Article
Ultrasonic Dyeing of Polyester Fabric with Azo Disperse Dyes
Clubbed with Pyridonones and Its UV Protection Performance
Alya M. Al-Etaibi 1, * and Morsy Ahmed El-Apasery 2






Citation: Al-Etaibi, A.M.; El-Apasery,
M.A. Ultrasonic Dyeing of Polyester
Fabric with Azo Disperse Dyes
Clubbed with Pyridonones and Its
UV Protection Performance.
Chemistry 2021, 3, 889–895.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
chemistry3030065
Academic Editor: Damiano Tanini
Received: 20 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Published: 24 August 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
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This article is an open access article
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
Chemistry 2021, 3, 889–895. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry3030065
1 Natural Science Department, College of Health Science, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training,
Fayha 72853, Kuwait
2 Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research
Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; elapaserym@yahoo.com
* Correspondence: alya.aletaibi@yahoo.com; Tel.: +96-599-807-246
Abstract: The textile sector is closely linked to environmental pollution as a result of the use of
toxic chemicals and their disposal in liquid waste, which negatively affects for the environment.
Moreover, textile industries, especially wet processing, consume a large amount of energy, water, and
chemical auxiliaries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a solution that takes the problem of
environmental pollution into account. Considering ultrasound as an environmentally safe alternative
for dyeing polyester fabrics with the disperse dyes that we have prepared before, the comparison
between the ultrasonic dyeing method and conventional dyeing at low temperatures was investigated.
Dye exhaustion on polyester fabrics and fastness properties such as the washing, rubbing, light, and
perspiration of all of the dyed fabrics were performed by two dyeing methods. Additionally, the
ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) for dyed polyester fabrics were evaluated.
Keywords: disperse dyes; polyester fabrics; ultraviolet protection factor; ultrasonic dyeing
1. Introduction
Due to strict legislation and growing ecological problems, the textile dyeing industry is
increasingly considering environmental issues. There are many challenges facing the textile
industries, especially in the field of dyeing synthetic fabrics [1]. The main environmental
impact of the textile dyeing industry involves high energy consumption. The dyeing
of polyester fabric can be accomplished using two common methods. The first method
is the high temperature and high-pressure dyeing method (120–130 ◦ C). Due to high
temperature conditions, this method requires high energy consumption. The second
method is low-temperature dyeing under atmospheric conditions (below 100 ◦ C) with
the help of a carrier to improve the adsorption and to accelerate the diffusion of the
dye into the fibers. Saving time and energy is of a great importance to textile industries.
Therefore, when using practical techniques that allow the use of less energy, it is of great
and urgent importance. The use of ultrasonic waves in dyeing polyester fabrics at low
temperatures can be considered as a vital method of energy conservation and at the same
time, an environmentally safer methodology. The long exposure to ultraviolet rays of
sunlight is the main cause of sensitive skin and skin cancer. As such, the best option is to
find well-designed clothes made of textiles that block UV rays. One of the characteristics
that a fabric should possess is to block the Sun’s rays by having a UV absorbing capability
that absorbs ultraviolet rays or to be dyed fabrics where dyed fabrics provide better
protection from the Sun’s rays than bleached fabrics. Therefore, it can be said that the
deeper the color of the fabric, the better protection from the Sun’s rays that the fabric has.
The use of ultrasound waves in dyeing was a benign and environmentally sustainable
technique to obtain fabrics that had the ability to protect from the Sun’s rays and to reduce
potential skin diseases. Ultrasonic energy appears to be conceivably useful to the utilization
of water-insoluble dyes with the hydrophobic fabrics [2–4]. Ultrasonic waves were utilized
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/chemistry
Chemistry 2021, 3 890

