engineering Visualization and

Product-Realization (EV-PR)

Dr. Naveen Ganta, Mr. Santosh Kumar H.,

Assistant Professors, Mechanical Engineering
GITAM Bangalore Campus
 Projections- Orthographic Projections
➢Projections of Points
➢Projections of Lines
➢Projections of Planes
➢Projections of Solids
Orthographic Projections of Points, Lines, Planes,
and Solids.
To draw projections of any object, one must have the following information
A) object
{ with it’s description, well defined.}

B) observer
{ always observing perpendicular to resp. Ref.Plane}.

C) location of object
{ means it’s position with reference to H.P. & V.P.}
Projections of Points
Definition of Object W.R.T Plane

Terms ‘above’ & ‘below’ with respective to H.P.

And terms ‘infront’ & ‘behind’ with respective to V.P
Form 4 quadrants.
Objects can be placed in any one of these 4 quadrants.
 Notations
➢ Following notations should be followed while naming Different
views in orthographic projections.

OBJECT POINT A

IT’S TOP VIEW a

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a”

Projections of a Point in the First Quadrant

Point ‘A’ above HP & infront of VP

VP

For TV a’ A a’

VP
X Y
a HP HP

For FV
a
a
HP
Projections of a Point in First Quadrant
Point ‘A’ in HP & infront of VP

VP

For TV
VP
A a’
X Y
a’ a HP
HP
a
a
For FV
HP
 Projections of a Point in the First Quadrant
Point ‘A’ above HP & lies in VP
For TV VP

a’ A a’

VP
a X Y
For FV HP HP a

HP

Note: For 1st Quadrant,

VP is above the XY line
HP is below the XY line
 Projections of a Point in the Second Quadrant
Point ‘A’ Above HP & Behind VP

For TV

a’
VP HP
A a
For FV a’
VP HP
a
X Y

a HP
 Projections of a Point in the Second Quadrant
Point ‘A’ in HP & Behind VP
For TV
VP HP
a
For FV VP HP
a a’
X Y
A
a’
a HP
Projections of a Point in the Second Quadrant
Point ‘A’ Above HP & in VP

For TV
a’
VP HP

For FV A a’
VP HP
a
X Y

a
HP

Note: For 2nd Quadrant,

Both HP and VP are above the XY line, VP is transparent.
 Projections of a Point in the Third Quadrant

Point ‘A’ Below HP & Behind VP

For TV

HP

a a

a HP
For FV X Y
HP
VP

A a’ a’
VP
 Projections of a Point in the Third Quadrant
Point ‘A’ In HP & Behind VP

For TV

For FV HP

a a
a
a’
HP a’
HP X Y
A VP

VP
Projections of a Point in the Third Quadrant
Point A Below HP & In VP
For TV HP

HP
a a
HP X Y
VP
For FV
A a’ a’
VP

Note:
For 3RD Quadrant,
HP is above the XY line
VP is below the XY line
Both HP and VP are transparent.
Projections of a Point in the Fourth Quadrant

Point A Below HP & Infront of VP

For TV
VP

X Y
a HP VP HP

a a
a’ a’
For FV HP
 Projections of a Point in the Fourth Quadrant

POINT A BELOW HP & IN VP

For TV

a
a X Y
HP VP HP

For FV
a’ A a’
HP
Projections of a Point in the Fourth Quadrant

Point ‘A’ In HP & Infront of VP

For TV

A a’
a’ X Y
For FV a HP VP HP

a a
HP
 Side View for First Quadrant
Left Side View Right Side View
X’ X’
VP RPP LPP VP

a’ a’’
a’’ a’

X Y X Y
HP HP
450 450
a
a

Y’ Y’
 Side View for Second Quadrant
Left Side View Right Side View
X’ X’
VP HP RPP LPP HP VP
a
a’ a’’
a’’ a’
a
450 450
X Y X Y
Y’
Y’
 Side View for Third Quadrant
Left Side View Right Side View
X’ X’
HP VP

a
a
450 450
X Y X Y
VP RPP LPP HP

a’
a’’
a’ a’’

Y’ Y’
 Side View for Fourth Quadrant
Left Side View Right Side View

X’ X’
X Y X Y
VP HP 450 RPP LPP 450 HP VP
a
a’ a’’
a’’ a’
a

Y’ Y’
 Examples
Identify the quadrants for the following points.

