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LOGARITHM

RULES OF LOGARITHM: (na kailangan lang tandaan)

~Power Rule: log b ( A
n
)=n • log b (A )

Ex. Log3(816) = 6•log3(81)

= 6•4

~Product Rule: log b ( AB)=log b A+ logb B

Ex. Log2[16•8] = log2(16) + log2(8)

=4+3

~Quotient Rule: log b ( AB )=log A−log B

b b

Ex. Log4[256/64] = log4256 – log464

=4-3

TRY THIS: (hindi mo ikamamatay pramis)

128• 64
1. Log2[ 8 •16
5
]
Clue: Power{ [Product]-[Product] }

125• 25
2. Log5[ 3125• 125 -9]

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Clue: Pwede magcancel :3

OTHER SHIT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

log(-5) or log(0) is u n d e f i n e d

LogA(A)= 1 , log of A to itself is 1

LogA(1)= 0 , log of 1 to any base is 0

Log(10)= 1 , a.k.a common log, assume the base is 10, log of 10 is 1

Log(1000)= 3 , assume the base is 10, log of 1000 is 3

, any log without a base, assume that base is 10

Log(0.001)= -3 , bilangin mo lang 0, yun na ung sagot

, pero pag decimal or less than 10, negative sagot

Log3(9)=2
1
Log3( 9 )= -2 , log of any fraction results to negative
1
Log9(3)= 2 , log of x to a base which value is >x results to a fraction
1 1
Log9( 3 )= - 2 , log of any fraction to a base which value is greater results to a
negative fraction

7 42 = 42 , pwedeng i-cancel ang base ng exponent at ang base ng log kung pareho
sila ng value kaya ang matitira ay 42

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569= 69, 69696 ksksksksksks ganun lang din #cancelledt

8Y = Y , y as in why the hell not #cancelledt

HOW TO USE ln ln e : (naloka ako dito)

e , base of natural logarithm

ln, log to the base of e so: loge=ln

ln 1= 0, ellen of 1 is always 0,

ln e = 1, ellen of e is always 1,

ln e 5= 5ln ln e , [product rule]

= 5(1) , [ln ln e=1]

ln (a¿¿ y )=lnx ¿ , find the value of y

yln (a)=lnx , product rule
lnx
y=
lna
, divide each side by lna

e lne 7=7 , cancelled ang base ng exponent at ang base ng ellen kasi pareho sila
ng value

e 3 lnx=e ln x , product rule then cancel

3

=x3

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WORD PROBLEMS
Ken deposited 15,000 pesos today in a bank at a simple interest rate
of 3%. In order to buy his mother a gift worth 17,250, how long must he
wait? Assume that the money he will use will come only from the
mentioned investment. Show the complete solution and make a proper
conclusion.

~kasi im tinatamad mag type :”D

Movie tickets now cost an average of 200pesos but are increasing

15% per year. How many years will the ticket reach 500pesos?
P(t)=200(1+0.15)t find T

500=200(1+0.15)t now divide 200 to both sides

2.5=1.15t now add ellen and apply product rule

ln (2.5)=t ∙ ln (1.15) divide shit

T =6.56 , ✨tadaaa ✨ yung lola mo tamad magconvert wag moko hanapan ng

sagot basta years yan

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Movie tickets will cost 500pesos in 6.6 years.

EXPONENTIAL NAMAN SAKIT NA ULO KO

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL

P ( t ) =P o ek ∙ t

● P0 = Initial Value
● e = base of ln
● k = rate of growth
● t = time

Ex. This population grows according to the function f(t)=200e0.02t, where t is

measured in minutes. How many bacteria are present in the population after 5
hours (300 minutes)? When does the population reach 100,000 bacteria?

f(t)=200e0.02t

f(300)=200e0.02(300)

≈80,686 will be present after 5hrs

100,000=200e0.02t , divide 200 on both sides

500=e0.02t , get the ellen of both sides

ln500=0.02t , divide 0.02 on both sides

ln 500
t= 0.02

≈after 310.73 minutes, the population will reach 100,000 bacteria

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COMPOUND INTEREST
t
r
( )
P ( t ) =P 0 1+
m
m

