LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

NAME: SUMAN KUMAR PAUL

ROLL NO.: 16AG63R09
M.TECH, FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING
IIT KHARAGPUR
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Principle
 Single stage batch extraction
 Continuous multistage counter current extraction
 Liquid-liquid extraction equipment
 Parameters of LLE
 Extraction of soybean oil by LLE
 Applications
 Advantages and limitations
 Conclusions
 INTRODUCTION
 Extraction

Extraction is a separation process consisting in the separation of

a substance from a solid or liquid mixture..

 Liquid-liquid extraction

It is a method to separate compounds based on their relative

solubilities in two different immiscible liquids.

 In liquid-liquid extraction the extraction takes place from one

liquid medium to another.
 Feed contains the desired solute.
 Its comes in contact with the solvent.
 Mass transfer takes place.
 The extract is the solvent rich solution contains the extracted
solute.
 The raffinate is the residual feed solution, may contain little
solute.
 PRINCIPLE
 It is a mass transfer and thermodynamic process and it works based
on the partition or distribution coefficient.

 Partition Coefficient
It is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of
two immiscible phases at equilibrium.
Given as,
𝑪𝑬
𝑲=
𝑪𝑹
Where,
𝑪𝑬 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑪𝑹 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
 OPERATING MODES OF EXTRACTION

Single stage
Batch
Multistage
Extraction

Counter
Continuous
current
Single Stage Batch Extraction

Multistage Batch Extraction

Continuous Counter Current Multistage
 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT

 Vessels in which mixing is done by mechanical agitation

 Agitated columns
 Mixer-settlers
 Centrifugal extractors
 Vessels in which mixing is done by flow of the fluid

 Spray extraction towers

 Packed extraction towers
 AGITATED COLUMNS
 Two most important types
a) Scheibel Tower
 The agitators are mounted at fixed intervals on a central
vertical shaft.
 Wire-mesh packings are installed to improve coalescence
and separation of the phases.
b) Karr Reciprocating Plate Tower
 Perforated trays moves up and down.
 More uniform drop size distribution.
Scheible Tower Karr Column
 MIXER-SETTLERS
 A mixer-settler device ordinarily
consisted of two parts:
 A mixer for contacting the
two liquid phases.
 A settler for their mechanical
separation.
 It provides efficient mass
transfer.
 SPRAY EXTRACTION TOWERS
 The heavy liquid enters at the
top of the spray tower, fills the
tower as the continuous
phase.
 The light liquid enters through
a nozzle distributor at the
bottom, which disperses or
sprays the droplets upward.
 The light liquid coalesces at
the top and flows out.
 In some cases the heavy liquid
is sprayed downward into a
rising, light continuous phase.
 PARAMETERS OF LLE

 Solvent selection
 Operating conditions
 Mode of operations
 Extractor type
 Design criteria
SOLVENT SELECTION
 Partition coefficient
 High selectivity
 Density
 Interfacial tension
 Viscosity
 Stability
 Cost
 Toxicity and flammability
 Corrosivity
 APPLICATIONS
 In Food Industry
 Extraction of essential oil, flavourings etc.
 Caffeine extraction from tea and coffee.

 Other applications:
 Removal of phenol from waste water.
 Recovery and purification of acetic acid from aqueous streams.
 Extraction of antibiotics and organic acids from fermented
broth.
 Recovery of rare earth elements.
DEACIDIFICATION OF SOYBEAN OIL
 Degummed soybean oil containing 1.05 ± 0.10% w/w free
fatty acids.
 Deacidification is done to remove this free fatty acids.
 It provides more stability and make it more acceptable for
consumers.
 It is done by extraction with ethanol.
 degummed soybean oil is used as the feed.
 Extract contains ethanol with FFAs.
 Raffinate contain the deacidified oil.
Advantages
 Heat sensitive products are processed at ambient or
moderate temperatures.
 Suitable at wide range of temperature.
 Very large capacities are possible with a minimum of
energy consumption
 Recovery of solvent is possible.

Limitations
 Time consuming.
 Required skilled labor.
CONCLUSION
 LLE is used when separation not feasible by distillation.
 It is a mass transfer and thermodynamic process.
 Selection of solvent is very important parameter for LLE.
 This method is widely used in various industries, and in the
laboratory for refining, isolating and purifying a variety of
useful compounds.
 Though it is widely used, it has some limitations.
REFERENCES
1. Geankoplis, C.J., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 4th edition,
Prentice Hall of India, ISBN 81-203-2614-8, 2004.
2. Ghosh, R., Principles of Bioseparations Engineering, World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., ISBN 981-256-892-1, 2006.
3. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-112738-0, 1993.
4. Green, W. D., Perry, H.R. (eds.), Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,
8th edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-142294-3, 2008.
5. Fornasero, L. M., Marenchino, N.R., and Pagliero, L.C., Deacidification
of Soybean Oil Combining Solvent Extraction and Membrane Technology,
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ,Volume 2013 , Article ID
646343, 5 pages, 2103.