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Machine
IRh- M1- volume 1

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Index

Topic Math range Page

range
Transformer 1-63 4-45

Induction Motor 64-109 47-70

Alternator 110-153 73-93

Synchronous Motor 154-174 95-105

D.C. Generator 175-189 107-115

D.C. Motor 190-215 117-126

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Transformer

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1. Equivalent circuit

𝑍𝑀 = 𝑅0  𝑗𝑋0 = 𝑅𝑐  𝑗𝑋𝑀

calculation of R 0 & X 0 & I0 been ignored for approximate

analysis  𝐈𝟏  𝐈𝟐

Its better not to work with 𝑹𝟎𝟏 & 𝑿𝟎𝟏

While approximation, its better not to find out 𝒁𝒊𝒏 & 𝑷𝒊𝒏

𝑅0 & 𝑋0 has no effect on regulation while approximation

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2. 𝐸𝑥 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁𝑥

𝐸1 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁1
𝐸2 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁2

Transformation ratio
1 𝑁2 𝐸2 𝐼1
=k= 𝑎
= 𝑁1
= 𝐸1
 𝐼2

3.
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1′ = 𝑅2 + 𝐾 2 𝑅1

𝑅2 𝑅2 + 𝑘 2 𝑅1 𝑅02
𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ = 𝑅1 + = =
𝐾2 𝐾2 𝐾2

4.
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝑘𝐼2

𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1 𝑍1
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2 𝑍2

5. I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼

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6.
O.C. Test:
Normally H.V. side is kept open, done for rated voltage

( 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟎 (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍)

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒁𝟏  𝑬𝟏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂. 𝐶. 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 )
(when 𝑽𝟏𝜭 = 𝑬𝟏𝜭 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟏  𝑬𝟏 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 )

𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑅0 = =
𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 𝐼𝑤

𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑋0 = =
𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 𝐼

Actually
(Core Power) 𝑺0 = 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ = 𝑊0 + 𝑗𝑄0
I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼

2
|𝐸1 |
𝑊0 = Re ( 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ ) = = |𝑰𝟎 |𝟐 𝑹𝒆(𝒁𝑴 )
𝑅0
= 𝐸1 𝐼0 cos(𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
(𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑥 32.25)

⃗⃗⃗⃗1
𝐸
ZM = R 0  jX0 =
𝐼⃗⃗⃗0

|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑅0 = =
𝑷𝒄 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )

|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑋0 = =
𝑸𝒄 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )

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7.
E  𝑓𝐵𝑚

Hysteresis Loss, 𝑊ℎ  𝑓𝐵𝑚

1.6

Eddy current Loss, 𝑊𝑒  𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚

2

8.
S.C. Test:
Normally L.V. side is short-circuited, done for rated current

𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑍𝑜𝑥

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = ?

𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐2 𝑅𝑜𝑥

9.
%R = % Cu Loss
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑦
= × 100 % = × 100 %
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴

10.
efficiency,
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + ( ) × 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
= 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝑥 + (𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴) ×𝑦

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11.
For Max efficiency: 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Cu Loss equals to Core Loss

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Full Load KVA √
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑥
= Full Load KVA √
𝑦

KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 100%
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓

= × 100%
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝑥 + 𝑥

12.

Regulation
(According to B.L. Threza)

Page: 1156-1157

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(According to Hubert) P-69 (exact equation without cosidering the Core)

%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)  𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾

(According to Chapman, P-100)

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾

(According to Hadi Saadat, P-71)

𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟏′ −𝐕𝟐 

%𝐫𝐞𝐠 =  𝟏𝟎𝟎% =  𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′  𝐕𝟐 
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾

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13. Load Sharing

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1.
(a)

Ans: 1300 W, 1400 W

(b) ** PGCB-2021

When a transformer is connected to a 240-v, 25-Hz supply; Hysteresis Loss is 846 w;

what will be this loss at 240-v, 60-Hz
Ans: 500.315 w

2. **

Ans: 3494.214 W, 1210 W; 3195.77 W, 1000 W; 3299 W, 1210 W

3. ****
(Hubert Exc 2-7/5)

A single phase transformer has the following data

75-kVA, 480/120-v,

Hysteresis loss 215 w & Eddy current loss 115 w.

Magnetizing current is 2.5% rated current. Transformer is operating in step-up mode.

Determine
(i) Exciting current
(ii) No-Load power factor
(iii) Reactive power input at no-Load
Ans: 15.86515443 A; 0.173; 1875 W

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4.

Ans: 0.572 A, 0.182 A; 0.476 A, 0.15 A

5.

Ans: 5.93 A, 73.3 degree

6. *

7. *

Ans: 275 A, 152.42 KW

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8. *

Ans: 0.4472 (lagging), 5.59%

9.
(a) *

Ans: 4.019228992% (Hubert), 4.02% (Threza)

(b) * (Hubert Ex-2.11, P-71)

25-kVA, 7620/480-V distribution transformer is supplying a 10-KVA load at 0.65

power factor lagging. The percent IR drop and the percent IX drop are 1.2 and 1.4,
respectively. Determine the transformer regulation for the specific load.
Ans: 0.7375631592%

(c) *

Ans: 3.718314512%

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10.
(a) *

Ans: 40 kW, 7.814655776%

(b) **

(c)

Ans: 114.2+800i ; 5.118980208%

(d) *

Ans: 3.718314512%

11. ****

Find
(a) Iron loss
(b) Working component of no-Load current
(c) Magnetizing component of no-Load current
(d) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947 

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12. *** (Hubert Ex 2.5)

A 75-KVA, 4800-240 v, 60-Hz, 1-phase Transformer has the following data:

𝑅1 =2.488  𝑋1=4.8384 
𝑅2 =0.006  𝑋2=0.0121 
𝑅0 =44202 
𝑋0=7798.6 

The transformer is delivering ½ rated load at rated voltage at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Determine

(i) input impedance

(ii) actual input voltage at the H.V.side
(iii) voltage regulation
(iv) Transformer efficiency
(v) Exciting current
(vi) input impedance if the Load is dis-connected

Ans: 599.159243720.94988481 , 4861.4870620.717818798 v, 1.280980463%, 97.72577692%,

0.6287365429-79.62579112, 7685.18244279.98222441 

13. ***

& voltage regulation=?

