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Crop Pg. 15-

Sulfur powder as a natural fungicide that kills on contact

 blight and brown spot

 scab – powdery mildew
 smut

WEED MGMT
1. Cereals weedicide -
o PE Pendimethalin 1kg a.i. /ha
o PE Atrazine 1kg/ha --- broadleaf
Pg. 15-legumes
2. LEGUME weedicide-
o PE Benefin
o PE Pendimethalin – almost all crops in syllabus
o PE Fluchloralin - cotton, soybeans, peanuts, beans, peas, jute
o Intercropping, Glyphosate – broad herbicide

volunteer plants(insect pest)

Seed treatment
Imidacloprid 2ml/kg – root insects

Carbendazim, Mancozeb – broad spectrum fungicide – 3g/kg

Trichoderma viride – competes with disease causing fungi – 4g/kg

Legume Diseases
Wilt Fusarium sp. Infected stem, root, xylem causes wilting

Black root rot Fusarium sp. Root rot, hyphae visible sometimes

Collar/root rot Sclerotium rolfsii Collar rot + same as above

Leaf spot/ blight Alternaria alternata black leaf spots, smooth or rough(sporulation)

Leaf spot Cercospora sp.

Cereal diseases
Rust puccinia sp. Systemic infection (SI), spores borne on top for exposure

Smut Tilletia sp., Ustilago sp. SI, spores appear on seeds (black seed)

Powdery mildew Erysiphales order SI, white powder

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Downy mildew Peronosclerospora sp. SI, looks like down

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Rice
Oryza sativa

Poaceae

Sub sp.= indica, japonica, javanica

Origin- Southeast Asia

Rice also provides minerals, vitamins, and
fiber, although all constituents except
carbohydrates are reduced by milling.

Puddling is the tillage of rice paddies while flooded

Economic Importance-
 Staple food (60% world)
 40% world grain production
 50% India grain production
 High energy and calories.
 Low fat content food
 Rice bran (seed coat,pericarp) = livestock feed.
 Rice straw for cattle
 West Bengal > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh
 India in 1999 = 74kg rice per person consumptn
 Rice bran oil

Climate and soil

 Rice is a photophilic, short day and heat loving crop.
 Between 21-37 °C
 Clay or clay loam soils and pH range of 5.5-6.5

Sowing
 Kharif crop

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Land preparation Sowing Harvesting

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Varieties
o Pusa Basmati 1121 o Parmal 11
o Pusa Rice o Parmal 14
o Basmati 30 o Sharbati Rice
o Basmati 31

Irrigation
 Upland  Lowland
o Rainfed o Flooded up to 7−10 days
o well-drained soils - before harvest.
bunded or unbunded o 3-5 cm
o Ensures sufficient water
.
and control weeds.

Fertilizer Application
60 kg nitrogen, 30 kg phosphorus, 30 kg potash

P, K 1 1
N N
1 3 3
N
3
Land Preparation Tillering / 35-40D Panicle

Weed management
o Dual cropping of rice-azolla (Cultural Practice)
o Ploughing and cultivation of irrigated dry crops.
o Rotary weeder (saves labor) at 10 D intervals after 10 DAS.
o PE Pendimethalin
o Corn gluten – The Only Organic Pre-Emergent herbicide stops germination,
can’t stop germinated ones.
o Post emergence is not required, hand weeding @ 15 DAE.

DRY (upland) weed---

o Pendimethalin 1kg @ 5 DAE

o Manual weeding @ 15-30-45 DAE

Seed rate
81 kg bold /ha

105 kg thin /ha

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System of rice intensification (SRI):

Madagascar, 1980

o 8-10 D nursery //
o 25*25 cm spacing //
o Weeding with weeder //
o Use of organics //

Benefits of transplanting:

o Developed roots and other o save on seed costs

systems. o OM increase WHC (before
o less vulnerable to outside sowing)
conditions. o Fertilizer DAP diammonium
o battling with weeds phosphate - basal dressing
o earlier harvests o Rice-pea-green gram
o good quality o Rice – wheat

<Jungle Rice

WEED
Crow foot grass>

Harvesting and threshing

o 85-90% of the panicles are ripe
o Drain the plots 7-10 days before
o 12% moisture before milling (sun curing)
o Yield --- 50 – 70 q/ha (short-medium duration)
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Maize
Zea mays

