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Respondent Memorial

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J@U^ SMUQME^D]BBY U]CJI^^MN CY

E@]OUMB GQQMGSIOL @O ^HM CMHGBD @D SMUQ@ONMO^U

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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

^GCBM @D E@O^MO^U

BIU^ @D GCCSMTIG^I@O 15

IONMX @D G]^H@SI^IMU 1>

U^G^MJMO^ @D K]SIUNIE^I@O 1<

U^G^MJMO^ @D DGE^U 18

IUU]MU SGIUMN 19

U]JJGSY @D GSL]JMO^U 71

GSL]JMO^ GNTGOEMN 77

QSGYMS 31

3
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

BIU^ @D GCCSMTIG^I@OU

§ Umeti`o

§§ Umeti`os

´ Qgrglrgph

´´ Qgrglrgphs

Grt. Grtiebm

\Q \rit Qmtiti`o

UQB Upmeigb Bmgvm Qmtiti`o

GIS Gbb Ionig Smp`rt

o. O`tm

@rs @thmrs

UE Uuprmjm E`urt

UEE Uuprmjm E`urt Egsm

v. Tmrsus

HE Hilh E`urt

]@I ]oi`o `d Ionig

UES Uuprmjm E`urt Smp`rt

J.Q Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh

].Q ]ttgr Qrgnmsh

OE\ Ogti`ogb E`jjissi`o d`r \`jmo

IQE Ionigo Qmogb E`nm

ErQE E`nm `d Erijiogb Qr`emnurm

5
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

IONMX @D G]^H@SI^IMU

^GCBM @D EGUMU

Egsm Ogjm Eitgti`o

Fgnmr Ogsymr Uhgh 7894 IBS 35 Egb 41> (418)

GIS 794> UE 7=>5

Ngygchgi Ehhglgochgi ^hgffmr vs Utgtm `d Lukgrgt

Uhrifgot Ggotrg` Ch`sgbm vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg 3113 < UEE <>8

Hgri Uiolh L`on vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh GIS 3119 ErBK 5>4

79<< ErBK (O@E) 748 Sgk

Sgjbgb vs Utgtm `d Sgkgsthgo

Uurmonrg Jishrg vs Utgtm `d Khgrfgon GIS 3177 UE 43<

^O Bgfshjgigh vs Utgtm `d Fgrogtgfg 3113 UEE 7 379

Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. 7575 `d 3114

CgpuALgkrgk Uiolh vs Utgtm `d Sgkgsthgo

--
Tgomssg G Jgen`ombb, S vs Uioebgir

Qucbie Qr`smeut`r vs F. \go \`ol \mol 799< 7 UBS 49<

Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. ><4 `d 3114,

Gbbgo K`ho \gtmrs vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg
C`jcgy Hilh E`urt
Hgoujgot vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh GIS 79=3 UE 5>5

Ehgonu A Ehgonrgsmfgrgo vs Utgtm rmp cy Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. 3=5 `d 3179,

Uupmriotmonmot `d Q`biem EC, EIN Uuprmjm E`urt
Uhgibmonrg Sgknmv Qgsygo vs Utgtm `d Lukgrgt Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. 555-55> `d 317<,
Uuprmjm E`urt
Uhivgki Ughmcrg` C`cgnm vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg 79<5 UES 7 >89

Qgrgjgogon Fgtgrig vs ]oi`o `d Ionig gon Gor 799= 5 UEE 3>8

Gjruthg vs ^hm E`jjissi`omr \rit Qmtiti`o O`. 55<43 `d 317<,

Uuprmjm E`urt.

>
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

U^G^]^MU, S]BMU, SML]BG^I@OU GON EISE]BG^I@OU

E`ostituti`o @d Ionig

C@@FU, K@]SOGBU, GON SMQ@S^U

Sgtgobgb & Nhirgkbgb, ^hm Ionigo Qmogb E`nm 39th Mniti`o

E`jjmotgry @o ^hm Ionigo Qmogb E`nm cy F.N.Lgur
Uuprmjm E`urt @o Qmogb E`nm.
^hm Qmogb E`nm G Eritiegb E`jjmotgry cy Hgrish Ehgonmr
Nr.Nurlg Ngs Cgsu, E`jjmotgry `o E`ostituti`o @d Ionig (.T`bujm 3)

\MCUI^MU SMDMSSMN

https;//ionigofgo``o.`rl
http;//www.ionigmovir`ojmotp`rtgb.`rl.io
https;//www.bmlgbcitms.io
https;//www.egsmjiom.e`j
http;//www.bmlgbsmrviemionig.e`j
https;//www.ontv.e`j

=
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

U^G^MJMO^ @D K]SIUNIE^I@O
It is j`st hujcby sucjittmn thgt thm Qmtiti`omrs hgvm gppr`gehmn thm H`o’cbm Hilh E`urt `d
C`jcgy uonmr Umeti`o 5<> `d E`nm `d Erijiogb Qr`emnurm.
Umeti`o 5<> `d E`nm `d Erijiogb Qr`emnurm.
Gppmgbs dr`j e`ovieti`os.
(7) Goy pmrs`o e`ovietmn `o g trigb hmbn cy g Hilh E`urt io its mxtrg`rniogry `riliogb erijiogb
kurisnieti`o jgy gppmgb t` thm Uuprmjm E`urt.
(3) Goy pmrs`o e`ovietmn `o g trigb hmbn cy g Umssi`os Kunlm `r go Gnniti`ogb Umssi`os Kunlm `r `o g
trigb hmbn cy goy `thmr E`urt io whieh g smotmoem `d ijpris`ojmot d`r j`rm thgo smvmo ymgrs 3 hgs
cmmo pgssmn glgiost hij `r glgiost goy `thmr pmrs`o e`ovietmn gt thm sgjm trigbZ, jgy gppmgb t` thm
Hilh E`urt.
(5) Ugvm gs `thmrwism pr`vinmn io suc- smeti`o (3), goy pmrs`o,-
(g) e`ovietmn `o g trigb hmbn cy g Jmtr`p`bitgo Jglistrgtm `r Gssistgot Umssi`os Kunlm `r Jglistrgtm
`d thm dirst ebgss, `r `d thm sme`on ebgss, `r
(c) Umotmoemn uonmr smeti`o 53=, `r
(e) Io rmspmet `d wh`j go `rnmr hgs cmmo jgnm `r g smotmoem hgs cmmo pgssmn uonmr smeti`o 541 cy
goy Jglistrgtm, jgy gppmgb t` thm E`urt `d Umssi`o.