Ans: 46.00877926(Lagging), 87.39120185%, 18.40841389%

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14. *** (Chapman Exc 2-2)

=?
Ans: 8197.5357090.3311607135 v, 2.469196361%, 96.51068961%

15. ****

Find Primary power factor, efficiency, voltage regulation, secondary output terminal voltage=?

Ans: Cos 33.67421931, 78.90752365%, 3.002916282%, 223.2946486-1.079275579

(Exactly same as B.L. Threza)

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16. **** (Chapman Exc 2-6)

If primary applied voltage is 7967 v, Find secondary voltage, voltage regulation=?

When

(a) Load impedance is 3.2 + j1.5 

(b) Load impedance is -j3.5 

Ans: 218.5193357-3.040018123 v, 4.819671551%;
246.4655589-1.164860088 v, -7.06561557%

17. *** (Chapman Exc 2-4)

A single-phase power system is shown in the Figure below. The Power source feeds a
100-kVA, 14/2.4-kV transformer through a feeder impedance of 40 + j150 . The
transformer’s equivalent series impedance referred to low-voltage side is
0.12 + j0.5 . The load on the transformer is 90-kW at 0.85 pf lagging at 2300 V

Find
(i) Voltage at the power source=?
(ii) system voltage regulation=? & Transformer voltage regulation=?
(iii) overall efficiency=? & Transformer efficiency=?

Ans: 14437.149843.72152241 v; 7.606085763%, 0.7339543074%; 97.03967655%, 99.7182235%

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18.
(a) (Chapman Exc 2.14 )

Ans: 0.9988492093
Hints: Find Zin

(b) (Chapman Ex 2.3, P-97 )

Find voltage across the Load=?

Voltage regulation=?

Ans: 237.1812183-0.5940058609 v, 1.188450627%, 4871.819875 W, 28.12746516 W

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19.
(a) ** (V.K. Mehta) (Power System-161)

Ans: 35625.22218∠1.658234898 v, Cos 38.52813254, 94.72654%

(b) *** (Gupta Ex-3.6) P-58

A 3-phase load of 1-MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a 30-kV

line of resistance 25 ohm and inductive reactance 12 ohm per phase. The voltage
across the load is 10 kV. A 30/10 kV transformer step downs the voltage at the
receiving end. The equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer as referred
to 10-kV side are 0.8 ohm and 2.5 ohm respectively. Find sending end voltage and
regulation.
Ans: 31.937696780.62 kV, 6.46%
Hints:
here regulation indicate system regulation

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20.
(a) *

Ans: 247.69335881.573155856 KV, 249.72184531.789910608 KV

(b)

Ans: 13.3461167793.621171583 kV

21. ****

Ans: 0.4387209057

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22. ** (Hubert Ex 2.9)

A Single-phase transformer, rated 50-KVA, 7200/600 v is supplying rated KVA

at 600-v at 0.75 p.f. lagging.
The percent resistance and reactance are 1.3 and 3.8, respectively. Determine

(i) secondary voltage when the load is disconnected (No-Load secondary voltage)
(ii) input voltage that must be applied to the primary in order to obtain rated secondary
voltage when carrying rated load at 0.75 p.f. lagging

Ans: 621.0455853 v, 7452.547023 v

23. ** (Hubert Ex 2.6)

A 37.5-KVA, 2400-600 v, 60-Hz, 1-phase Transformer has the following data:

R01= 2.8 , X01=6

If 2400 v is applied to the primary &

a load impedance of 1020  is connected to the low side. Determine

(i) Zin=?
(ii) voltage across the load=?
Ans: 164.749759521.62797776 , 582.7019127-1.627977761 v

24. ****

Find
(a) Iron loss
(b) Working component of no-Load current
(c) Magnetizing component of no-Load current
(d) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947 

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Solve:

𝑷𝒊𝒏 = |𝑰𝟏 |𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑾𝟎  𝑾𝟎 = 29.85 w

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25. *

Ans: 500 v, 0.7448594196-63.43494882 A, 166.5556296 W, Core Loss=166.4446665 W;

23.40939982 V, 40 A, 880 W

26. *

𝑅02 = 0.55  , 𝑋02 = 0.225 

Ans: 500 v, 0.7453559925-63.4353559925 A, 166.666666666 W;

23.76972865 V, 40 A, 880 W

27. *** (Chapman Exc 2-6)

Load impedance is 3.2 + j1.5 

If primary applied voltage is 7967 v, Find secondary voltage ,voltage regulation & =?

Ans: 218.5193357-3.040018123 v, 4.819671551%; 96.57285314%

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28. ****

Calculate

Also Find voltage regulation=?

Ans: 257.35380640.8854656465 v, 96.28762807% (96.39844691%), 2.941522577%

29. ****

Ans: %reg = 3.872958742%; 6.855615277 kV

𝑉𝐴 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝑅02 ×
𝑉22

𝑉𝐴 (𝐹. 𝐿. )
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐹. 𝐿. ) = 𝑅02 ×
(𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)2

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30. ****

Ans: 6261.795253-2805415387 v, 5.401082812%

Hints: same Load for both primary & secondary for approximation

31. ***

Ans: 1.185987636 kW

32. *

Ans: -1.590216047%, 447.1100152-2.225656524 v

Hints: same Load for both primary & secondary for approximation

33. ***

Ans: 405.2894079-3.472116618 v, 92.55776892%

Hints: x = core Loss = 100 w (220 v)

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34.
(a) *

Ans: 160k, 38.44732241k; 38.4 , 191.7936391 

(b) **

Calculate

Also Find voltage regulation=?

