CHITOSAN BASED MICROGELS

Submitted to:Dr Zahoor H. Farooqi

Submitted By: Sadaf
Roll No: 28
BS Botany 3rd semester.
Punjab University Lahore.

Chitosan Based Hybrid Microgels

7.4 Let us assume that you were given the parental guinea pigs (P1) in the
following figure and crossed them to obtain F1 individuals of the type pictured.
F1males were then crossed with F1females and an F2was then obtained
according to the numbers shown in the figure
. DECEMBER 27, 2020
(a) Using the simplest explanation, how many gene-pair differences would you say
were involved in this cross?
b) Designate your gene pairs by alphabetical letters and indicate what phenotypic
characteristics they affect and whether these genes act as dominants or
recessives.
(c) On the basis of your gene symbols, give the possible genotypes of the
F2phenotypes that have been marked Y and Z.
(d) After reviewing Chapter 8, use the chi-square method (p. 132) to test your
hypothesis and indicate whether you accept or reject it.

Given data:
Parental guinea pigs (P1) are crossed
F1 Individual of type pictured
F1 Males were crossed with F1 Females
F2 was then obtained according to the no given

To Find:
(a) How many gene-pairs differences were involved in this cross?
(b) Designate your gene pairs by alphabetical letters and indicate what
phenotypic characteristics they affect and whether these genes act
as dominants or recessive?
(c) Give the Possible Genotypes of F2 phenotypes marked as Y and Z
(d) Use chi square method to check your hypothesis

Solution
(a)
Two gene pair differences are involved in this cross (color of body and hairs on
body)

(b)
As from above diagram F1 generation is dark and rough so
body color,
Albino body color is recessive trait=t
Dark body color is dominant=T
Hairs on body
Alleles of rough hair is dominant=S
Alleles of smooth hairs is recessive=s

(c)
Possible Genotypes of Y and Z
Y
Phenotype: Dark smooth
Genotype: TTss, Ttss
Z
Phenotype: Albino smooth
Genotype: ttss

(d)
P1
Phenotype Dark smooth * Albino rough
Genotype TTss * ttSS
Gametes Ts Ts tS
Ts Ts tS tS tS
s

F1 Progeny:
(Dark smooth)

Ts Ts Ts Ts
TtSs TtSs TtSs TtSs
Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough

TtSs TtSs TtSs TtSs

Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough
 TtSs TtSs TtSs TtSs
Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough

TtSs TtSs TtSs TtSs

Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark Rough

tS

tS

tS

tS

All F1 Generation is Dark and rough

F1 * F1
Phenotype Dark Rough * Dark Rough
Genotype TtSs TtSs
Gametes
TS Ts tS ts TS tS ts
F2: Ts
 TS Ts tS ts

TS
TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs
Dark Dark Rough Dark Rough Dark rough
Rough
TTSs TTss TtSs Ttss
Dark Dark Smooth Dark rough Dark smooth
rough
TtSS TtSs ttSS ttSs
Dark Dark Rough Albino Rough Albino Rough
rough
TtSs Ttss ttSs ttss
Dark Dark smooth Albino Rough Albino
Rough smooth

Ts

tS

ts
Phenotypic Ratio:

Dark Rough : Dark Smooth : Albino Rough : Albino smooth

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

7.5 In corn a pair of genes determines leaf shape and another pair
determines pollen shape. A ragged-leafed plant with round pollen was crossed to
a ragged-leafed plant with angular-pollen, and the resultant progeny were
classified as follows:
Class Phenotypes
I 186 ragged-leaf round-pollen
II 174 ragged-leaf angular-pollen
III 57 smooth-leaf round-pollen
IV 63 smooth-leaf angular-pollen

Total 480

(a) Using alphabetical letters of your choice, designate the genes for the
different leaf and pollen characters.
(b) On the basis of the symbols given in (a), provide genotypes for the two
parents.
(c) According to your hypothesis what numbers would you have expected for each
of the four classes of progeny?
(d) After reviewing Chapter 8, use the chi-square method (p. 132) to test your
hypothesis and indicate whether you accept or reject