4
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

U^G^MJMO^ @D DGE^U

Sgonmmp ^hgfur wgs io rmbgti`oship with Uijrgo Uiolh, thmy c`th wmrm io Tmng iostitutm `d Qhgrjgey.
Sgonmmp ^hgfur wgs go iotr`vmrt luy gon Uijrgo Uiolh t`tgbby mxtr`vmrt lirb gon s`eigbby getivm
pmrs`o. Ioitigbby thmir rmbgti`oship wgs mxtrmjmby l``n. H`wmvmr, gdtmr s`jm j`oths Sgonmmp stgrtmn
n`jiogtiol hmr io mvmry p`ssicbm wgy. Hm nino’t gbb`w hmr t` tgb f t` `thmr luys mxempt hij gon `dtmo
nisgbb`wmn hmr t` wmgr sh`rt nrmssms, cmegusm `d this thmy stgrtmn hgviol ngiby dilhts. Hm gbs` usmn t`
ehmef hmr ph`om gon usmn t` n`uct hmr drmqumotby. Uijrgo wgotmn t` mon this rmbgti`oship, cut Sgonmmp
wgs o`t rmgny t` bmgvm hmr gon whmo hm hmgrn Uijrgo wgs l`iol t` bmgvm hij hm usmn t` gssgubt hmr
gon jgnm it ebmgr thgt it wgs ijp`ssicbm d`r hmr t` bmgvm hij gon gbs` usmn t` tmbb hmr thgt hm w`ubn fibb
hijsmbd id Uijrgo bmgvms hij.
@o 39th Kuby, 3179, Uijrgo t``f hij t` g psyehigtrist, gon thmy d`uon gc`ut thgt Sgonmmp e`ubn cm
suddmriol dr`j g psyeh`b`liegb pr`cbmj egbbmn pgrgo`in sehiz`phrmoig. @o 3= th Gulust, 3179, `o
gnviem `d hmr drimons, Uijrgo diogbby mon hmr rmbgti`oship with Sgonmmp.
Sgonmmp wgs drustrgtmn gon golry gt d`r moniol thmir rmbgti`oship gon gbs` cb`efiol hij dr`j gbb s`eigb
jmnig pbgtd`rjs gon e`otgets.
@o 37st Umptmjcmr, 3179, Uijrgo l`t g egbbmn dr`j go uofo`wo oujcmr gon it wgs Sgonmmp. Hm sgin
hm wgotmn t` gp`b`lizm d`r whieh hm egbbmn hmr gt H`tmb ^U gt < Q.J `o 35 rn Umptmjcmr, 3179. Uijrgo
wgso’t rmgny cut num t` prmssurm gon e`osinmriol jmotgb hmgbth `d Sgonmmp shm glrmmn t` jmmt hij gt
H`tmb- ^U r``j oujcmr 317.
Omxt ngy, gr`uon 77;51 G.J, Uijrgo ogfmn nmgn c`ny wgs d`uon gon sucsmqumotby, thm iovmstilgti`o
wgs e`jjmoemn gon p`biem grrmstmn Sgonmmp wgs hm wgs thm bgst pmrs`o t` motmr thm r``j. ^hm Q`biem
dibmn g ehgrlmshmmt gs it wgs smmo prijg dgeim smmo thgt Uijrgo wgs smxugbby gssgubtmn whieh wgs
e`rr`c`rgtmn cy jmniegb rmp`rt. Q`biem ehgrlmn Sgonmmp uonmr Umeti`o 513 gon Umeti`o 5<< `d IQE,
7841.
H`wmvmr, Sgonmmp pbmgnmn hm hgn lmomtie gddbieti`o t`wgrns sehiz`phrmoig. Ehgptmr 3= `d ErQE wgs
d`bb`wmn cut thm jglistrgtm d`uon hij e`jpmtmot t` dgem trigb. Sgonmmp pbmgnmn thgt gt thm tijm `d
e`jjissi`o `d `ddmoem, hm wgs uogwgrm `d whgt hm wgs n`iol gon thgt hm cm lrgotmn thm cmomdits `d
thm lmomrgb mxempti`os uonmr IQE d`r thm ehgrlmn `d Jurnmr.
^rigb E`urt rmkmetmn Sgonmmp pbmg gon e`ovietmn hij d`r bidm ijpris`ojmot d`r thm ehgrlmn `d Jurnmr
gon gequittmn hij d`r thm ehgrlm uonmr smeti`o 5<< gon stgtmn thgt smxugb gssgubt up`o g e`rpsm e`ubn
o`t cm cr`ulht uonmr smeti`o 5<<. ^hus, thm geeusmn dibmn gppmgb glgiost e`ovieti`o u/s 513 gon
pr`smeuti`o dibmn gppmgb glgiost gequittgb u/s 5<<`d thm IQE cmd`rm thm H`o’cbm Hilh E`urt `d C`jcgy.

<
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

IUU]MU SGIUMN

7. \hmthmr thm geeusmn ego cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8> `d IQE0
3. \hmthmr thm smxugb gssgubt `o rgpm `o thm e`rpsm is e`vmrmn uonmr thm gjcit `d Umeti`o
5<< `d IQE0

8
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

U]JJGSY @D GSL]MJMO^U

7. \hmthmr thm geeusmn ego cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8> `d IQE0
O`, thm geeusmn egoo`t cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8> `d IQE, cmegusm, Umeti`o 8> `d IQE
sgys thgt, Get `d g pmrs`o `d uos`uon jion- O`thiol is go `ddmoem whieh is n`om cy g pmrs`o wh`, gt
thm tijm `d n`iol it, cy rmgs`o `d uos`uonomss `d jion, is ioegpgcbm `d fo`wiol thm ogturm `d thm get,
`r thgt hm is n`iol whgt is mithmr wr`ol `r e`otrgry t` bgw. H`wmvmr, thm geeusmn wgs dubby gwgrm `d
thm eireujstgoems gon e`osmqumoems `d his geti`o. Hm wgso’t `d uos`uon jion gt thm tijm `d thm
`ddmoem. Hm wgs t`tgbby egpgcbm `d hgviol fo`wbmnlm thm ogturm `d thm get gs it ego cm mstgcbishmn cy
dgets `d thm egsm.
3. \hmthmr thm smxugb gssgubt `r rgpm `o thm e`rpsm is e`vmrmn uonmr thm gjcit `d Umeti`o
5<< `d IQE0
^hm geeusmn e`jjittmn smxugb gssgubt gon rgpm `d thm e`rpsm `d thm nmemgsmn gon dgbbs uonmr thm gjcit
`d thm smeti`o 5<< `d IQE. Umeti`o 5<< `d IQE sgys thgt, ]oogturgb `ddmoems- \h`mvmr v`buotgriby hgs
egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm with goy jgo, w`jgo `r goijgb, shgbb cm puoishmn with
Vijpris`ojmot d`r bidmZ, `r with ijpris`ojmot `d mithmr nmseripti`o d`r g tmrj whieh jgy mxtmon t`
tmo ymgrs, gon shgbb gbs` cm bigcbm t` diom. Mxpbgogti`o- Qmomtrgti`o is suddieimot t` e`ostitutm thm egrogb
iotmre`ursm omemssgry t` thm `ddmoem nmsericmn io this smeti`o.
^hm geeusmn smxugb gssgubtmn thm nmgn c`ny `d thm nmemgsmn whieh ego cm e`rr`c`rgtmn cy jmniegb
rmp`rt. ^hm geeusmn hgn g smxugb iotmre`ursm v`buotgriby, with g nmgn pmrs`o whieh is glgiost thm `rnmr
`d ogturm.

9
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

GSL]JMO^U GNTGOEMN

7. \hmthmr thm geeusmn ego cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8> `d IQE0
^hm Smsp`onmot hujcby sucjits thgt, o`, thm geeusmn egoo`t cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8>
`d IQE, cmegusm, Umeti`o 8> `d IQE sgys thgt, Get `d g pmrs`o `d uos`uon jion- O`thiol is go `ddmoem
whieh is n`om cy g pmrs`o wh`, gt thm tijm `d n`iol it, cy rmgs`o `d uos`uonomss `d jion, is ioegpgcbm
`d fo`wiol thm ogturm `d thm get, `r thgt hm is n`iol whgt is mithmr wr`ol `r e`otrgry t` bgw. H`wmvmr,
thm geeusmn wgs dubby gwgrm `d thm eireujstgoems gon e`osmqumoems `d his geti`o. Hm wgso’t `d
uos`uon jion gt thm tijm `d thm `ddmoem. Hm wgs t`tgbby egpgcbm `d hgviol fo`wbmnlm thm ogturm `d
thm get gs it ego cm mstgcbishmn cy dgets `d thm egsm.
^` iov`fm thm cmomdit `d Umeti`o 8>, it just cm pr`vmn thgt gt thm tijm `d e`jjissi`o `d thm `ddmoem
thm geeusmn wgs (iosgom) o`o e`jp`s jmotis (o`t `d s`uon jion) gon thgt thm s`uonomss `d thm jion
wgs `d sueh nmlrmm gon ogturm gs t` dubdibb `om `d thm tmsts bgin n`wo io thm smeti`o. ^hm iolrmnimots `d
this Umeti`o 8> IQE grm gs d`bb`ws,
i. ^hgt thm geeusmn wgs ioegpgcbm `d fo`wiol thm ogturm.
ii. ^hgt thm geeusmn wgs prmebunmn cy rmgs`o `d uos`uonomss `d jion dr`j uonmrstgoniol
thgt whgt hm wgs n`iol mithmr rilht `r wr`ol.
^hm dirst iolrmnimot e`vmrs tw` situgti`os, ogjmby gut`jgtisj gon jistgfm `d dget num t` eireujstgoems
gon uos`uonomss gs g nmdmoem. ^hm sme`on iolrmnimot e`vmrs th`sm egsms whmrmio g jgo cy rmgs`o `d
nmbusi`o is uogcbm t` gpprmeigtm thm nistioeti`o cmtwmmo rilht `r wr`ol.
It is `oby uos`uonomss `d thm jion whieh ijpgirs thm e`loitivm dgeibitims `d thm jion thgt ego d`rj g
lr`uon `d mxmjpti`o dr`j erijiogb rmsp`osicibity, thm ogturm gon thm mxtmot `d thm uos`uonomss `d
jion is rmquirmn cmiol sueh gs w`ubn jgfm thm `ddmonmr ioegpgcbm `d fo`wiol thm ogturm `d thm get,
`r thgt hm is n`iol whgt is mithmr wr`ol `r e`otrgry t` bgw. 7
H`wmvmr, thm get `d thm geeusmn n`mso’t dubdibb thm iolrmnimots rmquirmn t` cm pr`tmetmn uonmr thm gjcit
`d Umeti`o 8> `d IQE. ^hm geeusmn wgs g jmniegb stunmot, hm wgs dubby gwgrm his surr`uoniols gon
e`osmqumoems `d his geti`o. Egbbiol thm nmemgsmn iot` g H`tmb d`r gp`b`liziol is suspiei`us gon eyoiegb
gon bmgvms thm ijprmssi`o `d g prm-pbgoomn get, gon thmo pbmgniol uos`uon jion gdtmr thm ioeinmot is
uoe`ovioeiol. ^hm geeusmn wgs io rilht stgtm `d his jion gt thm tijm `d thm ioeinmot gon wgs o`t iosgom
`r `d uos`uon jion, hm wgs egpgcbm `d fo`wiol thm ogturm `d thm get gon thmrm wgs o` e`odusi`o
cmtwmmo rilht gon wr`ol.