Ans: 257.35380640.8854656465 v, 96.28762807% (96.39844691%), 2.941522577%

(c) ***

Ans: 966.7452354-1.009952549 v, 3.439868473%

Hints: same Load for both primary & secondary for approximation

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(d) ****

Ans: 91.60305344%, 8.496346845%

Hints: same Load for both primary & secondary for approximation;
Assume 𝑉1=500 v

(e) *

Ans: 180 , 28.93830837 ; 0.24348673 , 0.360090249 ;

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35. *** (Chapman Exc 2-10)

Ans: 14641.390741.909608067 v, 6.102810151%

36. ** (Chapman Exc 2-18)

Ans: 3.702556261% ; 97.28906206%

Hints: 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 for both primary & secondary for approximation
F.L. Cu Loss = 935.8723958 W

Assume 𝑉1=24000 v

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37. **** (Chapman Exc-2.7)

Ans: 3.85566908%, 97.59836912%

38. **** (Chapman Exc-2.7)

Ans: 2.742465737%, 97.51162009%

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39. ** (DESCO-2019)

Input Power, 𝑃𝑆 =?
With respect to Power dissipated by 18 

Ans: 1.75

40. *** (Dhaka Wasa-2018)

𝑉𝑆 =? 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓. =?
For ideal Transformer when
𝑉2 = 120 𝑣, 𝑃𝑆 = 5600 𝑤

Ans: 240.28339752.783020754 v, 0.9988205698 (Lagging)

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41.
Phasor Diagram

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42.
(a) *

Ans: 160.3567451 kVA, 98.04349249%; 96.85230024%

(b) *

Ans: 4.0733244414 kW, 8.072504576 kW; 98.86614828%

(c) *

Ans: 92.57283545%
(d) **

Ans: 3.805768773%
(e) **

Ans: 97.56101051%
(f) **

Ans: 95.62514941%, 96.52509653%

(g) ** (Hubert Ex 2.13)

100-KVA, 4800/240-v, 60-Hz transformer has core loss, resistance loss and leakage
reactance loss expressed in percent are 0.45, 1.46 and 3.38 respectively. Determine
the efficiency at 70% load with 0.8 power factor lagging.
Ans: 97.96135425%

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43. **** (Hubert Ex 2.8)

The percent resistance and reactance of a 75-kVA, 2400-240 v, 60-Hz transformer are
0.9% and 1.3%, respectively.
Determine high-side fault current if an accidental short-circuit of 0.016  (resistive)
occur at the secondary when 2300 v is impressed across the primary.
Ans: 920.2650745-23.54536638 A

44. *

Ans: 3.9204 , 7.780064771 , 8.7 ohm; 378.7878-63.25631605 A

45. *** (Hubert Exc 2-25/12)

A 500-KVA, 7200/240-v, 60-Hz transformer with 2.2% impedance was severely

damaged as a result of a dead short-circuit across the secondary terminals. Determine
(i) Short-circuit current
(ii) Required percent impedance of a replacement transformer that will limit the Low-
side short-circuit current to 60,000 A

Ans: 94696.9697 A; 3.472̇%

46. ** (Hubert Exc 2-9/5)

7200/240-v, 60-Hz transformer is connected for step-up operation and 14446  load
is connected to the secondary. Assume the transformer is ideal and the input voltage is
220v at 60-Hz, Determine
(i) Secondary voltage
(ii) Secondary current
(iii) Primary current
(iv) Zin Ans: 6600 v; 45.83̇ -46 A; 1375 A; 0.1646 

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47.
(a) *** (Gupta Ex-3.3) P-55 (Stevenson Junior Ex-2.12) P-75

A 3-pahse 3-winding Y-Y-∆ transformer is rated as under

Primary 132 kV 30 MVA

Secondary 11 kV 20 MVA

Tertiary 6.6 kV 10 MVA

The result of short circuit tests are under:

Secondary short circuited, tertiary open circuited, primary excited

X = 7% on 132-kV, 30-MVA base

Secondary open circuited, tertiary short circuited, primary excited

X = 9% on 132-kV, 30-MVA base

Tertiary short circuited, primary open circuited, secondary excited

X = 4% on 11-kV, 20-MVA base

Find 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3= ??

Ans: 0.05, 0.02, 0.04 pu

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(b) *** (Stevenson Ex6.8 P-154)

The three phase rating of a three winding transformer are:

Primary: Y-connected, 66-kV, 15 MVA

Secondary: Y-connected, 13.2-kV, 10 MVA

Tertiary: -connected, 2.3-kV, 5 MVA

Neglecting resistance, the leakage impedances are

𝑍𝑝𝑠 = 7% on 15-MVA, 66-kV base

𝑍𝑝𝑡 = 9% on 15-MVA, 66-kV base

𝑍𝑠𝑡 = 8% on 10-MVA, 13.2-kV base

Find per-unit impedances of the star-connected equivalent circuit for a base of 15-MVA, 66-kV
in the primary circuit.

Ans: 0.02, 0.05, 0.07 pu

48.

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49.
(a)

Ans: 97.62789465%

(b)

Ans: 89.5592741%

50.
(a) *

Ans: 95.31142359%

(b) *

Ans: 96.97886955%

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51.
(a)

Ans: 63.07808485; 62.1031511 kVA

(b)

Ans: 471.1257364 ; 281.1655279 kVA

(c)

Ans: 609.0319214, 392.8137862 kVA

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52. *

Ans: 1.5460295155 times normal current of 200 kVA unit

53.
(a) *

Ans: 25.09486359-70.92166306 A

(b)

Ans: 315.6565̈ A

54.

Ans: 80%

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55. (Ex-32.89) *

Determine the core area, number of turns and position of tapping point for a 500-kVA,
50-Hz, single-phase, 6600/5000-V auto transformer, assuming the following
approximate values: emf per turn 8 V. Maximum flus density 1.3 Wb/𝑚2

Ans: 277 cm2

when connected as additive/subtractive polarity

(not as step-up/step-down auto transformer)

𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝐾𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜
=
𝐾𝑉𝐴2 𝐾2
Hadi Sssdat: P-79, Chapman: P-113

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56.
(a) **

A 2-winding transformer is connected according to following figure

If this transformer is re-connected as a auto-transformer in additive polarity. Find rating

of both Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 48 VA, 1008 VA, 0.2 A

Hints: when 2-winding transformer is re-connected as an auto-transformer,

specific winding current remain constant

(b) A 2-winding transformer rated 48-VA, 240/12-v. If this transformer is re-

connected as a auto-transformer in additive polarity.
Find rating of Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 1008 VA, 0.2 A

(c)

A 2-winding transformer rated 60-VA, 120/10-v. If this transformer is re-connected

as a auto-transformer in additive polarity.
Find rating of Transformer=? Also find 𝐼𝑐 =?
Ans: 780 VA, 0.5 A

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(d) * (Ex-32.90)

A 20-KVA, 2400/240-V, two-winding transformer is connected as an auto

transformer with additive polarity.
Calculate
(i) KVA rating of auto transformer
(ii) 𝐼𝑐
(iii) overload of primary winding when used as auto transformer
𝐼 (𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜)−𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Ans: 220 kVA, 8.33̇ A, 1 𝐼1 (2−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

