Mathematical Logic: Classical Thinking

01 Mathematical Logic
Hints
Classical Thinking
23. Let p : x2 is not even,
1. ‘Bombay is the capital of India’ is a statement. q : x is not even
The other options are exclamatory and Converse of p → q is q → p
interrogative sentences. i.e., If x is not even then x2 is not even
2. ‘Two plus two is four’ is a statement. 24. Let p : x > y
The other options are imperative sentences q:x+a>y+a
3. Even though 2 = 3 is false, it is a statement in Converse of p → q is q → p
logic with truth value F. i.e., If x + a > y + a, then x > y
5. ~q: Ram studies on holiday, 25. Let p: You access the internet
‘and’ is expressed by ‘∧’ symbol q: You have to pay the charges
∴ Symbolic form is p ∧ ~q. Inverse of p → q is ~p → ~q
6. p: There are clouds in the sky, ~q: It is not i.e., If you do not access the internet then you do
raining, ‘and’ is expressed by ‘∧’ symbol. not have to pay the charges.
∴ p ∧ ~q 26. Let p: A child concentrates
7. ~p: The sun has not set, ~q: The moon has not q: A child learns
risen, ‘or’ is expressed by ‘∨’ symbol. Contrapositive of p → q is ~q → ~p.
∴ ~p ∨ ~q
27. ~p: Sita does not get promotion and ‘↔’ symbol
8. ~p: Rohit is short, ‘or’ is expressed by ‘∨’ indicates ‘if and only if’.
symbol, ‘and’ is expressed by ‘∧’ symbol.
32. r: It is raining, c: I will go to college.
9. p: Candidates are present, The given statement is r → c ≡ ∼c → ∼r
q: Voters are ready to vote
r: Ballot papers ⇒ ∼r : no Ballot papers 33. Distributive law
‘and’ and ‘but’ are represented by ‘∧’ symbol. 35.
10. ~p: She is not beautiful, ‘∨’ indicates ‘or’. p q p∧q (p ∧ q) → p
T T T T
11. ~p: Ram is not lazy, ~q: Ram does not fail in the
T F F T
examination, ‘∨’ indicates ‘or’.
F T F T
15. “Implies” is expressed as ‘→’. F F F T
∴ symbolic form is p → q
36.
16. (~d: Driver is not drunk) implies p q ~q p ∧ q p→ ~q (p ∧ q) ∧ (p →
(~a: He cannot meet with an accident).
~q)
17. “if and only if” is expressed as ‘↔’ T T F T F F
∴ symbolic form is a ↔ b. T F T F T F
F T F F T F
19. p: A, B,C, are distinct points
q: Points are collinear F F T F T F
r: Points form a triangle 37.
∴ p implies (q or r), i.e., p → (q ∨ r) p ∼ p p → ∼p ∼p→p (p→∼p)∧(∼p→ p)
20. ‘m → n’ means ‘If m then n’, T F F T F
∴ option (C) is correct. F T T F F
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MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

38. 52. Given statement is ‘∀ x ∈ N, x + 5 > 4’
p q ~q p ∧ ~q ~(p ∧~q) p → ~(p ∧ ~q) ∴ ~ [ ∀ x ∈ N, x + 5 > 4]
T T F F T T ≡ ∃ x ∈ N, such that x + 5 ≤ 4
T F T T F F i.e., there exists a natural number x, for which
F T F F T T x+5≤4
F F T F T T 54. Current will flow in the circuit if switch p and q
are closed or switch r is closed.
39.
It is represented by
(p→ q) ↔ (p ∧ q) ∨ r.
p q p → q ∼p ∼q ∼p → ∼q
(∼p → ∼q) ∴ option (A) is correct.
T T T F F T T
T F F F T T F Critical Thinking
F T T T F F F 1. ‘Incorrect statement’ means a statement in logic
F F T T T T T with truth value false.
Options (A) and (C) are not statements in logic.
40. Option (C) is a true statement, since x = 3 ∈ N Option (D) has truth value True.
satisfies x + 5 = 8. Option (B) is a statement in logic with truth
value false.
41. Option (D) is the required true statement, since
x = 6 ∈ W satisfies x2 − 4 = 32 3. p: One being lucky,
q: One should stop working
43. p: Manoj has the job, q: he is not happy ∴ Symbolic form: (p ∨ ~p) ∧ ~q
The dual of p ∧ q is p ∨ q.
4. p: Physics is interesting.
44. De Morgan’s laws q: Physics is difficult.
∴ Symbolic form: ~ (~p ∨ q)
45. ~[p ∨ (~q)] ≡ ~p ∧ ~(~q) ≡ ~p ∧ q
5. p: Intelligent persons are polite.
46. p : I like Mathematics q: Intelligent persons are helpful.
q : I like English. ∴ Symbolic form: ~ (~p ∧ ~q)
~ (p ∧ q ) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q
6.
∴ Option (D) is correct.
~p ∧ (q ∨ ~r) (p → q) ∧ r
47. p: 5 is an integer ≡ ~T ∧ (T ∨ ~F) ≡ (T → T) ∧ F
q: 5 is irrational ≡ F ∧ (T ∨ T) ≡T∧F
~ (p ∧ q ) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q ≡F∧T ≡F
∴ Option (D) is correct. ≡F
7.
48. We know that,
(~p ∨ q) ↔ ~(p ∧ q) ~p ↔ (p → ~q)
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
≡ (~F ∨ F) ↔ ~(F ∧ F) ≡ ~F ↔ (F → ~F)
∴ ∼(p ↔ q) ≡ ∼[(p → q) ∧ (q → p)] ≡ (T ∨ F) ↔ ~F ≡ T ↔ (F → T)
≡ ∼ (p → q) ∨ ∼(q → p) ≡T↔T ≡T↔T
…[By Demorgan’s Law] ≡T ≡T
≡ (p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (q ∧ ∼p)
8.
…[ ∼(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼q] (p → q) ↔ (~q → ~p) (~p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ p)
49. p : It is Sunday ≡ (T → F) ↔ (~F → ~T) ≡ (~T ∨ F) ∧ (~F ∨ T)
q : It is a holiday ≡ F ↔ (T → F) ≡ (F ∨ F) ∧ (T ∨ T)
≡F↔F ≡F∧T
∴ Symbolic form p → q
≡T ≡F
~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q
i.e., It is Sunday, but it is not a holiday 9.
a : ~(p ∧ ~r) ∨ (~q ∨ s) b : (p ∨ s) ↔ (q ∧ r)
50. ∼[q ∨ ∼(p ∧ r)] ≡ ∼q ∧ ∼(∼(p ∧ r)) ≡ ~(T ∧ ~F) ∨ (~T ∨ F) ≡ (T ∨ F) ↔ (T ∧ F)
≡ ∼q ∧ (p ∧ r) ≡ ~(T ∧ T) ∨ (F ∨ F) ≡T↔F
51. p→q ≡~ p∨q ≡ ~T ∨ F ≡F
≡F∨F
∴ ~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q ≡F
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Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