7
Fgnmr Ogsymr Uhgh (7894) IBS 35 Egb 41> (418)
71
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

Io thm egsm `d Ngygchgi Ehhglgocgi ^hgffgr vs Utgtm `d Lukgrgt 3, thm Uuprmjm E`urt hmbn thgt io
nmtmrjioiol whmthmr thm geeusmn hgs mstgcbishmn thgt his egsm e`jms withio thm purvimw `d Umeti`o
8>, thm e`urt hgs t` e`osinmr eireujstgoems whieh prmemnmn, gttmonmn gon d`bb`wmn thm erijm. ^hm
erueigb p`iot `d tijm d`r gsemrtgioiol stgtm `d jion `d thm geeusmn is thm tijm, whmo thm `ddmoem wgs
e`jjittmn. ^hm rmbmvgot dgets grm thm j`tivm d`r thm e`oniti`o `d thm geeusmn, thm stgtm `d his jion gt
thm tijm `d thm `ddmoem, gon thm mvmots ijjmnigtmby gdtmr thm ioeinmot whieh thr`ws g bilht `o thm stgtm
`d his jion. ^hm mvmots whieh wmrm prmemnmn thm erijm wgs thgt thm geeusmn stgrtmn n`jiogtiol thm
nmemgsmn. Hm usmn t` st`p thm nmemgsmn dr`j jgfiol hmr `wo eh`iems gon gbs` usmn t` gssgubt hmr. ^hm
geeusmn wmot t` go mxtmot t` thrmgtmomn thm nmemgsmn thgt hm w`ubn e`jjit suieinm id shm bmdt hij,
pbgeiol mxtrmjm prmssurm `o thm nmemgsmn t` e`otioum thm rmbgti`oship, gbb this cmegusm geeusmn wgs
iotr`vmrt. H`wmvmr, thm nmemgsmn monmn thm rmbgti`oship gon cb`efmn hij, whieh jgnm thm geeusmn
golry gon drustrgtmn t`wgrns thm nmemgsmn.
^hm geeusmn gttmonmn thm erijm with g prm-pbgoomn get, hm egbbmn thm nmemgsmn t` H`tmb ^U d`r go
gp`b`ly vig uofo`wo oujcmr, gon thm nmemgsm ioitigbby hmsitgtmn t` pr`emmn, cut bgtmr glrmmn. Omxt
ngy thm nmemgsmn ogfmn c`ny wgs d`uon io thm h`tmb r``j. ^hm dgets ebmgr pr`vms thgt thm geeusmn wgs
io rilht stgtm `d jion prmemniol thm erijm gs hm uonmrst``n his dmmbiols gon surr`uoniols, whieh is
niddieubt d`r pmrs`o suddmriol dr`j pgrgo`in sehiz`phrmoig gon nuriol thm erijm, egbbiol t` g H`tmb kust
d`r go gp`b`ly smmjs uormgbistie gon n`uctdub gon livms go ijprmssi`o `d g v`buotgry prm pbgoomn get
io rilht stgtm `d jion.
Gbs`, Jmrm dget thgt gppmbbgot nin o`t jgfm goy gttmjpt t` ruo gwgy `r thgt hm e`jjittmn thm erijm
io thm ngy bilht gon nin o`t try t` hinm it `r thgt thm j`tivm t` fibb wgs vmry wmgf, w`ubn o`t ioniegtm
thgt gt thm tijm `d e`jjissi`o `d thm get thm gppmbbgot wgs suddmriol dr`j uos`uonomss `r hm nin o`t
hgvm rmquisitm jmos rmg d`r thm e`jjissi`o `d thm `ddmoems.5
Io thm egsm `d Hgri Uiolh L`on vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh >, thm Gpmx E`urt, rmkmetiol thm nmdmoem
pbmg `d uos`uonomss `d jion uonmr Umeti`o 8> IQE `o thm lr`uon `d uousugb cmhgvi`r `d thm geeusmn,
gs rmp`rtmn cy witomssms, ^hm Uuprmjm E`urt hmbn thgt, thm stgongrn t` cm gppbimn d`r nmeiniol
gppbiegcibity `d Umeti`o 8> is whmthmr gee`rniol t` stgongrns gn`ptmn cy rmgs`ogcbm jgo, thm get wgs
rilht `r wr`ol. ^hm jmrm dget thgt go geeusmn is e`oemitmn (mxgllmrgtmn `pioi`o) `nn trgemgcbm
(pmeubigr pmrs`o) gon his crgio is o`t quitm gbb rilht `r thgt thm physiegb gon jmotgb gibjmots dr`j whieh
hm suddmrmn hgn rmonmrmn his iotmbbmet wmgf gon hgn gddmetmn his mj`ti`os gon wibb, `r thgt hm hgn
e`jjittmn emrtgio uousugb gets, io thm pgst `r thgt hm wgs bigcbm t` rmeurriol dits `d iosgoity gt sh`rt
iotmrvgb, `r thgt hm wgs suckmet t` lmttiol mpibmptie iosgoity dits cut thmrm wgs o`thiol gco`rjgb io his
cmhgvi`r, `r thgt his cmhgvi`r wgs qummr (strgolm) egoo`t cm suddieimot t` gttrget thm gppbiegti`o `d this