57. **** (Ex-32.90)

A 20-KVA, 2400/240-V, two-winding transformer is connected as an auto transformer

with subtractive polarity as mentioned in the figure.
Calculate KVA rating of auto transformer

Ans: 180 KVA

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58.
(a) **

Ans: 3.985 w

(b) **

Ans:
3.64-105.84

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59.
(a) ***

Ans: 360-kVA; 99.31034483%

Hints: step-down auto (polarity has not been considered)

(b) ***

Ans: 21 KVA, 96%

Hints: step-down auto (polarity has not been considered)
F.L. Cu Loss for 2-winding Transformer = F.L. Cu Loss for auto Transformer

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60. *****

Ans: 97.97602166%, 22.72̈

Hints: step-down auto (polarity has not been considered)

61. **

Ans: 1500 w, 1500 w

Hints: Inductively transferred power = Power handled by the common winding = Re 𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐∗ 
Conductively transferred power = Total Power - Inductively transferred power

62. **

Ans: 550 kVA; 50 kW, 500 kW

63. *** (Hubert Ex 3.1)

A 400 turn auto-transformer operating in step-down mode with 25% tap,

Supplies a 4.8-KVA, 0.85 p.f. lagging load. The Input to the transformer is 2400-v, 60-
Hz.
Determine
(i) Transformed current (𝐼𝑐 )
(ii) Conductively transformed power
(iii) Inductively transformed power
Ans: 6-31.78833062 A; 1020 W; 3060 W

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Induction
Motor

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120𝑓
Synchronous speed, 𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁𝑘 𝑓′
Slip, 𝑆𝑘 = =
𝑁𝑠 𝑓

𝑅2 𝑁𝑠 −𝑁𝑏
Slip for Max Torque, 𝑆𝑏 = =
𝑋2 𝑁𝑠

E2
Rotor current, I2 = 𝑅2
+j𝑋2
𝑠

𝑅
3×60 𝐸22 𝑠2
Torque, 𝑇𝑘 = 2 (when only rotor side is given)
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅
 𝑠2 +j𝑋2 

3×60 𝐸22
𝑇𝑏 = (when only rotor side is given)
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝑋2

𝑇𝑘 2 𝑆𝑘 𝑆𝑏
=
𝑇𝑏 𝑆𝑘2 + 𝑆𝑏2

𝑠𝑣 2
T
𝑓

𝑠𝑣
I
𝑓

P = T, PTN

2 2 𝑅′
3×60 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑠 𝑷𝟐 ×60 𝑷𝒎 ×60
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑇𝑔 = 2 = = (rotor input Torque)
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅2′ 2𝜋 𝑁𝑠 2𝜋 𝑁
 𝑍𝑡ℎ + 𝑠
+j𝑋2′ 
(Chapman, P-408, P-398)

𝑷𝟐 ×60 𝑷𝒎 ×60 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 60

(rotor input Torque) 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑇𝑔 = = , 𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠 2𝜋 𝑁 2𝜋𝑁

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Rotor Cu Loss = 𝒔𝑷𝟐 = 3 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃2 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠𝑐𝑢

𝟑 𝑬𝟐𝟏
 𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + + 3 𝑰𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝟏

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑚 + rotor Cu Loss

 𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎 + 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎 + 𝒔𝑷𝟐

𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 & 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + stray Loss

 𝑷𝒎 = 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑷𝒘 + stray Loss (Chapman, P-394)

Mechanical Loss = 𝑷𝒘 = 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒆 & 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔

No-Load Loss = 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 + 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒆 & 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔

Stator Input = 𝑃1
Stator Output = Rotor input = 𝑃2

Rotor Cu Loss = 𝒔𝑷𝟐 = 3 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐

Mechanical Power developed = 𝑃𝑚

Rotor output = Motor Output = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡

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Euqivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor (it’s a rotating transformer )

Thevenin Equivalent check for 𝑅0 & Core Loss. It will be difficult to find 𝑅0
from Core Loss. also Thevenin Equivalent without 𝑅0

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′
2 𝑅2
3×60 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑷𝟐 ×60 𝑷𝒎 ×60
𝑠
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑇 = 𝑔 2 = =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅2′ ′ 2𝜋 𝑁𝑠 2𝜋 𝑁
𝑍𝑡ℎ + +j𝑋2 
𝑠
(rotor input Torque)

Vth 𝑍𝑀
I2′ = 𝑅′2
= 𝑅′
𝐼1
𝑍𝑡ℎ + 𝑠
+ j𝑋2′ 𝑍𝑀 +( 𝑠2 +𝑗𝑋2 )

𝐼0 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2′

2 𝑅2 2 𝑅2′
𝑃2 = 3𝐼2  = 3𝐼2′ 
𝑠 𝑠

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑠𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 𝐼22 𝑅2

2 1 2 1
𝑃𝑚 = 3 𝐼2  𝑅2 ( 𝑠
− 1 ) = 3 𝐼2′  𝑅2′ ( 𝑠
−1)

𝑷𝟐 ×60 𝑷𝒎 ×60
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑇𝑔 = = (rotor input Torque)
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠 2𝜋 𝑁

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𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑏 when 𝑃2 is Max

According to Max. Power transfer theorem,

𝑅2′
= 𝑍𝑡ℎ + 𝑗𝑋2′ 
𝑠

𝑅2′
 s=
𝑍𝑡ℎ +𝑗𝑋2′ 

𝑅2′
 𝑠𝑏 =
𝑍𝑡ℎ +𝑗𝑋2′ 

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64. ***

Ans: 473.6991837 Nm = 48.3366514 Kg.m

65. ****

Find Slip at Maximum toque=?

Ans: 29.72085001%

66. ***

Ans: 141.8364399 kW, 14.14213562%

Hints:

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67. *** (Hubert Ex 5.2, 5.3)

A 60-Hz, 15-hp, 460-v, 6-pole, Y-connected Induction motor is driving a

centrifugal pump at 1185 rpm. The combined friction, windage and stray
power losses are 166 W. Parameters are given referred to the stator side

𝑅1 =0.2  𝑋1 =1.2 
𝑅2 =0.25  𝑋2 =1.29 

𝑅0 =317 
𝑋0 =42 
Find
(a)  =?
(b) 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =? (𝑻𝒔𝒕 =?, 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =?)