in coloring polyester fabrics in contrast with traditional dyeing methods. These are high
frequency longitudinal waves that disseminate into the fabrics; thus, it was expected
that ultrasonic energy affects the coloring rate [5–7]. In fluid, ultrasound waves cause
the cavitation or creation of microscopic bubbles. The synchronous arrangement and
flattening of micro bubbles, known as cavitation, brings about an expansion in nearby
high temperature, high pressing factor, and shock wave event in the color bath at the
infinitesimal level. This prompted heat is large enough and sufficient for wet preparing
and hence diminishes the requirement for outside warming together with improved item
quality [8–18]. Additionally, ultrasound provides color penetration and dispersion that
are not provided by the traditional methods; hence, it allows the fluid dissolvability of
dye particles to build and cause uniform scattering of the color totals, diminishing the
mean particle size of the used dyes. Ultrasonic energy helps to dye polyester fabrics as an
alternate technique to the conventional dyeing of polyester fabrics, saving energy through
diminishing the dyeing times and temperatures and the use of materials with expanded
dyeing productivity. Ultrasonic helps the dyeing process of polyester fabrics because of
the low dissolvability of the disperse dyes in the water; a lot of dispersants are expected to
disperse dyes in the dyeing process, which needs numerous different synthetic substances,
for example, salt and surfactants. In this study, we investigate the impact of ultrasound
on the coloring behavior of polyester fabrics in order to upgrade the dye uptake, dye
exhaustion, and dyeing rate for some disperse dyes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ultrasonic Dyeing
Samples of 100% polyester texture were placed into a container containing 2% disperse
dye 1 or 2, the dispersing agent Matexil DA-N, and the carrier Tanavol EP 2007 at coloring
temperature 80 ◦ C and a coloring time 1 h and using a sonic force level 500 W with
a wavelength 132 kHz (thermostated CREST bench top 575 HT ultrasonic,).A few of
dimethylformamide was added to the dissolved dye, which was assorted with Matexil
DA-N, and water was added at a liquor ratio of 1:50 at the same time that the pH was
adjusted to 4.5. After the dyeing process, the colored samples were subjected to a reduction
clearing process for 15 min at 60 ◦ C.

2.2. Conventional Dyeing

Samples of 100% polyester texture were placed into a container containing 2% either
disperse dye 1 or 2, the dispersing agent Matexil DA-N, and the carrier Tanavol EP 2007 at
different conventional dyeing temperatures of either 80 ◦ C or 100 ◦ C for 1 h. The dyeing
method was continued as described above.

2.3. Dyebath Exhaustions

The following equation was used to calculate the % dyebath exhaustions:

C1 − C2
E% = × 100 (1)
C1
where: C1 and C2 are the concentration of the dye before and after dyeing, respectively.

2.4. The Total Color Difference

The total color difference ∆E between the sample and the standard was calculated
with the following equation:
1
E = [(∆L2 + ∆a + b2 )] 2 (2)
(L) represents the white–black axis, (a) represents the red–green axis, and finally, (b) repre-
sents the yellow–blue axis [1].
 Chemistry2021, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 3
Chemistry 2021, 3 891

2.5. Color Measurement

2.5. Color
The Measurement
strength of shadings, communicated as K/S esteems, was assessed using
theKubelka–Munk equationcommunicated
The strength of shadings, through deciding theesteems,
as K/S light reflectance procedure
was assessed performed
using theKubelka–
on a Ultra-Scan
Munk PRO D65
equation through UV/VIS
deciding spectrophotometer
the (CEM, NC,
light reflectance procedure USA) [18].
performed on a Ultra-Scan
PRO D65 UV/VIS spectrophotometer (CEM, Charlotte, NC, USA) [18].
(1 − R)2 (1 − R₀)2
K⁄S = − (3)
(1 − R2R)2 (1 − 2R₀R0 )2
K/S = − (3)
2R 2R0
2.6. UPF Measurement
2.6. UPF Measurement
It is significant that the ultraviolet protection factor is the capacity of colored poly-
esterItfabric
is significant
to the that
hindthe ultravioletthat
ultraviolet protection factor isinthe
was directed thecapacity of colored
ultraviolet visiblepolyester
spectro-
fabric to the hind ultraviolet that was directed in the ultraviolet visible spectrophotome-
photometer 3101.
ter 3101.