3
Ngygchgi Ehhglgochgi ^hgffgr vs Utgtm `d Lukgrgt GIS 794> UE 7=>5
5
Uhrifgot Gogotrg` Ch`sgbm vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg 3113 (<) UEE <>8
>
Hgri Uiolh L`on vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh GIS 3119 ErBK 5>4
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smeti`o. It wgs hmbn `o dgets `d thm egsm thgt Umeti`o 8> hgn o` gppbiegti`o.
Io thm egsm `d Sgj Bgb vs Utgtm `d Sgkgsthgo=, thm Uuprmjm E`urt hmbn thgt t` tgfm pr`tmeti`o `d smeti`o
8>, thm pmrs`o just cm o`o-e`jp`s jmotis gt thm tijm `d thm e`jjissi`o `d thm erijm. ^hm bgw
prmsujms mvmry pmrs`o `d thm glm `d nisermti`o t` cm sgom uobmss thm e`otrgry is pr`vmn gon mvmo id g
buogtie hgs buein iotmrvgbs thm bgw prmsujms thm `ddmoem t` hgvm cmmo e`jjittmn io g buein iotmrvgb
uobmss it gppmgrs t` hgvm cmmo e`jjittmn nuriol nmrgolmjmot.
^hm Uuprmjm E`urt hmbn thgt go geeusmn wh` smmfs mx`omrgti`o dr`j erijiogb bigcibity `d go get uonmr
smeti`o 8> is t` pr`vm bmlgb iosgoity gon o`t jmniegb iosgoity. Jmrmby cmegusm thm geeusmn is e`oemitmn,
`nn gon his crgio is o`t gbb rilht, `r thgt thm jmotgb `r physiegb gibjmots dr`j whieh hm suddmrmn hgs
rmonmrmn his iotmbbmet w`rf gon gttgefmn his mj`ti`os `r ionublms io emrtgio uousugb gets, `r hgn dits `d
iosgoity g sh`rt iotmrvgb `r thgt hm wgs suckmets t` mpibmptie dits gon thmrm wgs gco`rjgb cmhgvi`r `r
thm cmhgvi`r is qummr grm o`t suddieimot t` gttrget thm gppbiegti`o `d Umeti`o 8> IQE. ^hm Gpmx E`urt io
io its kunlmjmot rmp`rtmn thgt th`ulh thm geeusmn suddmrmn dr`j emrtgio jmotgb iostgcibity `d jion mvmo
cmd`rm gon gdtmr thm ioeinmot cut dr`j thgt `om egoo`t iodmr `o g cgbgoem `d prmp`onmrgoem `d
pr`cgcibitims thgt thm `ddmosm nin o`t fo`w thm ogturm `d his get, thgt it wgs mithmr wr`ol `r e`otrgry t`
bgw, hmoem thm rmkmetmn thm iosgoity nmdmosm.4
^hm curnmo `d pr``d t` ebgij mxmjpti`o uonmr Umeti`o 8> rmst `o thm geeusmn, io thm egsm `d ^.O
Bgfshjgigh vs Utgtm `d Fgrogtgfg<, thm Uuprmjm E`urt hgs spmbbmn `ut thm pr`visi`os rmbgtiol t`
curnmo `d pr``d whmo iosgoity is pbgemn gs nmdmoem io thm d`bb`wiol w`rns.
i. ^hm pr`smeuti`o just pr`vm cmy`on g rmgs`ogcbm n`uct thgt thm geeusmn hgn e`jjittmn thm
`ddmoem with rmquisitm jmos rmg gon thm curnmo `d pr`viol thgt gbwgys rmst `o thm
pr`smeuti`o dr`j cmliooiol t` thm mon `d thm trigb.
ii. ^hmrm is g rmcuttgcbm prmsujpti`o thgt thm geeusmn wgs o`t iosgom, whmo hm e`jjittmn thm
erijm, io thm smosm bgin n`wo cy Umeti`o 8> `d thm Qmogb E`nm, thm geeusmn jgy rmcut it cy
pbgeiol cmd`rm thm e`urt gbb thm rmbmvgot mvinmoem- `rgb, n`eujmotgry `r eireujstgotigb, cut
thm curnmo `d pr``d up`o hij is o` hilhmr thgo thgt rmsts up`o g pgrty t` eivib pr`emmniols.
iii. Mvmo id thm geeusmn wgs o`t gcbm t` mstgcbish e`oebusivmby thgt hm wgs iosgom gt thm tijm hm
e`jjittmn thm `ddmoem, thm mvinmoem pbgemn cmd`rm thm e`urt cy thm geeusmn `r cy thm
pr`smeuti`o jgy rgism g rmgs`ogcbm n`uct io thm jion `d thm e`urt gs rmlgrns, `om `r j`rm
`d thm iolrmnimots `d thm `ddmoem, ioebuniol jmos rmg `d thm geeusmn `o thm lr`uon gon io
thgt egsm thm e`urt w`ubn cm motitbmn t` gequit thm geeusmn `o thm lr`uon thgt thm lmomrgb
curnmo `d pr``d rmstiol `o thm pr`smeuti`o wgs o`t nisehgrlmn. ^hm geeusmn sueemmns o`t
cmegusm thgt hm pr`vms his egsm t` thm hibt cut cmegusm thm vmrsi`o livmo cy hij egsts g

=
Sgj Bgb vs Utgtm `d Sgkgsthgo 79<< ErBK (O@E) 748 Sgk
4
Uurmonrg Jishrg vs Utgtm `d Khgrfhgon GIS 3177 UE 43<
<
^O Bgfshjgigh vs Utgtm `d Fgrogtgfg (3113) 7 UEE 379
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n`uct `o thm pr`smeuti`o.
^hm gppmbbgot e`otmst thgt, thm pr`smeuti`o hgs pr`vmn thm egsm cmy`on thm rmgs`ogcbm n`uct, thgt
thm geeusmn e`jjittmn thm erijm with rmquisitm jmos rmg. Egbbiol thm nmemgsmn vig uofo`wo
oujcmr t` sgy thgt thm geeusmn wgotmn t` gp`b`lizm io g h`tmb r``j, whieh e`ubn hgvm cmmo n`om
io g pucbie pbgem `r vig ph`om itsmbd, sh`ws thgt geeusmn hgn gbrmgny prm pbgoomn thm get. Gbs`,
thmrm is g prmsujpti`o thgt thm geeusmn e`jjittmn thm `ddmoem with rmquisitm jmos rmg, gon t` rmcut
thgt thm geeusmn nin o`t pr`nuem goy mvinmoem. Jmrm gco`rjgbity `d jion `r pgrtigb nmbusi`o,
irrmsisticbm ijpubsm `r e`jpubsivm cmhgvi`r `d g psyeh`pgth gdd`rns o` pr`tmeti`o uonmr Umeti`o
8> IQE.8

3. \hmthmr thm smxugb gssgubt `r rgpm `o thm e`rpsm is e`vmrmn uonmr thm gjcit `d Umeti`o
5<< `d IQE0
^hm erijiogb kustiem systmj is nyogjie io ogturm. Gs g rmsubt, it cme`jms g tgsf t` e`pm with omw
situgti`os thgt jgy grism io `ur s`eimty. It dgems thm qumsti`os `o thm gcstrget e`oempt `d whgt is mvib
gon h`w thm kustiem systmj just wmmn `ut thm sgjm. \hgt is mssmotigbby ijj`rgb ego cm rmbgtivm gon
suckmetivm tmrj, gbth`ulh whgt ego cm omvmr cm uonmrjiomn cy thm ionivinugb, is thm e`jj`o niloity
`d thm s`eimty. Goythiol e`otrgry t` whgt hgppmos t` cm lmomrgbby geemptmn gon o`t glgiost thm
e`jj`o l``n, niloity `d thm s`eimty, `ulht t` cm ebgssidims gs spitmdub, gon thus, mvib/ijj`rgb.
@ur e`urts hgvm gn`ptmn thm `ckmetivm tmst `d whgt shgfms thm e`bbmetivm e`oseimoem `d thm s`eimty gon
hgvm cmmo gcbm t` tgfm stmps durthmr, io gogbyziol thm ogturm `d mvib io `thmrs, s` gs t` cgbgoem thm
ionivinugb gon s`eimtgb iotmrmsts. Mssmotigbby, thm s`eimtgb iotmrmsts hmbn shgpm thm se`pm `d thm
prioeipbms `d duongjmotgb kustiem.9
Umxugb gssgubt gon rgpm `o nmgn pmrs`os grm `o rism io prmsmot tijms. ^his erijiogb jion’s `csmss `vmr
thm nmgn gon thm gdtmr gddmets just cm tgfmo iot` e`osinmrgti`o io thm bilht `d thm Ionigo semogri`. ^hmrm
grm ioeinmots whieh grm gss`eigtmn with smxugb getivity thm nmgn, whieh rmsp`onmots wgots t` criol iot`
e`urt o`tiem. Io 317=, thm c`ny `d g 34 ymgr `bn w`jgo wgs d`uon `utsinm thm lrgvm, it wgs rgpmn cy
thrmm jmo io Lhgzigcgn71. Io Kgougry 3174, g >1 ymgr `bn jgo nul `ut thm nmgn c`ny `d g jio`r lirb
kust t`` smxugbby gssgubt hmr77. Io Jgy 3131, g =1 ymgr `bn jgo wgs grrmstmn `o gbbmlgti`o `d smxugbby
gssgubtiol g c`ny `d g 7> ymgr `bn lirb, wh` wgs nul `ut dr`j hmr lrgvm 73. Io Gulust 3131, g h`jmbmss

