Tutorial 12 (stress)

job engagement is the opposite of burnout where people try to engage employees in their job

max number of sentences is marks x2

full name first then abbreviations, re-abbreviate every question

Name, explain concept. Explain how concept explains case study.

Tutorial 11 (therapies)

Final assignment- -1 diagnosis for the case study

Support groups (8-12 members)- alcoholics anonymous (AA, USA), Caregivers welfare association
(SG)

REBT- more directive and targets irrational beliefs, CBT- less directive and emphasises more on
behaviours

Systematic desensitisation- reversing the pairing of conditioned stimulus with unconditioned

stimulus through extinction
Tutorial 10 (social psychology)

Cognitive dissonance used to explain why people stay in an abusive relationship

- Behaviour: wants to leave the relationship

- Cognitions: children, good memories forged

Prejudice and discrimination (mental health)

- Dissimilarity and social distance (in-group/out-group): people with mental health disorders
are in the out-group as they are different from us
- Economic competition: people with mental health if they are able to work will fight with us
for jobs
- Scapegoating: blaming people with mental health disorders as offenders/draining resources
from the community
- Conformity to social norms: people with mental health disorders unable to conform to social
norms
- Media stereotypes: inaccurate portrayal of mental illness in media
- Dehumanisation: treat them less than equal

Chameleon effect: only happens during the social interaction, person stops doing so after the social
interaction ceases

Conformity: happens for a relatively longer time, relatively permanent

Deindividuation: people capable of deviant behaviours given the right situational conditions

3 causes of prejudice, 3 approaches to reduce prejudice and how they address the causes of
prejudice
Tutorial 9 (motivation & emotion)

Intrinsic motivation and adaptive coping are mediators for academic burnout

Need for achievement: fear of failure (Asians) VS hope of success (Westerners)

Vocal expression: content of speech not as important as paralinguistic cues (tone)

Emotional experiences are largely innate, emotional expressions are affected by sociocultural factors

Drive-reduction theory: homeostasis

Arousal theory: able to explain other behaviours such as hobbies

Drive: feeling of deficiency derived from the lack of need, instinct: does not necessarily involve
drive/need

Schahter-Singer 2-factor theory: physiological arousal comes before cognitive interpretations

Fixed-pattern response (eg yawn) lasts longer than instinct

Tutorial 8 (Memory)

Memory: primacy effect, recency effect, frequency, distinctiveness, reconstruction effect

Double blind study:

- participants and person conducting study do not know what the experiment about
- to reduce:
o demand characteristics- good participant effect
o bias of researcher

Flashbulb memory: something of personal significance (death of significant others) or collective

significance (911)

Implicit explicit memory used for describing long-term memory

Amnesia: implicit memory is not compromised

- retrograde amnesia affects episodic memory

Tutorial 7 (Learning)

Eyeblink conditioning

5 times of pairing: brain recognises and understands that the sound will result in puff of air which
results in tearing

CS and CR happens in 100 tries

People with high anxiety (high BI) learn the eyeblink conditioning faster than others because they
are more likely to try to avoid the stimulus which is deemed as a danger

Learned helplessness: failed escape after multiple times

Assignment: state theory, describe theory, explain how theory explains phenomenon, give example
of its application
Tutorial 6 (Psychological disorders)

Importance of context during diagnosis and level of functioning

Distress, maladaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability, unconventionality

Normality is always relative (subjective)

Tutorial 5 (Consciousness)

Writing down worries: catharsis- allows people to perform better in exams, as mind is freed up

Across:

6. stimulant

9. barbiturates

10. nightmares

13. meditation

14. depressants

17. heroin

18. amphetamines

21. INSOMNIA

22.psychoactive

Down:

1. benzodiazepine

2. withdrawal

3. narcotics

4. hypnosis

5. REM

7. narcolepsy

8. caffeine

11. delta

12. circadian rhythm

15. alpha waves

16. cocaine

19. consciousness

20. microsleeps

23. sleep apnea

24. hallucinogen

25. alcohol

Drug tolerance
Freud and dreams

- Vigilance in Ego relaxed during sleep

Jung

- Dreams to balance out what has happened during the day

- Restore psychological balance

Everyone dreams just don’t remember because its not in LTM, stored in working memory

Length of dreams correspond to length of REM sleep, dreams are not instantaneous when
incorporating environmental stimuli

Bad dreams are more likely to be recalled, survival/protective factor, sexual dreams uncommon,
dreams involve certain level of frustration, most common: falling, being chased

Controlling dream: lucid dreaming, it’s a skill

Physical dependence: physiological changes in the (structure of brain of) abuser

Psychological dependence: feelings, emotions during withdrawal

Tutorial 4 (Development)

Mirror test

Cats dogs not counted as they are domesticated

Babies pass the test when they are 20-24months

Plasticity- existing pathways used to compensate

Synaptic pruning- removal of unused pathway

Responsive cargiving: ideal 75% of the time

Name factor, elaborate factor, examples to support elaboration, prevention or cure

10 year difference for articles

Tutorial 3 (Cognition)

Cognition

Protected groups of people: children, pregnant, prisoners (power distance)

Mental images (size) affects how fast we problem solve (only for physical objects)

Limited cognitive resources limit our ability to zoom into all our mental images

Impacts of culture on intelligence tests

Anchoring bias: more likely to believe what you see first

Logical fallacies:

false alternatives fallacy (only black and white)

slippery slope fallacy (exaggeration)

circularity fallacy (solution is the restatement of problem)

Tutorial 2 (Sensation and perception)

Sense of fear= important for survival

Talked about gestalt psychology

Similarity proximity continuity common fate pragnanz

Gestalt laws of perceptual grouping (different from perceptual constancy, perceptual constancy does
not apply here when understanding illusions)

Picture 2: similarity common fate

Picture 3: similarity common fate

Picture 4: closure, similarity, continuity

Picture 6: continuity, common fate

Sensation: physiological stimulus

Transduction: converting sensation to neural impulses

Nature vs nurture (always a combination usually)

Adults- born blind recover eyesight later: cannot recognize objects visually, cannot distinguish shape
(nurture argument)

Nature argument: we need to be born with eye and visual cortex

Significance of adults: children is still in the developmental period, adult: missed the developmental
period for visual cortex, unable to process properly as compared to other people

Sensation and perception: both nature and nurture

Distal stimulus: outside

Proximal stimulus: inside

Tutorial 1 (Biopsychology)

Crossword puzzle answers

Across:

1: inhibitory

3: soma

4: pineal

7: endocrine

8: axon

10: neurotransmitter (names and functions*

13: nerves

14: dendrite

15: thyroid

17: corpus callosum* see the term agn

19: central

Down:

2: thalamus

4 pancreas

5: myelin

6: neuron*

8: agonist

9: cerebellum

11: reuptake

12: limbic

16: hormones

18: amygdala*