10. p∧q≡F∧T≡F 20. p ∧ (p → q)
p∨~q≡F∨~T≡F∨F≡F ≡ p ∧ (~p ∨ q)
q→p≡T→F≡F ≡ (p ∧ ~p) ∨ (p ∧ q) …[Distributive law]
p→q≡F→T≡T ≡ F ∨ (p ∧ q) …[Complement law]
≡p∧q …[Identity law]
11. ~p→~q≡~F→~T≡T→F≡F
p → (q ∧ p) ≡ F → (T ∧ F) ≡ F → F ≡ T 21. (∼q) → (∼p) is contrapositive of p → q and
p→~q≡F→~T≡F→F≡T hence both are logically equivalent to each
q→~p≡T→~F≡T→T≡T other.
12. Consider option (C) 23. (p ∧ q) ∧ [~r ∨ (p ∧ q)] ∨ (~p ∧ q)
(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) ≡ (T ∨ T) ∧ (T ∨ F) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ q) …[Absorption law]
≡T∧T ≡ (p ∨ ~p) ∧ q …[Distributive law]
≡T ≡T∧q …[Complement law]
∴ option (C) is correct. ≡q …[Identity law]
13. The truth value of statement p → (~q ∨ r) is F 24. (p → q) ∧ (q → ~p)
∴ p ≡ T and (~q ∨ r) ≡ F
∴ ~q ≡ F and r ≡ F (p → q) ∧
p q ~p p→q q → ~p
∴ q≡T (q → ~p)
∴ Truth value of p, q, r are T, T, F respectively. T T F T F F
T F F F T F
14. The truth value of statement p → (p ∧ ~q) is F F T T T T T
∴ p ≡ T and (p ∧ ~q) ≡ F F F T T T T
∴ p ≡ T and q ≡ T ∴ (p → q) ∧ (p → ~q) = ~p
15. The truth value of statement ∼q ∨ p is F 25.
∴ ∼q ≡ F and p ≡ F p ~p ~(~p) ~(~p) ↔ p
∴ p ≡ F and q ≡ T T F T T
∴ p → q is T F T F T
Alternate Method: All the entries in the last column of the above
truth table is T.
p q ∼q ∼q ∨ p p↔q p→q q→p ∴ ~(~p) ↔ p is a tautology.
T T F T T T T
26. Consider option (C)
T F T T F F T
p → ( q ∨ p)
F T F F F T F
F F T T T T T ≡ ~p ∨ (q ∨ p) …[p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q]
≡ (~p ∨ p) ∨ q
16. Contrapositive of (p ∨ q) → r is …[Associative and commutative law]
∼r → ∼(p ∨ q), i.e., ∼r → ∼p ∧ ∼q ≡T∨q …[Complement law]
17. Let p: x is zero ≡T …[Identity law]
q: we cannot divide by x
27. Consider option (D)
Converse of p → q is q → p.
(p ∨ q) →
p q p∨q ∨q p ∨ ~q
18. p: Seema solves a problem (p ∨ ~q)
q: She is happy T T T F T T
i. p→q ii. ∼p → ∼q T F T T T T
iii. ∼q → ∼p iv. q→p F T T F F F
(i) and (iii) have the same meaning, F F F T T T
(ii) and (iv) have the same meaning.
19. b: It is the bride’s dress
r: It is the red dress p q p→q p ∧ (p → q) (p ∧ (p → q)) → q
i. b→r ii. ∼b → ∼r T T T T T
iii. r → b iv. ∼r → ∼b T F F F T
(i) and (iv) have the same meaning, F T T F T
(ii) and (iii) have the same meaning. F F T F T
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29. Consider option (D) 40. ~[ p ∨ ( ~ q ∧ ~ p)]
~(p ∨ ~q) → (p ∨ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ (~ q ∧ ~ p) …[De Morgan’s law]
≡ (p ∨ ~q) ∨ (p ∨ q) …[ p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q] ≡ ~ p ∧ [ ~ ( ~ q ) ∨ ~ (~ p) ]
≡ p ∨ (~q ∨ q) …[Absorption law] ≡ ~ p ∧ (q ∨ p)
≡p∨T …[Complement law] ≡ ( ~ p ∧ q ) ∨ ( ~ p ∧ p) …[Distributive law]
≡T …[Identity law] ≡(~p∧q)∨F …[Complement law]
30. Consider option (C) ≡~p∧q …[Identity law]
41. Negation of ~s ∨ (~r ∧ s) is
p q ∼q p→q ∼(p→q) p∧∼q ∼(p→q)↔(p∧∼q)
~[~s ∨ (~r ∧ s)]
T T F T F F T
≡ s ∧ (r ∨ ~s) …[De Morgan’s law]
T F T F T T T
≡ (s ∧ r) ∨ (s ∧ ~ s) …[Distributive law]
F T F T F F T
≡ (s ∧ r) ∨ (F) …[Complement law]
F F T T F F T
≡ (s ∧ r) …[Identity law]
31.
42. ~ (p ⇒ ~q) ≡ ~(~p ∨ ~q) …[ p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q]
(~p ∧ ~q)
p q r ~p ~ q ~p ∧ ~q q∧r ≡p∧q
∧ (q ∧ r)
T T T F F F T F 43. Negation of p ∨ (~ p ∧ q) is
T T F F F F F F ~[p ∨ (~ p ∧ q)]
T F T F T F F F ≡ ~p ∧ (p ∨ ~ q) …[De Morgan’s law]
T F F F T F F F ≡ (~p ∧ p) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q) …[Distributive law]
F T T T F F T F
≡ F ∨ (~p ∧ ~ q) …[Complement law]
F T F T F F F F
≡ ~p ∧ ~q …[Identity law]
F F T T T T F F
F F F T T T F F 44. ~[p → (p ∨ ~q)] ≡ p ∧ ~[p ∨ (~q)]
∴ Given statement is contradiction. …[ ~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q]
32. consider option (B) ≡ p ∧ (~p ∧ q)
p q ~q p ∧ ~q p→q (p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (p → q) 45. [~(~p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)] ∧ (~q ∧ r)
T T F F T F ≡ [(p ∧ ~q) ∨ (p ∧ r)] ∧ (~q ∧ r)
T F T T F F …[De Morgan’s law]
F T F F T F ≡ p ∧ (~q ∨ r) ∧ (~q ∧ r)
F F T F T F …[Distributive law]
33. Consider option (B) ≡ p ∧ [(~q ∨ r) ∧ ~q] ∧ r …[Associative law]
≡ p ∧ (~q) ∧ r …[Absorption law]
p q ∼p ∼q p∧q ∼p → ∼q (p∧q)↔(∼p→∼q)
≡ (p ∧ r) ∧ ~q …[Commutative law]
T T F F T T T
T F F T F T F 46. Option (A) : (~p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ p)
F T T F F F T ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
F F T T F T F
…[ p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q]
34. Here, x = 4, 5, 7, 9 satisfies x + 1 ≤ 10 ≡p↔q
∴ option (B) is correct.
Option (B) : (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q)
35. Option (A) is the true statement, since square of ≡ (~p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ p)
every natural number is positive. …[ Distributive law]
36. Option (C) is false, since for every natural ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
number the statement x − 1 ≥ 0 is always true. ≡p↔q
Option (C) : (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (q ∧ ~p)
37. Dual of ‘(p ∨ q) ∨ s’ is ‘(p ∧ q) ∧ s’.
≡ ~(~p ∨ q) ∨ ~(q ∨ p)
39. Negation of (p ∨ q) ∧ (∼q ∧ r) is …[De Morgan’s law]
∼[(p ∨ q) ∧ (∼q ∧ r)] ≡ ~(p → q) ∨ ~(q → p)
≡ ∼(p ∨ q) ∨ ∼(∼q ∧ r) ≡ ~[(p → q) ∧ (q → p)]
≡ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ [∼(∼q) ∨ ∼r] ≡ ~(p ↔ q)
≡ (∼p ∧ ∼q) ∨ (q ∨ ∼r) Which is logically not equivalent to p ↔ q.
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47. p: Saral Mart does not reduce the prices. 11.
q: I will not shop there any more. p q ~p ~p ∨ q p → (~p ∨ q)
Symbolic form is p → q T T F T T
~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q T F F F F
i.e., Saral Mart does not reduce the prices and F T T T T
still I will shop there.
F F T T T
48. ~ [∃ x ∈ R, such that x2 + 3 > 0] ∴ From the table p → (~p ∨ q) is false when p is
= ∀ x ∈ R, x2 + 3 ≤ 0 true and q is false.
53. The symbolic form of circuit is 12. Since (p ∧ ∼ q) → (∼ p ∨ r) ≡ F
(p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ q) ≡ (p ∨ ~p) ∧ q ⇒ p ∧ ∼ q ≡ T and ∼ p ∨ r ≡ F
…[Distributive law] ⇒ p ≡ T, ~ q ≡ T and ~ p ≡ F, r ≡ F
≡T∧q
⇒ p ≡ T, q ≡ F, r ≡ F
…[Complement law]
∴ The truth values of p, q and r are T, F, F
≡q …[Identity law]
respectively.
54. The symbolic form of circuit is
[(~p ∧ ~q) ∨ p ∨ q ] ∧ r 13. Since both the given statements p and q have
truth values T,
≡ [~(p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r …[De Morgan’s law]
≡T∧r …[Complement law] ∴ p → q ≡ T → T ≡ T, and
≡r …[Identity law] p↔q≡T↔T≡T
14. Given p → q
Competitive Thinking Its contrapositive is ∼q → ∼p and converse of
the contrapositive is ∼p → ∼q.
2. “Not a correct statement” means it is a statement
whose truth value is false. 15. Let p : Ram secures 100 marks in maths
Option (A) is not a statement. q : Ram will get a mobile
Options (C) and (D) are statements with truth Converse of p → q is q → p
value true. i.e., If Ram will get a mobile, then he secures
‘ 3 is a prime’ is false statement. 100 marks in maths.
∴ Option (B) is correct.
16. Inverse of q → p is ~q → ~p
4. Man is not rich : ~ q i.e., If a triangle is not equiangular then it is not
Man is not happy : ~ p equilateral.
∴ The symbolic representation of the given
statement is ~ q → ~ p. 17. Let p : It is raining
q : I will not come
5. ~ p : Ram is not rich Contrapositive of p → q is ∼q → ∼p
~ q : Ram is not successful i.e., If I will come, then it is not raining.
~ r : Ram is not talented
∴ The symbolic form of the given statement is 18. Let p: x is a prime number, q: x is odd.
~p ∧ ~q ∧ ~r. Contrapositive of p → q is ∼ q → ∼ p
7. ~p : roses are not red 19. p: The weather is fine.
~p ∨ q : roses are not red or the sun is a star. q: My friends will come and we will go for a
8. ~ p : Boys are not playing picnic.
~p ∨ q : Boys are not playing or they are happy. ∴ Statement is p → q
Contrapositive of p → q is ∼ q → ∼ p
9. Consider option (C) i.e., if my friends do not come or we do not go
(p ∧ ∼q) → q ≡ (T ∧ ∼T) → T for a picnic then weather will not be fine.
≡ (T ∧ F) → T
≡F→T 20. Contrapositive of p → q is ∼ q → ∼ p
≡T The contrapositive of the given statement is “If
you are not a citizen of India, then you are not
10. p≡F born in India”.
p ↔ r ≡ T and p ↔ q ≡ F
⇒ p ≡ F, r ≡ F and p ≡ F, q ≡ T 22. p → (∼q) ≡ ∼p ∨ ∼q
∴ Truth values of q and r are T and F respectively. ≡ ∼q ∨ ∼p
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23. Consider option (D) 31. Since p ∨ ~p ≡ T,
1 2 3 4 5 6 (~q ∧ p) ∨ (p ∨ ~p) ≡ (~q ∧ p) ∨ T ≡ T
p q ∼p ∼p ∧ q q → p ∼(q → p) ∴ (~q ∧ p) ∨ (p ∨ ~p) is a tautology.
T T F F T F 32. Consider option (C)
T F F F T F [A ∧ (A → B)] →
F T T T F T A B A → B A ∧ (A → B)
B
F F T F T F T T T T T
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical. T F F F T
∴ ∼p ∧ q ≡ ∼(q → p) F T T F T
24. Consider option (B) F F T F T
(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p
≡ (p ∧ ~p) ∨ (q ∧ ~p) …[Distributive law]
≡ F ∨ (q ∧ ~p) …[Complement law] p q q→p ~p ~p↔ q (q →p) ∨ (~p ↔q)
≡ q ∧ ~p …[Identity law] T T T F F T
≡ ~p ∧ q …[Commutative law] T F T F T T
25. (p ∧ q) ∨ (~q ∧ p) F T F T T T
≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ~ q) …[Commutative law] F F T T F T
≡ p ∧ (q ∨ ~q) …[Distributive law] 34.
≡p∧T …[Complement law]
≡p …[Identity law] p q ~p p→q ~p→q (~p → q) (p → q) →
→ q [(~p → q) →q]
26. (p ∧ ~q) ∨ q ∨ (~p ∧ q)
T T F T T T T
≡ [(p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ q)] ∨ (~p ∧ q)
T F F F T F T
…[Distributive law]
F T T T T T T
≡ [(p ∨ q) ∧ T] ∨ (~p ∧ q)] …[Complement law]
F F T T F T T
≡ (p ∨ q) ∨ (~p ∧ q) …[Identity law]
≡ (p ∨ q ∨ ~p) ∧ (p ∨ q ∨ q) 35. p → q is logically equivalent to ∼q → ∼p
≡ (T ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ q) …[Absorption law] ∴ (p → q) ↔ (∼q → ∼p) is a tautology
≡ T ∧ (p ∨ q) But, it is given contradiction.
≡p∨q Hence, it is false statement.
27. Consider option (D) 36. Option (C) is the correct answer, since there
1 2 3 4 5 6 exists a real number x = 0, such that x2 = 0.
p→ p→ Zero is neither positive nor negative.
p q q→p q∨p
(q → p) (q ∨ p) 37. Dual of ~p ∧ (q ∨ c) ≡ ~p ∨ (q ∧ t)
T T T T T T
T F T T T T 38. ~[(p ∨ ~q) ∧ q]
F T F T T T ≡ ~(p ∨ ~q) ∨ ~q …[De Morgan’s Law]
F F T T F T ≡ (~p ∧ q) ∨ ~q
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical. 39. ~[~s ∨ (~r ∧ s)]
∴ p → (q → p) ≡ p → (p ∨ q) ≡ s ∧ (r ∨ ~s) ...[De Morgan’s law]
28. ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q is not true as it contradicts ≡ (s ∧ r) ∨ (s ∧ ~s) ...[Distributive law]
De Morgan’s law. ≡ (s ∧ r) ∨ F ...[Complement law]
∴ Option (D) is not true. ≡s∧r ...[Identity law]
29. p ∧ (∼ p ∧ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼ p) ∧ q 40. ∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q)
…[Associative law] ≡ (∼ p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) …[De Morgan’s law]
≡F∧q …[Complement law] ≡ ∼ p ∧ (∼ q ∨ q) …[Distributive law]
≡F …[Identity law] ≡∼p∧T …[Complement law]
30. (p ∧ ∼q) ∧ (∼p ∧ q) ≡ (p ∧ ∼p) ∧ (∼q ∧ q) ≡∼p …[Identity law]
…[Associative and
41. ∼[p → (∼p ∨ q)]
commutative law]
≡ F ∧ F …[Complement law] ≡ p ∧ ∼ (∼p ∨ q) …[ ∼(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼q]
≡F ≡ p ∧ (p ∧ ∼q) …[De Morgan’s law]
∴ Given statement is contradiction. ≡ p ∧ ∼q …[Absorption law]
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42. Since ∼(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼q, 49. ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∧ ~q
∼(∼p → q) ≡ ∼p ∧ ∼q
50. Let p : 2 is prime, q : 3 is odd
43. Since ∼(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼q, ∴ ~(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~q
~[(p ∧ q) → (~p ∨ r)]
51. p: Hema gets admission in good college.
≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ ~(~p ∨ r) q: Hema gets above 95% marks.
≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ (p ∧ ~r) …[De Morgan’s law]
∴ Statement is p → q
45. ~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼ q
1 2 3 4 5 6
p Q ∼q p ↔ ∼q ~(p ↔ ~q) p↔q 54. Given statement is
T T F F T T ∃ x ∈ S, such that x > 0
T F T T F F ∴ ~ ( ∃ x ∈ S, such that x > 0)
F T F T F F ≡ ∀ x ∈ S, x ≤ 0
F F T F T T i.e., Every rational number x ∈ S satisfies x ≤ 0.
The entries in the columns 5 and 6 are identical.
55. The current will flow through the circuit if p, q,
∴ ~(p ↔ ~q) ≡ p ↔ q
r are closed or p, q′, r are closed.
46. Let p : A is rich, q : A is silly ∴ option (C) is the correct answer.
∴ ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q
57. The symbolic form of the given circuit is
47. Let p: He is rich, q: He is happy (p ∨ ~p) ∧ q ≡ T ∧ q …[Complement law]
∴ ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q ≡q
48. p: 72 is divisible by 2. 58. Symbolic form of the circuit is
q: 72 is divisible by 3. (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (~p ∧ q) ≡ (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (q ∧ ~p)
∼ (p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ ∼ q ≡ ~ (p ↔ q)
Evaluation Test

1. x + 3 = 10 is an open sentence.
∴ It is not a statement. P q r ~q p ∧ ~q (p ∧ ~q) → r
∴ option (C) is correct. T T T F F T
T T F F F T
2. Since p → q is false, when p is true and q is T F T T T T
false. T F F T T F
p → (q ∨ r) is false, F T T F F T
∴ p is true and q ∨ r is false F T F F F T
F F T T F T
⇒ p is true and both q and r are false.
F F F T F T
3. Since contrapositive of p → q is ~q → ~p, ∴ (p ∧ ~q) → r is a contingency
contrapositive of (~p ∧ q) → ~r is ∴ option (C) is correct.
~(~r) → ~(~p ∧ q) ≡ r → (p ∨ ~q) 8. Consider option (A)
p q p ∧ q p ∨ q ~(p∨ q) (p ∧ q) ∧ (∼(p ∨ q))
4. Let p: x is a complex number
T T T T F F
q: x is a negative number
T F F T F F
∴ Logical statement is p → q F T F T F F
∴ converse of p → q is q → p F F F F T F
∴ option (B) is correct. ∴ (p ∧ q) ∧ (~(p ∨ q)) is a contradiction.
∴ option (A) is correct.
5. Since inverse of p → q is ~p → ~q,
inverse of (p ∧ ~q) → r
(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) ≡ (T ∨ T) ∧ (T ∨ F)
is ~(p ∧ ~q) → ~r ≡T∧T≡T
i.e., ~p ∨ q → ~r ∴ option (C) is correct.
7


11. The statement “Suman is brilliant and dishonest
iff suman is rich” can be expressed as Q ↔ (P ∧
~R)
The negation of this statement is
~(Q ↔ (P ∧ ~R))
12. (∼q) → (∼p) is contrapositive of p → q.
∴ p → q ≡ (~q) → (~p)
∴ option (D) is true.
13. Let p : switch s1 is closed.
q: switch s2 is closed.
~p : switch s1 is open
∼q : switch s2 is open
The current can flow in the circuit iff either s1′
and s2 are closed or s1 and s2′ are closed.
It is represented by (∼p ∧ q)∨ (p ∧ ∼q).
14. (~p ∧ ~q) ∨ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ q)
≡ ~p ∧ (~q ∨ q) ∨ (p ∧ q)…[Distributive law]
≡ (~p ∧ T) ∨ (p ∧ q) …[Complement law]
≡ ~p ∨ (p ∧ q) …[Identity law]
≡ (~p ∨ p) ∧ (~p ∨ q)
≡ T ∧ (~p ∨ q)
≡ ~p ∨ q
15.
1 2 3 4 5 6
p q ~q p ↔ q p ↔ ~q ~(p ↔ ~q)
T T F T F T
T F T F T F
F T F F T F
F F T T F T
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical.
∴ ~(p ↔ ~q) ≡ p ↔ q
∴ statement-l is true.
Also, all the entries in the last column of the
above truth table are not T.
∴ ~(p ↔ ~q) is not a tautology.
∴ statement-2 is false.
8
02 Matrices
Hints
Classical Thinking 1 1
7. M23 = =3
−1 2
1 −1 1 0 
1.  2 3  = 0 1  A 8. A12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = (−1)3 (−3) = 3
   