8
Cgpu A Lgkrgk Uiolh vs Utgtm `d Sgkgsthgo Gppmgb (Erb). 7575 `d 3114
9
Tgomssg G JgeN`oombb, S vs Uioebgir
71
Uh`efiol! ^hrmm lgol rgpm w`jgo gdtmr nilliol c`ny dr`j lrgvm io ]ttgr Qrgnmsh, gvgibgcbm gt
https;//www.ionig.e`j/omws/ionig/sh`efiol-thrmm-lgol-rgpm-w`jgo-gdtmr-nilliol-c`ny-dr`j-lrgvm-io-uttgr-prgnmsh-
4==<1=/
77
Nislustiol! Jgo grrmstmn d`r hgviol smx with c`ny pubbmn `ut `d lrgvm, gvgibgcbm gt
https;//www.ionig.e`j/omws/ionig/nislustiol-jgo-grrmstmn-d`r-hgviol-smx-with-c`ny-pubbmn-`ut-`d-lrgvm-85=98>/
73
Gssgj; Uh`efiol! =1-ymgr-`bn jgo trims t` rgpm lirb's nmgn c`ny, gvgibgcbm gt http;//www.egtehomws.e`j/ionig-
omws/gssgj-sh`efiol-=1-ymgr-`bn-jgo-trims-t`-rgpm-lirb-s-nmgn-c`ny-797<>3.htjb
75
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jurnmrmn g h`jmbmss w`jgo, dbmn thm semom gon thmo glgio egjm cgef t` smxugbby gssgubt hmr. 75 Io
`om `d thm egsms, g 31-ymgr-`bn jgo e`odmssmn t` hgviol fibbmn gon rgpmn his vietijs. 7>
Umxugbby gssgubtiol gon hgviol Umxugb iotmre`ursm with g nmgn pmrs`o’s c`ny is egbbmn omer`phibig.
^hm w`rn ‒Omfr`s‚ `r ‒Omer‚ is g Lrmmf tmrj thgt jmgos `r rmbgtms t` e`rpsm `r nmgn, thm w`rn ‒Qhibig‚
(is gbs` Lrmmf) jmgos b`vm `r gttrgeti`o, gon t`lmthmr, c`th `d thmsm w`rns d`rj thm tmrj ‒Omer`phibig‚
thgt is nmdiomn gs g sief gco`rjgb dgseiogti`o with nmgth gon thm nmgn. ^his smxugb gttrgeti`o d`r `r
smxugb iotmre`ursm with nmgn c`nims `r `csmssi`o with mr`tie iotmrmst io `r stijubgti`o cy e`rpsm is gbs`
fo`wo gs omer`jgoig `r omer`phibisj. Omer`phibig ego cm sijpby nmdiomn gs go get `r nmsirm `d hgviol
smxugb iotmre`ursm with g e`rpsm `r g fion `d nis`rnmr whmrm lmomrgbby thmrm is go gco`rjgb dgotgsy `d
b`vmjgfiol with g egngvmr.
S`ssjgo gon Smsoief (7989) 7= hilhbilhtmn ‒thm j`st e`jj`o j`tivm `d thm trum omer`phibms wgs t`
p`ssmss go uormsistiol gon uo-rmkmetiol pgrtomr.
^hm geeusmn e`jjittmn smxugb gssgubt gon rgpm `d thm e`rpsm `d thm nmemgsmn gon dgbbs uonmr thm gjcit
`d thm smeti`o 5<< `d IQE. Umeti`o 5<< `d IQE sgys thgt, ]oogturgb `ddmoems- \h`mvmr v`buotgriby hgs
egrogb iotmr•e`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm with goy jgo, w`jgo `r goijgb, shgbb cm puoishmn with
Vijpris`ojmot d`r bidmZ, `r with ijpris`ojmot `d mithmr nmseripti`o d`r g tmrj whieh jgy mxtmon t` tmo
ymgrs, gon shgbb gbs` cm bigcbm t` diom. Mxpbgogti`o- Qmomtrgti`o is suddieimot t` e`ostitutm thm egrogb
iotmre`ursm omemssgry t` thm `ddmoem nmsericmn io this smeti`o.
^hm geeusmn smxugb gssgubtmn thm nmgn c`ny `d thm nmemgsmn whieh ego cm e`rr`c`rgtmn cy jmniegb
rmp`rt. ^hm geeusmn hgn g smxugb iotmre`ursm v`buotgriby, with g nmgn pmrs`o whieh is glgiost thm `rnmr
`d ogturm.
Jmniegb Nieti`ogry, 3on Mniti`o, 'iotmre`ursm' is Io Cuttmrw`rth's nmdiomn gs "E`itus, Egrogb
Iotmre`ursm, Umxugb Iotmre`ursm, E`itus".
'E`itus' is nmdiomn gs "Umxugb uoi`o E`itus, Ioe`jpbmtus E`itus".
^hm @xd`rn Molbish Nieti`ogry, T`bujm TII, 79<8 Mniti`o, nmdioms 'pmomtrgtm' gs "t` pbgem withio,
motmr withio, pimrem, t` jgfm `r dion its (`r `om's) wgy iot` thm iotmri`r `d, `r rilht thr`ulh (s`jmthiol);
usugbby ijpbyiol d`rem `r mdd`rt6 t` pgss iot` `r thr`ulh6 t` lgio motrgoem `r geemss withio (with
ijpbiegti`o `d niddieubty `d geemss)."
'Qmomtrgtiol' jmgos "thgt pimrems, `r jgfms its wgy iot` `r thr`ulh s`jmthiol6 spme. hgviol thm qugbity
`d pmrjmgtiol thm c`niby systmj." 'Qmomtrgti`o' jmgos "thm geti`o, `r go get, `d pmomtrgtiol `r pimreiol6
thm pgssglm `d goythiol iot` `r thr`ulh g c`ny."

75
Ionig; Jgo jurnmrs h`jmbmss w`jgo, rmturos t` rgpm hmr nmgn c`ny io Fgrogtgfg, gvgibgcbm gt
https;//lubdomws.e`j/w`rbn/gsig/ionig/ionig-jgo-jurnmrs-h`jmbmss-w`jgo-rmturos-t`-rgpm-hmr-nmgn-c`ny-io-fgrogtgfg-
7.7=98<73447857
7>
Lurulrgj rgpm geeusmn gnjits t` omer`phibig, gvgibgcbm gt
https;//www.tricuomionig.e`j/omws/grehivm/hgrygog/lurulrgj-rgpm-geeusmn-gnjits-t`-omer`phibig-48<5=3
7=
K`ogthgo S`ssjgo gon Qhibbip Smsoief, Umxugb Gttrgeti`o t` E`rpsms; G Qsyehigtrie Smvimw `d Omer`phibig
7>
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