3.3.Results
Resultsand andDiscussion
Discussion
It is well known that
It is well known that ininhigh
hightemperature
temperaturedyeing,
dyeing, polyester
polyester fabrics
fabrics need
need higher
higher
temperatures of
temperatures of over
over 125
125◦°C
C to toproduce
produceaagoodgoodcolor
colorpenetration
penetrationin inthe
thestructure
structureof ofthe
the
fabrics. This investigation deals with coloring of polyester fabrics by
fabrics. This investigation deals with coloring of polyester fabrics by using ultrasonic using ultrasonic
energyat
energy at80
80◦°C.
C.
To accomplish comparison progression
To accomplish comparison progression for for ultrasound
ultrasound andand conventional
conventional dyeing,
dyeing,
polyester fabrics were dyed for one hour using a 2% disperse dye concentration
polyester fabrics were dyed for one hour using a 2% disperse dye concentration in presence in pres-
ence
of of a carrier.
a carrier. The shading
The shading yield ofyield
theof the colored
colored fabricsfabrics was assessed
was assessed using using K/S estima-
K/S estimations
tions since K/S values straightforwardly correspond to the concentration
since K/S values straightforwardly correspond to the concentration of the fixed color. of the fixed
The
shading estimation data for CIE Lab was assessed based upon the ∆E* values (totalvalues
color. The shading estimation data for CIE Lab was assessed based upon the ΔE* color
(total color differences).
differences). The total colorThe total color
differences differences
esteems amongesteems
US andamong US and
conventional conventional
colored fabrics
colored
were fabrics were
determined determined
using the L*, a*, using
b* values. Thea*,
the L*, b* values.
disperse The
dyes disperse
under dyes under
investigation werein-
vestigation
recently were recently
synthesized by ussynthesized
[16] (Figureby us [16]
1) and were(Figure 1) and
then used to were then usedfabrics,
dye polyester to dye
polyester
where fabrics,
orange where orange
or greenish yellowor greenish
hues yellow hues were obtained
were obtained

C2 H5 CH3

N CN Dye 1, X= C2H5, R=
R
N
H

O N O
Dye 2, X= C4H9, R=
X

Figure 1. Chemical structure of disperse dyes.

3.1. Dye1.Uptake
Figure andstructure
Chemical Exhaustion
of disperse dyes.
The K/S color strength of the dyed polyester fabrics were expressed as dye uptakes.
3.1. Dye
Many Uptake and Exhaustion
investigations [19–21] have reported that due to its sustainable and clean nature,
The K/S
ultrasonic color
energy strength
has of thebeen
successfully dyed polyester
applied fabrics
to wet were
textile expressed
processes, as dye
where higheruptakes.
color
Many investigations [19–21] have reported that due to its sustainable and clean nature,
strength K/S is obtained, and this completely corresponds to what was obtained during
◦ C for both
ultrasonic
this study. energy has successfully
In the beginning, when we beenperformed
applied tothe wet textileprocess
dyeing processes,
at 80where higher
color
the strength K/Sis
conventional dyeingobtained,
methods and
andthis
thecompletely
ultrasound corresponds
dyeing method, to what
the K/Swas obtained
value was
during
9.07 for this study. In the
the ultrasound beginning,
dyeing processwhen
(seewe performed
Figure thethe
2), while dyeing
K/S process
value was at 80 °Cfor
1.97 for
the convention dying method (see Figure 2) for disperse dye 1; hence,
both the conventional dyeing methods and the ultrasound dyeing method, the K/S value the ratio between
the
wastwo9.07methods is 360%, which
for the ultrasound is aprocess
dyeing large percentage,
(see Figureso 2),we raised
while thethe
K/Stemperature
value was 1.97of
conventional dyeing method to be 100 ◦ C.
for the convention dying method (see Figure 2) for disperse dye 1; hence, the ratio be-
tweenThe results
the in Table 1is and
two methods 360%,Figure
which3 indicate
is a large that the K/S value
percentage, so wewas 9.07the
raised in tempera-
the case
of dyeing using the ultrasound method at 80 ◦ C, and it was 8.82 for dyeing using the
ture of conventional dyeing method to be 100 °C.
conventional method at 100 ◦ C, meaning that the first method using the ultrasound method
was higher than the conventional method by 2.83% for the disperse dye 1. The same results
were obtained for the disperse dye 2, where the K/S value was 1.27 in the case of dyeing
using the ultrasound method at 80 ◦ C, and it was 1.09 for dyeing with the conventional
methods at 100 ◦ C, meaning that the first method using ultrasound is higher than the
conventional method by14.17%.From the results recorded in Table 1,it is obvious that
Chemistry 2021, 3 892

