Course: Diploma in Biomedical Engineering

Diploma in Aeronautical & Aerospace Technology

Diploma in Aerospace Systems & Management
Diploma in Nanotechnology & Materials Science
Diploma in Engineering with Business
Diploma in Robotics & Mechatronics
Diploma in Electronic & Computer Engineering
Diploma in Infocomm & Media Engineering
Diploma in Advanced & Digital Manufacturing
Common Engineering Programme

Course Code: EGDF09 / 11 / 12 / 13 /17 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 94

Module Code: EGH150, EGF150, EGK150, EGJ150, EGM150, EGR150,

EGE150, EGL150, EGD150, EGC150

Module: Algebra

Week 14 : Complex Numbers

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. define complex number and its conjugate,

2. evaluate the addition/subtraction and multiplication/division of complex numbers,
3. represent complex numbers in the Argand diagram,
4. demonstrate the operation of addition/subtraction of complex numbers in the Argand
diagram,
5. define the polar form (modulus, argument) of a complex number,
6. convert complex numbers from polar form to rectangular form and vice-versa by
working and by the use of calculator,
7. multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form,
8. demonstrate the geometrical effect of multiplication of complex numbers on Argand
diagram,
9. identify the exponential form of the complex number,
10. convert complex numbers in exponential form to rectangular and polar forms and vice-
versa &
11. state DeMoivre’s Theorem.
 Complex Numbers

1 Polar Form of Complex Numbers

An alternative way of defining a point P in the argand Im

diagram, other than using the x- and y-coordinates, is to use
the distance of the point from the origin with the angle P ( a, b )
subtended between the positive real axis and the line segment
OP in a counterclockwise direction. This idea leads to the r
polar form of complex numbers with parameters modulus r

and argument  or arg ( z ) . The modulus r is the distance Re
O
between the origin and point P; and the argument is the angle
of OP with the positive real axis.

A complex number written in rectangular form as a + bj

has the polar forms,
z = r  or z = r ( cos  + j sin  )
b
where r = a 2 + b 2 and tan =
a

While there may be many values for  that satisfy the given conditions, we will select
the value in the interval ( − ,   or ( −180, 180 .

On the other hand, to convert complex numbers in polar form z = r  to rectangular

form z = a + bj , we can use the following relations.

a = r cos  and b = r sin 

Example 1
Find the polar form of the following complex numbers.
(a) z = 1 + j (b) z = 3 − j

Solution:

(a) Comparing z = 1 + j with z = a + bj , a = 1 and b = 1 .

Modulus, r = 12 + 12 = 2
1 
Argument,  or arg ( z ) = tan −1 = or 45
1 4

 z = r  = 2 or  1.410.785 or  1.4145
4

(b) Comparing z = 3 − j with z = a + bj , a = 3 and b = −1 .

Modulus, r = 32 + 12 = 10
1
Argument,  or arg ( z ) = − tan −1  −0.322 or − 18.4
3
 z = r  = 10 ( −0.322 ) or  3.16 ( −0.322 ) or  3.16 ( −18.4 )

2
 Complex Numbers

Example 2
Express the following complex numbers in rectangular form.
 5   
(a) z = 2  −  (b) z = 3  − 
 6   3
Solution:
 5   5 
(a) a = r cos  = 2 cos  −   −1.73 and b = r sin  = 2sin  −  = −1
 6   6 
 5 
 z = 2  −  = −1.73 − j
 6 

  3   3 3
(b) a = r cos  = 3cos  −  = and b = r sin  = 3sin  −  = −
 3 2  3 2
  3 3 3
 z = 3  −  = − j
 3 2 2

Practice 1

(a) Express the complex number z = 16 + 51 j in polar form.

(b) Express the complex number z = 630 in rectangular form.

3
 Complex Numbers

Conversion from Rectangular to Polar and Polar to Rectangular (using calculator)

Conversion between rectangular and polar form can be easily done using the calculator.
For example, to convert −3 + j4 to polar form using :
Casio Scientific Calculator ( fx-95MS / 85MS / 300MS / 350MS/ 82MS, etc):
Use DEG mode
Read Read
Pol( - 3 , 4 = 5 RCL tan 126.86…
(Modulus) (Argument)

Sharp Scientific Calculator (EL-509v / EL-531X/ EL-531XH / EL-531XG, etc):

Use DEG mode

→rθ Read ←,→ Read

- 3 2nd STO 4 2ndF 8 5 2nd Exp 126.86…

(Modulus) (Argument)

What are the steps for your calculator?