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1, 9. A21 = (−1)3 M21 = − (3) = − 3
 1 −1   1 0  2 3
10. A32 = (−1)3+2.M32 = (−1)5 =2
 2 − 2 1 3 − 2 −1  = 0 − 2 1 1 − 2 0  A 4 5
 () ( )  () ( )
1 −1  1 0  1 1
0 5  =  −2 1  A
11. A31 = ( −1)3+1 = −3 − 1 = − 4
    1 −3
A32 = −(−3 − 2) = − (−5) = 5
1 2 −1 A33 = 1 − 2 = − 1
2. A=  
3 −2 5  ∴ Co-factors are − 4, 5, − 1
Applying R1 ↔ R2, 12. Matrix of co-factors
3 −2 5   A11 A12   2 − ( −3) 
A~   =  Aij  2× 2 =   = 
1 2 −1  A 21 A 22   −5 −1 
Applying C1 → C1 + 2C3, 2 3
=  
13 −2 5   −5 −1
A~ 
 −1 2 −1 T 2 3
T
 2 −5
∴ adj A ==
 A ij  =   3 −1
2× 2
 −5 −1  
1 −1 2 
3. Let A =  2 1 3  13. Matrix of co-factors is :
 3 2 4   A11 A12 A13   −3 3 −9 
 A ij  =  A 21 A 22 A 23  =  0 −1 −2 
Applying R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R3 → R3 − 3R1, 3×3 
 A 31 A 32 A 33   0 0 3 
1 −1 2  T
A ~ 0 3 −1  −3 3 −9 
∴
T
adj A =  Aij  3×=  0 −1 −2 
0 5 −2  3  
 0 0 3 
5
Applying R3 → R3 −   R2,  −3 0 0
3  
∴ adj A =  3 −1 0 
1 −1 2 
 −9 −2 3
A ~ 0 3 −1 
 1 14. adj AB – (adj B) (adj A)
0 0 −  = (adj B) (adj A) – (adj B) (adj A)
 3
which is an upper triangular matrix. ….[adj AB = (adj B) (adj A)]
=O
4. M11 = minor of a11 = |a22| = a22
…[By leaving first row and first column] 15. | adj (adj A) | = | A | = 12 − 10 = 2
16. |A| = a3
5. The minor of element a21 = M21 = −1
|A| |adj A| = |A (adj A)| = |A| I
…[By leaving R2 and C1]
|A| 0 0
2 3
6. M31 = …[By leaving R3 and C1] = 0 | A | 0 = |A|3 = (a3)3 = a9
4 2
= −8 0 0 |A|
9


17. If |A| ≠ 0, then A−1 exists 3 2 4
∴ |A| is non zero ∴ |A| = 1 2 −1
0 1 1
2 3
18. |A| = = 12 − 12 = 0 = 3(2 + 1) – 2(1 – 0) + 4(1 – 0)
4 6
= 9 – 2 + 4 = 11
∴ A−1 does not exist. ⇒ k = 11
19. The multiplicative inverse of A = A–1 25. By definition of inverse,
2 1 I3I3−1 = I3
A = = 1≠ 0 ⇒ I3–1 = I3
7 4
4 −1 26. Consider option (B),
adj A =  A−1 is a matrix and |A|−1 is a number.
 −7 2 
∴ option (B) is not true.
−1 1  4 −1
∴ A = .adjA =   28. The given system of equations can be written in
|A|  −7 2 
matrix form AX = B, where
1 2  x 3
3 −2  A=   , X =  y  and B =  4 
20. Let A =  ⇒ | A | = 14 ≠ 0 2 3
1  4     
1 2   x  3
 4 2 ∴ Now,     = 4
adj A =   2 3  y   
 −1 3 
Applying R2 → R2 − 2 R1,
4 2 1 2   x  3
  0 −1  y  =  −2 
∴ A–1 =  14 14       
 −1 3 
⇒ x + 2y = 3, and …(i)
 14 14 
− y = −2 …(ii)
21. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is ⇒y=2
1  putting y = 2 in (i), we get
−1 0 x + 2(2) = 3
A = a
  ⇒ x = −1
 0 b 
Alternate method:
 3 −2 −1 AX = B ⇒ X = A−1 B
22. Let A =  −4 1 −1 ⇒ |A| = 1 ≠ 0 |A| = −1 ≠ 0
 2 0 1  1  3 −2   −3 2 
A−1 =  −2 1  =  2 −1
−1    
1 2 3
 −3 2 3  −1
adj A =  2 5 7  X=  4 =  2 
2 −1    
 −2 −4 −5
∴ x = −1, y = 2
1 2 3
∴ A =  2 5 7 
–1  29. AX = B
 −2 −4 −5  3 −4 2   x   −1
∴ 2 3 5  y  =  7 
     
23. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is, 1 0 1   z   2 
1   3 −4 2   x   −1
a 0 0
  R2 − 5R3 ⇒  −3 3 0   y  =  −3
   
1
A−1 =  0 0

 1 0 1   z   2 
b
   1 −4 0   x   −5
0 1
0
 c  R1 − 2R3 ⇒  −3 3 0   y  =  −3
    
 1 0 1   z   2 
1
24. Given, A−1 = adj A ⇒ x − 4y = −5, and …(i)
k
− 3x + 3y = −3 …(ii)
∴ k= A Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 3
10

Chapter 02: Matrices

1 34 39   94 −39 
30. |A| = – ≠0 6. AB =   ⇒ adj (AB) =  −82
2 82 94   34 
i 
0 7. A is a 2 × 2 matrix
adj A =  2 
  ∴ |adjA| = | A | = 10
 0 i 
i 
0   −i 0 
8. A is a 3 × 3 Matrix
1 2
∴ A–1 = = ∴ | adj A | = | A |2 = (12)2 = 144
−1    0 −2i 
 0 i  
2 9. Given, A is a singular matrix.
31. adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A) ∴ |A| = 0
n −1
Since adjA = A ,
Critical Thinking adjA = 0
 1 3 −2  1 0 0  ⇒ adj A is also singular
1.  −3 0 −5 =  
  A 0 1 0 10. A (adj A) = |A|.In
 2 5 0  0 0 1 
Where, n = order of the matrix
Applying C2 → C2 – 3C1 and C3 → C3 + 2C1, 3 2 1 0  10 0 
∴ A (adj A ) = =
 1 3 − 3 −2 + 2  1 0 − 3 0 + 2 1 4 0 1   0 10 
 −3 0 + 9 −5=− 6  A 0 1 − 0 0 + 0 
   11. A is a Singular matrix.
 2 5 − 6 0 + 4  0 0 − 0 1 + 0 
∴ |A| = 0 and A.(adj A) = |A|. I = 0.I = 0
1 0 0  1 −3 2  ⇒ A (adj A) is a zero matrix.
⇒  −3 9 −11 = A 0 1 0 
 2 −1 4  0 d −b 
0 1  12. adj A = 
 −c a 
 2 −3 3 
a b
2. A =  2 2 3  ∴ adj (adj A) =  =A
c d 
 3 −2 2 
Applying C2 → C2 + 2 C1, 4 0 0
2 1 3 13. A. (adj A) =  0 4 0  …(i)
A ~  2 6 3   0 0 4 
 3 4 2 
1 0 0 
Applying R1 → R1 + R3, = 4 0 1 0 
5 5 5  0 0 1 
A ~  2 6 3 
= 4.I
 3 4 2  Since A(adj A) = |A|.I,
3. a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 |A| = 4
= 1(4 − 3) + 3[−(4 − 1)] + 2(6 − 2) = 0 From (i), |A| . |adj A| = 64
and |A| = 1(4 − 3) − 2(6 − 6) + 1(3 − 4) = 0 64
⇒ |adj A| = = 16
∴ a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 = |A| 4
(n −1)2
4. Matrix of co-factors, Also, |adj (adj A)| = A
 −4 1 4  (3 −1)2
 A ij  =  −3 0 4  = A
3×3  
 −3 1 3  = (4)4 = 256
adj(adjA) 256
 −4 −3 −3 ∴ = = 16
∴ adj N = [Aij ]3T×3 =  1 0 1  = N adjA 16
 4 4 3 
1 a 2
 t −z  14. The matrix is not invertible if 1 2 5 = 0
5. Co-factor matrix of X =  
 y −x 2 1 1
∴ Transpose of adj X = co-factor matrix of X ⇒ 1(2 – 5) – a(1 – 10) + 2(1 – 4) = 0
 t −z  ⇒ – 3 + 9a – 6 = 0
=  
 y −x ⇒a=1
11


15. The given matrix will be invertible, if  1 2 1
λ −1 4 21. Let A =  2 1 0  ⇒ |A| = −2 ≠ 0
−3 0 1 ≠ 0  −1 0 1 
−1 1 2 Now, co-factor of element a32 of A = A32
⇒ λ(0 – 1) + 1(– 6 + 1) + 4(– 3) ≠ 0 1 1
∴ A32 = (–1)3+2 =2
⇒ – λ – 5 – 12 ≠ 0 2 0
⇒ λ ≠ – 17 A 32 2
∴ Element a 23 of A −1 = = = −1
2 0 −1 | A | −2
16. |A| = 5 1 0 = 1 ≠ 0 Alternate method:
0 1 3 |A| = − 2 ≠ 0
 3 −1 1  1
−2 −1
adj A =  −15 6 −5 adj A =  −2 2 2 
 5 −2 2   1 −2 −3
 3 −1 1   1 1
1 − 2 1 2 
∴ A−1 = (adj A) =  −15 6 −5  
|A| ∴ A−1 =  1 −1 −1
 5 −2 2 
 1 3
− 1 
 1 −4 −1   2 2
17. A =  6 3 0  ∴ Element a23 of A−1 = −1.
 2 0 0  22. If AC = B, then A = BC−1
|A| = 6 ≠ 0  3 −1 1 5
−1
1 1 ∴ A = 
∴ |A−1| = = 6 0  0 1 
|A| 6
 3 −1 1 −5
∴ 6|A−1| = 1 =   
6 0  0 1 
2 0 0  3 −16 
= 
18. D =  0 3 0  
6 −30 
 0 0 4 
23. If XAY = I, then A = X–1 Y–1 = (YX)–1
The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is
 −3 2 2 1  8 5
1  Here, YX =  7 4  =  −11 −7 
2 0 0 5 −3    
  −1
1  8 5
D−1 =  0 0
 ∴ A=  
3  −11 −7 
 
0 1
0  7 5
 4  =  
 −11 −8
1 1 1
∴ D−1 = diag  , , 
2 3 4 24. (BA)−1 = C
⇒ A–1B−1 = C ⇒ A–1 = CB
19. Since PQ = – 5I3,
 −1 0 1   2 6 4 
1
(PQ)–1 = – I3 ∴ A–1 =  1 1 3   1 0 1 
5  2 0 2   −1 1 −1
0 1 0  −3 −5 −5
20. |A| = 1 0 0 = – 1 ≠ 0 =  0 9 2 
0 0 1  2 14 6 
 0 −1 0 
25. AB = AC
adj A =  −1 0 0 
⇒ A−1 AB = A−1 AC
 0 0 −1
⇒ IB = IC
0 1 0 ⇒B=C
∴ A–1 =  1 0 0  = A ∴ For B = C, A−1 must exist
 0 0 1  ⇒ A is non-singular
12