● r = interest rate
● m= no. of times compound
● t= time in years

Ex. A vintage car from the 1850s that costed 5,000,000 around 2018 will be put
into auction this 2021. How much would it cost if it was compounded yearly with
a 12% interest rate?
3
0.12
(
P ( t ) =5,000,000 1+
1 ) 1

P ( t ) =5,000,000 ( 1.12 )3
P ( t ) =7,024,640

EXPONENTIAL DECAY
t
r
(
P ( t ) =P 0 1−
m ) m

● r = rate of decay
● m= no. of times decompound
● t= time in years

Ex. Mathew bought a laptop for 34,000pesos in the year 2007. Its value
depreciates by 4% per year. What is the value of his laptop by 2021?

● t= 14 (2021-2007)
● P0 = 34,000
● R= 0.04 (4%)

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● M= 1 (yearly)
14
0.04
P ( 14 )=34,000 1− (1 ) 1

14
P ( 14 )=34,000 ( 0.96 )

P ( 14 ) ≈ 19,199

HALF-LIFE
t
1
A ( t )= A0 ()
2
n

● A(t) = remaining time

● A0=initial time
● n= required time to decay
● t=time

Ex. Suppose the half-life of a certain substance is 4 days. Initially, there were 80grams
per container. How many grams of substance are present after 4 days, 10 days and
4
1
20 days? A ( 4 )=80 ()
2
4

A ( 4 )=40 grams
10
1
A ( 10 )=80 ()
2
4

A ( 10 )=14.14 grams
20
1
A ( 20 )=80 ()
2
4

A ( 20 )=2.5 grams

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BUSINESS MATH: AYAW KO NETO

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST

Concept of Interest: the initial amount times the interest rate times a
certain number of periods
I =PiN

Simple Interest: ignores the effects of interest earned on previous interests

FV =P(1+¿)

FV= Future Value

● P = principal/initial amt
● i = interest rate
● N = number of periods

Compounding Interest: calculated on the initial amt which includes all

accumulated int of prev preiods
m ∙t m ∙t
i i
FV =P 1+ ( )m (
∨FV =P 1−
m )
Increasing or growing Depreciating or loosing

● Monthly , m=12
● Quarterly , m = 4
● Semi-Annual , m=2
● Annual , m=1
● t= years

TRY THIS: (hindi mo ikamamatay, pramis)

Find: simple interest, compounded monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual

1. Given: P= 10,000 i= 5% t=10 years

2. Given: P = 2,000,000 i=3.5% t= 3 years
3. Given: P= 500,000 i= 6.5% t= 4 years

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PRESENT VALUE
� Current value of a future stream of cash flow given a rate of return
FV
PV = m ∙t
i
( )
1+
m

Present Value
● FV = Future Value
● i =interest rate
● m= compounded
● t = years

TRY THIS: (hindi mo ikamamatay, pramis)

Find: Present Value

1. Given: P= 75,000 , i= 4.5% , t=6 years ; compounded monthly

2. Given: P = 2,000,000 i=3.5% t= 3 years ; compounded annually
3. Given: P= 500,000 , i= 6% , t= 4 years ; compounded semi-annually

ANNUITY AND ANNUITY DUE

� Series of equal cash payments made at regular intervals over a pre-defined
period of time
( 1+i )m ∙t −1
FV A=PMT [ i ]
Future Value of Annuity
● PMT = payment per period

PV A=PMT [ 1−
( 1+i )m ∙t
i ]
Present Value of Annuity
● PMT = payment per period

FV A due=FV A (1+i ) PV Adue =PV A(1+i)

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Future Annuity Due Present Annuity Due

LOANS, STOCKS AND BONDS

Bank: any institutions that brings together those with excess funds and those who
need funds

Interest Rate Spread: the diff between the rates and the bank charge borrowers
and depositors; pays its employees and expand operations