Given Data
Corn plant
2 gene pair which determines shape and Pollen shape
Characters: leaf shape and pollen shape
Traits: Ragged and smooth, Round and Angular

To Find
(a) Designate the genes for different leaf and pollen characters by using
letters of your own choice?
(b) Provide genotypes of two parents
(c) According to your hypothesis what numbers would you have expected for
each of the four classes of progeny?
(d) Use chi square method to test your hypothesis.
Solution
(a)
Alphabetical letters for leaf and pollen characters
Ragged leaf Ss smooth leaf ss
Round Pollen Aa Angular pollen aa
(b)
In the offspring generation there is a group of double recessive offspring. So, the
Genotype of Ragged leaved corn plant with round pollen is heterozygous. So, the
genotype of the Parent is SsAa and the genotype of other parent is Ssaa because
Angular is already a recessive character.
(d)

P1
Phenotype Ragged leave round pollen * Ragged leave, angular pollen
Genotype SsAa * Ssaa
Gametes
SA Sa sA sa Sa Sa sa sa

F1 Progeny:

Sa sa Sa sa
SSAa SsAa SSAa SsAa
Ragged round Ragged round Ragged round Ragged round

Ssaa Ssaa Ssaa Ssaa

Ragged Ragged Ragged Ragged
angular angular angular angular
SsAa ssAa SsAa ssAa
Ragged round smooth round Ragged round smooth round

Ssaa ssaa Ssaa ssaa

Ragged smooth Ragged smooth
angular angular angular angular

SA

Sa

sA
 sa

Expected Ratio Of progeny:

Ragged round: Ragged angular: Smooth round: smooth angular
6 : 6 : 2 : 2
3 : 3 : 1 : 2

7-6. Certain varieties of flax have been found by Flor to show different resistances
to specific races of a fungus called flax rust (Melampsora lini). For example, flax
variety "770B" is resistant to rust race 24 but susceptible to rust race 22, whereas
flax variety "Bombay" is resistant to rust race 22 and susceptible to rust race 24.
Flor crossed flax varieties 770B and Bombay and found the hybrid resistant to
both races 22 and 24. When the F1 hybrid was permitted to self-fertilize, it
produced an F2that had the following phenotypic proportions:

Rust Race 24 RESISTANT 110 Susceptible 32

Rust Race 22 RESISTANT 43 SUSCEPTIBLE 9
(a) Propose a hypothesis to account for the genetic basis of rust resistance in flax
for these particular rust races.
(b) On the basis of your hypothesis, what numbers would you expect for each of
the four categories in the F2?
(c) After reviewing Chapter 8, use the chi-square method to test your hypothesis.

Given data
Flax variety 770B And Bombay that show diff resistances to specific races
770B is Resistant to rust race 24 and suspectable to race 22
Bombay is resistant to rust race 22 and suspectable to race 24
Their hybrid (F1) resistant to both
To Find
Propose a hypothesis
Determine expected genotypes ratio for F2
Use chi square method to test your hypothesis

Solution
L(a)
Let,
AA= resistant to rust 24 aa=susceptible to rust 24
BB=resistant to rust 22 bb=susceptible to rust 22
770B Bombay
AAbb aaBB
(b)
 P1
Phenotypes 770B * Bombay
Genotypes AAbb * aaBB
Gametes
Ab Ab Ab Ab aB aB aB aB

F1 Progeny:
Ab Ab Ab Ab
AaBb AaBb AaBb AaBb
Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to
22,24 22,24 22,24 22,24
AaBb AaBb AaBb AaBb
Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to
22,24 22,24 22,24 22,24
AaBb AaBb AaBb AaBb
Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to
22,24 22,24 22,24 22,24
AaBb AaBb AaBb AaBb
Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to Resistant to
22,24 22,24 22,24 22,24

aB

aB

aB
aB

All f1 progeny is resistant to both races 22 and 24.

