Name: Engelbern S.

Ontolan ABE011 Subject: D

Professor: Engr. Rakim Casnor Date: November 22, 2021

FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES

1. Seawall
A seawall provides good protection against coastal erosion and flooding. It
establishes the sea-land boundary, which is useful if major infrastructure or
buildings are located along the coast. It occupies less space than other types of
coastal defenses such as dikes. By preventing cliff erosion from replenishing a
beach, reflecting waves, or limiting sediment movement along the shore, seawalls
obstruct natural sediment transport.
2. Floodwalls
These solid, long-lasting concrete structures, which may reach heights of 20
feet, are more resistant to erosion than levees, but they are costly, need experienced
engineers to erect, and take up a lot of room. The structure's service life must be
extended through regular maintenance, which might be a "eye-sore" because it was
not part of the original design.
3. Flood Barrier
A flood barrier, also referred as a surge barrier or storm surge barrier, is a
kind of floodgate aimed at preventing flooding in the area behind it in the
occurrence of a storm surge. Flood barriers prevent water from invading your
property or land, decreases the quantity of clean-up needed after the flood waters
have dissipated and limiting the flood's impact or disturbance on your home or
business
4. Diversion Channels
Man-made diversion channels, also known as floodways, provide an
alternate path for surplus water to flow, reducing flood damage and restoring rivers
to their natural water levels. Diversion channels are typically built around
communities or economic areas to minimize catastrophic flood damage. Flood
diversion canals assist mitigate the effects of a flood by diverting excess water to a
different location. Diversion canals are typically built around major cities and
villages to aid communities and metropolitan areas in dealing with flooding.
 5. Demountable Flood Barrier
Demountable flood barriers are often used to protect doors and entry points
from flooding in both residential and business flood mitigation. Demountable flood
barriers are only created in flood risk conditions, rather than constructing a
permanent flood wall that can restrict access and alter the landscape.
6. Dike
The purpose of a dike is to protect land and property from the water on the
other side. The purpose of these embankments is to keep water out and prevent
flooding. If the dikes were removed, a flood would occur. Temporary dikes can be
used to channel water away from disturbed areas, such as cut or fill slopes.
7. Temporary Water Barriers
Temporary water barriers are used to prevent flooding and/or create a dry
construction site for water-related structures like bridges, piers, and hydraulic
systems. Water barriers can be made from sandbags or other materials. Flood
prevention systems include dams, levees, dikes, and cofferdams.
8. Berms
A berm is a man-made sediment barrier put near a ditch or perhaps a wall
being built near the edge of a hill to avoid flooding. Berms are used to prevent soil
erosion, runoff, and high water in flood-prone areas. Berms are composed of
compost, sand, mulch, or gravel, and their density allows flood waters to be
delayed and held. Berms contain dense sediment elements that control flow rates
and absorb excess water in the event of a flood.
9. Spurs
Long spurs, usually named gyrones, are used to direct the river's flow away
from a dam. It works by retaining silt and altering the river's channel permanently.
Spurs must be strong enough to withstand the power of the wind, hence gabions
are usually used during floods.
10. Levees
A levee is a natural or man-made barrier or structure that prevents water
from flowing where it is not wanted. Levees can be used to enhance the amount of
land available for habitation or to redirect water so that the fertile soil of a river or
seabed can be used for agriculture. In the event of a storm surge, they prevent
rivers from flooding cities. However, if a levee fails, the results can be severe.

EROSION CONTROL STRUCTURES

1. Baffled Chutes
Baffled chutes are located downstream of the control section and require no
initial tailwater function. Multiple rows of baffle piers on the chute avoid excessive
flow acceleration and damage caused by high discharge velocity. A portion of the
baffled chute is generally extended below the streambed height to prevent the
chute from being undermined. A certified professional engineer should be hired to
check the outlet's stability if any of the major concrete problems outlined in the
preceding paragraphs are identified.
2. Plunge Pools
A plunge pool is a power device located at the exit of a spillway. The plunge
ponds are enclosed by rock riprap or other material as the discharge pours into
them. The natural streambed elevation should be used to discharge the plunge pool.
Riprap movement, fines loss from bedding materials, and scour beyond the riprap
and lining are all prevalent problems. If scour forms beneath the outlet conduit, it
will be left unsupported, causing conduit joint separation and undermining.
3. Impact Basins
A concrete impact basin is an energy-dissipating device located just at exit
of a spillway, where discharge conduit flow hits a vertical hanging baffle. Before it
goes over the end sill, the horizontal component of the barrier and the floor direct
discharge upstream are vertical edges. Because energy is wasted when the
discharge hits the baffle, tailwater has no effect on performance.

4. Headwalls/ Endwalls
At or near the discharge conduit's terminus, a headwall/endwall will provide
support and reduce the risk of undermining. A concrete headwall/endwall should
be placed on bedrock or have sufficient foundation footing to provide stability.
5. Gabion Structure
Gabion structures are another type of erosion prevention that originated in
Italy. It's essentially a rectangular wire mesh box with stones inside. The mesh
apertures are always larger than the size of the stones filled. These buildings are
flexible, permeable, and cost-effective, and they are built in areas where stones are
plentiful.
6. Rubble Masonry Dam
These dams are used in regions where vegetation cannot grow, such as
gullies or stream channels with high runoff rates. This dam should only be
constructed in areas where rocks or stones are readily available. The thickness of
the walls is kept to a minimum of 30 cm. The downstream slope of the dam below
the spillway is kept at least 1:2. The foundation thickness should be at least 34% of
the dam's height.
7. Spillway
It is a water flow path placed into dam sections or drop structures to
transport water from upstream to downstream in an efficient and safe manner. The
spillway is a passage that connects one end of the flow to the other. The three
major components of a spillway used as a permanent gully hydraulic structure are
the inlet, conduit, and exit. The inlet allows water to enter the structure and be
transferred through the conduit. The outlet is the point at which the water leaves
the structure.
8. Grass Waterways
A grassed waterway is a vast, shallow, and constantly flooded place where
water exits. During rainstorms, runoff and snowmelt are channeled through a
planted canal to a reliable outlet. The canal should be kept in good condition. Stick
to the natural drainage path erosion of the gully to avoid rill and flooding. A
grassed stream is not the same as an abandoned swale or drainage ditch. The canal
has been designed to blend in with the greenery. It's made to carry the
characteristics of the watershed. The structure of surface runoff after a storm with a
10-year periodicity.
9. Diversion Terraces
An erosion-controlling structure known as a diversion terrace. These berm-
like structures are low-lying constructions that work by breaking up a persistently
grassed slope. A diversion terrace intercepts surface runoff and channels it either
underground into a tile drain or overland to a protected outlet via a grassed channel
on the terrace's upslope side.

10. Water and Sediment Control Basins

An earthen basin that controls the flow of water and silt is known as a water
and sediment control basin. The purpose of a berm that straddles a natural drainage
channel is to intercept and temporarily pond runoff. The ponded water is gradually
discharged through a system of pipelines (in less than 24 hours). Infiltration or a
standpipe intake with a tile-based drainage system. The capacity of the tile
drainage system must be sufficient to drain all ponded regions.