Komposite Ramah Lingkungan

TMT 4710
Dr. Hadi Saputra, S.T., M.Eng
Jurusan Teknik Mesin - Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta
E-mail : hadisaputra2007@gmail.com
 CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN

Perkuliahan pada sesi ini bertujuan memberikan pemahaman, tentang:

1. Paham tentang mikromekanika material komposit

Dr. Hadi Saputra 2

 Mikromekanika Material
Komposit

Adapted from: Buragohain, M. K., & Buragohain, M. K. (2017). Micromechanics of a Lamina. In Composite Structures. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315268057-3
Dr. Hadi Saputra 3
 Mikromekanika Material
Komposit
Micromechanics merupakan studi tentang material komposit yang
membahas tentang interaksi penyusun material komposit secara detail.
Designer dalam merancang material komposit dapat merubah fiber,
matrik, jumlah setiap constituent yang dipergunakan, dan geometri
part sesuai kebutuhan struktur.
Fiber dan matrix fraction volume merupakan ukuran jumlah relative
fiber dan matrik.

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 4
 Volume and Mass Fractions
Property material komposit ditentukan oleh volume fiber & matriknya

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
The Fiber volume fraction : 𝑉𝑓 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
The Matrix volume fraction : 𝑉𝑚 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

The Total volume : 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑓 = 1

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 5
 Volume and Mass Fractions
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
The fiber weight fraction : 𝑊𝑓 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
The matrix weight fraction : 𝑊𝑚 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

The total weight : 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑚 = 1

The density of composite :𝜌𝑐 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 6
 Volume and Mass Fractions
Hubungan diantara volume dan weight fraction :
𝜌𝑓
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓
𝜌𝑐
𝜌𝑚
𝑊𝑚 = 𝑉
𝜌𝑐 𝑚
Bentuk umum bila terdapat lebih dari satu constituent dalam komposisi
𝜌𝑐 = 𝑛𝑖=1 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖
1 𝑛 𝑊𝑖
= 𝑖=1 𝜌
𝜌𝑐 𝑖
𝜌𝑖
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖
𝜌𝑐
𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜌𝑐 −𝜌𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
The volume fraction of voids : 𝑉𝑣 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜌𝑐

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 7
 Representative Volume Element
(RVE)
RVE merupakan bagian terkecil dari
material yang mencerminkan perilaku
keseluruhan material.
Properties material komposit dapat
diprediksi dengan micromechanics
analysis. Adapted from:
Buragohain, M. K., & Buragohain, M. K. (2017). Micromechanics of a
Lamina. In Composite Structures. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315268057-3
Micromechanics analysis tergantung
pada sifat – sifat fiber, matrik dan
geometri microstructure (RVE).
Variasi RVE
1. Square array
2. Hexagonal array Fiber arrangement in RVE (a) Square array, (b) Hexagonal array (c)
Hexagonal fiber array with loading along the fiber direction (L, B and H
3. Triangular array, etc. in µm )
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-
Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803 Dr. Hadi Saputra 8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_wood.jpg
Dr. Hadi Saputra
Heterogeneous Material
Material Heterogen merupakan material yang
propertiesnya (mechanical properties) berbeda di
setiap titiknya.
Contohnya:
1. Penampang melintang batang kayu akan
memiliki lingkaran pertumbuhan (ring of
Growth) dengan corak warna yang berbeda.
Perbedaan tersebut menunjukkan tingkat
kekerasan. Corak warna terang memiliki
kekerasan lebih lunak daripada yang gelap.
2. Concreate memiliki komposisi yang berbeda
sehingga properties berbeda di tiap titik
Adapted from: Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor
Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton. FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13:
978-1138196803 9
 Anisotropic Material
Anisotropic material merupakan material yang propertiesnya berbeda dalam
orientasi tertentu.
Anisotropic material mungkin merupakan material homogen, tetapi material
ini propertiesnya berbeda tergantung pada orientasi sepanjang pengukuran.
Misal:
1. Modulus elastisitas kayu dalam arah longitudinal akan berbeda (lebih
besar) daripada arah transversal.
2. Kayu merupakan material heterogen, tetapi dalam potongan yang besar
dapat diasumsikan sebagai material homogen, sehingga perbedaan
modulusnya (ring of growth) dapat diabaikan.