26. Since AA−1 = I, 32. 4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I = 0
7 1 ⇒ 4A−1A3 + 2A−1A2 + 7A−1A + A−1I = 0
 x −2   34 17  1 0 ⇒ 4A2 + 2A + 7I + A−1 = 0
 3 7   −3 2  = 0 1 
     ⇒ A−1 = −(4A2 + 2A + 7I)
 34 17 
33. (A−1BA)2 = (A−1BA) (A−1BA)
 7x + 6 x − 4 
1 0 = A−1B(AA−1)BA
⇒  34 17  = 
  0 1  = A−1BIBA
 0 1 
= A−1B2A
By equality of matrices,
x−4
(A BA) = (A−1B2A) (A−1BA)
−1 3
=0⇒x−4=0 = A−1B2(AA−1)BA
17
⇒x=4 = A−1B2IBA
= A−1B3A
27. A2 – 3A – 7I = 0 In general,
1 (A−1BA)n = A−1BnA
⇒ A − 3I − 7A−1 = 0 ⇒ A−1 = (A − 3I)
7
1   5 3   3 0   34. AX = B
∴ A−1 =  − 
7   −1 −2  0 3  1 −1 2   x1  3
2 0 1  x  = 1 
 2 3     2  
 7  3 2 1   x3   4 
7 
=  
− 1 − 5  Applying R1 → 2R1 + R3 ,
 7 7   5 0 5  x1  10 
 2 0 1  x  = 1
 x 1  x 1  x2 + 1 x 1 0     2  
28. A2 =    =  = 0 1   3 2 1   x3   4 
1 0 1 0  x 1  
Applying R1 → R1 − 5R2,
⇒x=0
 −5 0 0   x1  5 
1 0   2 0 1  x  = 1 
∴ A=  
0 1     2  
 3 2 1   x3   4 
A2 = I
∴ −5x1 = 5 ⇒ x1 = −1
∴ A−1 A.A = A−1 I 2x1 + x3 = 1 ⇒ x3 = 3
⇒ I.A = A−1 I 3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 2
⇒ A−1 = A  −1
29. AB = 3I ∴ X =  2 
⇒ A−1 AB = 3 A−1 I  3 
⇒ B = 3A−1
35. X = A−1 D
–11
∴ A = B ⇒ AX = D
3 1 −1 −2   x  3
2 2 1 1   y  =  5 
30. A − A + 2I = 0     
⇒ A.A − A + 2I = 0  4 −1 −2   z  11
⇒ A−1.A.A − A−1.A + 2 A−1.I = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + R2, R3 → R3 + R2,
⇒ A − I + 2 A−1 = 0
 3 0 −1 x 8
⇒ 2 A−1 = I − A 2 1 1   y =  5 
1      
⇒ A−1 = (I − A)  6 0 −1  z  16 
2
Applying R3 → R3 − R1,
31. A2 + mA + nI = 0  3 0 −1  x  8 
⇒ A.A + mA + nI = 0  2 1 1   y  = 5 
⇒ A−1.A.A + mA−1 .A + nA−1.I = 0      
 3 0 0   z  8 
⇒ A + mI + nA−1 = 0
⇒ nA−1 = −A − mI 8
∴ 3x = 8 ⇒ x =
−1 −1 3
⇒A = (A + mI)
n 3x − z = 8 ⇒ z = 0
13


17. If |A| ≠ 0, then A−1 exists 3 2 4
∴ |A| is non zero ∴ |A| = 1 2 −1
0 1 1
2 3
18. |A| = = 12 − 12 = 0 = 3(2 + 1) – 2(1 – 0) + 4(1 – 0)
4 6
= 9 – 2 + 4 = 11
∴ A−1 does not exist. ⇒ k = 11
19. The multiplicative inverse of A = A–1 25. By definition of inverse,
2 1 I3I3−1 = I3
A = = 1≠ 0 ⇒ I3–1 = I3
7 4
4 −1 26. Consider option (B),
adj A =  A−1 is a matrix and |A|−1 is a number.
 −7 2 
∴ option (B) is not true.
−1 1  4 −1
∴ A = .adjA =   28. The given system of equations can be written in
|A|  −7 2 
matrix form AX = B, where
1 2  x 3
3 −2  A=   , X =  y  and B =  4 
20. Let A =  ⇒ | A | = 14 ≠ 0 2 3
1  4     
1 2   x  3
 4 2 ∴ Now,     = 4
adj A =   2 3  y   
 −1 3 
Applying R2 → R2 − 2 R1,
4 2 1 2   x  3
  0 −1  y  =  −2 
∴ A–1 =  14 14       
 −1 3 
⇒ x + 2y = 3, and …(i)
 14 14 
− y = −2 …(ii)
21. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is ⇒y=2
1  putting y = 2 in (i), we get
−1 0 x + 2(2) = 3
A = a
  ⇒ x = −1
 0 b 
Alternate method:
 3 −2 −1 AX = B ⇒ X = A−1 B
22. Let A =  −4 1 −1 ⇒ |A| = 1 ≠ 0 |A| = −1 ≠ 0
 2 0 1  1  3 −2   −3 2 
A−1 =  −2 1  =  2 −1
−1    
1 2 3
 −3 2 3  −1
adj A =  2 5 7  X=  4 =  2 
2 −1    
 −2 −4 −5
∴ x = −1, y = 2
1 2 3
∴ A =  2 5 7 
–1  29. AX = B
 −2 −4 −5  3 −4 2   x   −1
∴ 2 3 5  y  =  7 
     
23. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is, 1 0 1   z   2 
1   3 −4 2   x   −1
a 0 0
  R2 − 5R3 ⇒  −3 3 0   y  =  −3
   
1
A−1 =  0 0

 1 0 1   z   2 
b
   1 −4 0   x   −5
0 1
0
 c  R1 − 2R3 ⇒  −3 3 0   y  =  −3
    
 1 0 1   z   2 
1
24. Given, A−1 = adj A ⇒ x − 4y = −5, and …(i)
k
− 3x + 3y = −3 …(ii)
∴ k= A Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 3
10


1 34 39   94 −39 
30. |A| = – ≠0 6. AB =   ⇒ adj (AB) =  −82
2 82 94   34 
i 
0 7. A is a 2 × 2 matrix
adj A =  2 
  ∴ |adjA| = | A | = 10
 0 i 
i 
0   −i 0 
8. A is a 3 × 3 Matrix
1 2
∴ A–1 = = ∴ | adj A | = | A |2 = (12)2 = 144
−1    0 −2i 
 0 i  
2 9. Given, A is a singular matrix.
31. adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A) ∴ |A| = 0
n −1
Since adjA = A ,
Critical Thinking adjA = 0
 1 3 −2  1 0 0  ⇒ adj A is also singular
1.  −3 0 −5 =  
  A 0 1 0 10. A (adj A) = |A|.In
 2 5 0  0 0 1 
Where, n = order of the matrix
Applying C2 → C2 – 3C1 and C3 → C3 + 2C1, 3 2 1 0  10 0 
∴ A (adj A ) = =
 1 3 − 3 −2 + 2  1 0 − 3 0 + 2 1 4 0 1   0 10 
 −3 0 + 9 −5=− 6  A 0 1 − 0 0 + 0 
   11. A is a Singular matrix.
 2 5 − 6 0 + 4  0 0 − 0 1 + 0 
∴ |A| = 0 and A.(adj A) = |A|. I = 0.I = 0
1 0 0  1 −3 2  ⇒ A (adj A) is a zero matrix.
⇒  −3 9 −11 = A 0 1 0 
 2 −1 4  0 d −b 
0 1  12. adj A = 
 −c a 
 2 −3 3 
a b
2. A =  2 2 3  ∴ adj (adj A) =  =A
c d 
 3 −2 2 
Applying C2 → C2 + 2 C1, 4 0 0
2 1 3 13. A. (adj A) =  0 4 0  …(i)
A ~  2 6 3   0 0 4 
 3 4 2 
1 0 0 
Applying R1 → R1 + R3, = 4 0 1 0 
5 5 5  0 0 1 
A ~  2 6 3 
= 4.I
 3 4 2  Since A(adj A) = |A|.I,
3. a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 |A| = 4
= 1(4 − 3) + 3[−(4 − 1)] + 2(6 − 2) = 0 From (i), |A| . |adj A| = 64
and |A| = 1(4 − 3) − 2(6 − 6) + 1(3 − 4) = 0 64
⇒ |adj A| = = 16
∴ a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 = |A| 4
(n −1)2
4. Matrix of co-factors, Also, |adj (adj A)| = A
 −4 1 4  (3 −1)2
 A ij  =  −3 0 4  = A
3×3  
 −3 1 3  = (4)4 = 256
adj(adjA) 256
 −4 −3 −3 ∴ = = 16
∴ adj N = [Aij ]3T×3 =  1 0 1  = N adjA 16
 4 4 3 
1 a 2
 t −z  14. The matrix is not invertible if 1 2 5 = 0
5. Co-factor matrix of X =  
 y −x 2 1 1
∴ Transpose of adj X = co-factor matrix of X ⇒ 1(2 – 5) – a(1 – 10) + 2(1 – 4) = 0
 t −z  ⇒ – 3 + 9a – 6 = 0
=  
 y −x ⇒a=1
11


15. The given matrix will be invertible, if  1 2 1
λ −1 4 21. Let A =  2 1 0  ⇒ |A| = −2 ≠ 0
−3 0 1 ≠ 0  −1 0 1 
−1 1 2 Now, co-factor of element a32 of A = A32
⇒ λ(0 – 1) + 1(– 6 + 1) + 4(– 3) ≠ 0 1 1
∴ A32 = (–1)3+2 =2
⇒ – λ – 5 – 12 ≠ 0 2 0
⇒ λ ≠ – 17 A 32 2
∴ Element a 23 of A −1 = = = −1
2 0 −1 | A | −2
16. |A| = 5 1 0 = 1 ≠ 0 Alternate method:
0 1 3 |A| = − 2 ≠ 0
 3 −1 1  1
−2 −1
adj A =  −15 6 −5 adj A =  −2 2 2 
 5 −2 2   1 −2 −3
 3 −1 1   1 1
1 − 2 1 2 
∴ A−1 = (adj A) =  −15 6 −5  
|A| ∴ A−1 =  1 −1 −1
 5 −2 2 
 1 3
− 1 
 1 −4 −1   2 2
17. A =  6 3 0  ∴ Element a23 of A−1 = −1.
 2 0 0  22. If AC = B, then A = BC−1
|A| = 6 ≠ 0  3 −1 1 5
−1
1 1 ∴ A = 
∴ |A−1| = = 6 0  0 1 
|A| 6
 3 −1 1 −5
∴ 6|A−1| = 1 =   
6 0  0 1 
2 0 0  3 −16 
= 
18. D =  0 3 0  
6 −30 
 0 0 4 
23. If XAY = I, then A = X–1 Y–1 = (YX)–1
The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is
 −3 2 2 1  8 5
1  Here, YX =  7 4  =  −11 −7 
2 0 0 5 −3    
  −1
1  8 5
D−1 =  0 0
 ∴ A=  
3  −11 −7 
 
0 1
0  7 5
 4  =  
 −11 −8
1 1 1
∴ D−1 = diag  , , 
2 3 4 24. (BA)−1 = C
⇒ A–1B−1 = C ⇒ A–1 = CB
19. Since PQ = – 5I3,
 −1 0 1   2 6 4 
1
(PQ)–1 = – I3 ∴ A–1 =  1 1 3   1 0 1 
5  2 0 2   −1 1 −1
0 1 0  −3 −5 −5
20. |A| = 1 0 0 = – 1 ≠ 0 =  0 9 2 
0 0 1  2 14 6 
 0 −1 0 
25. AB = AC
adj A =  −1 0 0 
⇒ A−1 AB = A−1 AC
 0 0 −1
⇒ IB = IC
0 1 0 ⇒B=C
∴ A–1 =  1 0 0  = A ∴ For B = C, A−1 must exist
 0 0 1  ⇒ A is non-singular
12


26. Since AA−1 = I, 32. 4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I = 0
7 1 ⇒ 4A−1A3 + 2A−1A2 + 7A−1A + A−1I = 0
 x −2   34 17  1 0 ⇒ 4A2 + 2A + 7I + A−1 = 0
 3 7   −3 2  = 0 1 
     ⇒ A−1 = −(4A2 + 2A + 7I)
 34 17 
33. (A−1BA)2 = (A−1BA) (A−1BA)
 7x + 6 x − 4 
1 0 = A−1B(AA−1)BA
⇒  34 17  = 
  0 1  = A−1BIBA
 0 1 
= A−1B2A
By equality of matrices,
x−4
(A BA) = (A−1B2A) (A−1BA)
−1 3
=0⇒x−4=0 = A−1B2(AA−1)BA
17
⇒x=4 = A−1B2IBA
= A−1B3A
27. A2 – 3A – 7I = 0 In general,
1 (A−1BA)n = A−1BnA
⇒ A − 3I − 7A−1 = 0 ⇒ A−1 = (A − 3I)
7
1   5 3   3 0   34. AX = B
∴ A−1 =  − 
7   −1 −2  0 3  1 −1 2   x1  3
2 0 1  x  = 1 
 2 3     2  
 7  3 2 1   x3   4 
7 
=  
− 1 − 5  Applying R1 → 2R1 + R3 ,
 7 7   5 0 5  x1  10 
 2 0 1  x  = 1
 x 1  x 1  x2 + 1 x 1 0     2  
28. A2 =    =  = 0 1   3 2 1   x3   4 
1 0 1 0  x 1  
Applying R1 → R1 − 5R2,
⇒x=0
 −5 0 0   x1  5 
1 0   2 0 1  x  = 1 
∴ A=  
0 1     2  
 3 2 1   x3   4 
A2 = I
∴ −5x1 = 5 ⇒ x1 = −1
∴ A−1 A.A = A−1 I 2x1 + x3 = 1 ⇒ x3 = 3
⇒ I.A = A−1 I 3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 2
⇒ A−1 = A  −1
29. AB = 3I ∴ X =  2 
⇒ A−1 AB = 3 A−1 I  3 
⇒ B = 3A−1
35. X = A−1 D
–11
∴ A = B ⇒ AX = D
3 1 −1 −2   x  3
2 2 1 1   y  =  5 
30. A − A + 2I = 0     
⇒ A.A − A + 2I = 0  4 −1 −2   z  11
⇒ A−1.A.A − A−1.A + 2 A−1.I = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + R2, R3 → R3 + R2,
⇒ A − I + 2 A−1 = 0
 3 0 −1 x 8
⇒ 2 A−1 = I − A 2 1 1   y =  5 
1      
⇒ A−1 = (I − A)  6 0 −1  z  16 
2
Applying R3 → R3 − R1,
31. A2 + mA + nI = 0  3 0 −1  x  8 
⇒ A.A + mA + nI = 0  2 1 1   y  = 5 
⇒ A−1.A.A + mA−1 .A + nA−1.I = 0      
 3 0 0   z  8 
⇒ A + mI + nA−1 = 0
⇒ nA−1 = −A − mI 8
∴ 3x = 8 ⇒ x =
−1 −1 3
⇒A = (A + mI)
n 3x − z = 8 ⇒ z = 0
13