Poaceae

Origin- central Mexico

Low prod. due to rainfed nature + low nutrient

Economic importance
o It is staple human food
o Feed for livestock
o Fermentation and many industrial uses
o Animal feed, brewing, breakfast cereals (corn flakes)
o Pop corn

Types
1. Flint corn – soft in, hard out
2. Dent corn indentata – soft
amylose in cap contracts
3. Sweet corn saccharate – sugar –
wrinkles on drying
4. Soft corn – soft starch
5. Pop-corn – hard, small kernel
6. Waxy corn – waxy kernel,
adhesive
7. Pod corn – kernel in pods

Climate
o warm weather crop
o Frost and water logging can damage
maize
o Low temperature stops growth.
o Not drought resistant.

Soil
o Good internal drainage Maize + Soybean
o Good OM
o Neutral pH
o Clay – loam soil has good aeration – drainage.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Khari
Sow
f
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Rabi Sow
Varieties
Shalimar Sweet Corn-1 Jawahar Pop Corn-11

Shalimar Pop Corn-1 Shaktiman-4

Sweet Corn Hybrid-1 Shaktiman-3

DRAGON Kohinoor

CANDY Shakti – 1

Water management
Need based Irrigation.

Optimum moisture needed at critical

stages like tasselling, silking.

600-700 mm for 100 D.

Fertilizer
 130-60-50 NPK kg/ha.
 ¼N+P+K
 Azospirillium = 25% N is saved
 13 kg micronutrient mixed with sand (Department of Agriculture, TN) is
applied. Total=50 kg.

Seed rate Add Atrazine too for hardy weeds. –

20-25 kg 1kg@ 3D

Seed treatment Hand weeding at 18 D

Thiram @ 2 g/kg --- downy mildew Harvesting

Imidacloprid @ 10 g/kg --- stem borer Yellow, dry sheath

Azospirillium- 25% N saving Hard dry kennels

Weed management Sun dry >> threshing >> winnowing

Pendimethalin 1kg @ 3 D. caution- green straw for cattle

pulse crop Yield – 5 t/ha
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Pearl millet
Preparation of land
Fine tilth Cenchrus americanus

No waterlogging Poaceae

Economic importance
 Pearl millet is one of the most extensively cultivated cereals in the world in
arid to semi-arid regions.
 Forage- animal feed, building material, and fuel for cooking
 drought-prone areas of the world
 food habits of pearl millet eating people are changing towards rice and wheat
products.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Khari
Sow
f
Rabi Sow

Soil Seed treatment

Sandy loam wide variability Trichoderma @ 4g/kg

Climate Sulphur powder @ 4g/kg

heat loving plant Irrigation

26-29°C Under prolonged dry spells

500-900mm Critical stages=

Sowing  Tillering
 Flowering
2.5-3cm
 Grain development
45cm spacing
Fertilizer
Onset of monsoon- kharif
100-50-40 kg Hybrid
Seed Rate: 5 kg
½ for composite

Weed Management
Manual at 15-35 D
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Pendimethalin 1kg a.i. @ 3D ( + atrazine for hardy crops)

Harvesting
 black spot at the bottom of the grain
--- maturity
 leaves turn yellow
 4000 kg/ha
 dry -14% and hard grain

ORIGIN- West Africa

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Pigeon Pea
Cajanus cajan

Fabaceae

Origin- India (peninsular)

Distribution – Asia, Africa, Latin America.

Intercropped with legumes and cereals.

Economic importance
 India= 75% production
 21% protein = poor man’s meat
 2nd important pulse crop
 Rich in minerals and essential amino acids.
 Reduces diet deficits of low-income areas.

Types (var.): Soil

Cajanus indicus var. flavus: tur, early wide range of soils. pH = 5.5-8
maturing, short.
sandy loam --- clay loam
Cajanus indicus var. bicolor: arhar, late
deep, well drained, no salt.
maturing, tall.
Fertilizer
Field preparation:
FYM 5-10t
It has deep root.
Rhizobium culture reduces N needs.
Avoid waterlogging
PSB increases available phosphate.
Sowing
100 Kg DAP diammonium phosphate.
Seed rate: 10kg. kharif
Water management
Rainfed sowing
Long duration – deep roots – drought
Climate: tolerance
Tropical and subtropical (20-40°C) Short duration – shallow roots –
500-1000mm rainfall irrigation

Drought hardy Critical – branching, flowering, pod

filling.
No waterlogging and frost.
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Weed management
Hand weeding at 25 and 45 D.

