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Linear Programming (LP) : Georgia Institute of Technology Systems Realization Laboratory 1
Linear Programming (LP) : Georgia Institute of Technology Systems Realization Laboratory 1
Given
At - tensile strength area, function of d
Db - bolt circle diameter
Pt - total load
Question:
C - joint constant
Is this a linear or
Fi - preload (= 0.75 Sp At) nonlinear model?
Find
N - number of bolts, Sp - proof strength, d - diameter
Satisfy
3d Db / N good wrench rule
Db / N 6d good seal rule
C Pt / N Sp At - Fi static loading constraint
Fi (1 - C) Pt / N joint separation constraint
Minimize Z= [ f1(N, d, Sp), f2(N, d, Sp), ..]
Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
3
Bolted Joint Design (2)
Given
d - diameter
At - tensile strength area, function of d
Db - bolt circle diameter
Pt - total load Question:
C - joint constant Is this a linear or
Fi - preload (= 0.75 Sp At) nonlinear problem?
Find
N - number of bolts, Sp - proof strength
Satisfy
3d Db / N good wrench rule
Db / N 6d good seal rule
C Pt / N Sp At - Fi static loading constraint
Fi (1 - C) Pt / N joint separation constraint
Minimize Z= [ f1(N, Sp), f2(N, Sp), ..] Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
4
Historical Perspective
NOTE:
SCOOP began in June 1947 and at the end of the same summer, Dantzig
and associates had developed:
1) An initial mathematical model of the general linear programming
problem.
2) A general method of solution called the simplex method.
BUT,
none of these algorithms have been able to beat Simplex in
actual practical applications.
HENCE,
Simplex (in its various forms) is and will most likely remain
the most dominant LP algorithm for at least the near future
Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
7
Fundamental Theorem
Convex set:
A set (or region) is convex if, for any two points (say, x1
and x2) in that set, the line segment joining these points
lies entirely within the set.
A point is by definition convex.
General rules:
• Round-off errors
However,
solution methods to LP problems with integer or Boolean
variables are still far less efficient than those which include
continuous variables only
subject to
x1 + 3x2 - x3 ≤ 6,
x2 + x3 ≤ 4,
3x1 + x2 ≤ 7,
x1, x2, x3 ≥ 0.
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ••• + a1n xn ≤ b1, a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ••• + a1n xn + xn+1 = b1,
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ••• + a2n xn ≥ b2, a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ••• + a2n xn - xn+2 = b2,
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ••• + amn xn ≤ bm, am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ••• + amn xn + xn+k = bm,
x1 + 3x2 - x3 ≤ 6, x1 + 3x2 - x3 + x4 = 6,
x2 + x3 ≤ 4, x2 + x3 + x5 = 4,
3x1 + x2 ≤ 7, 3x1 + x2 + x6 = 7,
Step 2. Start with an initial basic feasible solution (b.f.s.) and set up the
initial tableau.
In our example
Maximize Z = 5x1 + 2x2 + x3
x1 + 3x2 - x3 + x4 = 6,
x2 + x3 + x5 = 4,
3x1 + x2 + x6 = 7,
Use the inner product rule to find the relative profit coefficients
cB Basis cj Constants
5 2 1 0 0 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
0 x4 1 3 -1 1 0 0 6
0 x5 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
0 x6 3 1 0 0 0 1 7
c row 5 2 1 0 0 0 Z=0
c j c j cB Pj
c1 = 5 - 0(1) - 0(0) - 0(3) = 5 -> largest positive
c2 = ….
c3 = ….
Step 4: Is this an optimal basic feasible solution?
Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
22
Simplex: Step 5
Apply the minimum ratio rule to determine the basic variable to leave the basis.
xi = bi a is x s for i = 1, ..., m
bi
max xs min
a is 0 a is
In our example:
cB Basis cj Constants
5 2 1 0 0 0 Row Basic Variable Ratio
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 1 x4 6
2 x5 -
0 x4 1 3 -1 1 0 0 6
3 x6 7/3
0 x5 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
0 x6 3 1 0 0 0 1 7
c row 5 2 1 0 0 0 Z=0
Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
23
Simplex: Step 6
Perform the pivot operation to get the new tableau and the b.f.s.
cB Basis cj Constants
5 2 1 0 0 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
0 x4 1 3 -1 1 0 0 6
0 x5 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
0 x6 3 1 0 0 0 1 7
c row 5 2 1 0 0 0 Z=0
New iteration:
find entering cB Basis cj Constants
variable: 5 2 1 0 0 0
c j c j c B Pj x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
0 x4 0 8/3 -1 1 0 0 11/3
cB = (0 0 5) 0 x5 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
5 x1 1 1/3 0 0 0 1/3 7/3
c2 = 2 - (0) 8/3 - (0) 1 - (5) 1/3 = 1/3 c row 0 1/3 1 0 0 -5/3 Z=35/3
c3 = 1 - (0) (-1) - (0) 1 - (5) 0 = 1
c6 = 0 - (0) 0 - (0) 0 - (5) 1/3 = -5/3 Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
24
Final Tableau
Wrong value!
4 should be 11/3
cB Basis cj Constants
5 2 1 0 0 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
0 x4 0 4 0 1 1 0 23/3
1 x3 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
5 x1 1 1/3 0 0 0 1/3 7/3
c row 0 -2/3 0 0 -1 -5/3 Z=47/3