−1  θ
2x + y + z = 5 ⇒ y =  1 − tan 
3 1 1 2
=A −1 = adjA  
8 |A| θ
sec 2  tan θ 1 
3 2  2 
 
∴
−1
X =   AB = I ⇒ B = IA–1 ⇒ B = A−1
3  θ
   1 − tan 
0
  1 2 = cos2 θ . AT
∴ B=  
  2 θ  θ 2
sec tan 1 
2  2 
ω 0 0
36. A =  0 ω2 0  41. F (α) . F (−α)
 0 0 1  cos α − sin α 0   cos α sin α 0 
=  sin αcos α 0   − sin α cos α 0 
|A| = ω3 = 1 ≠ 0
T  0 0 1   0 0 1 
ω2 0 0 ω2 0 0
adj A =  0    1 0 0 
ω 0 =  0 ω 0
0 = 0 1 0  = I
0
 0 ω3   0 ω3 
0 0 1 
ω2 0 0
∴ [ F(α) ]−1 = F(−α)
=  0 ω 0

0 0 1 

Competitive Thinking
ω2 0 0 1. a11 = 1, a12 = 1, a13 = 0
A =  0
−1
ω 0

1 0
0 0 1 
A21 = (−1)2+1 = −1
 2 1
1 0
1 sin α A22 = (−1)2+2 =1
37. A = = −1 + sin 2 α ≠ 0 1 1
− sin α −1
1 1
 −1 − sin α  A23 = (−1)2+3 = −1
adj A =  1 2
sin α 1 
∴ a11.A21 + a12.A22 + a13.A23 = 1 × −1+ 1 × 1 + 0 × −1
−1 1 1  −1 − sin α  =0
∴ A = (adj A) = sin α
A −1 + sin 2 α  1 
1 2 3 
1  1 sin α   1 sin α 
= 2  − sin α −1=
2
 sec α  − sin α −1  2. A = 1 1 5 
cos α    
 2 4 7 
cos x sin x a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
38. |A| = = cos2x + sin2x = 1
− sin x cos x = 2(10 – 3) + 4[– (5 – 3)] + 7 (1 – 2)
Since A (adj A) = |A|.I, = 14 – 8 – 7 = – 1
1 0  1 0  1 0 0  k 0 0 
A(adj A) = 1  =  
0 1  0 1  3. Let I = 0 1 0  , then kI =  0 k 0 
0 0 1   0 0 k 
39. Since A(adj A) = A . I,
k 2
0 0
k 0  2 2 1 0  
⇒ adj(kI) =  0 k2

0  = k2I
 0 k  = (cos α + sin α) 0 1 
    0 0 k 2 

⇒k=1
2 − 3
θ θ 4. A= 
40. | A | = 1 + tan = sec2
2
− 4 1 
2 2
 2 − 3  2 − 3
 θ 3A2 = 3    
 1 − tan 
2
− 4 1  − 4 1 
adjA =  
 tan θ  16 −9   48 −27 
1  = 3  =  
 2   −12 13   −36 39 
14


 48 −27   24 −36  2 −2
3A2 + 12A =  + 14. |A| =
 −36 39   −48 12  −2 2
 72 − 63 =4−4=0
= 
 −84 51  1 1
|B| = =1−1=0
 51 63 1 1
∴ adj (3A2 + 12A) =  
84 72  ∴ A−1 and B−1 does not exist
5. adj (M′) – (adj M)′ is a null matrix as α 14 −1

adj (M′) = (adj M)′ 15. Let A =  2 3 1  = 0
 6 2 3 
6. |Adj A| = |A|n−1 = dn−1
Since A−1 does not exist,
7. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then
A =0
|adj A| = | A |2
= (16)2 α 14 −1
= 256 ⇒ 2 3 1
6 2 3
4 2
8. |A| = = 16 − 6 = 10 ⇒ α (9 − 2) −14 (6 − 6) − 1 (4 − 18) = 0
3 4
⇒ 7α = −14
 | adj A | = |A|n−1
⇒ α = −2
where n is the order of matrix.
∴ | adj A| = |A| = 10 16. Since inverse of matrix A does not exist,
|A| = 0
9. adj(λX) = λ3–1 (adj X) 1 2 x
…[ adj(kA) = kn–1 (adj A)] ⇒ 4 −1 7 = 0
= λ2 adj X 2 4 −6
10. A (adj A) = | A| In ⇒ 1(6 – 28) – 2(–24 – 14) + x(16 + 2) = 0

10 0 ⇒ –22 + 76 + 18x = 0
⇒   = |A| In ⇒ 18x = –54
 0 10 
⇒ x = –3
1 0 
⇒ 10   = |A| In
0 1  1 1 1 1 0 0 
⇒ 10 In = |A| In 17. A = 1 1 1 , I3 = 0 1 0 
 
⇒ |A| = 10 1 1 1 0 0 1 
11. Since A(Adj A) = |A| I,  −2 1 1

|A| = 10 A – 3I3 =  1 −2 1 
|Adj A| = |A|n−1  1 1 −2 
∴ |Adj A| = |A|3−1 = |A|2 = 102 = 100 −2 1 1
1 4 4  | A – 3I3| = 1 −2 1
12. adj P =  2 1 7  1 1 −2
1 1 3  =0
∴ the matrix A – 3I3 is non-invertible.
|adj P| = |P|2 …[ |adj A| = |A|n−1]
1 4 4 18. |A| = k2 + 1, which can be never zero.
Hence matrix A is invertible for all real k.
⇒ 2 1 7 = |P|2
1 1 3 5 4
2
19. |A| = = −2
⇒ |P| = 1(− 4) − 4(− 1) + 4(1) 3 2
⇒ |P|2 = 4 ⇒ |P| = ± 2 2 −4 
adj A = 
n−1 2−1  −3 5 
13. |adj A| = |A| = |A| = |A|
Adj(adj A) = |A|n−2 A = |A|0 A = A A−1 = −
1  2 −4 
2  
∴ option (B) is the correct answer.  −3 5 
15


0 3  2 5 0
20. |A| = =−6≠0
2 0 25. Let A =  0 1 1 

A−1 =
1
adjA = λ(adj A) ….[Given]  −1 0 3
A |A|=1≠0
T
1 1  3 −1 1 
∴ λ= = −
A 6 adj A =  −15 6 −5
 5 −2 2 
 1 −1 
 2 2  3 −15 5 
21. |U|=  =1≠0 
 1 1  =  −1 6 −2 
 2 2   1 −5 2 

 1 1   3 −15 5 
 2 2  1
adj U =  ∴ A –1
= adj A =  −1 6 −2 
 1 1  |A|
 1 −5 2 
− 2 2 

0 −1 0
 1 1 
 2 26. | A | = 1 0 0 = −1 ≠ 0
1 2 
∴ −1
U = (adj U) =  = UT 0 0 −1
|U|  −1 1 
 2 2   0 −1 0 

adj A =  1 0 0 
 −1 3
22. A = [aij]2×2 ⇒ A =    0 0 1 
3 0
1
∴ |A| = −9 ∴ A–1 = (adj A)
| A|
0 −3
adj A = 
 −3 −1  0 1 0 
=  −1 0 0  = A
T
−1  0 −3  1  0 3
∴ A−1 =   =    0 0 −1 
9  −3 −1 9  3 1
3 −3 4
3 2 1 −2 
23. |A| = = 3, adj A = 0 3  27. A 2 −3 4 = 1 ≠ 0
=
0 1  
0 −1 1
1 1 −2 
∴ A–1 =    1 −1 0 
3 0 3 
adj A =  −2 3 −4
3
1 1 −2   −2 3 −3
(A–1)3 = 0 3 
27   1 −1 0 
=
1 1 −2  1 −2  1 −2  ∴ A −1
=  −2 3 −4 
27 0 3  0 3  0 3   −2 3 −3
1 1 −26  3 −4 4 
=
27 0 27  A2 =  0 −1 0 
1 0 0   −2 2 −3
24. Let A = 3 3 0  1 −1 0 
5 2 −1 A3 = A2. A =  −2 3 −4  = A
−1
 −2 3 −3
| A | = −3 ≠ 0
 −3 0 0  a 0 0 
adj A =  3 −1 0  28. The inverse of diagonal matrix 0 b 0 is
0 0 c 
 −9 −2 3
1 1 
A−1 = adj A a 0 0
|A|  
0 1 0
 −3 0 0   
−1  b
= 3 −1 0  
1

3  0 0 
 −9 −2 3  c 
16


∴ The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is ∴ A2 + cA +dI
1  1 0 0  c 0 0 d 0 0 
0 0
2
 
= 0 −1 5  + 0 c c  + 0 d 0
 
1
A−1 =  0 0 0 −10 14  0 −2c 4c   0 0 d 
3 
  1 + c + d 0 0 
0 1

0
4 
=  0 −1 + c + d 5 + c 
 0 −10 − 2c 14 + 4c + d 
1  Since, 6A−1 = A2 + cA + dI
a 0 0
a 0 0   
1 6 0 0  1 + c + d 0 0 
29. If B = 0 b 0  , then B–1 =  0 0
 0 4 −1 =  0 
b ∴    −1 + c + d 5 + c 
0 0 c  
1

0 2 1   0 −10 − 2c 14 + 4c + d 
0 0
 c  ∴ by equality of matrices,
2  1  1 + c + d = 6 and 5 + c = −1,
k 0 0  2 0 0
    ∴ c = − 6 and d = 11
3 1
∴ A–1 =  0 0= 0 0
l   3  1 2 3
   
0 0 4  0 1 32. A = 1 3 5 
0
 m   4   2 1 6 
2 1 T
⇒ = ⇒ k = 4, 13 4 −5 13 −9 1 
k 2 adj A =  −9 0 3  =  4 0 −2 
 
3 1  1 −2 1   −5 3 1 
= ⇒ l = 9 and
l 3 T
4 1  6 6 12   6 12 18 
= ⇒ m = 16 adj(adj A) = 12 18 6  =  6 18 30 
 
m 4
∴ k + l + m = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29 18 30 36  12 6 36 
6 12 18 
0 1 2
Let B =  6 18 30 
30. A = 1 2 3 
12 6 36 
 3 1 1 
6 12 18
1 −1 1  4
2 B = 6 18 30 = 1296 = 6 ≠ 0
2 2
–1   12 6 36
A =  −4 3 −1
5 −3 1   468 144 −180 
T
 468 −324 36 
 
2 2 2 
adjB=  −324 0 108  =  144
 0 −72 
∴ sum of all the diagonal entries =

1 1
+3+ =4
 36 −72 36   −180 108 36 
2 2
 468 −324 36  13 −9 1 
1 0 0 −1 1   = 1  4 0 −2 
∴
= B 144 0 −72
31. A = 0 1 1 =6≠0 64   36  
 −180 108 36   −5 3 1 
0 −2 4
6 0 0  33. (B−1A−1)−1 = (A−1)−1 . (B−1)−1 = A . B
adj A = 0 4 −1 2 2  0 −1  2 −2 
∴ A.B =   =
0 2 1   −3 2  1 0  2 3 
 
6 0 0  34. (M−1)−1 ≠ (M−1)1
1 
∴ A −1
= 0 4 −1 ∴ (M−1)−1 = (M−1)1 is not true
6
0 2 1 
35. A3 = I
1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0 ⇒ A–1A3 = A–1.I
A2 = 0 1 1  0 1 1  = 0 −1 5  ⇒ (A−1A)A2 = A−1
0 −2 4  0 −2 4  0 −10 14  ⇒ IA2 = A−1 ⇒ A2 = A–1
17


36. A2 – A + I = 0 10 0 0   10 0 0 
⇒ A.A − A + I = 0 ⇒  0 10 0  =  −5 + α 5 + α −5 + α 
 
⇒ A−1.A.A − A−1.A + A−1. I = 0  0 0 10   0 0 10 
⇒ A − I + A–1 = 0
∴ –5 + α = 0 ⇒ α = 5
⇒ A−1 = I − A
42. (A2 – 5A) A–1 = A.A.A–1 – 5A . A–1
37. Given, B = − A–1 BA
= A – 5I
∴ AB = –AA–1BA
 1 2 3  5 0 0 
⇒ AB = −I (BA) ⇒ AB = –BA
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B) =  −1 1 2  − 0 5 0 
= A2 + AB + BA + B2  1 2 4  0 0 5 
= A 2 + B2 [ BA = – AB]  −4 2 3
=  −1 −4 2 
38. Since AA–1 = I,
 1 2 −1
2 x 0  1 0 1 0 
 x x   −1 2  = 0 1 
       1 1  x  2
43.  −1 1  y  =  4 
2 x 0  1 0       
⇒  0 2 x  = 0 1 
    ⇒ x + y = 2 and –x + y = 4
By equality of matrices, ⇒ x = –1, y = 3
1
x=  1 2 −3   x  1
2  0 4 5   y  = 1
44.     
1 2   0 0 1   z  1
39. A=  
4 3 ⇒z=1
−1 −1
Ax = I ⇒ A Ax = A I 4y + 5z = 1
⇒ x = A−1 ⇒ y = –1
|A| = −5 x + 2y – 3z = 1
−1  3 −2  1  −3 2  ⇒x=6
∴ A−1 =   =  
5  −4 1  5  4 −1
1 3 3   x  12 
–1 45. 1 4 4   y  = 15
40. AA = I     
1 2 2   −3 2 2 1 0 0  1 3 4   z  13
1 
∴ 2 1 2   2 −3 α  = 0 1 0  Applying R1→ R1 − R3,
5 
 2 2 1   2 2 −3 0 0 1  0 0 −1  x   −1
1 4 4   y  = 15 
 2α − 4      
1 0 5  1 3 4   z  13 
  1 0 0 
α−2  Applying R2 → R2 − R3,