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 10
 Orthotropic Material
An orthotropic Material merupakan material yang memiliki tiga bidang
simetri.
Hanya perlu Sembilan konstanta untuk menjelaskan orthotropic material
Misal:
Unidirectional fiber reinforced composite

Adapted from:
1. Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material
Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound
Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton. FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13:
978-1138196803
2. https://abaqus-
docs.mit.edu/2017/English/SIMA3DXRefImages/usb-mat-
fiberreinforcedmaterial.png
3.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienc
edirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fengineering%2Fmutually-perpendicular-
plane&psig=AOvVaw2FQXRgFSfSRWP9RkYGEPLB&ust=160295885457
5000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIintZ3duewCFQA
AAAAdAAAAABAD

Dr. Hadi Saputra 11

 Transversely Isotropic Material
Transversely Isotropic Material hanya memiliki satu sumbu simetri.
Misal:
Uni-directional Fiber reinforced composite dengan susunan fiber yang
random

Adapted from:
1. Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor
Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton. FL.33487-2742.
ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
2. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transverse_Isotropy.svg/1280px-
Transverse_Isotropy.svg.png

Dr. Hadi Saputra 12

 Isotropic Material
Isotropic Material merupakan material yang propertiesnya dalam
segala arah sama.
Hanya memerlukan dua buah konstanta, 𝐸 & 𝑣 (modulus elastisitas dan
Poisson’ ratio).

𝐸
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑦 = 𝐺 =
2(1 + 𝑣)

′
𝐸
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝜆 =
1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 13
 Stiffness
Tinjauan dalam mechanic of matrials, Fiber dan matrix diasumsikan isotropic.
Property,
𝐸 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑦 & 𝑣 = 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Tinjauan dalam micromechanics, kombinasi dari fiber dan matrik:
1. An equivalent
2. Homogen
3. Anisotropic material
Kekakuan equivalent material ditunjukkan oleh lima buah sifat elastis:
1. 𝐸1 : Modulus of elasticity in the fiber direction
2. 𝐸2 : Modulus of elasticity in the direction transverse to the fibers
3. 𝐺12 : In-plane shear modulus
4. 𝐺23 : Out of plane shear modulus
5. 𝑣12 : In-plane Poisson’s ratio
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 14
 Longitudinal Modulus (E1 )
Rule of Mixture (ROM)

Representative Volume Element (RVE)

Rule of Mixture (ROM) is

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803 Dr. Hadi Saputra 15
Dr. Hadi Saputra 16
 Transverse Modulus
𝜎2 𝜎2
∈𝑓 = & ∈𝑚 = ∈2 𝑊 =∈𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑊+∈𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑊
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚
𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑚
Berdasarkan Hk Hooke maka ∈2 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚 𝑚
𝜎2 𝜎2
Karena 𝜎𝑓 = 𝜎𝑚 = 𝜎2 ∈2 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚 𝑚
1 𝜎2 𝜎2
Inverse Rule of Mixture (IROM) = +
𝐸2 𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑚

1 + 𝜁𝜂𝑉𝑓
The semi-empirical Halpin-Tsai 𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑚
1 − 𝜂𝑉𝑓
Asumsi:
Stress pada fiber dan matrix sama, sehingga 𝐸𝑓 /𝐸𝑚 − 1
𝜂=
1. Keseimbangan dalam arah transversal terjadi 𝐸𝑓 /𝐸𝑚 + 𝜁
2. Ikatan diantara fiber dan matrix sempurna
3. Fiber & matrix adalah linear elastic materials
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton. FL.33487-
2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803 Dr. Hadi Saputra 17
 Comparison of predicted values of E 2 /E m
with experimental data for glass–epoxy

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton. FL.33487-
2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803 Dr. Hadi Saputra 18
 In-plane Poisson’s Ratio
The Poisson’s Ratio adalah
𝜖𝑗
𝑣𝑖𝑗 = −
∈𝑖
Mechanic of materials approach lead to a ROM equation for the in-
plane Poisson’s ratio
𝑣𝑖𝑗 = 𝑣𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑉𝑚

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 19
 In-plane Shear Modulus
Pendekatan dengan mechanic
of material dengan IROM akan
menghasilkan In-plane shear
modulus
1 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑓
= +
𝐺12 𝐺𝑚 𝐺𝑓

Distinction between in-plane and intra-laminar shear stress IROM dapat juga ditulis sbb,
In-plane shear stress 𝜎2 = 𝜎12 = 𝜎21 𝐺12 =
𝐺𝑚
menyebabkan RVE berdeformasi seperti 𝐺𝑚
𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑓
𝐺𝑓
gambar (a)
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 20
 Intralaminar Shear Modulus
Intralaminar Shear Modulus dapat dihitung dengan
semi-empirical stress partitioning parameter technique
𝑉𝑓 + 𝜂4 1 − 𝑉𝑓 𝐺
𝐺23 = 𝐺𝑚 3 − 4𝑣𝑚 + 𝐺𝑚
𝐺 𝑓
𝜂4 1 − 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑓 𝐺𝑚 𝜂4 =
4 1 − 𝑉𝑚
𝑓

Intra-laminar shear stress 𝜎5 = 𝜏13 = 𝜏31 menyebabkan RVE

berdeformasi sama seperti gambar berikut

intra-laminar stress
Intra-laminar stress 𝜎4 = 𝜏23 = 𝜏32 𝐺13 = 𝐺12
menyebabkan RVE berdeformasi
seperti gambar diatas

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 21
 Restrictions on the Elastic
Constants

𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑣𝑗𝑖
= dengan 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑗

𝐸𝑖
0 < 𝑣𝑖𝑗 < dengan 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝐸𝑗

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 22
 Contoh kasus

Dr. Hadi Saputra 23

 Moisture & Thermal Expansion
∆𝑇 ∆𝑚 Thermal Expansion untuk anisotropic fiber
𝐿𝑜 Dalam arah fiber
𝛼𝐴 𝑉𝑓 𝐸𝐴 + 𝛼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐸𝑚
𝛼1 =
𝐸1

∆𝐿 𝐿𝑜 Dalam arah transversal

𝐸𝐴
𝛼2 = 𝛼3 = 𝛼𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 1 − 𝑉𝑓 1 + 𝑉𝑓 𝛼𝑚 𝛼𝑚
𝐸1
∆𝐿 = ∈ +𝛽∆𝑚 + 𝛼∆𝑇 𝐿𝑜 Thermal Expansion untuk komposit lamina dengan
random oriented fiber
∆𝐿 : Perubahan panjang 𝛼1 +𝛼2 𝛼1 −𝛼2 𝐸1 −𝐸2
∈ : Strain 𝛼𝑞 = +
2 2 𝐸1 + 1+2𝑣12 𝐸2
𝛽 : Koefisien of moisture expansion
∆𝑚 : Perubahan Moisture concentration
𝛼 : Koefisient of thermal expansion
∆𝑇 : Perubahan temperature
𝐿𝑜 : Panjang mula-mula
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 24
 Moisture Expansion
Konsentarasi uap air rerata dalam komposit didefinisikan:

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑚=
𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑖 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐸𝑚
𝛽1 = 𝛽𝑚 1 − 𝑉𝑓
𝐸1