To convert 5 126.8 to rectangular form:

Casio Scientific Calculator ( fx-95MS / 85MS / 300MS / 350MS/ 82MS, etc):
Use DEG mode
Read Read

Rec( 5 , 126.8 = -2.99… RCL tan 4.003…

(Real part) (Imaginary part)

Sharp Scientific Calculator (EL-509v / EL-531X/ EL-531XH / EL-531XG, etc):

Use DEG mode
→xy Read ←,→ Read
5 2nd STO 126.8 2nd 9 -2.99.. 2nd Exp 4.003…
(Real part) (Imaginary part)

What are the steps for your calculator?

Try these out.

(a) Use the calculator to convert the following to polar form:
(i) −2 + 5 j (ii) 4 (iii) − j

(b) Use the calculator to convert the following to rectangular form:

(i) 635 (ii) 2.590 (iii) 5 − 125

Answer:
(a) (i) 5.39111.80 (ii) 40 (iii) 1 − 90
(b) (i) 4.91 + 3.44 j (ii) j2.5 (iii) −2.87 − 4.10 j

4
 Complex Numbers

Multiplication of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

When dealing with multiplication of complex numbers, it is best to multiply complex
numbers when in polar form.
Given z1 = r11 and z2 = r2  2 , z1 z2 = r1r2  (1 + 2 )
Modulus of z1 z2 , z1 z2 = z1 z2 = r1r2
Argument of z1 z2 , arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) = 1 +  2

To derive, let z1 = r11 = r1 ( cos 1 + j sin 1 ) and z2 = r2  2 = r2 ( cos  2 + j sin  2 ) ,

then z1 z2 =  r1 ( cos 1 + j sin 1 )   r2 ( cos  2 + j sin  2 ) 
= r1r2 ( cos 1 cos  2 − sin 1 sin  2 ) + j ( cos 1 sin  2 + j sin 1 cos  2 ) 
= r1r2 cos (1 +  2 ) + j sin (1 +  2 ) 
= r1r2  (1 +  2 )

Example 3

Find the following and express your answer in polar form.

(a) ( 550 )( 320 ) (b) ( 6.27300 )( 2.75125 )
(c) ( 2 − j )( cos 45 + j sin 45 )

Solution:

(a) ( 550 )( 320 ) = 5 ( 3)  ( 50 + 20 ) = 1570

(b) ( 6.27300 )( 2.75125 ) = 6.27 ( 2.75 )  ( 300 + 125 )  17.2 ( 425 − 360 )
= 17.265
( )
(c) ( 2 − j )( cos 45 + j sin 45 ) = 5 ( −26.6 ) (145 ) = 5 (1)  ( −26.6 + 45 )
 2.2418.4

5
 Complex Numbers

Division of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

By keeping the complex numbers in polar form, division can be made easy by the
following rule.
z r
Given z1 = r11 and z2 = r2  2 , 1 = 1  (1 −  2 )
z2 r2
z1 z1 r
Modulus of , = 1
z2 z2 r2
z1 z 
Argument of , arg  1  = 1 −  2
z2  z2 

Example 4
Evaluate the following and express your answer in polar form.
   3 
   3 
670  2  2 
(a) (b)
250  
cos − j sin
6 6
Solution:

670 6
(a) =  ( 70 − 50 ) = 320
250 2
(b)

   3     3 
   3     3  1( 3)   3
 2  2   2  2      13  
= =  + −  −   = 3  − 2  = 3
    1  2 2  6   6  6
cos − j sin 1  − 
6 6  6

Example 5
By expressing z1 = 8 j and z2 = 1 + 3 j in polar form, find
z1
(a) z1 z2 (b)
.
z2
Give your answers in rectangular form.
Solution:

z1 = 8 j = 890
z2 = 1 + 3 j = 260
(a) z1 z2 = ( 890 )( 260 ) = 8 ( 2 )  ( 90 + 60 ) = 16 (150 )  −13.9 + 8 j
z1 890 8
(b) = =  ( 90 − 60 ) = 4 ( 30 )  3.46 + 2 j
z2 260 2

6
 Complex Numbers

Example 6
The power p, in watts, supplied to an element in an electric circuit is the product of the
voltage e and the current i. Find the expression for the power supplied, in polar form, if
e = 6.8056.3 volts and i = 7.05 ( −15.8 ) amperes.