Chemistry2021,
Chemistry2021, 3,
3, FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEWapositive(L*) value indicates that the disperse dye is lighter and may contain heterocycles44
that increase the (L*) coordinate value. This fact is maintained by the estimated value of
(c*), which is positive.

Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic dyeing
dyeing
10
10 9.07
9.07
K/S 88

66
K/S

44 Conventional
Conventional dyeing
dyeing
1.97
1.97
22 Dye
Dye 11
00
20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 120
120
Dyeing Temperature °C
Dyeing Temperature °C

Figure
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Influence
2. Influence of
Influence of dyeing
of dyeing methods
dyeing methods on
methods on dye
on uptakes
dye uptakes
dye for
uptakes for dye
for dye 1.
dye 1.
1.

TableThe
The results
datain
results
1. Color inofTable
Table 11 and
the used and
dyes.Figure
Figure 33 indicate
indicate thatthat the
the K/S
K/S value
value was
was 9.07
9.07 in
in the
the case
case ofof
dyeing
dyeing using the ultrasound method at 80 °C, and it was 8.82 for dyeing using the con-
using the ultrasound method at 80 °C, and it was 8.82 for dyeing using the con-
ventional
ventional method
Dye
method K/Satat 100
100 °C,%Emeaning
°C, meaning L* that
that the
the first a* method
first method usingusing
b* the
the ultrasound
ultrasound
c* method
method
h*
No
was
was higher
higher thanthan the the conventional
conventional method
method by by 2.83%
2.83% for for the
the disperse
disperse dyedye 1.1. The
The same
same re-re-
sults
sults were obtained for the disperse dye 2, where the K/S value was 1.27 in the case of
were obtained for the disperse USdye 2,
dyeing where
at 80 the
◦C
K/S value was 1.27 in the case of
dyeing
dyeing
1 using the
using
9.07ultrasound
the ultrasound
63.79method79.04
method at
at 80
80 °C,
°C, and
2.24 it was 82.39
and it was 1.09
1.09 for
for dyeing
82.42 with the
dyeing with
88.44con-
the con-
2 1.27 70.78 84.65 −4.82 19.86 20.44 103.64
ventional
ventional methods
methods at at 100
100 °C, meaning
meaning that
°C, Conventional the
the first
thatdyeing first method
method
◦C using
using ultrasound
ultrasound is is higher
higher
at 100
than
than the
1the conventional
conventional
8.82 method
71.07 by14.17%.From
method by14.17%.From
80.58 the
the results
results recorded
−3.80 recorded
78.86 in
in Table
78.92 1,it
Table 1,it is
is obvious
obvious
92.24
that
that aa2 positive(L*)
positive(L*) 1.09 value
value indicates
indicates that
54.56 that the
the disperse
89.00 −5.28 dye
disperse dye is lighter
lighter and
is26.02 and may
may contain
26.55 contain
101.47het-
het-
erocycles
is a measure thatof increase
light the
absorption;(L*)
S iscoordinate
a measure of value.
light This
scattering;fact
L* is maintained
erocycles that increase the (L*) coordinate value. This fact is maintained by the estimated
K represents by
lightness; the
c* estimated
represents the
value
chroma;of (c*), which is
value of (c*), which is positive.
and h* represents positive.
the hue angle.

Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic dyeing
dyeing Conventional
Conventional dyeing
dyeing
10
10 9.07
9.07 8.82
8.82
99
88
77
66
K/S
K/S

55
44
33 Dye
Dye 11
22 1.27
1.27 1.09
Dye
Dye 22 1.09
11
00
20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 120
120
Dyeing Temperature °C
Dyeing Temperature °C

Figure
Figure 3.
3. Influence
Influence of
of dyeing
dyeing methods
methods on
on dye uptakes.
dye uptakes.