𝑉𝑓 (1− 𝑉𝑓 )𝐸𝑚
𝛽2 = 𝛽3 = 𝛽𝑚 1 − 𝑉𝑓 1+
𝑉𝑓 𝐸2 +(1− 𝑉𝑓 )𝐸𝑚

𝛽1 +𝛽2 𝛽1 −𝛽2 𝐸1 −𝐸2

𝛽𝑞 = +
2 2 𝐸1 + 1+2𝑣12 𝐸2

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 25
 Transport Properties
The conductivity or the diffusivity dalam arah
fiber dihitung dengan ROM, sbb:
𝑘1 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑘𝑚 𝑉𝑚
Sedangkan dalam arah transversal
berdasarkan pendekatan Halpin-Tsai:
1+𝜉𝜂𝑉𝑓
𝑘 2 = 𝑘𝑚
1−𝜂𝑉𝑓
𝑘𝑓
−1
𝑘𝑚
𝜂= 𝑘𝑓
𝑘𝑚
+𝜉
−1 𝑎
𝜉 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 log
𝑏
Prediksi 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒌 dari carbon epoxy composite
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 26
 Strength
Micromechanics formula yang digunakan untuk memprediksi strength of
composite memerlukan data-data sifat konstituen yang merupakan data in-
situ properties.
Data tersebut menjadi tidak akurat bila setiap konstituentnya berubah atau
prosessingnya berubah.
Metode yang paling akurat adalah bila berdasarkan data percobaan, tetapi
hal ini tidak feasible untuk variasi fiber volume fraction.
Perbedaan diantara prediksi dan eksperimental data, saat ini merupakan
topik penelitian yang sangat menantang dan sedang giat dilakukan?
Topik yang hangat dalam penelitian saat ini adalah:
1. Bagaimana menghitung Ulimate Strength/strain dengan
micromechanics?
2. Bagaimana menggunakan nilai strength dalam stress analysis?
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 27
 Longitudinal Tensile Strength

𝐸𝑚 𝐹𝑓𝑡
𝐹1𝑡 = 𝐹𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝑓 + 1 − 𝑉𝑓 =
𝐸𝑓 𝑘𝑓

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 28
 Longitudinal Compressive
Strength

𝐹1𝐶 = 𝐺12 1 − 4.76𝑋 0.69

𝐺12 𝛼𝜎
𝑋=
𝐹6

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 29
 Transversal Tensile Strength
Transversal tensil strength, unidirectional lamina diprediksi dengan:

𝐺𝐼𝐶
𝐹2𝑡 = 𝑡
1.122 𝜋( 4𝑡 )Λ022

1 2 𝐸2
𝑣12
Λ022 =2 − 32
𝐸2 𝐸1

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 30
 Transversal Compressive
Strength
Transversal compressive strength, diprediksi dengan empirical formula

𝐸𝑚
𝐹2𝐶 = 𝐹𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑣 1 + 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑓 1−
𝐸𝑇

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 31
 In-plane Shear Strength
The In-plane Shear Strength,
a unidirectional lamina
diprediksi dengan:

𝐺𝐼𝐼𝐶
𝐹6 = 𝑡
𝜋 4𝑡 Λ044

1
Λ044 =
𝐺12

Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 32
 Intralaminar Shear Strength
The intra-laminar shear strength F4 is a matrix dominated property because
the shear acts on a plane parallel to the fiber direction. In this case the
fibers do not resist shear. On the contrary, the cross sections of the fibers can
be viewed as circular inclusions creating stress concentrations in the matrix,
thus debilitating the composite. It can be seen in Figure 4.24 that the shear
stress τ31 tends to split the matrix along the fiber direction. This is the usual
mode of failure under stress σ5. On the other hand, the fibers would have to
be sheared-off by stress τ13 to produce failure, which is unlikely. Since, by
equilibrium, the shear stresses τ13 and τ31 are numerically equal, both are
called σ5. The corresponding shear strength is F5, which is numerically
equal to the ultimate value of τ31u. The shear stress σ5 applies shear along
the fiber direction. Therefore, the intra-laminar shear strength F5 is affected
by the fiber–matrix bond strength.
Adapted from:
Barbero, J. Ever.,2014, “Introduction to Composite Material Design”, CRC press-Taylor Franchise group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway N W, Suits 300 Boca Raton.
FL.33487-2742. ISBN-13: 978-1138196803
Dr. Hadi Saputra 33
 Tugas Mandiri / PR 4

Cari & buat review satu/lebih journal tentang prediksi properties material
komposit ramah lingkungan dengan micromechanics ?(Jurnal yang publish sejak tahun
2015 hingga tahun 2020)

Dr. Hadi Saputra 34

Terima kasih atas perhatian dan partisipasinya

Dr. Hadi Saputra 35