SOLUTION:

Given p = ei ,
p = ( 6.8056.3 )( 7.05 − 15.8 )
= 6.80 ( 7.05 )  ( 56.3 − 15.8 )  47.940.5

Practice 2

Evaluate the following and express your answer in polar form.

(a) ( 3565)(10 − 12 )

124250
(b)
11100

7
 Complex Numbers

2 Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Many functions can be expressed as series, for example,

2 3 4 5
x x x x
x
e = 1+ x + + + + + 
2! 3! 4! 5!
3 5 7
x x x
sin x = x − + − + 
3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
x x x
cos x = 1 − + − + 
2! 4! 6!
If we replace x by j where  is in radian,

j ( j )2 ( j )3 ( j )4 ( j )5
e = 1 + j + + + + + 
2! 3! 4! 5!
j 2 j 3 j 4 j 5
2 3 4 5
= 1 + j + + + + + 
2! 3! 4! 5!
 2 4    3 +  5 −   
= 1 − + +     + j  − 
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
= cos  + j sin 
Since polar form of complex number is given as z = r  or z = r ( cos  + j sin  ) ,
by replacing cos  + j sin  by e j ,
Exponential form of complex number, z = re j , where  is in radian

Example 7
Express the following in exponential form.
(a) z = 5 ( cos 60 + j sin 60 ) (b) z = 1+ j
(c) z = 2.45 ( cos87 + j sin 87 ) (d) z = 3+5j

Recall from Trigonmetry: To convert from degrees to radians, multiply with and
180
180
to convert from radians to degrees, multiply with .

Solution:

    j
(a) 60 = radians. So z = 5 ( cos 60 + j sin 60 ) = 5  cos + j sin  = 5e 3
3  3 3
1 
(b) r = 12 + 12 = 2 and  = tan −1 =
1 4

   j
z = 1 + j = 2  cos + j sin  = 2e 4
 4 4
(c) 87o = 1.52 radians. Hence z = 2.45 ( cos87 + j sin 87 ) = 2.45e j1.52
(d) z = 3 + 5 j  5.83e1.03 j

8
 Complex Numbers

Example 8

1+ j
Express z = e 4 in the form of a + bj .
SOLUTION:

 
1+ j j
z=e 4 =e e
1 4  1.92 + 1.92 j

Example 9
The impedance in an antenna circuit is ( 375 + 110 j ) ohms. Write this in exponential form
and find the magnitude of the impedance.

SOLUTION:

z = 375 + 110 j  391e0.285 j

magnitude  391

Practice 3

(a) Express the complex number z = 2 + 3 j in exponential form.

(b) Express the complex number z = 40e0.95 j in rectangular form.

9
 Complex Numbers

3 De Moivre's Theorem

In polar form, z 2 = ( r  ) = ( r )( r ) = r 2 ( +  ) = r 22

2

z 3 = ( r  ) = ( r  ) ( r ) = r 3 ( 2 +  ) = r 33
3 2

z n = ( r  ) = r n n
n
In general,
This result is known as De Moivre's Theorem.