Table
Table 111 shows
Table shows the
shows the percentage
percentage of
the percentage dyebath
dyebath exhaustion
of dyebath
of exhaustion (%
exhaustion (% E)
(% E) for
E) for all
for all dyes
all dyes and
dyes and demon-
and demon-
demon-
strates
strates very good results. The polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes 1 and 22 either
strates very
very good
good results.
results. The
The polyester
polyester fabrics
fabrics dyed
dyed withwith disperse
disperse dyes dyes
1 and 12and
using using
using
either
aeither aa conventional
conventional or ultrasonic approach exhibited satisfactory exhaustion in all cir-
conventional or or ultrasonic
ultrasonic approachapproach
exhibited exhibited satisfactory
satisfactory exhaustion exhaustion
in all in all
circumstances
cir-
cumstances
and and
and ranged
ranged from
cumstances 54.56%from
ranged 54.56%
54.56% to
to 71.07%.
from to 71.07%.
71.07%.

Table
Table 1.
1. Color
Color data
data of
of the
the used
used dyes.
dyes.
Dye
Dye K/S
K/S %E
%E L*
L* a*
a* b*
b* cc hh
No
No
Chemistry 2021, 3 893

3.2. ∆E (Total Color Differences)

CIE Lab and color strength K/S estimations of the colored textures were estimated for
every dyeing strategy, as provided in Table 1. Total color differences ∆E* were determined,
which was a solitary value which considers the contrasts between coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of
the conventional and ultrasound-colored techniques as referenced by Equation (2).
The data listed in Table 1 revealed that at 2% of the color concentration for every
coloring technique, the ∆E* estimations of US dyeing strategies are more prominent than
∆E* estimations for conventional dyeing techniques. The US dyed examples displayed
higher ∆E* (total color differences) values of 88.61 than those obtained by conventional
dyed strategies of 62.56 for disperse color 1 at the lower temperature of 80 ◦ C within the
presence of the carrier. Similar consequences for ∆E* were accomplished in US dyeing at
29.76 when compared to the conventional ones 21.30 for disperse color 2. It was additionally
observed that with a decrease in lightness values and by increasing the dye uptakes, the (L*)
values were consequently privileged, demonstrating more prominent shade development.
For example, for the disperse dye 1, the (L*) value was 79.04 when using the ultrasound
dyeing method, and then it became 80.56 when using the conventional dyeing method.
Likewise, we obtained similar results for disperse dye 2, where the (L*) value was 84.65
when using the ultrasound dyeing method, and then it became 89.00 when using the
conventional dyeing method.

3.3. Fastness Properties

The data listed in Table 2 revealed excellent perspiration fastness and very good
fastness properties to light, washing, and rubbing for both the ultrasonic and conventional
dyeing methods for polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes 1, 2.

Table 2. Fastness property analysis of the polyester dyed fabrics.

Rubbing Washing Perspiration Fastness

Dye Fastness Fastness Light
Alkaline Acidic
No Fastness
Wet Dry SC SP Alt SC SP Alt SC SP Alt
US dyeing at 80 ◦C
1 4–5 5 4 4 4–5 5–6 5 5 5 5 5 5
2 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
Conventional dyeing at 100 ◦ C
1 4–5 5 4–5 4–5 4–5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
2 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
Where SP = Staining on polyester, SC = Staining on cotton, Alt = Alteration.