POINT QUADRANT
A point is above HP and infront of VP. I
A point is above HP and in VP. I & II
A point is below HP and behind VP. III
A point is infront of VP and in HP. I & IV
A point is above HP and behind VP. II
Top view of a point is 20mm below XY line and its front view is 10mm IV
below top view.
Top view of a point is 20mm above XY line and its front view is 40mm
below top view. III

I
A point is 30mm above HP and its top view is 10mm below XY line.
A point is in both HP and VP. I,II,III & IV
 Examples
A point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.

VP
30mm
a’ A
a’
30mm 20mm
20mm

20
VP
X Y
20mm a HP
HP
30mm

30
a a
HP

Dimensioning System: Aligned

All dimensions are on “mm”
 Examples
A point A is 20 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP. Draw its projections.

a
VP HP a’

40

20
A a VP HP
X Y
a’
20mm
HP
a 40mm

Dimensioning System: Aligned

All dimensions are on “mm”
 Exercise-1-Projection of Points

1) A point A is 40 mm above HP, 50 mm in front of VP and 40 mm

from RPP. Draw its projections.
2) Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground
line, keeping the distance between projectors equal to 25 mm.
➢ Point A, 20 mm above HP, 25 mm behind VP;
➢ Point B, 25 mm below HP, 20 mm behind VP;
➢ Point C, 20 mm below HP, 30 mm in front of VP;
➢ Point D, 25 mm below HP, 20 mm behind of VP;
➢ Point E, on HP, 25 mm behind VP;
➢ Point F, on VP, 30 mm above HP;
 Exercise-1-Projection of Points
A point ‘A’ is 30mm above the HP and 40mm infront of the VP. Point B is 35mm to the right of point A such that its front view is
45o above front view of point A and top view is 30o below top view of point A. Draw the projections of the point A and B. Define
the position of point B. b’

a’ 45O Point B is 75mm above HP and 50mm

75
infront of VP

40
VP
X Y
HP
30

50
30O
a

35 b Dimensioning System: Aligned

All dimensions are on “mm”
Thank You
 Examples
A point A is 40 mm above HP, 50 mm in front of VP and 40 mm from RPP. Draw its projections.

X’

a’ a’’

40
X 450 Y
50

a
40
Y’
Dimensioning System: Aligned
All dimensions are on “mm”
 Examples
Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground line, keeping the distance between projectors equal to 25 mm.
(i) Point A, 20 mm above HP, 25 mm behind VP;
(ii) Point B, 25 mm below HP, 20 mm behind VP;
(iii) Point C, 20 mm below HP, 30 mm in front of VP;
(iv) Point D, 25 mm below HP, 20 mm behind of VP;
(v) Point E, on HP, 25 mm behind VP;
(vi) Point F, on VP, 30 mm above HP;

f’
a e
a’ b d

30
25
25
20

20

20
e’ f
X Y

20
25

25
30
c’
b’ d’
c

Dimensioning System: Aligned

All dimensions are on “mm”
 EXAMPLES
Front view of point A is 40mm above XY line and top view of point B is 40mm below XY line and the angle between these two
views is 45o. Top view of point A is 30mm below XY line. The line connecting top view of A and front view of B is at an angle
of 45o. Find the liner distance between A and B. Also define the position of point B.
b’
Point B is 50mm above HP
a’ and 40mm infront of VP
45O

50
40
VP
X Y
HP
30

40
45O

a
80 b

Dimensioning System: Aligned

All dimensions are on “mm”