PE Pendimethalin 1kg a.i. /ha

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Kharif Harves
Sow
t

Varieties
Rajendra arhar 1

Pigeonpea 1 Moderately resistant to blight wilt, etc

Wilt resistant pigeonpea 1

Chhatisgarh arhar 1

Seed treatment
thiram @ 2.5 g/kg fungicide

Rhizobium treatment reduces N requirement Separately

Trichoderma inoculation (beneficial sp.) reduces wilt fungi.

Disease
Wilt – xylem infected – wilting plant

Mosiac (virus) (mites) – malformation of flowers and pods.

Blight – brown spots – rotting – weak plant

Harvesting
80% mature field is harvested.

Plants are cut and bundled.

Threshing –

1. drying >>
2. shaking >>
3. pods separated >>
4. seed – husk winnowing
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Ground Nut
Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae

Climate
o Long warm summers (30°C)
o 500mm rainfall
o No frost, no waterlogging
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Kharif (80%) Sow Harvest

Rabi Harvest Sow

Summer Sow Harvest

Soil
o pH - 5.5 to 7.0 o high Ca
o well drained o moderate OM
o light soil

Varieties
o Binachinabadam-1 medium resistance – fungi (rust, root collar, leaf spot)
o Binachinabadam-2 same^^
o Binachinabadam-3 same^^
o Binachinabadam-4 high fungi resistant + drought + saline
o Binachinabadam-5 salt tolerance
Water management
o Frequent irrigation but no water logging.
o 8 irrigations at 10 Day intervals. (Start after 25D for stress induced flowering)
o Mulching using groundnut shells saves water
o Kaolin (clay) saves transpiration loss.
o Critical stages – flowering, peg penetration, pod filling
Fertilizer
30-60-60 Kg/ha
Ca is critical for high quality. Gypsum application – 500kg/ha

Seed rate (depends) 150 kg

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Seed treatment
o Imidacloprid 2ml/kg Insecticide
o Trichoderma viride 4g/kg BioFungicide
o Thiram 2g/kg Fungicide
o Rhizobium (200 g) + phospho- bacteria (200 g) Dry treatment

Disease
o Early/late Leaf spots (Cercospora) – black spots on leaves, stem. Spots have
spores.
o Root rot – stem and pod decay, white fungal growth.
o Yellow mold (Aspergillus flavus) – mold in pods, aflatoxin causes low quality
harvest.
o Peanut bud Necrosis (PBNVirus) and Peanut Stem Necrosis (TobaccoStreakV)

Prevention
o Resistant varieties
o Removal of volunteer self-sown plants, removal of old plant debris.
o Cereal crop rotation (incompatible host)
o Rouging
o optimum plant population
o Pheromone traps, larva predation - insects
o 5% neem seed kernel extract - insect

Harvesting
o Yield --- 25-30 q/ha
o When 75% of Mesocarp of pod becomes dark brown.
o Plants are uprooted, sun dried, stripped

Economic importance
o 80% groundnut is crushed for oil / oil cakes – animal feed/solvent extraction
o Feed of forage, oil cake improves diets of livestock
o Cash crop which provides farmers with income
o Energy- and protein-rich
o Groundnut oil industry
o Forex
o China > India > Nigeria > US
o Gujarat (almost 50%) > Raj > TN
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Jute
Corchorus capsularis
Malvaceae

Indian Subcontinent Origin

Climate Soil
o warm and humid climate 24-37°C o Clay loamy soil, standing water in
(rice temps). later stages is fine.
o 2000mm annual rainfall, but good o pH of 5.0-7.4
sunlight. o Fine tilth
o No prolonged waterlogging. o slightly acidic soils of northeast
India.