3.4. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)

The recorded results in Table 3 and Figure 4 reveal that blank polyester fabric achieved
a UPF value of 7.7, and the T (UV-A) esteem is 35.1; this implies that this fabric does not
provide any safety against ultraviolet radiation. On the other hand, the colored polyester
fabric with disperse dye 1 or 2 colored using the conventional strategy and that have 2%
shade have UPF values of 66.9 and 21.3 and T (UV-A) values of 2.2 and 13.7, which infers
that this texture has excellent safety against UV radiation. In Table 3, in actuality, colored
polyester textures with disperse dyes 1 and 2 colored using the ultrasound technique with
2% shade have UPF esteem of 72.9 and 24.0, and the assessment of the T (UV-A) values
are 2.1 and 12.4, which suggest that these fabrics have magnificent protection against the
radiations of ultraviolet.
 that have 2% shade have UPF values of 66.9 and 21.3 and T (UV-A) values of 2.2 and 13.7,
which infers that this texture has excellent safety against UV radiation. In Table 3, in ac-
tuality, colored polyester textures with disperse colors 1 and 2 colored using the ultra-
sound technique with 2% shade have UPF esteem of 72.9 and 24.0, and the assessment of
the T (UV-A) values are 2.1 and 12.4, which suggest that these fabrics have magnificent
Chemistry 2021, 3 894
protection against the radiations of ultraviolet.

Table 3. UPF values of the polyester fabrics.

Table 3. UPF values of the polyester fabrics.
Transmittance
Dye
UPF UV-A TransmittanceUV-B
NoDye
No UPF 315–400 nm UV-A 290–315UV-Bnm
315–400 nm 290–315 nm
Blank 7.7 35.1 10.0
Blank 7.7 US dyeing at 80 °C35.1 10.0
US dyeing at 80 ◦ C
1 72.9 2.1 1.1
1 72.9 2.1 1.1
2 2 24.0 24.0 12.4 12.4 3.03.0
Conventional dyeingatat100
Conventional dyeing 100◦ C°C
1 1 66.9 66.9 2.2 2.2 1.31.3
2 21.3 13.7 3.4
2 21.3 13.7 3.4

Ultrasonic dyeing
80 Conventional dyeing
72.9
70 66.9

60
50
UPF

40
30 24 21.3
20 Dye 1
10 Dye 2

0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Dyeing Temperature °C

Figure
Figure 4.
4. Influence
Influence of
of dyeing
dyeing methods
methods on
on UPF.
UPF.

The data listed

The data listedininTable
Table3 3revealed
revealed that
that thethe ultraviolet
ultraviolet protection
protection factor
factor of polyester
of polyester fab-
fabrics dyed through ultrasound dyeing is better than that of those dyed with the con-
rics dyed through ultrasound dyeing is better than that of those dyed with the conventional
ventional dyeing
dyeing method formethod
the usedfor the used
disperse dyesdisperse
1 and 2dyes 1 andand
by 8.23% 2 by 8.23%respectively.
11.25%, and 11.25%, re-
spectively.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
The data indicated that the use of ultrasonic energy in the dyeing process of polyester
fabrics at data
The low temperatures
indicated thatleads to energy
the use being saved.
of ultrasonic energyThe
in ultrasound
the dyeingdyeing
processprocess
of poly-is
better than the conventional dyeing method, and it might be due to the fact
ester fabrics at low temperatures leads to energy being saved. The ultrasound dyeing that ultrasonic
waves
processaccelerate the the
is better than diffusion of dyesdyeing
conventional into the fabrics;and
method, hence, increasing
it might be duethe ratefact
to the of dye
that
transfers into
ultrasonic the accelerate
waves fabric. Thethe
ultraviolet
diffusionprotection factor
of dyes into the (UPF)
fabrics;ofhence,
the polyester fabrics
increasing the
dyed with disperse dyes through the ultrasonic method is better than the UPF of the
rate of dye transfers into the fabric. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the polyes-
polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes using conventional dyeing methods. All of the
ter fabrics dyed with disperse dyes through the ultrasonic method is better than the UPF
disperse dyes showed very good exhaustion of the polyester fabrics, and moreover, the
of the polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes using conventional dyeing methods. All
dyed polyester fabrics showed excellent fastness properties.
of the disperse dyes showed very good exhaustion of the polyester fabrics, and moreo-
ver, the dyed polyester fabrics showed excellent fastness properties.
Author Contributions: All of the authors edited, reviewed, and wrote the manuscript. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Chemistry 2021, 3 895

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