Name: Karel Samangun

Nim: C1A119002.

RESEARCH FRAME

my experience What I got in research on methods that are Difficulties in English reading
comprehension
TOPIC : Difficulties in English reading comprehension
RESEARCH PROBLEM : The main causes of comprehension of English reading

PURPOSE STATEMENT : This study aims to determine how much understanding of English
reading is.
RESEARCH QUESTION :
 What are the factors that cause people's understanding of English reading to
decrease?
 How difficult is it for people to understand English reading?
 What methods can be used to improve people's understanding of English reading?
REFERENCES : (minimal 15 referensi)

1. Antoniou, F., & Souvignier, E. (2007). Strategy Instruction in Reading Comprehension: An Intervention
Study for Students with Learning Disabilities. Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, 5(1), 41-57.

2. Best, R. M., Floyd, R. G., & Mcnamara, D. S. (2008). Differential competencies contributing to
children's comprehension of narrative and expository texts. Reading psychology, 29(2), 137-164.

3. Cain, K. (1999). Ways of reading: How knowledge and use of strategies are related to reading
comprehension. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(2), 293-309.

4. Dole, J. A., Valencia, S. W., Greer, E. A., & Wardrop, J. L. (1991). Effects of two types of prereading
instruction on the comprehension of narrative and expository text. Reading Research Quarterly, 142-
159.

5. Gaultney, J. F. (1995). The effect of prior knowledge and metacognition on the acquisition of a
reading comprehension strategy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59(1), 142-163.
6. Hirsch, E. D. (2003). Reading comprehension requires knowledge of words and the world. American
educator, 27(1), 10-13.

7. Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Williams, J. P., & Baker, S. (2001). Teaching reading comprehension strategies
to students with learning disabilities: A review of research. Review of educational research, 71(2), 279-
320.

8. Kozminsky, E., & Kozminsky, L. (2001). How do general knowledge and reading strategies ability relate
to reading comprehension of high school students at different educational levels?. Journal of Research
in Reading, 24(2), 187-204.

9. McNamara, D. S., O'Reilly, T. P., Best, R. M., & Ozuru, Y. (2006). Improving adolescent students'
reading comprehension with iSTART. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34(2), 147-171.

10. Paris, A. H., & Paris, S. G. (2007). Teaching narrative comprehension strategies to first graders.
Cognition and instruction, 25(1), 1-2.

11. Pearson, P. D., & Gallagher, M. C. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary
educational psychology, 8(3), 317-344.

12. Spörer, N., & Brunstein, J. C. (2009). Fostering the reading comprehension of secondary school
students through peer-assisted learning: Effects on strategy knowledge, strategy use, and task
performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34(4), 289-297.

13. Warner, G. J., & Fay, D. (2017). Relations among personal initiative and the development of reading
strategy knowledge and reading comprehension. Frontline Learning Research, 5(2), 1-23.

14. Willingham, D. T. (2006). The usefulness of brief instruction in reading comprehension strategies.
American Educator, 30(4), 39-50.

15. Willson, V. L., & Rupley, W. H. (1997). A structural equation model for reading comprehension based
on background, phonemic, and strategy knowledge. Scientific Studies of Reading, 1(1), 45-63.