'Egrogb' is nmdiomn io ^hm \iost`o's Uijpbidimn Gnvgoemn Nieti`ogry, 7985 Mniti`o, gs "pmrtgioiol t`
thm c`ny gon its gppmtitms6 smosugb6 dbmshby."
Id thm jmgoiol gssilomn t` 'egrogb', 'iotmre`ursm', gon 'pmomtrgti`o' is tgfmo iot` e`osinmrgti`o, thmo goy
iosmrti`o `d thm jgbm `rlgo cy g pmrs`o iot` go`thmr pmrs`o's `r goijgb's c`ny, with go gij `d sgtisdyiol
thm smxugb bust, w`ubn cm go `ddmoem uonmr Umeti`o 5<< `d I.Q.E.
Umeti`o 5<< nmgbs with uoogturgb `ddmoems gon pr`vinms d`r puoishjmot gs smvmrm gs thgt pr`vinmn gs
d`r rgpm io smeti`o 5<4. Umxugb pmomtrgti`o gs pmoibm (gogb pmomtrgti`o diolmr/vgliogb gon diolmr/gogb
pmomtrgti`o gon `ckmet gon vgliogb pmomtrgti`o) grm j`st uoogturgb d`rjs pmrvmrtmn smxugb cmhgvi`r
d`r whieh smeti`o 5<< pr`vinms striolmot puoishjmot. ^his smeti`o is iotmonmn t` puoish thm smxugb
`ddmoem whieh grm glgiost thm `rnmr `d thm ogturm. ^hmrmd`rm, id Umeti`o 5<< is rmgn with its Mxpbgogti`o,
it w`ubn cm ebmgr thgt thmrm sh`ubn cm egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm with goy jgo,
w`jgo `r goijgb, gon thm `ddmoem w`ubn o`t cm e`jpbmtmn uobmss thmrm is pmomtrgti`o, cmegusm egrogb
iotmre`ursm, with`ut pmomtrgti`o, w`ubn o`t cm go `ddmoem uonmr Umeti`o 5<<. Io `ur vimw, egrogb
iotmre`ursm with pmomtrgti`o w`ubn jmgo thgt this `ddmoem ego cm e`jjittmn cy g jgo glgiost g jgo
`r g w`jgo `r go goijgb id hm pmomtrgtms go `ridiem `d thm vietij's c`ny.
Iolrmnimots ― go `ddmoem uonmr this smeti`o hgs d`bb`wiol rmquisitms
i. ^hgt thm geeusmn hgn egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm.
ii. ^hgt sueh go iotmre`ursm wgs s`bieitmn with g jgo, w`jgo `r goijgb.
iii. ^hgt thm geeusmn nin s` v`buotgriby
iv. ^hmrm wgs pr``d `d pmomtrgti`o.
^hm rmsp`onmot hujcby sucjits thgt smxugbby gssgubtiol gon rgpiol g nmgn c`ny is o`t g ogturgb e`ursm
`d smxugb iotmre`ursm. ^hm geeusmn dubdibbs gbb thm iolrmnimots rmquirmn d`r e`ovieti`o uonmr Umeti`o
5<< `d IQE. ^hm geeusmn smxugbby gssgubtmn gon rgpmn thm nmgn c`ny `d thm nmemgsmn whieh ego cm
e`rr`c`rgtmn with thm jmniegb rmp`rt, sueh iotmre`ursm wgs with g w`jgo gon geeusmn nin thm get
v`buotgriby. ^hm jmniegb rmp`rt gbs` e`odirjs thgt thmrm wgs pmomtrgti`o.
^hmrm grm sijibgr kunljmots `d d`rmilo E`urts, io whieh egrogb iotmre`ursm hgs cmmo hmbn t` cm glgiost
thm `rnmr `d ogturm, gon, thmrmd`rm, go `ddmoem uonmr Umeti`o 5<< `d thm Uiolgp`rm Qmogb E`nm. Umeti`o
5<< `d thm Uiolgp`rm Qmogb E`nm is inmotiegb t` Umeti`o 5<< `d thm Ionigo Qmogb E`nm. ^hm kunljmot
is rmp`rtmn io Qucbie Qr`smeut`r v. F \go F \`ol \mol 74, Qgrglrgph 34 thmrm`d rmgns gs uonmr; -
"Gs wm hgvm o`tmn mgrbimr, Umeti`o 5<< `d thm Qmogb E`nm is go gbb- mjcrgeiol pr`visi`o e`vmriol gbb
'uoogturgb `ddmoems'. ]on`uctmnby it e`vmrs thm `ddmoems `d s`n`jy gon cmstigbity gon o`t `oby thmsm
gs thm smeti`o usms thm lmomrgb w`rns `d 'egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm'. Cmegusm thm
smeti`o purp`rts t` e`vmr j`rm thgo `om `ddmoem it just d`bb`w thgt niddmrmot eritmrig gon niddmrmot
prioeipbms just cm gppbiegcbm t` mgeh ionivinugb iostgoem `d egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d

74
Qucbie Qr`smeut`r v. F \go F \`ol \mol V799<Z 7 UBS 49<.
7=
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ogturm wm jgy moe`uotmr. ^hmrm ego cm o` siolbm `r uoid`rj stgongrn d`r gbb iostgoems `d egrogb
iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm uonmr thm smeti`o. G vmry y`uol c`y `r g vmry y`uol lirb jgy
o`t fo`w thm ogturm `d thm 'uoogturgb get' whmthmr it is pmr gous `r pmr `s t` cm io g p`siti`o t` e`osmot
gon `cvi`usby e`osmot egoo`t cm go iolrmnimot t` thm `ddmoem uonmr s 5<<. U` gbs`, with goijgbs. ^hm
p`siti`o e`ubn wmbb cm niddmrmot whmrm g jgo gon g w`jgo grm e`oemromn."
^hmrm is e`osistmot vimw io this e`uotry, gon it gppmgrs thgt thm `pioi`o `d thm Molbish E`urts hgs o`t
cmmo d`bb`wmn io this e`uotry, gon goy typm `d iotmre`ursm, whieh is glgiost thm `rnmr `d ogturm, gon
whmrm thmrm is pmomtrgti`o, whmthmr io g ogturgb `ridiem `r g ermgtmn `ridiem withio thm hujgo c`ny `d
go`thmr, w`ubn e`ostitutm go `ddmoem uonmr Umeti`o 5<<. Hmrm, wm w`ubn gbs` p`iot `ut thgt sueh go
get is go `ddmoem uonmr Umeti`o 5<< whmrm e`osmot is ijjgtmrigb. ^hmrm grm b`ts `d ehgolms tgfiol pbgem
io s`eigb jibimu, gon b`ts `d pm`pbm grm hgviol niddmrmot smxugb prmdmrmoems, whieh grm mvmo o`t
e`osinmrmn t` cm uoogturgb. ^hmrmd`rm, it is hilh tijm thgt thm pr`visi`o `d bgw, whieh is jgnm j`rm
thgo g emotury cmd`rm, is b``fmn gt glgio.7<
@ddmoems whieh grm puoishgcbm uonmr Umeti`o 5<< IQE is egrogb iotmre`ursm glgiost thm `rnmr `d thm
ogturm. Goy s`rt `d iotmre`ursm `r sgtigti`o `d bust, `thmrwism thgo thm o`rjgb wgy, `r glgiost thm `rnmr
`d ogturm wibb gj`uot t` uoogturgb `ddmoem puoishgcbm uonmr Umeti`o 5<< IQE.
Io g rmp`rt, prmpgrmn cy thm Ogti`ogb Erijiogb Kustiem Smdmrmoem Umrviems, titbmn ]onmrstgoniol NOG
Mvinmoem78, it sgin thgt, Ioe`oebusivm rmsubts ioniegtm thgt NOG tmstiol e`ubn omithmr ioebunm o`r
mxebunm go ionivinugb gs thm s`urem `d ci`b`liegb mvinmoem. Ioe`oebusivm rmsubts ego `eeur d`r jgoy
rmgs`os; d`r mxgjpbm, thm qugbity `r qugotity `d NOG jgy cm iosuddieimot t` pr`nuem iotmrprmtgcbm
rmsubts.
^hm Smsp`onmots hujcby sucjits thgt gbb thm eireujstgotigb mvinmoem grm glgiost thm geeusmn gon
pr`vms geeusmn luibt cmy`on g rmgs`ogcbm n`uct, mbijiogtiol gbb thm `thmr hyp`thmsis t` mxpbgio
geeusmn ioo`emoem. ^hm geeusmn hgs e`jjittmn thm c`th `ddmoem uonmr rilht stgtm `d jion.
Io thm egsm `d Hgoujgot vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh 79, whmrm thmrm wmrm o` mym witomss gon thm
egsm wgs cgsmn `o eireujstgotigb mvinmoem, thm Gpmx E`urt hmbn d`bb`ws, It is wmbb t` rmjmjcmr thgt
io egsms whmrm thm mvinmoem is `d g eireujstgotigb ogturm, thm eireujstgoems dr`j whieh thm
e`oebusi`o `d luibt is t` cm nrgwo sh`ubn io thm dirst iostgoem cm dubby mstgcbishmn, gon gbb thm
dgets s` mstgcbishmn sh`ubn cm e`osistmot `oby with thm hyp`thmsis `d thm luibt `d thm geeusmn. Glgio,
thm eireujstgoems sh`ubn cm `d g e`oebusivm ogturm gon tmonmoey gon thmy sh`ubn cm sueh gs
t` mxebunm mvmry hyp`thmsis cut thm `om pr`p`smn t` cm pr`vmn. Io `thmr w`rns, thmrm just cm
g ehgio `d mvinmoem s` dgr e`jpbmtm gs o`t t` bmgvm goy rmgs`ogcbm lr`uon d`r g e`oebusi`o e`osistmot