Ans: 90.04775488% 76.83246405 Nm, 75.49475668 Nm

68. *** (Hubert Ex 5.2, 5.3)

A 60-Hz, 15-hp, 460-v, 6-pole, Y-connected Induction motor is driving a

centrifugal pump at 1185 rpm. The combined friction, windage and stray
power losses are 166 W. Parameters are given referred to the stator side

𝑅1 =0.2  𝑋1 =1.2 
𝑅2 =0.25  𝑋2 =1.29 

𝑅0 =317 
𝑋0 =42 
Find
(a) 𝑇𝑠𝑡 , 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =?
(b) Speed at which maximum torque is developed ( =?, 𝑷𝒊𝒏 =? 𝑻𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 )

Ans: 63.8002948 Nm, 76.83246405 Nm, 299.1519217 Nm; 1078.233071 r.p.m.

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69. ***

Moreover, 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 100 W (stray Loss)

Find
(a)  =?
(b) 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =?

Ans: 82.86019936% (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10378.3532 W) ; 62.80682157 Nm, 56.29741694 Nm

70. *** (P-414)

Moreover, 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 100 W (stray Loss)

Find 𝑇𝑠𝑡 , 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =?

Ans: 106.5621045 Nm, 62.80682157 Nm, 230.8017132 Nm

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71.

Ans: 12.66083047-25.79618733 A, 0.9003478478(Lagging), 4077.25908 W,3914.168717 W,

25.95663748 Nm, 3764.168717 W, 86.65892648%

Hints: if we want to find =?, it will be difficult to solve with Thevenin equivalent (but possible)

72. ** (Chapman Exc-7.19)

(c) Full Load Induced Torque =?

Ans: 0.1704626898 , 448.1505054 m, 19.00260621%, 205.6992161 Nm

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73. **** (Hubert Exc 5.13)

250-hp, 4-pole Y-connected motor operating from 60-Hz, 460-v line

is delivering 255-hp at 1777 r.p.m.. If the shaft torque load is reduced by 25%,
determine

𝑅1 = 0.0626  𝑋1= 0.027 

𝑅2 = 0.0118  𝑋2= 0.04 

𝑅0 = 32.25 
𝑋0= 2.465 

(i) Shaft speed

(ii) Shaft horsepower
(iii) Rotor current

Hints: change in Torque change in speed change in slip; T  s; P  TN;

Ans: Ans: 1782.75 r.p.m; 191.868845 hp; 202.5344991-1.63129248 A

74. *** (Hubert Ex 5.5)

575-v, 100-hp, 60-Hz, 12-pole Y-connected squirrel-cage motor operating at rated

Torque and 591.1 r.p.m. draws a line current of 89.2 A at rated voltage and rated
frequency.
𝑅1 = 0.06  𝑋1= 0.034 
𝑅2 = 0.055  𝑋2=0.034 

𝑅0 = 67 
𝑋0=11.22

If an increase in shaft load cause 𝑇𝐷 to increase by 25%. For the new condition, determine

Speed & current =?

Hints: change in Torque change in speed change in slip; v & f constant,

Ans: 588.875 r.p.m.; 109.2538789-1.014063973 A

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75. *****

Ans: 8-pole, 6.66̇%, 885.7751714 rpm, 0.9483219073-Hz

76. ****

Ans: 0.5866̇ ohm; 72.6636085 v, 71.50969419 A

77. ****

Ans: R=0.18 ohm, 42787.5 w; 1283.625 w; 40603.875 w; 90.23083̇%; 399.7303556 Nm

78. * (APSCL-2019)

Ans: 38.60060377 kW, 37.90060377 kW, 37.30060377 kW, 87.97186939%

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79.
*** (Hubert Ex 5.11)

A three-phase, wye-connected, 400-hp, 4-pole, 380-v, 50-Hz wound-rotor

induction motor operating at rated condition with rheostat shorted has a slip of 0.0159.

𝑅1 =0.00536  𝑋1=0.0383 
𝑅2 =0.00613  𝑋2=0.0383 

𝑅0 =7.66 
𝑋0=0.5743 

(i) Rotor speed at one –half rated torque load

(ii) Rheostat resistance per phase required to operate the machine
at 1000 r.p.m. at one-half rated torque load when K=0.5
𝑆
Hints: T  S; T  𝑅

Ans: 1488.075 r.p.m. ; 0.2508930608 

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80.
(a)

(b) * (Hubert Exc 4.5)

A 6-pole three-phase Induction motor is operating at 480 r.p.m. from 25-Hz, 230-v
supply. The voltage induced in the rotor when blocked is 90-v. Determine
(i) Slip speed
(ii) Rotor voltage & rotor frequency
1
Ans: 20 r.p.m.; 3.6-v (90 × 25) , 1-Hz

81.

Ans: 5.264981265-43.15238973 A, 3.318007582-16.69924423 A

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82. **

Ans: 1156.563143-87.25191182 A, 0.04794479937 (lagging);

741.266147-39.80557109 A, 0.7682212796 (lagging); 1.283528324 

83.
(a)

Ans: 0.2 ohm

(b)

(c)

Ans: 1.8166̇, 325 r.p.m, 0.13 

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(d)

Ans: 1187.5 rpm, 0.029 

84.

Ans: 90 kg-m

85. **

Ans: 56.87840937%

86. **

Ans: 0.52 

87. **

Ans: 1299 r.p.m; 750 r.p.m

88. *

Ans: 52.44523533 Nm, 99.86192508 Nm, 859 r.p.m.

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89. *
(a) *

Ans: 3.333̇%, 966.66̇ r.p.m, 0.8888̇ kW

(b)

Ans: 3.3̇%, 966.66̇ r.p.m, 0.833̇ kW, 72.5 kW

90. ***

Ans: 11.27088 kW, 98.59967034 Nm, 1350 rpm

91.

Ans: 4.165416̇ kW

92. * (PDB-2015)
3-phase Induction motor is running at 2.5% slip. The output of rotor is 3kW. What is
rotor input?
Ans: 3076.923077 W

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93. **

Ans: 3.03̈%

94. *

Ans: 0.2227891156 

95. ***

Ans: 6242.776528 W
8780.045351 W

96. **

Ans: 19912.76042 W, 123.6766537 Nm, 126.76857 Nm

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97. **

Ans: 40.47855748 Nm, 63.50635907 Nm, 1333.33̇ r.p.m.

