
4 .

Related rates (c¡c tèc ë bi¸n thi¶n phö thuëc nhau)
In a related-rates problem, the idea is to compute the rate of change of one

quantity in terms of the rate of change of another quantity which may be more
easily.
Suggested procedure
This is the approach we'll take for solving related rates problems:
1 Make a sketch of the problem;
2 Identify constant and variable quantities;
3 Establish relationship between quantities;
4 Differentiate with respect to time;
5 Evaluate at point of interest.

Example 7.1
A 20 m ladder leans against a wall. The top slides down at a rate of 4 m/s. How
fast is the bottom of the ladder moving when it is 16 m from the wall?
Solution. Here's the sketch of the situation. The variables x and y vary as time
varies.

• Now the relation between x and y is
x2 + y 2 = 202
• Differentiating throughout with respect to time (since the value of x and y

depends on t):
d 2 d dx dy dx y dy
x + y 2 = 0 ⇐⇒ 2x + 2y = 0 =⇒ =−
dt dt dt dt dt x dt
• dy
We know
dt = −4 and x = 16. The only other unknown is y, which we
obtain using Pythagoras' Theorem:
p
y= 202 − 162 = 12.
• dx
So,
dt =3 m/s.
Click here for Animation of Example 7.1

Example 7.2
A stone is dropped into a pond, the ripples forming concentric circles which
expand. At what rate is the area of one of these circles increasing when the radius
is 4 m and increasing at the rate of 0.5 m/s?
Solution. Here's the sketch of the situation. The variables r and A vary as time
varies.

• Now the relation between r and A is
A = πr2
• Differentiating throughout with respect to time (since the value of r and A

depends on t):
dA dr2 dA dr
=π ⇐⇒ = 2πr
dt dt dt dt
• dr
We know r=4 and
dt = 0.5.
• dA 2
So,
dt = 4π m /s.
Click here for Animation of Example 7.2

Why need linear approximation? (t¤i sao c¦n x§p x¿ tuy¸n t½nh)
Problem: The idea is that it might be easy to calculate a value f (a) of a

function, but difficult (or even impossible) to compute nearby values of f .
Solution: we use the tangent line at (a, f (a)) as an approximation to the curve
y = f (x) when x is near a.

The linear function whose graph is this tangent line, that is
L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a)
is called the linearization (tuy¸n t½nh hâa) of f at a.

√
Example: Determine the linear approximation for f (x) = 3 √
x at x = 8. Use the
√
3
linear approximation to approximate the value of 8.05 and 3 25.
Solution: We have
1 1
f 0 (x) = √
3
, f (8) = 2 f 0 (8) =
3 x2 12
The linear approximation is then,
1 1 4
L(x) = 2 + (x − 8) = x+ .
12 12 3
Furthermore,
√
3
L(8.05) = 2.00416667 √ 8.05 = 2.00415802
3
L(25) = 3.41666667 25 = 2.92401774
So, at x = 8.05 this linear approximation does a very good job of approximating
the actual value. However, at x = 25 it doesn't do such a good job.

Differentials (Vi ph¥n)
Definition 9.1
Given a function y = f (x) we call dy and dx differentials and the relationship

between them is given by,
dy = f 0 (x)dx.
Differentials provide us with a way of estimating the amount a function changes as

a result of a small change in input values.

Example 9.1
Compute the differential for each of the following.
1 y = t3 − 4t2 + 7t
2 w = x2 sin(2x)
Solution.
1 dy = (3t2 − 8t + 7)dt
2 dw = (2x sin(2x) + 2x2 cos(2x))dx

Example 9.2
The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21 cm with a possible error
in measurement of at most 0.05 cm. What is the maximum error in using this
value of the radius to compute the volume of the sphere?
Solution:
• If the radius of the sphere is r, then its volume is V = 34 πr3 .

• This can be approximated by the differential
dV = 4πr2 dr
= 4π212 0.05 ≈ 277cm3 .
• The maximum error in the calculated volume is about 277cm3 .

Thank you very much for your attention!
Prob 1. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the given point
x−1 2x
a. y= x−2 , (3, 2) b. y= x2 +1 , (0, 0)
3−2x
c. y = 3 − 2x + x2 , x=1 d. y= x−1 , y = −1
Prob 2. Find all the values of x where the tangent line to the graph of the function
f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 11x + 11
is horizontal
11 −11 −11 11
a. 1 b.
3 ; −1 c.
3 ;1 d.
3 ; 3 ;1
100
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−100
Figure 1: Graph of f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 11x + 11.

x
Prob 3. Find the derivative of the following function y= sin x
sin x−x cos x sin x+x cos x 1 sin x−x cos x

a. sin2 x
b.
sin2 x
c.
cos x d.
sin x
Prob 4. Find the derivative of the following function y = xe−2x
a. (1 + 2x)e−2x b. (1 − 2x)e−2x c. e−2x d. −2e−2x
2
ex
Prob 5. Find the derivative of the following function y= sin x
2 2 2 2
ex (2x sin x+cos x) ex (2x+cos x) ex (2x sin x−cos x) ex (2x sin x−cos x)
a.
sin2 x
b.
sin2 x
c. sin2 x
d.
sin2 x
Prob 6. Find y 00
√
a. y = xe3x−1 b. y= 3
2x + 1 c. y = e−x cos x
Prob 7. The position in feet of race car along a straight track after t seconds is
1 3
modeled by the functions(t) = 8t2 − 16 t
a. Find the average velocity of the vehicle over the time interval [4, 4.1]
b. Find the instantaneous velocity of the vehicle at t=4 seconds.
s(t)
·104
3
t
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Figure 2: Graph of s(t) = 8t2 − 1 3

16
t .
Prob 8. A toy company can sell x electronic gaming systems at a price of p =
−0.01x + 400 dollars per gaming system. The cost of manufacturing x systems is
given by C(x) = 100x+10000 dollars. Find the rate of change of profit when 10000
game produced. Should the toy company increase or decrease production?
·106 P (x)
x
1 2 3 4
−1
·104
Figure 3: Graph of P (x) = −0.01x + 300x − 10000.