⇒ 0 1 = 0 1 0 
5  0 0 −1  x   −1
  0 0 1  0 1 0   y  =  2 
0 0 1 + 2α      
 5  1 3 4   z  13 
∴ By equality of matrices,
∴ – z = –1 ⇒ z = 1
α−2
=0⇒α=2 y =2
5 x + 3y + 4z = 13 ⇒ x = 3
4 2 2 ∴ (x, y, z) = (3, 2, 1)
41. 10 A =  −5 0
−1
α  …[ B = A ] −1
46. Applying R2 → R2 + 2 R1,
 1 −2 3 
1 1 1   x   0 
4 2 2 3 0 0   y  =  3 
    
⇒ 10 A A =  −5
−1
0 α  A 1 3 1   z   4 
 1−2 3  Applying R1 → R1 − R3,
 4 2 2  1 −1 1  0 −2 0   x   −4 
⇒ 10 I =  −5 0 α   2 1 −3 3 0 0  y  =  3 
    
 1 −2 3  1 1 1  1 3 1   z   4 
18


b c 21. By Napier’s analogy, we have
⇒ = ⇒c– 2 b = 0 ….(i)
1 1 B−C b−c A b−c
tan = cot ⇒ x =
2 2 2 b+c 2 b+c
By projection rule,
a = b cos C + c cos B A−B a−b C
22. tan = cot
2 a+b 2
b 3
⇒ 3 +1= + c a−b  A+B
2 2 = tan  
a+b  2 
⇒ 2 ( 3 + 1 ) = 2 b + 3 c ….(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get ....[ A + B + C =π]
2( 3 +1) = ( 3 + 1 ) c ⇒ c = 2 A−B A+B a−b
∴ tan cot =
2 2 a+b
15. Let a = 4 cm, b = 5 cm, c = 6 cm
a +b+c 4+5+6 15  3
s= = = –1  1 
2 2 2 28. sin–1   – sin   = 60° – 30° = 30°
 2  2
A(∆ABC) = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
1
15  15  15  15  15 29. sin−1 = tan−1 x
=  − 4  − 5  − 6  = 7 2
2 2  2  2  4
π π
⇒ = tan−1x ⇒ tan = x
sin B sin B b 6 6
16. = =
sin (A + B) sin C c 1
⇒x=
….[ A + B + C = π, A + B = π – C] 3
17. 2s = a + b + c = 16 + 24 + 20 = 60 ⇒ s = 30 3
30. Let θ = sin–1  
B s (s − b) 30 × 6 3 5
∴ cos = = =
2 ac 320 4  3 
∴ sin  2sin −1    = sin 2θ
A−B+C π − 2B  5  
18. 2ac sin = 2ac sin
2 2 = 2sin θ cos θ
= 2ac cos B  3   3 
= 2sin  sin −1    cos  sin −1   
c2 + a 2 − b2  5   5  
= 2ac
2ca 2
….[By cosine rule] 3 3 –1
=2× 1 −   ….[cos (sin x) = 1− x 2 ]
= c + a − b2
2 2 5 5
a+b+c 12 3 4 24
19. s= = =6 =2× × =
2 2 5 5 25
B (s − c)(s − a) 2×3 1  2 
sin
2
= = = 31. sin  3sin −1    = sin 3θ,
ca 12 2   5 
B s(s − b) 6 ×1 1 2  2 2
cos = = = Where θ = sin–1  = ... θ sin −=
1
   , sin θ
2 ca 12 2
5  5 5 
B B 2 3
∴ sin + cos = = 2 = 3sin θ − 4sin θ
2 2 2 3
2 2 2 2
A C = 3   – 4  ...[θ = sin–1   , sin θ = ]
sin sin  5   5 5 5
2 2 = ac(s − b)(s − c)(s − b)(s − a)
20. 6 32 118
B (s − a)(s − c)bc × ab = – =
sin 5 125 125
2
s−b 32. cos–1 (cos12) – sin–1 (sin 14) = 12 − 14 = −2
=
b
But a, b and c are in A. P. ⇒ 2b = a + c  3π   π 
33. tan–1  tan  = tan–1  tan  π −  
⇒ 2b + b = a + b + c  4    4 
3b  π
⇒ 3b = 2s ⇒ s = = tan–1  − tan 
2 4
 
3b
s−b −b 1  π π
∴ = 2 = = – tan–1  tan  = −
b b 2  4 4
23

34. If x = sec θ, then x2 − 1 = sec 2 θ − 1 = tan θ 3  8

45. sin–1   + sin–1  
5  17 
1
∴ cot–1 = cot–1 (cot θ) = θ = sec–1 x  2 2 
2
x −1 3 8 8 3
= sin–1  1 −   + 1−   
5  17  17 5 
 
cot −1 ( − 3 ) = π − cot ( 3)
−1
35.
…  sin x + sin y = sin x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 
−1 −1 −1
π 5π
=π− =
6 6  3 15 8 4  77 
= sin–1  × + ×  = sin–1  
 5 17 17 5   85 
36. cos–1 (–1) = π − cos–1 1 = π – 0 = π
3 4
46. cos–1 – sin–1 = cos–1 x
π 1  π 1  5 5
37. sin  − sin −1  −   = sin  + sin −1   
3  2  3  2  3 16
∴ cos–1 – cos–1 1 − = cos–1x
π π π 5 25
= sin  +  = sin = 1 3
3 6 2 3
∴ cos–1 5 – cos–1 = cos–1 x
5
5π  5π  π ∴ cos–1 x = 0 ⇒ x = 1
39. cos–1 cos  + sin–1 cos  =
 3  3 2
Critical Thinking
 π
....  sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
 2 1 1
1. tan θ + = 0 ⇒ tan θ = −
3 3
 −1  −1  −1  
π
40. cos cos −1   + sin    = cos =0 ⇒ tan θ = −tan 30°
  7   7  2 ⇒ tan θ = tan (180° − 30°) and
tan θ = tan (360° − 30°)
π 
41. cot–1 x + cot–1 y =  π − tan −1 x  +  − tan −1 y  ⇒ tan θ = tan 150° and tan θ = tan 330°
2  2 
⇒ θ = 150° and 330°
 π
....  tan –1 x + cot –1 x = 2. cos θ = 1 − 2x2
 2 
= π – (tan–1 x + tan–1 y) ∴ cosθ = 1 – 2 cos2 40° ….[ cos 40° = x]
2
4π π = – (2 cos 40° – 1)
=π− =
5 5 = – cos (2 × 40°) = – cos80°
∴ cosθ = cos(180° + 80°) = cos260o
42. tan–1 ( 3 ) − cot–1 (– 3 ) and cosθ = cos (180° – 80°) = cos100o
= tan–1 3 –  π − cot
−1
3 ∴ θ = 100° and 260°
 
−1
= tan–1 3 + cot
–1
3 –π 3. cosθ = and 0° < θ < 360°
2
π π
= –π=– ∴ cos θ = − cos 60°
2 2
∴ cos θ = cos (180° − 60°) and
1 2 cos θ = cos (180° + 60°)
1 +
–1 –1 2 –1 2 11 ⇒ cos θ = cos 120° and cos θ = cos 240°
43. tan + tan = tan
2 11 1 2
1− × ⇒ θ = 120° and 240°
2 11
15 3 4. cosec θ + 2 = 0
= tan–1 = tan–1
20 4 1
⇒ sin θ = −
2
44. tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 A
⇒ sin θ = − sin 30°
–1  x− y  –1 ⇒ sin θ = sin (180° + 30°) and
⇒ tan   = tan A
 1 + xy  sin θ = sin (360° − 30°)
x− y ⇒ sin θ = sin 210° and sin θ = sin 330°
⇒A=
1 + xy ⇒ θ = 210° and θ = 330°
24

5. cos θ + 3 sin θ = 2 ⇒ x = 2nπ +

π
–
π
= 2nπ +
π
1 3 3 4 12
⇒ cos θ + sin θ = 1 π π 7π
2 2 or x = 2nπ – – = 2nπ –
π π π π π 3 4 12
⇒ sin  θ +  = 1 = sin   ⇒ θ= − =
 6  2
  2 6 3 13. 1 + cot θ = cosec θ
1 cos θ
π π ⇒ =1+ ⇒ sin θ + cos θ = 1
6. tan θ = 3 = tan ⇒ θ = nπ + sin θ sin θ
3 3
Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
For −π < θ < 0,
π π π
π −2π −4π sin θ sin + cos θ cos = cos
Put n = −1, we get θ = −π += = 4 4 4
3 3 6
 π π π π
tan θ + tan φ ⇒ cos  θ −  = cos ⇒θ– = 2nπ ±
7. (1 + tan θ) (1 + tan φ) =2 ⇒ =1  4  4 4 4
1 − tan θ tan φ π
π ⇒ θ = 2nπ or θ = 2nπ +
⇒ tan(θ + φ) = 1 ⇒ θ + φ = = 45° 2
4
14. sin x − cos x = 2
1  π 1 1
8. tan θ = − = tan π −  , ⇒ sin x. – cos x. =1
3  6 2 2
1 π
sin θ = = sin  π −  π
⇒ cos  x +  = – 1 = cos π
2  6  4
3 π π
and cos θ = − = cos  π −  ⇒x+ = 2nπ ± π
2  6 4
π 5π 3π 5π
∴ principal value of θ = π – = ⇒ x = 2nπ + or 2nπ –
6 6 4 4
1 2 π 
9. cotθ + tanθ = 2 cosecθ ⇒ = 15. cot θ + cot  + θ  = 2
sin θ cos θ sin θ 4 
1 π π π 
⇒ cosθ = = cos   ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± cos  + θ 
2 3 3 cos θ  4 
∴ + 2
=
sin θ π 
sin  + θ 
π  4 
10. tan θ + tan  − θ  = 2
2  π  π 
1
∴ sin  + 2θ  = 2sin θ sin  + θ 
⇒ tan θ + = 2 ⇒ tan2 θ – 2tan θ + 1 = 0 4  4 
tan θ π π
   
π π = cos  θ − − θ  – cos  θ+ + θ 
⇒ tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒ θ = nπ +  4   4 
4 4
π   −π   π
∴ sin  + 2θ  = cos   – cos  2θ + 
1 π  π 4   4   4
11. sin θ = – = −sin   = sin π+ 
2 6  6 π π 1
⇒ sin  + 2θ  + cos  + 2θ  =
1 π  π 4  4  2
tanθ = = tan   = tan π+ 
3 6  6  1 1 
⇒  cos 2θ+ sin 2θ 
 π  2 2 
⇒ θ = π+ 
 6  1 1  1
+  cos 2θ− sin 2θ  =
7π  2 2  2
Hence, general value of θ is 2nπ + .
6 2 1 1 π
⇒ cos 2θ = ⇒ cos 2θ= = cos  
1 2 2 2 3
12. cos x – sin x =
2 π π
⇒ 2θ = 2nπ ± ⇒ θ = nπ ±
Dividing both sides by 2 , we get 3 6
1 1 1 1
cosx – sin x = 16. sin2 x − 2cos x + =0
2 2 2 4
π π π π 1
⇒ cos  + x  = cos ⇒ + x = 2nπ ± ⇒ 1 − cos2 x − 2cos x + =0
4  3 4 3 4
25


Putting cos x = t, we get 23. tan θ tan 2θ = 1
1 2 tan θ
1 – t − 2t + = 0 ⇒ 4t2 + 8t − 5 = 0
2
∴ tan θ =1
4 1 − tan 2 θ
1 5 ∴ 2 tan2 θ = 1 – tan2 θ
∴ t = or t = –
2 2 ∴ 3tan2 θ = 1
−5 1 π
Since, cos x ≠ ∴ tan2 θ = = tan2  
2 3 6
1 π π π
∴ cos x = = cos ⇒ x = 2nπ ± ∴ θ = nπ ±
2 3 3 6
17. 4 sin2θ + 2( 3 +1) cosθ = 4 + 3 24. sin3α = 4sin α sin (x + α) sin (x – α)
⇒ 4 – 4cos2 θ + 2( 3 +1) cosθ = 4 + 3 ∴ sin3α = 4sin α (sin2 x cos2 α − cos2 x sin2 α)
⇒ 4cos2θ – 2( 3 + 1) cosθ + 3 = 0 ∴ 3sin α – 4sin3 α = 4sin α (sin2 x – sin2 α)
3 π
2( 3 + 1) ± 4( 3 + 1) 2 − 16 3 ∴ sin2 x =   ⇒ sin2 x = sin2
⇒ cos θ = 4
  3
8
π
3 1 ∴ x = nπ ±
⇒ cosθ = or 3
2 2
π π 25. (cos θ + cos 7θ) + (cos 3θ + cos 5θ) = 0
⇒ θ = 2nπ ± or 2nπ ±
6 3 ⇒ 2 cos 4θ cos 3θ + 2 cos 4θ cos θ = 0
18. cos 7θ = cos θ − sin 4θ ⇒ 2 cos 4θ (cos 3θ + cos θ) = 0
⇒ sin4θ = cosθ – cos7θ ⇒ 4 cos 4θ cos 2θ cos θ = 0
⇒ sin4θ = 2 sin (4θ) sin (3θ) sin 23 θ
⇒4 =0
⇒ sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ 4θ = nπ or 23 sin θ
1 π  cosAcos 2Acos 22 Acos 23A....cos 2n −1A 
sin 3θ = = sin  
2 6 ….  sin 2n A


