VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

GEOSTATISTICS
Geostatistics Application For Variogram Analysis And
kriging 2D

Instructor: Dr.Ta Quoc Dung

Students:
Trần Văn Bảo Huỳnh – 1711589
Nguyễn Quang Huy- 1852409

Ho Chi Minh city- 11th December, 2021

 Table of content
CHAPTER 1: Introducing the topic.................................................................................................1
1. Reasons for choosing the topic................................................................................................1
2. Output objectives.....................................................................................................................1
3. Method content........................................................................................................................1
4. Research methodology.............................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: Overview of the situation of research at home and abroad......................................2
SEISMIC POROSITY MAPPING IN THE EKOFISK FIELD USING A NEW FORM OF
COLLOCATED COKRIGING...................................................................................................2
1. The author of the article............................................................................................................2
2. About the article.......................................................................................................................2
3. The purpose of the article.........................................................................................................2
4. Research methodology..............................................................................................................2
5. Conclude...................................................................................................................................2

GEOSTATISTICS – Kriging and Co-Kriging Methods in Reservoir Characterization of

Hydrocarbon Rock Deposits........................................................................................................3
1. The author of the article............................................................................................................3
2. About the article.......................................................................................................................3
3. The purpose of the article.........................................................................................................3
4. Research methodology..............................................................................................................4
5. Conclude...................................................................................................................................4

Chapter 3: Theoretical basis and computational process.................................................................5

1) Theoretical basis......................................................................................................................5
2) Cokriging Collocated deployment based on Kriging's Bayes.................................................6
3) Map of hollowness in the Ekofisk mine..................................................................................8
4) Explain the hollow result.........................................................................................................9
5) Advantages of Collocated Cokriging....................................................................................10
Chapter 4: Input figures.................................................................................................................12
Chapter 5: Results and Analysis of Results...................................................................................13
 1. Survey of the set of metrics...................................................................................................13
2. The construction of the Variogram model and the conduct of Cokriging interpolation are
based on GS+ software. In the Variogram model we can choose the following parameters....14
3. Introspection results...............................................................................................................16
CONCLUSIONS AND REFERENCES........................................................................................18
1. Conclude................................................................................................................................18
2. References..............................................................................................................................18
 CHAPTER 1: Introducing the topic
1. Reasons for choosing the topic:
An important practical issue in earth science is the integration of seismic
attribute information in sub-surfacing mapping applications. The aim is to
use a secondary container sample as seismic impediment so that interpolates
major variables such as permeability hollowness. Collocated cokriging
techniques have recently been applied to facilitate processing.
2. Output objectives:
- Explain the hollow result.
- Advantages of Collocated Cokriging.
- Analysis of the results obtained.
3. Method content:
- Based on the article already available above SPE, the Kriging collocated
method is applied to the available data set.
- From there, we can find the advantages of the method.
4. Research methodology:
- Refer to the document, from which the conclusion is drawn to find the
cases of deterioration of the above method.

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CHAPTER 2: Overview of the situation of research at home
and abroad
SEISMIC POROSITY MAPPING IN THE EKOFISK FIELD USING A
NEW FORM OF COLLOCATED COKRIGING
1. The author of the article:
- P.M. Doyen: SPE, Western Atlas International, and L.D. den Boer,
Western Atlas International, and W.R. Pillet, Flna Exploration
Norway
2. About the article:
- The key issue in geoscience is the synthesis of seismic information
to create seismic maps.
- Purpose of using samples as seismic impedim to guide hollow
interpolation
- Therefore, the Cokriging Collocated technique was introduced to
facilitate this process.
3. The purpose of the article:
- Apply the new Cokriging Collocated technique to interpolation of
the hollow value in the Ekofisk mine area.
4. Research methodology:
- We define a separate subsurface surface model using a rectangular
array of p element image or pixel and labeling pixels using inns i =
1, ..., p. At each pixel defines a representation variable xi.
- Cokriging, Bayesian's improved method of Kriging. Unknown xi
variable estimation method at pixel i based on local post-
distribution
5. Conclude:
- Compared to traditional cokriging, Cokriging Collocated's Bayes-
based deployment of kriging is a solution that has several
advantages:
o Easy to calculate, easy to do.
o Useful when studying sensitivity between secondary and
main variables