2
Prob 9. A table of values for f, f 0 , g and g0 is given
x f (x) g(x) f 0 (x) g 0 (x)

1 3 2 4 6
2 1 8 5 7
3 7 2 7 9
0
a. If h(x) = f (g(x)), find h (1) b. If H(x) = g(f (x)), find H 0 (1)
F (x) = f (f (x)), find F 0 (2)
c. If d. If G(x) = g(g(x)), find G0 (3).
p
Prob 10. If h(x) = 4 + 3f (x), where f (1) = 7, f 0 (1) = 4, find h0 (1).
Prob 11. Find f0 in terms of g0
a. f (x) = g(sin 2x) b. f (x) = g(e1−3x ).

dy
Prob 12. Find dt for:
dx dx
a. y = x3 + x + 2 , dt =2 and x = 1. b. y = ln x, dt =1 and x = e2
Prob 13. Find y0 by implicit differentiation
√ √
a. x4 + y 4 = 16x + y d. x+ y = 4. c. x3 + xy = y 2
Prob 14. Find the linearization L(x) of the function at a

√
a. f (x) = √1 , a=2 b. f (x) = 3
5 − x, a = −3.
2+x
Prob 15. Each side of a square is increasing at a rate of 7cm/s. At what rate is
the area of the square increasing when the area of the square is 25cm2 ?
2
Prob 16. Compute the differential of the function y = e2x
2 2 2 2
a. dy = 4xe2x dx b. dy = 4e2x dx c. dy = 2xe2x dx d. dy = e2x dx
Prob 17. Compute the differential of the function y = ln(sin x)
a.dy = b. dy = cot xdx c. dy = sin xdx d. dy = tan xdx

cos x ln(sin x)dx
x−1
Prob 18. Let y= x+1 . Compute the value of dy(1)
a. dy(1) = 2dx b. dy(1) = 14 dx c.dy(1) = 12 dx d. dy(1) = dx
ex
Prob 19. Let y= ex +1 . Compute dy(ln 2)
a. dy(ln 2) = 12 dx b. dy(ln 2) = 94 dx c. dy(ln 2) = 29 dx d. dy(ln 2) = 0dx

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Tangent Derivatives Velocities Differentiability Chain rule Implicit Differentiation Related rates Appro Differentials

Dr. Cao Van Kien

31st December 2021

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 1 / 43

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 2 / 43

Tangent line (÷íng ti¸p tuy¸n)

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 3 / 43

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 4 / 43

Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola f (x) = x2 at x = 3.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 5 / 43

The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f 0 (a), is

• Differentiation can help us solve many types of real-world problems.

• We use the derivative to determine the maximum and minimum values of

• Derivatives are met in many engineering and science problems, especially

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 6 / 43

The daily profit of an oil refinery is given by P = 8x − 0.02x2 , where x is the

Solution. The profit is a max (or min) if

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 8 / 43

Properties of the derivative

Let f (x) and g(x) be derivative functions. Then,

2 (f − g)0 (x) = f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)

3 (cf )0 (x) = cf 0 (x), where c is a constant

4 (f g)0 (x) = f 0 (x)g(x) + g 0 (x)f (x)

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 9 / 43

Find the derivative of the following function:

Solution. Apply the quotient rule:

f 0 (x)g(x) − g 0 (x)f (x) 10x(x + 47) − 5x2 (1) 5x2 + 470x

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 10 / 43

For f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1, find f 00 (x).

Solution. f 0 (x) = 4x − 3 =⇒ f 00 (x) = 4.

Suppose an object moves along a straight line according to an equation of motion

• The average velocity over this time interval [a, a + h] is

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 12 / 43

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 14 / 43

Rate of change of temperature

The instantaneous rate of change of the temperature at midnight is −1.60 F per

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 15 / 43

Differentiability and Continuity

A function f is differentiable at a if f 0 (a) exists. It is differentiable on an open

If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 16 / 43

Is it true to say that: If f is continuous at a, then f is differentiable"?

Solution: Considering the function f (x) = |x|. We have

• the function f (x) = |x| is continuous at 0 because

lim f (x) = lim |x| = 0 = f (0).

• but the function f is not differentiable at 0. Since

f (x) − f (0) |x| − |0| |x|

this limit does not exist.

We conclusion that the above statement is false.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 17 / 43

h(x) = (f ◦ g) (x) = f (g(x))

In Leibniz notation, if y = f (u) and u = g(x) are both differentiable functions,

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 18 / 43

Let h(x) = f (sin 3x). Find h0 in term of f 0.

Suppose h(x) = f (g(x)) and f (2) = 3, g(2) = 1, g 0 (2) = 1, f 0 (2) = 2, f 0 (1) = 5.

Dr. Cao Van Kien Chapter 3: Derivatives 31st December 2021 19 / 43

Tangent line (÷íng ti¸p tuy¸n)

Is it true to say that: If f is continuous at a, then f is differentiable"?

Related rates (c¡c tèc ë bi¸n thi¶n phö thuëc nhau)