Sowing Water management

o April 500mm per crop – 0D, 4D, every 15D
o Broadcasting/line sowing of
small seeds;
Weed management
o rate – 5-7 kg/ha Fluchloralin @ 1.5 kg/ha 3 DAS
o Fertilizer
Hand weeding 20D and 40D
o 40-20-20 kg – good yields
Harvesting
Varieties
4-5 months; 2.5 t/ha fibre
Mahadev
1. Bundle thick-thin plants
Shakti
separately
Savitri Hint-Hindu gods 2. Leave in field for few days –
leaves fall.
Seed treatment 3. Add sun hemp to bundle (CN
Trichoderma viridi @ 10 g/kg --- NO ratio^ = microbe^)
fungal DISEASEs 4. Submerge in water.
5. 3 days- extract-wash-dry

Importance
o Raw jute plays an important role in the country’s economy.
o Almost all jute is grown in gangetic plains
o textile industries, paper industries, building material
o Forex STATES --- WB, BIHAR
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Mung bean/Green Gram

Vigna radiata

Fabaceae

Deep roots, Indian origin

Economic importance
o This legume has a strategic position in Southeast Asian countries for
nutritional security and sustainable crop production.
o Ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen
o Excellent crops for crop intensification and diversification (short duration and
low requirements) --intercropping
o Green manure, fodder,
o Cover crop
o States --- MH, RJ, AP

Climate
o Well distributed rainfall of 500mm
o Heavy rains at flowering causes loss
o Hardiest for hot climate and drought (deep root) - <40°c
o Tolerates mild frost, salinity
o Intercropped in kharif – rainfed (before July)

Field prep and soil

Good drainage, good fine tilth, pre sowing irrigation

Well drained loamy to sandy loams

Neutral pH

Fertilizer
FYM @ 10t/ha Sulphur is essential
15-60-100 --- NPK. N at flowering

15-20 kg/ha seed rate

Seed Treatment, inoculation- legume plan

Irrigation (Depends)
Irrigation after sowing >>> 2 or 3 times in dry period (flowering, pod filling)
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Diseases
Yellow mosaic Disease (YMD) – Virus Mosaic
appears, rouging + resistant var. (whitefly)

Insect pests
Caterpillar

1- Collect egg masses and destroy

2- Need seed kernel extract spray
3- Bacillus thuringiensis formulations

White fly and Aphids and thrips

1- Neem oil at 20ml/L

2- Yellow sticky traps- aphids, white fly, leaf miners (early stage)
3- Reflective Mulches
4- Encarsia spp. – small parasitic wasps
5- Predatory mites- persimilis, black hunter thrips
6- Dimethoate spray – 30 EC --- 1ml/L

Bruchids (in storage) – weevils: fumigation, drying

Harvesting
Non-synchronous maturity,
Hand picking

5-10t/ha

Varieties

Pant moong 1 – short dur

Pant moong 2 – short dur

Pant moong 3 – resistant

Pant moong 8 - resistant

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Minor millets
o Food security of disadvantaged regions
o Requires less water, mature early and cultivated in scarcity conditions
o Highly Resilient
o Nutritional properties- fiber, carbs, protein, minerals
o Kharif
o One irrigation at tillering- boost yields
o Shallow roots

1- Little

2- Proso

3- Foxtail

4- Finger

5- Kodo

6- Barnyard
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Kidney Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris

Fabaceae

Central America ORIGIN

4 MONTH CROP
Economic importance Soil, prep., and nutrients
relatively easy to produce, versatile Neutral soil, low salinity

great demand in cities for commercial Well drained loam.

growth
High OM – 25t/ha
high yield vs pea and gram.
Seed rate – 100kg/ha -kharif hills
Varieties Acidic soil to be treated with
1. GR 1 Gujarat rajma 1 limestone.
2. Gujarat Rajmash-1 Fine tilth, good moisture.
3. MALVIYA RAJMASH
4. VL Rajma – (ICAR) 100-70-50 NPK

Climate Irrigation
Kharif in hills, Rabi in NE plains Shallow root – susceptible to water
stress/logging both, 25 --- 75DAS
Less than 30°C
Good rains don’t need irrigation
Avoid frost, waterlogging.
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Sorghum
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Cotton
Gossypium spp. – hirsutum (90%) , arboreum