= n
π  2 sin A 
⇒ 3θ = nπ + (–1)n
6 ⇒ sin 8θ = 0
nπ nπ π ⇒ 8θ = nπ
∴ θ= , + (–1)n
4 3 18 nπ
⇒θ=
8
1 − tan 2 θ 1 1
19. = ⇒ cos2 θ – sin2 θ =
sec 2 θ 2 2 3
26. sin (A + B) = 1 and cos (A – B) =
1 π 2
⇒ cos 2θ = = cos  
2 3 π π
⇒A+B= and A – B =
π π 2 6
⇒ 2θ = 2nπ ± ⇒ θ = nπ ± π π
3 6 ⇒A= ,B=
3 6
20. 3 tan 2θ + 3 tan 3θ + tan 2θ tan 3θ = 1
tan 2θ + tan 3θ 1 π 27. We have, sec θ + tan θ = 3 ….(i)
⇒ = ⇒ tan5θ = tan 1
1 − tan 2θ tan 3θ 3 6 ⇒ sec θ − tan θ = ....(ii)
π  1 π 3
⇒ 5θ = nπ + ⇒θ= n + 
6  6 5 ….[ sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1]
By solving (i) and (ii), we get
21. tan θ + tan 2θ = tan 3θ (tan θ.tan 2θ − 1)
1 1  1
tan θ + tan 2θ tan θ = 3−  =
⇒ − tan 3θ
= 2  3 3
1 − tan θ tan 2θ
⇒ 2 tan 3θ =0 ⇒ 3 θ = nπ π
∴ tan θ = tan  
6
nπ
⇒ θ= π
3 ⇒ θ = nπ +
6
22. 2tan2 θ = sec2 θ ⇒ 2tan2 θ = tan2 θ + 1 π 7π
∴ θ= and in [0, 2π]
π π 6 6
⇒ tan2 θ = 1 = tan2   ⇒ θ = nπ ±
4 4 Hence, there are two solutions.
26


28. r sin θ = 3, ⇒ tan θ + cot θ = 2
r = 4 (1 + sin θ) sin θ cos θ
⇒ + =2
Eliminating r, we get cos θ sin θ
3 1
= 4 + 4 sin θ ⇒ =2
sin θ sin θ cos θ
1 3 π
∴ sinθ = ,– ⇒ sin 2θ = 1 = sin
2 2 2
1  −3  π
∴ sinθ = ....  sin θ ≠  ⇒ 2θ = (4n + 1)
2  2 2
π π 5π π
⇒θ= , π– = in [0, 2π] ⇒ θ = nπ +
6 6 6 4
29. 2cos2 x + 3 sinx – 3 = 0 34. cos 2θ = sinα

⇒ 2 – 2sin2 x + 3sin x – 3 = 0 π 
⇒ cos 2θ = cos  − α 
⇒ (2 sinx – 1) (sin x – 1) = 0 2  
1 π 
⇒ sin x =
or sin x = 1 ⇒ 2θ = 2nπ ±  − α 
2 2 
π 5π π
⇒x= , , i.e., 30°, 150°, 90°. π α
6 6 2 ⇒ θ = nπ ±  − 
4 2
30. No solution as | sin x | ≤ 1, |cos x | ≤1 and both of
2 sin θ
them do not attain their maximum value for the 35. 2 secθ + tanθ = 1 ⇒ + =1
cosθ cos θ
same angle.
⇒ sin θ – cos θ = – 2
31. tan (π cos θ) = cot (π sin θ) 1 1
π ⇒ cos θ – sinθ = 1
⇒ tan (π cos θ) = tan  − π sin θ  2 2
2   π
π ⇒ cos  θ +  = cos (0)
⇒ π cos θ = – π sin θ  4
2 π π
1 ⇒θ+ = 2nπ ± 0 ⇒ θ = 2nπ –
⇒ sin θ + cos θ = 4 4
2
1 1 1 36. sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin 3x
⇒ sin θ + cos θ = = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x
2 2 2 2
⇒ (sin x + sin 3x) – 3 sin 2x – (cos x + cos 3x)
π π 1
⇒ cos θ cos + sin θ sin = + 3cos 2x = 0
4 4 2 2 ⇒ 2 sin 2x cos x – 3 sin 2x – 2 cos 2x cos x
π 1
⇒ cos  θ −  = + 3 cos 2x = 0
 4 2 2 ⇒ sin 2x(2 cos x – 3) – cos 2x(2 cos x – 3) = 0
32. cos2 θ + sinθ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (sin 2x – cos 2x)(2 cos x – 3) = 0
⇒ 1 – sin2θ + sinθ + 1 = 0  3
⇒ cos 2x = sin 2x …  cos x ≠ 
⇒ sin2θ – sinθ – 2 = 0  2
⇒ (sinθ + 1) (sin θ – 2) = 0 π
⇒ cos 2x = cos  − 2 x 

⇒ sin θ = 2, which is not possible and 2 
3π π
sinθ = –1 = sin ⇒ 2x = 2nπ ±  − 2 x 
2 2 
Therefore, solution of the given equation lies in Neglecting (–) sign, we get
 5π 7 π  nπ π
the interval  ,  . x= +
 4 4  2 8
π  π  37. sec 4θ – sec 2θ = 2

33. sin  cot θ  = cos  tan θ  1 1
 4  4   ⇒ – =2
cos 4θ cos 2θ
π
 π π 
⇒ sin  cot θ  = sin  − tan θ  ⇒ cos 2θ – cos 4θ = 2cos 4θ cos 2θ
4
 2 4 
⇒ cos 2θ – cos 4θ = cos 6θ + cos 2θ
π π π
⇒ cot θ = − tan θ ...[ 2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
4 2 4
27


⇒ cos 6θ + cos 4θ = 0 ⇒ 3tan2 θ – tan4 θ = 0
⇒ 2cos 5θ cos θ = 0 ⇒ tan2 θ (3 – tan2 θ) = 0
 C+ D   C − D  ⇒ tan θ = 0 or tan2 θ = 3
… D cos C + cos D =
2cos   cos  
  2   2  π
⇒ tan θ = 0 or tan2 θ = tan2
⇒ cos θ = 0 or cos 5θ = 0 3
π π π
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) or 5θ = (2n + 1) ⇒ θ = mπ or θ = nπ ± ,
2 2 3
π nπ π where m and n are integers.
⇒ θ = nπ + or θ = +
2 5 10 4
42. sec2 θ =
38. sin 2x + sin 4x = 2 sin 3x 3
⇒ 2 sin 3x cos x − 2 sin 3x = 0 3  3
2
⇒ sin 3x = 0 or cos x = 1⇒ 3x = nπ or x = 2nπ ⇒ cos θ= =

2
 
4  2 
nπ
⇒x= or x = 2nπ π
3 ⇒ cos2 θ = cos2  
6  
39. Let 3 + 1 = r cos α and 3 – 1 = r sin α. π
⇒ θ = nπ ±
( ) ( ) 6
2 2
Then r = 3 +1 + 3 −1 =2 2
…[ cos2 θ = cos2 α ⇒ θ = nπ ± α]
 1 
1−  
3 −1 3 π π 1 
tanα =
3 +1
= 
 1 
= tan  − 
4 6
43. cos 2θ = ( 
)
2 + 1  cos θ−


2
1+  
 3
2 +1
π ⇒ 2 cos2 θ −1 = ( 2 cos θ −1)
⇒α= 2
12
The given equation reduces to 2 +1
⇒ 2 cos2 θ – 1 – ( 2 cos θ – 1) = 0
2
2 2 cos (θ – α) = 2
  2 + 1  
 π
⇒ cos  θ −
 = cos
π
4
(
⇒ ( 2 cos θ −1)  2 cos θ + 1 −   = 0
2  
)
 12   
π π 2 +1
⇒θ– = 2nπ ± 3 ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± 3 + ⇒ 2 cos θ – 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 =
12 12 2
4 2 +1− 2
40. sec θ − cosec θ = ⇒ 2 cos θ = 1 or 2 cos θ =
3 2
⇒ 3(sin θ – cos θ) = 4 sin θ cos θ 1 1
⇒ cos θ = or 2 cosθ =
⇒ 3(sin θ – cos θ) = 2 sin 2θ 2 2
Squaring on both sides, we get 9(1 – s) = 4s2, 1 1
where s = sin2θ ⇒ cos θ = or cos θ =
2 2
⇒ 4s2 + 9s – 9 = 0
1 1
3 ⇒ cos θ = …  cos θ ≠ 
⇒ (s + 3) (4s – 3) = 0 ⇒ s = 2  2
4
π
….[ sin 2θ ≠ –3] ⇒ cos θ = cos
4
3 π
⇒ sin2θ = = sin α ⇒ θ = 2nπ ±
4 4
⇒ 2θ = nπ + (–1)n α
1
1   3  44. cos 2θ =
⇒θ= nπ + (−1) n sin −1    3
2   4 
1 − tan 2 θ 1
⇒ 2
=
1 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan θ 3
41. Using sec 2θ = = , we can write
cos 2θ 1 − tan 2 θ ⇒ 3 – 3 tan2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ ⇒ 2 = 4 tan2 θ
the given equation as 1
⇒ tan2 θ =
2 1 + tan 2 θ 2
tan θ + =1
1 − tan 2 θ 8 1
⇒ tan θ =
⇒ tan2 θ (1 – tan2θ) + 1 + tan2 θ = 1 – tan2 θ 16
28


Now, 32 tan8 θ = 2 cos2 α − 3 cos α 3 ± 3 + 24 3(1 ± 3)  1
⇒ cos θ= = = 3 − 
1
⇒ 32   = 2 cos2 α – 3 cos α 4 4  2
 16  5π
2 ⇒θ=
⇒ 2 cos α – 3 cos α – 2 = 0 6
⇒ (2 cos α + 1)(cos α – 2) = 0
49. 2sin2 x + sin2 2x = 2
But cos α – 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ (1 − cos 2x) + (1 − cos2 2x) = 2
∴ 2 cos α + 1 = 0
….[sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 and 2sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2θ]
1
⇒ cos α = – ⇒ cos 2x (cos 2x + 1) = 0
2
2π ⇒ cos 2x = 0 or cos 2x = − 1
⇒ cos α = cos π
3 ⇒ 2x = (2n + 1) or (2n + 1) π
2π 2
⇒ α = 2nπ ± π π
3 ⇒ x = (2n + 1) or (2n + 1)
4 2
45. cot θ = sin 2θ, (θ ≠ nπ) Putting n = − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, we get
cos θ −3π −π π 3π 5π
⇒ = 2 sin θ cos θ x= , , , ,
sin θ 4 4 4 4 4
⇒ 2 sin2 θ cos θ = cos θ and
−3π −π π 3π 5π
, , , ,
⇒ cos θ (2 sin2 θ – 1) = 0 2 2 2 2 2
1 Since, − π < x < π
⇒ cos θ = 0 or sin2 θ = π π 3π
2 ∴ x=± ,± ,±
π 4 2 4
⇒ cos θ = 0 or sin2 θ = sin2   ∴ option (B) is the correct answer.
4
π π 50. sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) or θ = nπ ±
2 4 ⇒ − sin 3x = sin 5x + sin x = 2 sin 3x cos 2x
⇒ θ = 90° and 45° ⇒ sin 3x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
 at q= 90° and 45°,  1 π  π
… 
or cos 2x = − = − cos   = cos  π − 
 thegiven equation is satisfied. 2 3
  3 
 π π
46. 2sin2θ = 3cosθ ⇒ 2x = 2nπ ±  π −  ⇒ x = nπ ±  
 3 3
⇒ 2 – 2cos2 θ = 3 cosθ
π  π
⇒ 2cos2 θ + 3 cos θ – 2 = 0 ⇒x= ....  0 ≤ x ≤ 
3  2
−3 ± 9 + 16 −3 ± 5
⇒ cos θ = =
4 4 51. sin7θ = sin 4θ – sinθ
Neglecting (–) sign, we get ⇒ sin7θ + sin θ – sin 4θ = 0
1 π π ⇒ 2sin 4θ cos 3θ – sin 4θ = 0
cos θ = = cos   ⇒ θ = 2nπ ±
2 3 3 ⇒ sin 4θ (2 cos 3θ – 1) = 0
π 5π 1
The values of θ between 0 and 2π are , . ⇒ sin 4θ = 0 or cos 3θ =
3 3 2
π
θ 2 Now, sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ 4θ = π ⇒ θ =
47. 5 cos2θ + 2cos +1=0 4
2
1 π π
⇒ 5(2 cos2 θ – 1) + (1 + cos θ) + 1 = 0 and cos 3θ = ⇒ 3θ = ⇒ θ =
2 3 9
⇒ 10 cos2 θ + cosθ – 3 = 0 But this value does not satisfy the given equation.
⇒ (5 cosθ + 3) (2 cosθ – 1) = 0 Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
1 3
⇒ cos θ = , cosθ = – 52. cos 3θ = sin 2θ
2 5
π
π 3
⇒ θ = , π – cos–1   ⇒ cos 3θ = cos  − 2θ 
3 5 2 
π
⇒ 3θ = 2nπ ±  − 2θ 
48. 2sin2θ + 3 cos θ + 1 = 0 2 
⇒ 2 – 2cos2 θ + 3 cos θ + 1 = 0 2nπ  π 2θ 
⇒θ= ± − 
⇒ 2 cos2 θ – 3 cos θ – 3 = 0 3 6 3 
29