98. ** (BUET M.Sc-2014)

Determine induced torque in a 400-v, 50-Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected induction motor
operating at 2% slip where 240 W power being lost in it’s motor winding.

Ans: 76.39437268 Nm
Hints: sP2= 240 w

99. **

Ans: 60.8%, 3.3%, 588 r.p.m

100. **

Ans: 23.45679012%

101. ** (Hubert Ex 5.7)

20-hp, 4-pole, 230-v, 60-Hz Y-connected induction motor draws 151 A when
started at rated voltage and rated frequency.
Determine the expected locked-rotor line current if the motor is started from
220-v, 50-Hz system
Ans: 173.3217391 A
𝑠𝑣
Hints: I  𝑓 ; ignore s

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102.
(a) **

Ans: 927.7160494 r.p.m (928), 14.19973545 kW

(b) ** (Hubert Ex 5.6)

230-v, 20-hp, 60-Hz, 6-pole three-phase induction motor driving a constant

torque load at rated frequency, rated voltage and rated horsepower has a speed of
1175 r.p.m. and efficiency of 92.1%.

If 10% drop in voltage and 6% drop in frequency, determine

(i) New operating speed

(ii) New shaft horsepower
Ans: 1100.728395 r.p.m. (1101); 18.73580247 hp

103. **** (Hubert )

A 40-hp, 460-v, 60-Hz, 4-pole, three-phase induction motor operating at rated

voltage , rated frequency and rated horsepower runs at 1770 r.p.m.and draws a line
current of 52 A. If the machine is operated at 5/6 rated horsepower from a
385-v, 50-Hz supply. Determine the speed
Ans: 1470.161293 r.p.m.
𝑠 𝑣2 𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
Hints: P  T N, P  N; s =
𝑓 𝑁𝑠

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104. ****

Ans: 29.49152542 KW

Hints: N2 =2900 r.p.m. T  S; P  T N;

105. * (Hubert Ex 5.12)

A 50-hp, 10-pole, 60-Hz, 575-v Y-connected, three-phase, wound-rotor

Induction motor operating with the rotor rheostat develops its maximum torque at
45% slip. Determine the percentage increase or decrease in rotor circuit resistance
required to cause TD,max to occur at 80% slip.

𝑠
Hints: constant torque, T  𝑅
Ans: 77.77̇% increase

106. ** (Hubert Ex 5.4)

A three-phase 50-hp, 460-v, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor operating at

rated load, rated voltage and ratred frequency has an operating speed of 1760 r.p.m.
If system voltage drops to 90% of rated value, Find the amount of Torque that must be
removed from the motor shaft in order to maintain 1760 r.p.m.

Hints: f constant; Ans: 38.45219597 Nm

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107. ** (Hubert Ex 5-21/9)

40-hp, 60-Hz, 460-v, 4-pole Y-connected wound-rotor motor with slip-rings

shorted has its breakdown torque occur at 25% slip. The rotor impedance in
ohm/phase referred to stator is 0.158+ j0.623 and turn ratio is 1.28.
Determine the rheostat resistance required to cause the breakdown torque to occur at 60%
slip.
Ans: 0.135 (rotor side)

𝑠
Hints: T  , T constant, rheostat means external resistance (r)
𝑅

108. (Hubert Exc 5.19)

A three-phase 125-hp, 60-Hz, 8-pole, 575-v design B induction

motor is to be operated from 50-Hz system with a slip of 2.1%. Determine
(i) Allowable voltage
(ii) Allowable shaft load in hp
(iii) New synchronous speed
(iv) New shaft speed
(v) New shaft torque

Hints: V2/V1=f2/f1; P2/P1=f2/f1; P=T

Ans: 479.2 v; 104.2 hp; 750 r.p.m.; 734.25 r.p.m.; 1010.96 Nm

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109. (Hubert Ex 5.16 )

40-hp, 60-Hz, 460-v, 57.8 A Y-connected, Design-B Induction

motor

Block Rotor test: 36.2 v, 58 A, 2573.4 W

No-Load test: 460 v, 32.7 A, 4664.4 W
DC test: 12 v, 59 A

Determine R1, R2, X1, X2, XM & Combined Core and Friction loss=?

Ans: 0.102, 0.153, 0.4064, 0.6096, 7.58;

1456.53 w

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Alternator

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1st Part
n = slot / pole
m = slot / pole / phase

 ( , , )
𝐾𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 , = × 180
2 𝑛
𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 1
𝐾𝑑 =   , = × 180
𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛
2

2nd Part
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 + ( I ∓  ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

𝐸𝐴 > 𝑉𝑡 হলে +

𝐸𝐴 < 𝑉𝑡 হলে -

Calculation using real part,

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼 ( 𝑅. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ± 𝑋. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ) (phase value)

Calculation using magnitude part,

𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ± 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (phase value)

𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑡2 + (𝐼𝑍𝑠 )2 + 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( ∓ ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 )

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%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)  𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑠

3 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠
𝑋𝑠
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑎

J
time of oscillation = 0.0083 𝑁𝑠 √ 𝐼
𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑠𝑐 𝑓
𝐼

Synchronizing Power
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 𝑋𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛( ±  ),  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑍𝑠 𝑅𝑎

3 𝑉𝑡2
𝑃𝑠𝑦 (𝑛𝑜−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) =
𝑍𝑠
𝑒 (radian)

Generator Induced Torque = Output Torque

Generator shaft Torque = Input Torque

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110.

Ans: 0.9396926208, 0.9238795325, 0.8819212643

111.

Ans: 0.9597950805

112. *

Ans: 0.639863387, 0.8312069222, 0.9597950805

113.

Ans: 0.9659258265, 0.7071067812, 0,2588190451, 0.2588190451

114.

Ans: 50 Hz, 2657.202289 v

115. *

Ans: 1812.995372 v, 3140.200098 v

Hints: coil indicate slot/pole/phase

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116.