F1*F1
Phenotypes Resistant to race 22,24 * Resistant to race 22 and 24
Genotypes AaBb * AaBb
Gametes
AB Ab aB ab AB Ab aB ab

AB Ab aB ab
AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
Resistant to 24 Resistant to 22 Resistant to 24 Resistant to 22
and 22 and 24 and 22 and 24
AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
Resistant to 24 Resistant to 24 Resistant to 24 Resistant to 24
and 22 and sus to 22 and 22 and sus to 22
AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
Resistant to 24 Resistant to 24 sus to 24 and sus to 24 and
and 22 and 22 resistant to 22 resistant to 22
AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
Resistant to 24 Resistant to 24 sus to 24 and
and 22 and sus to 22 resistant to 22
sus to 24 and
sus to 22

AB
Ab

aB

ab

Phenotypic Ratio:
Resistant to 24 and 22: Resistant To 24 and sus to 22: resistant to 22 and sus to
24: Sus to 24 and 22
9 : 3 : 3 : 1

P_A pure-breeding pea plant with round seeds and white flowers is crossed with a
pure-breeding plant that has wrinkled seeds and purple flowers.
(a)What will the F1 offspring look like?
(b)If two F1 plants are crossed, what phenotypes will be expected in the F2
generation, and in what proportions?
Given data
Pea plant
Round seeds white Flowers
Wrinkle seeds and purple flowers
Crossed to give F1
To Find
 (a)What will the F1 offspring look like?
(b)By cross of F1, what phenotype will be expected and in what proportion?
Solution
(a)
We know from above that round and purple are both dominant traits, so for
the seed-shape gene, R=round and r=wrinkled. For the color gene, P=purple
and p=white.
So, RRpp=Round seed and White flower and rrPP = Wrinle seed and
Purple flower
P1
Phenotype Round seed and white flower*Wrinkle seed, purple flower
Genotype RRpp * rrPP
Gametes
Rp Rp Rp Rp rP rP rP rP
AB

Rp Rp Rp Rp
RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and
purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers
RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and
purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers
RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and
purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers
RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
 Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and Round seed and
purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers purple flowers

rP

rP

rP

rP

Phenotypic ratio:
All F1 is purple flowered and round seeded.
(b)
F1*F1
Phenotype Purple flower round seed * Purple flowers and round seed
Genotype RrPp * RrPp
Gametes rp
RP Rp rP rp RP Rp rP
 RP Rp rP rp
RRPP RRPp RrPP RrPp
Round seed Round seed Round seed Round seed
and purple and purple and purple and purple
flowers flowers flowers flowers

RRPp RRpp RrPp Rrpp

Round seed Round seed Round seed Round seed
and purple and white and purple and white
flowers flowers flowers flowers
RrPP RrPp rrPP rrPp
Round seed Round seed Wrinkle seed Wrinkle seed
and purple and purple and purple and purple
flowers flowers flowers flowers
RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp
Round seed Round seed Wrinkle seed Wrinkle seed
and purple and white and purple and white
flowers flowers flower flowers
RP

Rp

rP
rp

Phenotypic Ratio: Round seed and purple flowers: Round seed and white
flowers: Wrinkle seed and purple flower: Wrinkle seed and white flowers
9 : 3 : 3 : 1

P_A tall purple plant (AaBb) is Allowed to self-pollinate. (the recessive alles code
for short plants and white flowers).The phenotypic ratio of the resulting offspring
is 9:3:3:1. What is the genotype of the plant whose phenotype appeared once out
of every 16 offspring?
Given data
Tall purple plant (AaBb)
Phenotypic ratio of offspring 9:3:3:1
T0 Find
The genotype of plant whose phenotype appeared once out of every 16
offspring?
Solution
 P1
Phenotype Tall plant purple flowers * Tall plant purple flowers
Genotype AaBb * AaBb
Gametes
AB Ab aB ab AB Ab aB ab

AB Ab aB ab

b aabb
short, purple short,wh