Mexico India

Economic importance
 important fiber and cash crop
 dominates in industrial and agricultural economics
 cotton textile industry
 livelihood to many in trade and processing
 $10 B in cotton product exports – India 2019-20

Climate Irrigation
semi-xerophyte 700 mm water, need based irrigation

Kharif crop, depends on monsoon Critical- flowering, boll development.

arrival
Varieties
tropical & sub-tropical
Gujarat Cotton 11
21-27°C can tolerate 43°C
Gujarat Cotton 13
700 mm water
Gujarat Cotton 15
Soil
Gujarat Cotton 17
Loam clay to well drained alluvial
Punjab Agricultural University – Bt 2
Semi-tolerant to salinity
Punjab Agricultural University – Bt 3
Avoid waterlogging – good drainage
Fertilizer
Field preparation
100-50-50 --- hybrid irrigated
Deep ploughing for weeds
½ for rainfed ^^
Ridge and furrow saves moisture in
5t/ha FYM
dryland

Seed rate –(depends) 10kg/ha

Weed
Free from weed for early stage, do
Spacing- (depends) p2p : 30-60-90, r2r :
manual hoeing
150-90-60
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Cow Pea
Vigna unguiculata,

Fabaceae

W Africa

Economic importance:
Cheap livestock feed from forage.

Raw material- Canning and other processing

Climate  Seed rate – 25kg

 Spacing – 15cm
 Cowpea is known for its
drought hardy nature, shade Fertilizer
effect of canopy.
 warm weather and semi-arid  FYM 5t/ha
crop  15kg N starter dose
 20°C to 30°C  15-50-50 Kg NPK (according to
 Avoid cold or frost soil test)

Soil Weed management

 Well drained loam, slightly Hand weeding Only until a month,

heavy. after that not necessary,
 No saline/alkaline soil. Slight
PE Pendimethalin 1kg is beneficial.
acidity is fine.
Irrigation
Varieties
In low moisture, 5 irrigations
 Pant lobia 1 - Yellow Mosaic
Virus, drought Critical stages- flowering> pod
 Pant lobia 2 - ^^same + bacteria filling>vegetative.
 Pant lobia 3 - ^^same
Harvesting
Sowing
4 months, fully matured
 Kharif crop- onset of monsoon
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Drying – threshing

12 - 15 q /ha
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Weed management
Hand weeding Only until a month, after that not
necessary,
PE Pendimethalin 1kg is beneficial.
Irrigation
In low moisture, 5 irrigations
Critical stages- flowering> pod filling>vegetative.
Harvesting
4 months, fully matured
Drying-threshing
Soyabean
Glycine max, Fabaceae

SE Asia

Economic importance
 Soyabean meal and hulls - Animal Feed

soybean demand is essentially a derived demand for

meat, because it is fed to livestock for better growth.

 Industry of food products like protein alternatives and

soymilk
 Tofu, soy sauce
 25% World’s edible Oil
 Industry use- paint, chemicals, etc.
 Cheap forage fodder
 Forex – oil and oil cake
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Kharif Sow Harvest
60 Kg seed rate
Climate --- 20 to 30 °C --- warm
30cm spacing 25: 60: 40
Irrigation Sulphur is essential
 750 mm of water
 Shallow roots, no drought Soil
 Critical stage germination,  good organic content, neutral-
flowering and pod forming slight acidic pH 6.5-7.5
stage  Well drained loam
For saving water without irrigation,  NO Waterlogging

 reduced tillage Pest

 maintaining ground cover
 applying crop residues such as Soybean cyst nematode is the worst
rice straw or maize residue pest of soybean
 lowering soil temperature and
Harvesting
surface evaporation
10q/ha Yield - - - 4 months
Sowing
Sorghum
Sorghum bicolor, Poaceae

Africa

Economic importance
 food, fodder, and the production of alcoholic beverages
 drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant, for regions where other crops cannot be
planted
 sorghum syrup
 biofuel crop
 major food crop in Africa
 food security
 US >> Nigeria MH>>KA

Climate
27 to 30 º C
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500 mm rainfall

Soil
Light soil, well drained, high OM

Sowing
Shallow planting, with moisture

10kg-small seeds

Irrigation
10 D irrigation in low moisture

Critical  panicle – flowering – seed formation