De Moivre's Theorem
 r ( cos  + j sin  )  = r n ( cos n + j sin n ) for all real values of n.
n

Example 10
Simplify the following and express your answer in polar form

(1 + j 3 ) + (1 − j 3 )
9 9
(a) (1 + j )5 (b)

Solution:

1 
(a) r = 12 + 12 = 2 and  = tan −1 =
1 4
5
  5    5 
So (1 + j )
5
=  2  = 2   5    5.66  
 4  4  4 
 5   3 
= 5.66  − 2  = 5.66  − 
 4   4 
9
  
( ) 
9
(b) 1+ j 3 =  2  = 29 9   = 5123 = 512 = −512
 3 3
9
     
(1 − j 3 )
9
=  2  −   = 29 9  −  = 512 ( −3 ) = 512 ( − ) = −512
  3   3

( ) + (1 − j 3 )
9 9
 1+ j 3 = −512 + ( −512 ) = −1024 = 1024180 or 1024

10
 Complex Numbers

Example 11 (S2Y10/11 Exam Q7c)

1
 Z 2 2
An impedance of a T-section filter is given by ZOT =  Z1Z 2 + 1  . Given that
 4 
Z1 = 3086o  and Z 2 = 10 − 90o  , find Z OT in polar form.
Solution:
1
 ( 3086o ) 
1 2 2
 Z 
2
=  ( 3086 )(10 − 90 ) +
2
ZOT =  Z1Z 2 + 1 o o 
  
 4 

4


( ))
1

= ( 300 − 4 ) + ( 225172
o o 2

1
= ( ( 299 − 20.9 j ) + ( −223 + 31.3 j ) ) 2

1
= ( 76.5 + 10.4 j ) 2

1
= ( 77.27.73 o
) 2 = 8.783.87o

Practice 4

Given the complex number z = 3 − j3 .

j
a. Express z in the form r e where r and  are real numbers.
b. Use DeMoivres’ theorem, find z 3
c. What are the real and imaginary parts of z 3

11
 Complex Numbers

TUTORIAL 12

1 Polar Form of Complex Numbers

1. Indicate the following complex numbers in the Argand diagram and then
determine their modulus and argument.
(a) 2 + 3 j (b) −3 j (c) 4 (d) −1 + 3 j

2. Perform the indicated operations. Leave the results in polar form.

(a)  4 ( cos 60 + j sin 60 )   2 ( cos 20 + j sin 20 )
3
8
(b) ( 32.7 )  ( 42.5 ) (c) ( 730 )  ( 245 ) (d) 4

4 −
2
2 Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

3. Express the following in exponential form:


(a) 4 + 3 j (b) 2 −
6

4. The displacement at the end of a vibrating rod is 5.83e−1.20 j cm. Write this in
rectangular form.

5. In an ac circuit, the impedance Z , resistance R and reactance X is related by

Z = R + jX . The angle between Z and R is called the phase angle. A circuit
has a resistance of 7  in series with a reactance of 4 .
(a) Represent the impedance Z on an argand diagram.
(b) Find its modules and argument.
X
(c) What is the susceptance B of the circuit if B = 2 j ? Leave your answer
Z
in exponential form.

3 DeMoivre’s Theorem

6. An AC circuit has voltage V = ( 5 + 3 j ) V and impedance Z = ( 3 − 150 )  .

Find power P such that PZ = V 2 , leaving your answer in polar form.

12
 Complex Numbers

Additional Questions

7. An AC circuit has voltage V = 260 volts and current I =

1
4
( 3+ j )
amperes.
(a) Find power P, given by P = VI and leave your answer in rectangular
form.
V
(b) Find the circuit impedance Z, given by Z = and leave your answer in
I
rectangular form.
(c) An impedance Z X = 2 2 ( −60 ) is added in series with the existing
impedance Z. Find the new circuit impedance Z N , given by Z N = Z + Z X
.
V2
(d) Find the new power PN = and leave your answer in exponential form.
ZN

Suggested Answers

1. (a) 3.61, 56.3 (b) 3, − 90 (c) 4, 0 (d) 3.16, 108.43

 3 
2. (a) 880 (b) 12 ( −1.08 ) (c) 1475 (d) 2  − 
 4 
π
−j
3. (a) 5e j0.644 (b) 2e 6

4. ( 2.11 − 5.43 j ) cm
5. (a) Z = 7 + j4 (b) Z = 8.06 and  = 29.74 (c) 0.0615e0.533 j
6. 11.3 ( −2.58 )

7. (a) P=
2
2
j or 0.707 j (b) Z= 2 ( 3+ j ) or 2.45 + 1.41 j
3
j
(c) Z N = 3.86 − 1.04 j (d) PN = 0.5e 4

13