7<
Gbbgo K`ho \gtmrs vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg, 3118, Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. ><4 `d 3114, C`jcgy Hilh E`urt
78
]onmrstgoniol thm NOG Mvinmoem, G luinm d`r vietij smrviem pr`vinmrs, gvgibgcbm gt
https;//www.oekrs.l`v/pnddibms7/oik/ce1114=<.pnd
79
Hgoujgot vs Utgtm `d Jgnhyg Qrgnmsh, GIS 79=3 UE 5>5
74
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

with thm ioo`emoem `d thm geeusmn gon it just cm sueh gs t` sh`w thgt withio gbb hujgo pr`cgcibity thm
get just hgvm cmmo n`om cy thm geeusmn.
Io thm egsm `d Ehgonru A Ehgonrgsmfgrgo 31, thm Uuprmjm E`urt bgin n`wo luinmbioms d`r g erijiogb
egsm cgsmn `o eireujstgotigb mvinmoem, thm H`o’cbm E`urt sgin
i. ^hm eireujstgoems rmbimn up`o cy thm pr`smeuti`o whieh bmgn t` go iodmrmoem t` thm luibt
`d thm geeusmn just cm pr`vmn cmy`on n`uct6
ii. ^hm eireujstgoems sh`ubn uomrriolby p`iot t`wgrns thm luibt `d thm geeusmn6
iii. ^hm eireujstgoems sh`ubn cm biofmn t`lmthmr io sueh g jgoomr thgt thm eujubgtivm
mddmet `d thm ehgio d`rjmn cy k`ioiol thm biofs is s` e`jpbmtm thgt it bmgns t` `oby `om
e`oebusi`o i.m. thm luibt `d thm geeusmn6
iv. ^hgt thmrm sh`ubn cm o` pr`cgcibity `d thm erijm hgviol cmmo e`jjittmn cy g pmrs`o `thmr
thgo thm geeusmn.
Io thm egsm `d Uhgibmonrg Sgknmv Qgsvgo vs ^hm Utgtm @d Lukgrgt 37, thm Gpmx E`urt sgin, It is wmbb
smttbmn thgt io g egsm whieh rmsts `o eireujstgotigb mvinmoem, bgw p`stubgtms tw` d`bn rmquirmjmots;-
i. Mvmry biof io thm ehgio `d thm eireujstgoems omemssgry t` mstgcbish thm luibt `d thm geeusmn
just cm mstgcbishmn cy thm pr`smeuti`o cmy`on rmgs`ogcbm n`uct.
ii. Gbb thm eireujstgoems just cm e`osistmot p`iotiol `oby t`wgrns thm luibt `d thm geeusmn.
^hm Gpmx E`urt io thm egsm `d Uhgrgn Cirniehgon Uhgrng vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg 33 hgs mouoeigtmn thm
gd`rmsgin prioeipbm gs uonmr;- ^hm o`rjgb prioeipbm io g egsm cgsmn `o eireujstgotigb mvinmoem is thgt
thm eireujstgoems dr`j whieh go iodmrmoem `d luibt is s`ulht t` cm nrgwo just cm e`lmotby gon dirjby
mstgcbishmn6 thgt th`sm eireujstgoems sh`ubn cm `d g nmdioitm tmonmoey uomrriolby p`iotiol t`wgrns thm
luibt `d thm Geeusmn6 thgt thm eireujstgoems tgfmo eujubgtivmby sh`ubn d`rj g ehgio s` e`jpbmtm thgt
thmrm is o` msegpm dr`j thm e`oebusi`o thgt withio gbb hujgo pr`cgcibity thm erijm wgs e`jjittmn cy
thm Geeusmn gon thmy sh`ubn cm ioegpgcbm `d mxpbgogti`o `o goy hyp`thmsis `thmr thgo thgt `d thm luibt
`d thm Geeusmn gon ioe`osistmot with his ioo`emoem.
Smsp`onmot hujcby sucjits thgt, thm geeusmn nmsirmn t` hgvm e`otr`b `vmr thm nmemgsmn, hm usmn t`
n`jiogtm hmr io mvmry p`ssicbm wgy, gon thm geeusmn nin o`t gbb`w hmr t` tgbf t` hmr `thmr luys mxempt
thm geeusmn, d`rcin hmr t` jgfm hmr `wo eh`iems gon wgs e`mremn t` eut gbb e`oometi`os with hmr eb`sm
drimons. ^hm geeusmn gbs` usmn t` gssgubt hmr gon thrmgtmomn hmr thgt hm w`ubn fibb hijsmbd id thm
nmemgsmn bmdt thm geeusmn. H`wmvmr, thm nmemgsmn bmdt thm geeusmn, whieh jgnm thm geeusmn golry gon
drustrgtmn with thm nmemgsmn.
^hm nmemgsmn rmemivmn g egbb dr`j go uofo`wo oujcmr dr`j thm geeusmn, gbj`st gdtmr g j`oth `d thmir

31
Ehgonu A Ehgonrgsmfgrgo vs Utgtm rmp. cy Nmputy Uupmriotmonmot `d Q`biem EC, EIN gon Gor, Erijiogb Gppmgb O`.
3=5 `d 3179, Uuprmjm E`urt
37
Uhgibmonrg Sgknmv Qgsvgo vs Utgtm `d Lukrgt, Erijiogb Gppmgb O`. 555-55> `d 317<, Uuprmjm E`urt
33
Uhgrgn Cirniehgon Uhgrng vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg, 798> GIS 7433
7<
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

