SATURACIÓN

Lcable ≔ 100 m VA ≔ V ⋅ A f ≔ 50 Cable longitud

Ifmax_pri ≔ 6.978 kA RMS magnitude primary fault current

Irated_pri ≔ 1250 ⋅ A Irated_sec ≔ 5 ⋅ A IFrame ≔ 1250 A CT rated current

Irated_pri
VA'Frame ≔ 15 VA VA'Frame ⋅ ――― CT rated at terminal. Power factor = 0.5 (IEEE)
IFrame
Z´RAT ≔ ――――――― = 0.6 Ω
Irated_sec 2

Tipodefalla ≔ “M” T: trifásico ; M: monofásico

ALF ≔ 20 Err ≔ 5% Nominal Accuracy limit Factor(ALF) and error of the CT

Irated_pri
N ≔ ―――= 250 CT turns ratio
Irated_sec

Xpos ≔ 15.224 Ω Rpos ≔ 0.745 Ω Power system reactance and resistance component of X/R

Xpos 1
XoverR ≔ ――= 20.435 Tp ≔ ――― ⋅ XoverR ⋅ s = 65.046 ms
Rpos 2 π⋅f

Ifmax_pri
Ifmax_sec ≔ ―――= 27.912 A RMS magnitude of CT secundary current
N

Ω Ω
Rcable ≔ 2 ――― Xcable ≔ 0.068i ――― #12AWG cable inductive reactance and resistance
1000 ft 1000 ft

RCT ≔ 0.61 Ω CT interna resistance (interpolation)

Rem ≔ 0 Per Unit Remnant Flux

| ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ |
ZRAT ≔ |RCT + ⎝Z´RAT ⋅ 0.5 + Z´RAT ⋅ ⎝ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1 - 0.5 2 ⎠ ⋅ 1i⎠ ⋅ ((1 + Err))| = 1.074 Ω

VRAT ≔ ZRAT ⋅ (1 - Rem) ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

VRAT = 107.392 V CT Saturation Voltage

Srele ≔ 0.5 VA Rele VA @ In (Typical)

Srele
Rrele ≔ ―――― = 0.02 Ω
Irated_sec 2
Total Burden

ZB_phase ≔ Rrele + ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_phase|| = 0.677 Ω PFB_phase ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_phase⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9995

ZB_ground ≔ Rrele + 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_ground|| = 1.333 Ω PFB_graound ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_ground⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9994

ZB ≔ if Tipodefalla ＝ “T” = ((1.332 + 0.045i)) Ω

‖
CY ≔ 10 Length of simulation in cycles ‖ ZB_phase
else
‖
Frequency (leave units out so plotting works) ‖ ZB_ground
IEEE C57.13
NEC

ARTECHE
Régimen permanente (>200ms )

ZRAT Ifmax_sec
―――― = 0.553 ―――= 5.582
||ZB + RCT|| Irated_sec

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec Ifmax_sec 1

―――⋅ ――――――――= 10.099 ――――――― = 10.099
Irated_sec VRAT Irated_sec ZRAT
――――
||ZB + RCT||

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

Régimen transitorio (0-200ms)

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

(1 + XoverR) ⋅ ――― ⋅ ――――――――= 216.476
Irated_sec VRAT

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

MODELO PARA EVALUACIÓN DE SATURACIÓN:

The paper: Juergen Holbach, "Modern Solutions to Stabilize Numerical Differential Relays for
Current Transformer Saturation during External Faults", 2006 Power Systems Conference:
Advanced Metering, Protection, Control, Communication, and Distributed Resources, gives the
following three equations for estimating the time to saturation for a CT:

ω ≔ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ Hz

XoverR
Tp ≔ ――― Tp = 65.046 ms
ω

||ZB + RCT|| = 1.943 Ω

Vknee ≔ VRAT

⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ⎛⎝||ZB + RCT||⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free > 12 ms

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞⎞
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ - sin ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free 7-12 ms

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎞⎠ Saturation free < 7ms

ts ≔ 0 ⋅ ms , 0.1 ⋅ ms ‥ 100 ⋅ ms

2⋅10³

1.8⋅10³

1.6⋅10³

1.4⋅10³

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))1.2⋅10³

1⋅10³
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ (V)
800

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 600

400

Vknee ((V)) 200

-200

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
ts ((s))
 1⋅10³

900

800

700

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ (V) 600

500
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))
400

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ (V) 300

200

Vknee ((V)) 100

-100

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
ts ((s))

⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat1 ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat2 ⎞ ⎞⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ | | ⎜ ( ) ⎜
vsat2 ⎝tsat2⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ |ZB + RCT| ⋅ ⎝(-XoverR) ⋅ ⎝e
Tp
- 1⎠ - sin ⎝ω ⋅ tsat2⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎟ ⎛ ⎞

vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ tsat3⎞⎠⎞⎠

Saturación en:

Saturation free > 12 ms Saturation free 7-12 ms Saturation free < 7ms

tsat1 = 3.198 ms tsat2 = 8.375 ms tsat3 = 10.632 ms

Vknee = 107.392 V

vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ = 107.392 V vsat2 ⎛⎝tsat2⎞⎠ = 107.392 V vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ = 107.392 V

"Computer Simulation of Current Transformers and Relays For Performance Analysis" by
R.Garrett, W.C. Kotheimer, and S.E. Zocholl, presented before the 14th Annual Western
Protective Relay Conference, October 20-23, 1987.

R.W. Folkers
May 7, 2003
Modified by B.K. Johnson

75

60

45

30
IS
i
15

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
I
i
-15 ―
N
-30

-45

t
i

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
IS
0 i
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-10

-20

-30

-40

t
i
 CT Magnetizing Current

80
72
64
56
48
40
32
IM
i 24
16
8
0
-8

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

t
i

2.1
1.75
1.4
1.05
0.7
0.35
0
B ⎛⎝IP⎞⎠
-0.35
-0.7
-1.05
-1.4
-1.75
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ -2.1
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ -2.1⋅10⁴ -1.75⋅10⁴ -1.4⋅10⁴ -1.05⋅10⁴ -7⋅10³ -3.5⋅10³ 0 3.5⋅10³ 7⋅10³ 1.05⋅10⁴ 1.4⋅10⁴ 1.75⋅10⁴ 2.1⋅10⁴

IP

N ⋅ IM
i

1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
L ⎛⎛⎝N ⋅ IM⎞⎠ ⎞ 0.5
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ 0.6
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ 0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i
 Relay response

47.5

38

28.5

19

|Icpx |
9.5 | iv|

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Ia
iv

-9.5
Ifmax_sec
―――
-19
1⋅A
-28.5

-38

iv
――
RS ⋅ f