Experiment Ho: & AM APPARATUS Tree RY PROCEDURE FORMULA FRICTION LOSSES "YT? PPR To determine the loss of head in a pipe due to (Minor Losses) Sedden Enlargement Sudden Contraction Pipe line fing apparatus set Stop Watch When the velocity of flowing liquid changes either magnitude or direction, there is a large scale of turbulence ad graduate due to formation of eddies in which a large portion of the energy processed by flowing liquid is estzblished which ultimately dissipates as heat. Hence it is an energy loss. The change in velocity of flow is due to cchange in the cross sectional area of flow passage and change in direction of velocity of flow passage. The loss of energy due to sudden change is more than that of graduated changes. The magnitude of these energy losses ‘was obtained by applying the energy momentum Equation > Loss of head due to sudden Expansion = WY -1,)'/28. ‘Where v;, v2 are mean velocities of flow in small and large pipes. > Loss of head due to sudden contraction h =033KPg. Where vis the mean velocity of'flow in small pipes. ‘Open the inlet valve fully by keeping the outlet closed. Connect the manometeric rubber tubing's to one of the pipes and check there is no air bubble entrapping. ‘Open paticliy the outlet valve of pipe for which loss of head is to be measured and the outlet valves of other pipes are closed. Allow the flow to get stabil readings. Find out actual discharge by noting time, t taken for collecting tank the discharge in a measuring tank for known depth, say 20 cm, using stop watch, ‘Vary the flow rate by adjusting the outlet valve and at least four readings. Repeat steps 1-6 for different pipe fittings. ed, then take manometer H= Differential pressure head between inlet and outlet at (Expansion valve / Contraction valve). ® Scanned with CamScannerH=h(Gq/S) -1) = ((3.6/1) -1) “126 h= Difference in Vig level j Qrg =ARIT | A= Area of the collecting tank | R= Rise of water level, ‘ T= Time taken for rise of water. TARULAR FORM Type Contraction Expansion hyin em hy inem HE (hichs)*12.6 Manemeter readings Time taken for 20 com rise of tank. ‘Actual Discharge of the pipe. (Qua) Velocity of the flow V=Q/Az (mm/sec) Velocity of the flow Vi=QUA (m/sec) Loss of energy deve Loss of energy He(vevs? /2p. Loss of coefficient KeWhy PRECAUTIONS: > Take care that there are no air bubbles entrapped in the apparatus when noting the manometer readings. > There should be no leakages from any of the pipe fittings. OBSERVATION! Diameter ofthe pipe (D1) =12.7mm =0.0127m, CIS Area of the pipe (Au) = (2) Pam, Enlarged diameter of the pipe (D.) = 25.4m. CIS Area of the pipe (2) - (}>2- mi, Dimensions of the collecting tank = length =0.3m Width -0.3m ‘Area of the collecting tank =I*b =0.3*0.3 =m’, @ Scanned with CamScanneryo | cayeyLaTioNs: } Contraction: | Asiual Discharge (Qua) = (Area of the tank*height of rise ofthe tank time taken, | =m'/see. | ‘Velocity of flow (V) = £ =misec, Loss of energy hy=V'2g Loss of coefficient K=H/ hy ‘RESULT: The head loss due to minor (Friction) loss is measured. , © ° ~~ Scanned with CamScanner