crmgf up dr`j thmir rmbgti`oship. ^hm geeusmn egbbmn hmr t` g h`tmb gp`b`lizm d`r whgt hm nin, whieh
ebmgrby sh`ws thgt hm wgs io rilht stgtm `d jion. ^hm nmemgsmn glrmmn t` thm geeusmn gdtmr g b`t `d
prmssiol. ^hm rmsp`onmots hujcby sucjits thgt, thm geeusmn wgs io rilht stgtm `d jion gon prm pbgoomn
thm get t` egbb thm nmemgsmn iot` thm h`tmb io thm ogjm gp`b`liziol, thm rmsp`onmots hujcby sucjits
thgt thm geeusmn wgotmn t` tgfm rmvmolm dr`j thm nmemgsmn d`r moniol thmir rmbgti`oship.
^hm geeusmn hgs geemptmn t` thm e`jjissi`o `d thm erijm hijsmbd, gon ehgio mvmots uon`uctmnby p`iots
t`wgrns thm luibt `d thm geeusmn. ^hm eireujstgoems sh`ws thgt thm geeusmn e`jjittmn c`th thm
`ddmoems io thm rilht stgtm `d jion, thus mstgcbishms thm luibt `d thm geeusmn cmy`on g rmgs`ogcbm n`uct.
Io thm egsm `d Uhivgki Ughmcrg` C`cgnm & Gor vs ^hm `d Jghgrgshtrg35, thm Gpmx E`urt sgin thm
ngolmrs `d mxgllmrgtmn nmv`ti`o t` thm rubm `d cmomdit `d n`uct gt thm mxpmosm `d s`eigb nmdmoem gon t`
thm s``thiol smotijmot thgt gbb gequittgbs grm gbwgys l``n rmlgrnbmss `d kustiem t` thm vietij gon, thm
e`jjuoity,' nmjgon mspmeigb mjphgsis io thm e`otmjp`rgry e`otmxt `d msegbgtiol erijm gon msegpm.
^hm kunieigb iostrujmot hgs g pucbie gee`uotgcibity. ^hm ehmrishmn prioeipbms `r l`bnmo thrmgn `d pr``d
cmy`on rmgs`ogcbm n`uct whieh ruos thr`' thm wmc `d `ur bgw sh`ubn o`t cm strmtehmn j`rcinby t`
mjcrgem mvmry huoeh, hmsitgoey gon nmlrmm `d n`uct. ^hm mxemssivm s`bieitunm rmdbmetmn io thm gttitunm
thgt g th`usgon luibty jmo jgy l` cut `om ioo`emot jgrtyr shgbb o`t suddmr is g dgbsm nibmjjg. @oby
rmgs`ogcbm n`ucts cmb`ol t` thm geeusmn. @thmrwism goy prgetiegb systmj `d kustiem wibb thmo crmgf
n`wo gon b`sm ermnicibity with thm e`jjuoity. ^hm mvib `d gequittiol g luibty pmrs`o bilhthmgrtmnby gs
g bmgromn guth`r hgs sgpimotby `csmrvmn, l`ms jueh cmy`on thm sijpbm dget thgt kust `om luibty pmrs`o
hgs l`om uopuoishmn. Id uojmritmn gequittgbs cme`jm lmomrgb, thmy tmon t` bmgn t` g eyoiegb nisrmlgrn
`d thm bgw, gon this io turo bmgns t` g pucbie nmjgon d`r hgrshmr bmlgb prmsujpti`os glgiost ioniegtmn
'pmrs`os' gon j`rm smvmrm puoishjmot `d th`sm wh` grm d`uon luibty. ^hus t`` drmqumot gequittgbs `d
thm luibty jgy bmgn t` g dmr`ei`us pmogb bgw, mvmotugbby mr`niol thm kunieigb pr`tmeti`o `d thm luibtbmss.
D`r gbb thmsm rmgs`os it is trum t` sgy', with Tise`uot Uij`o, thgt "g jisegrriglm `d kustiem jgy grism
dr`j thm gequittgb `d thm, luibty o` bmss thgo dr`j thm e`ovieti`o `d thm ioo`emot..."-Io sh`rt, `ur
kurisprunmotigb mothusigsj d`r prmsujmn ioo`emoem just cm j`nmrgtmn cy thm prgljgtie ommn t` jgfm
erijiogb kustiem p`tmot gon rmgbistie. G cgbgoem hgs t` cm struef cmtwmmo ehgsiol mohgoem p`ssicibitims
gs l``n mo`ulh t` smt thm nmbioqumot drmm grin eh`ppiol thm b`lie `d prmp`onmrgot pr`cgcibity t`, puoish
jgrliogb ioo`emots.
Bgws rmlgrniol smxugb gssgubt `o nmgn c`nims io `thmr e`uotrims,
^hm ]oitmn Ogti`os- thm bmlgb p`siti`o cmd`rm thm Umxugb @ddmoem Get, 3115, wgs cgsmn `o thm sgjm
inmg thgt Ionigo bgw jgy wgot t` rmtgio itsmbd with i.m. thm nmgn egoo`t cm livm e`osmot. Uucsmqumotby,
Umeti`o <1 `d thm Get `d 3115 erijiogbizm g pmrs`o d`r smxugb pmomtrgti`o `d g e`rpsm. G ciduregti`o io
pr`viniol puoishjmot `o sujjgriby gon ionietjmot cgsis, is pr`vinmn- thm jgxijuj ijpris`ojmot

35
Uhivgki Ughmcrg` C`cgnm vs Utgtm `d Jghgrgshtrg 79<5 UES (7) >89
78
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

o`t cmiol cmy`on 3 ymgrs.
Gustrgbig- thm erijiogb bigcibity t` goy`om wh` e`jjits go get `d omer`phibig, is wmbb mstgcbishmn cy
Umeti`o 37> `d thm Erijiogb E`nm `d \mstmro Gustrgbig, th`ulh it n`ms o`t jmoti`o thm w`rn mxprmssby,
go ijpris`ojmot `d 3 ymgrs is pr`vinmn.
Omw U`uth \gbms- thm Erijm Get, 7911 gnnrmssms omer`phibig smpgrgtmby; Nivisi`o 77, whmrmio goy
get `d ionmemot iotmrdmrmoem with thm nmgn c`ny, iotmr gbig, mxtrgets g puoishjmot `d tw` ymgrs.
Drgoem- thm Drgoem Qmogb E`nm puoishms thm pmrs`os luibty `d omer`phibig with go ijpris`ojmot `d 7
ymgr gon g dion up t` 7=111 mur`s. Go iotmrmstiol o`tiol is thgt `ddmoem is egtml`rizmn uonmr thm hmgn
‒mddmet `o iotmlrity `d g e`rpsm.‚
^hm p`siti`o `d thm nmgn, jgy durthmr cm grlumn io thm bilht `d Grtiebm 37 `d thm E`ostituti`o `d Ionig.
^hm iotmrprmtgti`o `d Grtiebm 37, is ymt glgio mxpgonmn cy thm Uuprmjm E`urt whmrmio thm rilht `d bidm
hgs cmmo mxtmonmn o`t `oby t` thm biviol cut gbs` t` his nmgn c`ny. 3> Gs g rmsubt, isp` dget` thm nmdioiti`o
`d pmrs`o gs e`otgiomn uonmr thm IQE `ulht t` ioebunm hujgo e`rpsms gs wmbb. ^` durthmr mstgcbish thm
sgoetity gttricutmn t` thm nmgn, thm Jgnrgs Hilh E`urt3= hgs `csmrvmn thgt g nmgn pmrs`o, uon`uctmnby
hgs g rilht t` privgey.
^hm Smsp`onmots hujcby sucjits thgt smxugb gssgubt `d thm nmemgsmn gdtmr hmr nmgth is o`t `oby
iohujgom gon lrums`jm, cut gbs` lrgvmby vi`bgtms thm duongjmotgb rilhts `d thm nmemgsmn. ^hm
nmemgsmn hgn rilht t` niloity gon rilht t` privgey gs lugrgotmmn cy thm E`ostituti`ogb E`urts `d `ur
e`uotry. ^hm `rnmr `d thm smssi`o t` gequit thm geeusmn d`r smeti`o 5<< IQE vi`bgtmn thm duongjmotgb
rilhts `d thm nmemgsmn.
^hus, thm Smsp`onmot hujcby sucjits thgt, cy thm dgets `d thm egsm, thm geeusmn is luibty `d uonmr
Umeti`o 5<< `d thm IQE. ^hm trigb e`urt hgs mrrmn io gequittiol thm geeusmn uonmr Umeti`o 5<< `d thm
IQE gs smxugb gssgubt `o thm nmgn pmrs`o n`ms e`jm uonmr Umeti`o 5<< `d thm IQE.

3>
Qgrgjgogon Fgtgrig vs ]oi`o `d Ionig gon Gor (799=) 5 UEE 3>8
3=
Gjruthg vs ^hm E`jjissi`omr, \rit Qmtiti`o O`. 55<43 `d 317<
79
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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

QSGYMS

^hmrmd`rm, io thm bilhts `d dgets stgtmn, issums rgismn, grlujmot gnvgoemn gon guth`rity sitmn, thm
Smsp`onmot hujcby sucjits thm H`o’cbm E`urt cm pbmgsmn gon nmebgrm thgt
7. ^hm geeusmn egoo`t cm lrgotmn thm cmomdit uonmr Umeti`o 8> `d IQE.
3. ^hm smxugb gssgubt gon rgpm `o thm e`rpsm is e`vmrmn uonmr thm gjcit `d Umeti`o 5<< `d
IQE gon thm geeusmn shgbb cm e`ovietmn uonmr Umeti`o 5<< `d IQE.
Gon pgss goy `rnmr nmermm, kunlmjmot gs this H`o’cbm E`urt jgy nmmj dit io thm bilht `d kustiem,
mqugbity gon l``n e`oseimoem.
D`r this get `d fionomss, Gppmbbgot shgbb cm nuty c`uon d`rmvmr prgy.

Un/-
E`uosmb `o cmhgbd `d thm Smsp`onmot

31
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

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JQBE-XXI OG^I@OGB J@@^ E@]S^ E@JQM^I^I@O, 3137

37
JMJ@SIGB @O CMHGBD @D ^HM SMUQ@ONMO^

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