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 o Facilitate secondary variables used as attributes.
o Facilitate the analysis of the relative impact of primary and
secondary data.
GEOSTATISTICS – Kriging and Co-Kriging Methods in Reservoir
Characterization of Hydrocarbon Rock Deposits
1. The author of the article:
Karen Ifeoma Ochie and Oluwatosin John Rotimi, Department of Petroleum
Engineering, Covenant University, "Geostatistics – Kriging and Co-Kriging
Methods in Reservoir Characterization of Hydrocarbon Rock Deposits",
SPE-19348, 2018.
2. About the article:
- Geophysics is the study of changes in the content of fluid by
assuming the continuity or extent of the reservoir when seismic
data is not available. Therefore, accurate identification of the
properties, fluid content and hollowness is impossible.
- Well logs are called reliable data that are measurements of
parameters from wells, e.g. hollowness, saturation, shale volume,
permeability that can be obtained. Hollowness and permeability
are the most important parameters of the well.
- Geographical statistical methods such as kriging and co-kriging are
used to improve the characteristics of the reservoir as it has the
ability to gather physical parameters to characterize the discrete
and latent properties of the reservoir. With more accurate data
points, the heterogeneity of the reservoir can be captured thus
creating a geological model.
- For this study, Gamma testing is a non-parametric technique used
to assess the quality of data because it is independent on geo-
statistical models. Some simple mathematical methods exist but
with geographical statistical methods such as kriging and co-
kriging the accuracy of the data is filled is improved.
3. The purpose of the article:
The results obtained from the paper compare with the results obtained using
both the interpolation method: the inverse distance method, and the
geographic statistical method without proper data evaluation. Compared to
other interpolation methods, this technique achieves a lower estimated

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 differential error thus thus producing a better performance of the physical
parameters of the reservoir.
4. Research methodology:
- Statistical local method:
o Kriging is the best-known method of geographic statistics
(Husanovic &Malvic, 2014) used to interpolation a flat
surface from a scattered set of known points. It is suitable
because it shows a tendency to distribute thickness, which is
not observed when using mathematical interpolation simpler
than algorithms.
o Co-kriging, is an upgrade of kriging because it operates on
the same principle as kriging and also needs additional data,
more variations (the abetted abething between the main and
the variables) and the time it takes to understand the abetted
abeth between the two or more regionalized variables
involved.
5. Conclude:
- This paper has shown that geographic statistical methods generally
have greater accuracy in physical data due to their estimated
abeuations than basic mathematical methods.

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Chapter 3: Theoretical basis and computational process

1) Theoretical basis
- Identify a separate surface pattern using a matrix of p element images or
pixels, and we label pixels using in in innucuracies i = 1, ..., p. At each pixel
i,we identify a continuous main variable xi represents, for example, an
average physical parameter for the subsurfacage element. Xi variables are
assumed to belong to the second-order stationary random field characterized
by a constant average value.

- And by the wrong direction:

- Where hij is the vector alternating between pixels i and j. When variations in
space are heterotropic, variating associations depend on both the module and
the direction of hij.
- A primary model is completely defined by vector X = (x 1...,xp). In fact, the
elements of the model are unknown except for the corresponding sample
pixels, for example, with well locations. We label the known components of
X x1...,xn with n <p and call these elements air conditioning data points. The
remaining components of X, xn+1...,xp,correspond to the pixels where the main
variable will be estimated.

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- Associated with each pixel i is the dimensional vector of the secondary
attribute data zi = (zi1,..., zid) t providing indirect and imperfect information

about the local main variable. In seismic applications, pixels often

correspond to seismic trace locations, and secondary data represent seismic
properties statistically correlated with primary characteristics x. For the
entire model, the secondary data vector is notified as Z = (z 1..., zp). We
assume that X and Z are multi-Gaussian random schools together.
Figure 1: The aggregate cokriging abeuation as a function of the
correlation coefficient. Curves parameterized in kriging abengation

2) Cokriging Collocated deployment based on Kriging's Bayes:

- Estimates of unknown main variable xi at pixel i are usually based on local
post-distribution p (xi | zi,x1,..., xn)where only secondary data vectors align zi
are retained in the air-conditioned dataset as the most information compared
to secondary data at adjacent locations.
- From Besag [8.9], we analyze the following distribution required at each
pixel achievement of two rank numbers:

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- In which the unknown rate constant does not depend on x i and therefore is
not required. The analysis (3) is obtained under the assumption that f (z i |
xi,x1 ..., xn)= f (zi | xi); that is, the conditional distribution of zi depends only
on the local xi. This assumption is similar to the Markov-style screening
hypothesis made in cokriging arrangements. When viewed as a function of
the xi for a data vector zi,f (zi | xi)is called the secondary ability function. The
Bayes Update Rule (3) merely says that the latter distribution at one point is
obtained by taking the calculate of the ability function, controlling the
influence of secondary information, and conditional distribution p (xi |
x1...,xn) represents the influence of the primary data.
- It comes from our Gaussian assumption that the second-place number in (3)
is a Gaussian distribution given by:

- With an
avera
ge xi SK equals the simple kriging (SK) estimate of the xi and the σ
differential2SK(i)equal to the corresponding kriging estimate differential
- Without losing generality, we now assume that variables x and z k, = 1,...,d
have been standardized so that there are no unit and abetting. Using our
assumption of general standardity, conditional distribution f (z | x) that
appears in the equation (3) is also a standard density function in the form of:

- We
ignored my sub-indicators to simplify the symbol. This distribution is
characterized by (i) the conditional average vector E {z | x} = ρx, where ρ =
(ρxz i..., ρxz d) t is the vector of the coefficient of correlation between the pnmary variable
and the secondary properties, and by (ii) Ʃ the dxd conditional variability
innuished matrix, with the elements:

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- Finally, according to our general multi-Gaussian assumption, we know that
local post-distribution in the equation (3) is also a standard distribution. This
can be verified by observing that f (zi | xi)In (5) and p (xi | X1...,xn)in(4) is all
represented as exponentials with a exponue number of tier two in x.
Therefore, the calculus of the multiplier is also the second order,
determining the post-Gaussian distribution with the corresponding average and
differential given by:

- And

3) Map of hollowness in the Ekofisk mine:

- The Collocated Cokriging technique is applied to predict side variations of
hollowness from data seismic impedior in the Ekofisk mine, located in the
Central Graben area of the Norwegian region of the North Sea.
- Oil production in the Ekofisk field originates from the Ekofisk Xia And
Upper Cretaceous. The structure of extraction is a dome extending from
north to south with an area of 50 km2 with about 300m of closed vertical.
- Ta's measured thickness varies from 40m to more than 100m. Hollowness
often decreases with depth due to increased mechanical structure and
chemical compression. Good correlation details suggest that the side
changes of the hollowness are mainly controlled by local variations.

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- Therefore, there is no link between depth and emptiness alone that can be
applied to accurately predict emptiness away from control.

4) Explain the hollow result:

- Figure 3-b describes the hollowness map of the regions built using the
cokriging method, the average well data with the seismic impediment map
as a secondary attribute. The spatial abestation model for porosity is made
up of a single spherical structure with spindle tending to be 60 degrees and
the main and secondary correlation lengths of 3.4 km and 2.5 km

respectively.
Figure 2: (a) Average seismic impediment map of class TA and (b) Cokriged
hollowness map corresponding to well locations

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Figure 3: The cross-chart of the average hollowness versus the average seismic
impediment in the TA range is constructed from well data.

5) Advantages of Collocated Cokriging:

- It is worth observing that calculating the average value and differential of
post-Gaussian distribution requires only the specification of:
+ (i) vector p of the correlation coefficient between x and the secondary
properties, from which Ʃ
can be inferned using the equation (6), and
+ (ii) spatial automatic differential function of the main variable, C(h), to
estimated kriging xiSK and kriging differential σ2SK(i).
This is in contrast to traditional cokriging, in which spatial abecorations
involving major and secondary variables are explicitly required. The
simplicity of our solution is directly based on the assumption that

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conditional distribution f (Zi | xi)depends only onthe local Xi and not on the
value of x at adjacent pixels. This assumption is similar to the Markov-style
screening hypothesis made in cokriging arrangements. Therefore, although
different in form, our solution (7) and (8) are glidially similar to simple
arrangement cokriging (SCC) with xiSCC and σ2 SCC(i) equal to cokriging
estimates and estimated deviations respectively.

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Chapter 4: Input figures
Data collected from Dr. Ta Quoc Dung's data.

Table 1: Inputs dataset

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Chapter 5: Results and Analysis of Results
1. Survey of the set of metrics:
Before performing an interpolating calculation, we conduct a survey of the
dataset that needs to be studied.

Table 2: Key parameters

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 Ta
ble 3: Sub-parameters

2. The construction of the Variogram model and the conduct of Cokriging

interpolation are based on GS+ software. In the Variogram model we
can choose the following parameters:
+ Variogram model type: Gausian
Nugget variance: 0.65
Structural variance sil: 6.30900
Range: 10877.2791

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Table 4: Variogram Characteristic Parameters

Table 5: Selected Variogram model test results

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3. Introspection results:

Table 6: Selection and calculation

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- Cokriging interpolation using GS+ software will give us the following
results:

Figure 4: Interpolation model in 3D space

Figure 5: 2D interpolation model

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 CONCLUSIONS AND REFERENCES

1. Conclude:
- Collocated Cokriging is used to reduce differentials by including all
secondary data at key data locations used for estimates, not just
secondary data at the estimated location.
- Bayes is a multi-variable estimator technique that will produce the same
results as Collocated Simple Kriging.
- The measurement results will have numerical deviations, so before using
the data we need to clean the data to eliminate interference.
- It is necessary to use other estimation methods flexibly along with the
Kriging Collocated method to make the most accurate model
assessments.
2. References:

P.M. Doyen. “Seismic porosity mapping in the Ekofisk field using a new
form of collocated Cokriging”. Western Atlas International, and L.D. den Boer,
Western Atlas International, and W.R. Pillet, Flna Exploration Norway

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