Ans: 987.9080164 v

117. *

Ans: 13196.44785 v

118. *

Ans: 749.405577 v

119. *

Ans: 999.9125619 v

1
Hints: 𝑘𝑐1 , 𝑘𝑑1 , 1 , 𝑓1; 𝑘𝑐3 , 𝑘𝑑3 , 3 = × 0.12 × 1, 𝑓3
3

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120. **

Ans: 160 v

121. ***

Ans: 399.0881106 v; 230.4136281 v, 0.766̇ A

122. **

(iii) rotor frequency

Ans: 60 Hz; 1140 r.p.m, 3 Hz

123.

Ans: 1365.843526 v

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124.

Ans: 11475.640892.715409524 v

125.
(a) ***

Ans: 5066.985352 v

(b) ***

Ans: 5293.673074 v

(c) *

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126. *

Ans: 222.09027633.182659612 v

127.
(a) **

Ans: 62.29721368%
2 2
Hints: reg = √(𝑅𝑝𝑢 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠) + (𝑋𝑝𝑢  𝑆𝑖𝑛) −1

(b) ***

Ans: 471.84253976.916208422 v; 592.99113137.82298239 v; 34.77071158%; 2.7 

(c) *

Ans: 12086.80077 v

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128. *

Ans: 18.97040781, 48.04058776%

129. **

Ans: 12.03569119, 25.90080968%

130. ***

Ans: 13.5673562%
Hints: 𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ± 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2

131. *
A 3-phase 20-MVA, 10-KV alternator has internal reactance of 5% and negligible
resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be connected in series with the
alternator so that steady-state current on short-circuit does not exceed 8 times the full
load current.
Ans : 0.075 pu=0.375 

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132.
(a) ***

Ans: 174.1463623 KW, 192.0707699 KW

(b) *

Ans: 502.246611 kW

133. *

Ans: 722.2361962 kW, 6896.847642 Nm

134. (Chapman Exc 5.24)

Ans: 299.298 kw, 144.956 kVAR; 119.719 kw,115.391 kVAR; 31.85 (lagging)

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135. ***

Ans: 150-28.98186239 A, 8273.07282115.49210944 v;

180.6360295-43.41365988 A, 9640.08928815.9016802 v

Solve:

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136.
(a) **

Ans: 60 Hz; 59.2 Hz;

the operator should increase the governor no-load set points by 0.8 Hz

(b) **

Ans: 60 Hz, 1.5 MW, 1 MW;

59.5 Hz, 2 MW, 1.5 MW

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137. **** (Chapman Exc 5.8)

Ans: 1.68%, 0.84%; 59.8 Hz; 70 KW, 30 KW

138. **** (Chapman Exc 5.9)

Ans: 59.61 Hz; 2.085 MW, 3.2 MW, 1.7444 MW; not acceptable (3.2 > 3 rating)

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139. **

Ans: 0.2 Hz

140.
(a) **

Ans: 14.12555293 MW
Solve:

(b) ***

Ans: 14.12555293 MW; 1215.17676640.30202418 (leading)

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141. ***

(i)

(ii)
If the generator is operating at the constant excitation

Ans: 807.4917924-53.42840706 A, 0.5958267674 (lagging);

136.0147051 MW, 3248.93144836.32386947 A

142. ****

(i)

.
(ii)

Ans: 769.8004745-0.0313946 A; 12 kV

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143. ** (APSCL-2018 similar math)

Ans: 546.4917924-53.42840706 A

144. ***

(i)

(ii)

Ans: 798.1290121 kW, 889.7290121 kW, 89.70473046%;

532 v (no drop induced voltage at the terminals)

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145. **** (APSCL-2018)

A 480 V, 50-Hz, Y-connected six pole synchronous generator has a per-phase

synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohm. Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 pf lagging.
If the per phase no-load voltage is 277 V,

determine the torque angle =?

Ans: 12.00178935, 227.74508670 v

146. ****

Ignore armature resistance.

what is the terminal voltage & efficiency =?

When it is operated at rated current at 0.8 pf Lagging (ignore unknown electrical losses)

Ans: 410.3913454 v, 93.17299814%

Hints: Terminal voltage at no-Load indicate induced e.m.f (no drop at no-Load)

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147. **

Ans: 2661.3881287.415 v, 870.3553875 KW

148. **** (Chapman Exc 5.23)

Hints: (50/60)13.2; (50/60)120; Xs=(50/60)0.9; XL=jwL

Ans: 11-kv, 100-MVA, 0.75 ohm; 45.87654786%

149. ** (DPDC-2019)

A 120 kVA, 10/0.415 kV, Delta/Y transformer is designed for a 60 Hz power system.
If the transformer is to be used in a 50 Hz system , what should be the maximum
allowable kVA?
Ans: 100

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150. ****

Ans:

151. ****

A 600 KVA, delta-connected alternator has line voltage of 220 v. If it is re-connected in

star connection, calculate new KVA, voltage & current rating

Ans: 200 KVA, 220-v, 524.86 A

At delta connection, the alternator will supply more Load KVA

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152.

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153.

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Synchronous
Motor

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3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 Cos = 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑠

𝐸𝐴  = 𝑉𝑡 − ( I ∓  ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
(over excited, under excited, normally excited)

Calculation using real part,

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼 ( 𝑅. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ± 𝑋. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ) (phase value)

Calculation using magnitude part,

𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∓ 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (phase value)

𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑡2 + (𝐼𝑍𝑠 )2 − 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( ∓ ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 )

%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) ∓ 𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,

𝑋𝑠
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑎

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2

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154. *

Ans: 78.94736482 kW, 129.489444336.87 A, 896.6847608-30.01639673 v, 157.8165179 kW

155.

Ans: 5, 693/√3 v, 3.490455974-2.5 A, 4185.64583 kW, 4185.64583 kW

156.

Ans: 44.15830692-2.185925166 A, 0.9992723163 (lagging), 168.1433005 kW, 751.3402043 kW

157.

Ans: 914.5228264 kW, 903.7228264 kW, 13040.52459-11.30567456 v

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method 4
𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑡2 + (𝐼𝑍𝑠 )2 − 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( ∓ )
 𝐸𝐴 = 7528.950381 v (same)

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158.