LOAN
� Sum of money borrowed from a lending institution with promis to pay back
with interest over a pre-determined period of time
● Loan Amt/Principal = original amt borrowed
● Tenor = determined length of time to pay back what’s borrowed
● Collateral = security that the ender holds in the event that the
borrower will be unable to repay the loan
● Repayment Scheme= agreed frequency of repayments
● Interest Rate= agreed rate of interest charged for loan
� Auto loans, household loans, personal loans

BONDS
� Contract issued by an issuer, promising to make a series in interest and
principal payments over a pre-defined schedule to investors of the bond
● Par Value= aka Face Value; principle amt to be paid
● Maturity Date= date of last payment
● Coupon Rate= rate of interest that the issuer committed to pay
● Yield to Maturity
● Call Provision

STOCKS
� Financial asset that represents ownership to a corporation and a claim in the
firm’s earnings and asset
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● Initial Public Offering= private company can go public by sale of its

stocks to general public

LOGIC: DAHIL WALA KA NETO

PROPOSITIONS AND LOGICAL CONNECTORS

Proposition: declarative sentence, denoted as p, q, r

X+1=0 , open proposition: because x can have any any value that can
make the statement true of false

This sentence is false , paradox: the proposition itself is true because this
sentence is false.

: ewan ko kung gets nyo pero kaya nga paradox eh kasi

nakakalito

Shit happens. , simple proposition: aka primitive prop. ; cannot be broken

down to simpler statements

Shit is real so it happens. , compound proposition: formed from simpler

props. using logical connectors

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Symbol Read as Example Statement

Negation ~ Not ~p Not p

Conjunction ^ And/but p^q p and q

Disjunction v Or pvq p or q

Conditional 🡪 If … then p🡪q If p then q

Biconditional 🡨🡪 If and only if p🡨🡪q P if and only if q

TRUTH TABLE
Conjunction

p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Disjunction

p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Negation

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p ~p
T F
F T
Conditional

p q p🡨🡪q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Biconditional

p q p🡪q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

P🡨🡪~Q ( p if and only if not q)

p q ~q P🡨🡪~Q

T T F F
T F T T

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F T F T
F F T F

TRY THIS:(hindi mo ikamamatay pramis)

(P^R)v(Q^R)

P Q R P^R Q^R (P^R)v(Q^R

)

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
Tautology: always true ex. P🡪 (pvq)

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Contradiction: always false ex. q ^ ~(p🡪q)

Contingency: Either true of false ex. (pvq)^r

USEFUL SHIT: (nakita ko lang sa internet)

RULES OF INFERENCE (tinatamad nako magtype :”D)

Tautology Argument Conclusion

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Simplification P and Q

p^q🡪p Therefore, just P

Conjunction P and Q

(p)^(q) 🡪 (p^q) Therefore, P and

Q

Modus Ponens If P and (if p

then q) then q
[p^(p🡪q)]🡪q
Therefore, Q
Modus Tollens If not q and (if p
then q), then not
[~q^(p🡪q)]🡪~p
p

Therefore, not p

Disjunctive If (p or q) and
Syllogism not p, then q
[(pvq)^~p]🡪q
Therefore, q
Hypothetical If (if p then q)
Syllogism but (it q then r),
[(p🡪q)^( q🡪r)]
then (if p then r)
🡪(p🡪r)
Therefore, if p
then r
Constructive (If p then q)
Dilemma and (if r then s)
(p🡪q)^(r🡪s)
If p or r, then q
pvr
or s
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Therefore q or s
Destructive (If p then q)
Dilemma and (if r then s)
(p🡪q)^(r🡪s)
If not q or not s,
~q v ~p
then not p or
not r

Therefore not p
nor r
Awts gehgeh gud lak intindihin yan, nag effort ako gawin yan :>

RULES OF REPLACEMENT

sori tinamad
nako neto
dugo-dugo na
utak ko

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https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/03/29/rules-of-
replacement/

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