Ans: 149.1883318121.8514953 A

159. **

Ans: 71.516273715.06006165 A, 0.9656539824(leading)

Hints: Assume 𝐸𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

160.
(a)

Ans: -28.99940231, 0.9432414077 (Leading)

(b)

Ans: -28.99940231, 0.9432414077 (Leading)

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161.
(a) *

Ans: 19.99877181, 8.019978247-9.999385904 A (lagging)

(b) *

Ans: 247.3178091164.2261552 A (leading)

162. ***

7460
Ans: ×100%= 82.10292695%%
9086.155972

163. ***

Ans: 13.052 A, 8110 W, 82.6693343%

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164. *

Ans: 4972.33679-17.01198421 v

165.
(a)

Ans: 266.1684802-10.89821364 v, 78.51305698 kW

(b)

Ans: 494.7525862-21.31122391 v, 39.61382687 kW

(c)

Ans: 496.4079156-21.40137402 v, 39.81128759 kW

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166.
(a) **

Ans: 22.5811632513.69578599 A (leading)

Hints: Assume 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

(b)

Ans: 46.4996818430.32969252 A, 0.8631339722 (leading)

167.
(a) ***

Ans: 51.38923361 kW

(b) ***

Ans: 5867.087822 Nm (1- or 3-)

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168. ***

Ans: 34.70336855 kVAR (leading), 0.8656356139 (leading)

169.

Ans: 39.19496743 (lag or lead); 154.2864915-6.609428072 v , 213.764961-13.3495688 v

170. **

Ans: 20√29 v, 20√17 v, 20√41 v

171. **

Ans: 669.0291473 kW, 15.05864737 (lagging), 4259.171835 Nm

(follow 38.30 & 38.24)

172.

Ans: 21.8 degree, 0.9285 (leading)

One of the most difficult math

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173. ***

Ans: 24.04351434 (lagging)

Solve:

174.
(a)

Ans: 151.4173462 A, 0.8572489804 (leading)

(b) **

Ans: 0.8905 (leading), 134640.1743 / 171556.3228 = 78.48%

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D.C.
Generator

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Generator Output = Motor Input = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿

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Classification:

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175. *
A 10 kW d.c. shunt generator has the following losses at full load:

Mechanical Loss : 290 W

Iron Loss : 420 W
Shunt Cu Loss : 120 W
Armature Cu Loss : 595 W

Calculate the efficiency at (i) no-Load (ii) 25% of full-Load

Ans: 0%, 2500/ (2500+867.1875) = 74.24593968%
Hints: Variable loss is related to 𝐼𝑎

176.
(a)

Ans: 243.638 v

(b)

Ans: 52 A, 506.16 v

(c) **

Ans: 31.145 A, 232.55725 v

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177.

Ans: 100 A, 50
178.

Ans: 458.25 v, 20.81256938 kW

179.
(a) *

Ans: 24 / 27.5964352 = 86.96775444%

(b) *

Ans : 625.4 v, 317.7032 kW

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180.

Ans: 254 v, 2050 W, 51,750 W; 94.2%, 98.2%, 95.96%

181. *

Ans: 0.107 ohm, 122.34 A

182. *

Ans: 214 v, 77.9%

183.
(a) *

Ans: 2.67 kW, 5.33 kW; 1.33 kW, 1.33 kW

(b) *

Ans: 570 r.p.m.

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184.
(a) *

Ans: 159.4 A

(b) *

Ans: 69.769 A

185.

Ans: 1.2

186. *

Ans 350.4667 A

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187.
(a)

Ans: 8

(b)

Ans: 0.0833 ohm

(c) *

Ans: 0.02127 ohm

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188.
(a)

Ans: 802, 3710

(b) *

Ans: 800, 1200

(c)

Ans: 440, 6160; 0.4 A

(d) *

Ans: 820; 164

189. *

Ans: 2778, 1390, 9

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D.C.
Motor

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Motor Input = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿

𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 × 60
Developed Torque, Ta = = Input Torque
2𝜋 𝑁

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 60
Output Torque, Tsh = = Load Torque
2𝜋 𝑁

Eb   N
T   Ia

At no-Load
Pout = 0
=0
 Input = Loss
 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿0 = Wc (constant Loss) + 𝐼𝑎20 𝑅𝑎

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190.
(a)

Ans: 337.6 r.p.m.; 248.915 Nm

(b)

Ans: 286.4788 Nm, 270.48 Nm

191.

Ans: 79.577 Nm, 12.5 kW

192.

Ans: 476 r.p.m.

193.

Ans: 1030.5 r.p.m.; 1014.4 r.p.m

194. **

Ans: 111 Nm, 106.9 Nm, 0.0129 Wb; 460 W, 91.4%

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195. **

Ans: 291.25 HP

196. **

Ans: 87.83%

197.
(a) **

Ans: 960.42 rpm, 82.44%

(b) **

Ans: 960.42 rpm

(c) *

Ans: 350.5 A (342 A)

198. *

Ans: 260 A, 459 Nm; 93.7 A, 1225 r.p.m.

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199.
(a) *

Ans: 623.9 r.p.m., 103 Nm, 79.2%

(b)

Ans: 87.1 Nm, 79.6%, 1031 r.p.m.

200.

Ans: 474 r.p.m.

201.

Ans: 1147 r.p.m.

202. **

Ans: 372 r.p.m.

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203.

Ans: 1009 r.p.m., 55.737 Nm, 110.354 Nm

204.
(a) *

Ans: 79.6%, 10.226 kW

(b) *

Ans: 88.5 A, 623 r.p.m., 78.33 A

205. *

Ans: 279 r.p.m.

206. *

Ans: 37.5%

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207.
(a)

Ans: 106 ohm

(b)

Ans: 1.327 ohm

208. **

Ans: 550, 587.5

209. * ( Load torque indicate output torque )

Ans: 381.595 r.p.m.

210.
(a)

Ans: 2.9622 ohm, 3503.278 W, 41.215%

(b) *

Ans: 2.971 ohm, 3494.724796 W, 41.2246%

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211. **

Ans: 0.9135 ohm; 548.1 Nm

212. *

Ans: 5.7 ohm; 1.9 ohm

213. *

Ans: 433.7 v, 35.714 A

214.
(a) *

Ans: 1444 r.p.m.

(b) **

Ans: 1163 r.p.m.

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(c) **

Ans: 792 r.p.m.

(d) **

Ans: 1102 r.p.m., 1275 r.p.m.

(e) *

Ans: 1029.47 r.p.m.; 0.171 ohm

(f) *

Ans: 713.524 r.p.m.

(g) *

Ans: 713.524 r.p.m., 33.64 A

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215.

Ans: 314 r.p.m.

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