2nπ π π a 2 + c2 − b2 b2 + c2 − a 2
⇒θ= + or θ = 2nπ − But cos B = , cos A =
5 10 2 2ac 2bc
Since, θ is acute sin(A − B) 1
∴ = 2 (a + c – b – b – c2 + a2)
2 2 2 2
π sin(A + B) 2c
⇒θ= = 18°
10 a 2 − b2
=
5 −1  5 − 1 c2
⇒ sin θ = …  sin 18° = 
4  4  61. We know that,
a b c
53. a sin x + b cos x = c = = =k
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
⇒ sin x + cos x = 2 3 c
a +b2 2 2
a +b 2
a + b2
2 ⇒ = = =k
2 sin B sin C
c 3 A
⇒ cos α sin x + sin α cos x =
a + b2
2 ⇒k=3
c 3
⇒ sin=
( x + a) >1, which is not ∴ =3 3
sin B
a 2 + b2
⇒ sin B = 1
possible. B 2 C
⇒ B = 90°
∴ there is no solution.
Hence, the triangle is a right angled triangle.
54. 2 sin2 θ = 4 + 3cos θ From the figure,
BC 2
⇒ 2 − 2cos2 θ = 4 + 3 cos θ cos C = =
AC 3
⇒ 2cos2 θ + 3cos θ + 2 = 0
−3 ± 9 − 16 62. Since the angles are in A.P., therefore B = 60°
⇒ cos θ = , By sine rule,
4
which are imaginary, hence no solution. b sin B 3 3
= ⇒ = ⇒ C = 45°
c sin C 2 2sin C
32 + 52 − 7 2 ∴ A = 180° – 60° – 45° = 75°
55. cos C =
2 × 3× 5
1 63. B = 60°, C = 75°
⇒ cos C = − ⇒A = 180° – 60° – 75° = 45°
2
By sine rule,
⇒ C = 120°
b a b 2
∴ option (B) is the correct answer. = ⇒ = ⇒b= 6
sin B sin A sin 60o sin 45o
sin B 2(c 2 + b 2 − a 2 ) b 64. According to the given condition,
56. 2 cos A = ⇒ =
sin C 2bc c 6(sin A + sin B + sin C)
⇒ c2 = a2 ⇒ c = a a+b+c=
3
⇒ k (sin A + sin B + sin C) = 2 (sin A + sin B
c2 + a 2 − b2 1 π
57. cos B = ⇒ cos B = ⇒ B = + sin C)
2ac 2 3
a b c
where k = = =
58. (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = 3ac sin A sin B sin C
⇒ a2 + 2ac + c2 – b2 = 3ac ⇒k=2 ….[ sin A + sin B + sin C ≠ 0]
⇒ a2 + c2 − b2 = ac a 1
∴ = 2 ⇒ sin A = .…[ a = 1 ]
a 2 + c2 − b2 1 sin A 2
But cos B = = ⇒ B = 60o
2ac 2 π
⇒A=
6
81 + 64 − x 2 2 145 − x 2
59. =
cosC = ⇒ 65. Let the angles of the triangle be 2x, 3x and 7x.
2.9.8 3 144
2 ∴ 2x + 3x + 7x = 180o ⇒ 12x = 180o ⇒ x = 15o
⇒ x = 49 ⇒ x = 7
∴ the angles are 30o, 45o and 105o
sin(A − B) sin A cos B − sin Bcos A ∴ a: b: c = sin 30° : sin45° : sin 105°
60. =
sin(A + B) sin C 1 1 3 +1
= : :
a b 2 2 2 2
= cos B – cos A
c c = 2 : 2 : ( 3 + 1)
30


B−C B+C B−C C A 3b
cos sin cos 71. a cos2 + c cos2 =
66. 2 = 2 2 2 2 2
A B+C A
sin sin sin s(s − c) s(s − a) 3b
2 2 2 ∴ a +c =
ab bc 2
B+C B−C
2sin cos ∴ 2s(s − c + s − a) = 3b2
= 2 2
π A A ∴ 2s(b) = 3b2 ⇒ 2s = 3b ⇒ a + b + c = 3b
2sin  −  sin ∴ a + c = 2b ⇒ a, b, c are in A.P.
2 2 2
sin B + sin C b+c 1 1 1
= = 72. , , are in A. P.
sin A a 2A 2 B C
sin sin sin 2
b−c sin B − sin C 2 2 2
67. = 1 1 1 1
a sin A ⇒ – = –
B−C B+C 2 C 2 B 2 B A
2sin cos sin sin sin sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
A A ab ac
2sin cos ⇒ –
2 2 (s − a)(s − b) (s − a)(s − c)
B−C B+C ac bc
sin   cos   = –
=  2   2  (s − a)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c)
B+C A
cos   cos  b(s − c) − c(s − b) 
 2  2 ⇒  a   
B−C s−a   (s − b)(s − c) 
sin
= 2 c   a(s − b) − b(s − a) 
A =    
cos  s − c   (s − a)(s − b) 
2
A B−C ⇒ abs – abc – acs + abc = acs – abc – bcs + abc
⇒ (b – c) cos = a sin ⇒ ab – ac = ac – bc ⇒ ab + bc = 2ac
2 2
1 1 2
1 + cosCcos(A − B) 1 − cos(A + B)cos(A − B) ⇒ + = ⇒ a,b,c are in H. P.
68. = c a b
1 + cos(A − C)cos B 1 − cos(A − C)cos(A + C)
1 73. A, B, C are in A. P. then angle B = 60°,
1 − (cos 2A + cos 2B)
2  A + B + C =
180o 
= ….  
1 o
1 − (cos 2A + cos 2C) ⇒ A + C = 2B ⇒ B = 60 
2
1 a 2 + c2 − b2
1 − (1 − 2sin 2 A + 1 − 2sin 2 B) ∴ cos B = ,
2 2ac
=
1 1 a 2 + c2 − b2
1 − (1 − 2sin 2 A + 1 − 2sin 2 C) ⇒ = ⇒ a2 + c2 – b2 = ac
2 2 2ac
=
sin A + sin 2 B
2
a 2 + b2
= 2 2 ⇒ b2 = a2 + c2 – ac
2 2
sin A + sin C a +c
cos A cos B cosC
74. + +
36 + 100 − (14) 2 a b c
69. cosθ =
2.6.10 b + c − a + a + c2 − b2 + a 2 + b2 − c2
2 2 2 2
⇒ θ = 120° ⇒ Obtuse angled triangle =

2abc
2 2 2
70. Since A, B and C are in A.P., therefore =
a +b +c
 A + B + C =
180o  2abc
B = 60° ….  o
⇒ A + C = 2B ⇒ B = 60  75. We have, a : b : c = 1 : 3 : 2
Since sides a, b and c are in G.P., therefore
i.e. a = λ, b = 3 λ, c = 2 λ
b2 = ac
3λ 2 + 4λ 2 − λ 2 6λ 2 3
a 2 + c2 − b2 cosA = = =
cos B = 2( 3λ ) (2λ ) 4 3λ 2 2
2ac
1 a 2 + c2 − b2 ⇒ A = 30°
⇒ = , ….[ b2 = ac] 1
2 2b 2 Similarly, cos B = ⇒ B = 60°,
2 2 2 2
⇒b =a +c –b 2
⇒ a2 + c2 = 2b2 cos C = 0 ⇒ C = 90°.
⇒ a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. Hence, A : B : C = 1 : 2 : 3
31


C C A B
76. (a2 + b2 − 2ab) cos2 + (a2 + b2 + 2ab) sin2 tan − tan
2 2 82. 2 2
A B
2  2 C C tan + tan
= (a + b )  cos 2 + sin 2  2 2
 2 2
(s − b)(s − c) (s − a)(s − c)
 C C −
– 2ab  cos 2 − sin 2  s(s − a) s(s − b)
 2 2 =
(s − b)(s − c) (s − a)(s − c)
2 2
= a + b – 2ab cos C +
s(s − a) s(s − b)
= a2 + b2 − (a2 + b2 − c2) = c2
(s − b) s(s − c) − (s − a) s(s − c)
A B A B
=
cos cos − sin sin (s − b) s(s − c) + (s − a) s(s − c)
A B 2 2 2 2
77. 1 – tan tan = s(s − c)(s − b − s + a) a−b
2 2 A B = =
cos cos
2 2 s(s − c) (s − b + s − a) c
 A B
cos  +  A−B
=  2 2 83. Let t = tan  
A B  2 
cos cos
2 2 1 − t2 4 1 − t2 1
cos (A – B) = ⇒ = ⇒t=
C 1+ t 2
5 1+ t 2
3
sin
= 2  A−B 1
A B So, tan   = 3
cos cos  2 
2 2
 A−B a−b C
1/ 2
 (s − a)(s − b)bc.ac  Then, tan   = cot
=   2  a+b 2
 ab.s(s − a)s(s − b) 
1 6−3 C
c 2c ⇒ = cot ⇒ C = 90°
= = 3 6+3 2
s a+b+c 1
∴ ∆ = (6) (3) sin 90° = 9 square units.
sin B b2 + c2 − a 2 b 2
78. cos A = ⇒ =
2sin C 2bc 2c 84. Let the common multiple be x.
⇒ b2 + c2 – a2 – b2 = 0 ⇒ c2 = a2
⇒ c = a ⇒ Triangle is isosceles
∴ the sides are (2x), ( ) (
6x , )
3 +1 x
79. a = sin θ, b = cos θ and c = 1 + sin θ cos θ

 ( )
3 + 1 x is the largest side.
Since 1 + sin θ cos θ is greater than sinθ and cos If θ is the angle opposite to side ( )
3 + 1 x , then
θ.
( ) ( )
2 2
(2 x) 2 + 6x −  3 + 1 x
∴ C is the greatest angle, cos θ =  
a 2 + b2 − c2 2 × (2 x) × ( 6 x)
∴ cos C =
2ab 3− 3
2 2
=
sin θ + cos θ − (1 + sin θ cos θ) 2 6
=
2sin θ cos θ 3 −1
1
∴ cos θ= ⇒ θ= 75°
= − = cos 120° 2 2
2
∴ C = 120° 85. We have,
 31 
s ( s − a ) ( s − b )( s − c ) 1−  
80. −  A−B 1 − cos(A − B)  32 
bc bc tan  = =
 2  1 + cos(A − B)  31 
1+  
A A 2A  32 
= cos2 − sin2 = cos = cos A
2 2 2
a−b C 1
⇒ cot =
C (s − a)(s − b) a+b 2 63
81. tan = =1 1 C 1
2 s(s − c) ⇒ cot =
9 2 63
C C
⇒ tan = tan 45o ⇒ = 45o
2 2 C 7
⇒ tan =
⇒ C = 90° 2 3
32

C b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + b2 − c2 a 2 + c2 − b2
1 − tan 2   ⇒ + =2
Now, cos C = 2 2bc(ka) 2ab(kc) 2ac(kb)
C ⇒ a2 + c2 = 2b2
1 + tan 2  
2 Hence, a2, b2, c2, are in A. P.
7
1−   sin 3B 3sin B − 4sin 3 B
⇒ cos C = 9 = 1 91. = = 3 – 4 sin2 B
7 8 sin B sin B
1+   = 3 – 4 + 4 cos2 B
9
 
∴ c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C 4(a 2 + c 2 − b 2 ) 2
=–1+
1 4(ac) 2
⇒ c2 = 25 + 16 – 40 × = 36 ⇒ c = 6 2
8  a 2 + c2 
 
ab2 cos A + ba2 cos B + ac2 cos A + ca2 cos C 2 
86. = – 1+  ...[ 2b=
2
a 2 + c2 ]
+ bc2 cos B + b2c cos C (ac) 2
= ab(b cos A + a cos B) + ac(c cos A + a cos C) (a 2 + c 2 ) 2
=–1+
+ bc (c cos B + b cos C) 4(ac) 2
= abc + abc + abc = 3abc 2
(a 2 + c 2 ) 2 − 4a 2c 2  c2 − a 2 
= 2
= 
87. Let a = α – β, b = α + β, c = 3α 2 +β2 4(ac)  2ac 
Since 3α 2 +β2 is the largest side, the largest cos B cosC
92. cot B + cot C – cot A = + – cot A
angle is C. sin B sin C
a 2 + b2 − c2 sin Ccos B + cosCsin B
∴ cos C = = – cot A
2ab sin Bsin C
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ cosC = α + β − 2αβ + α 2+ β 2+ 2αβ − 3α − β sin(B + C) cos A
= –
2(α − β ) sin Bsin C sin A
2
(α − β ) 2
 2π  sin 2 A − sin Bsin Ccos A a 2 − bccos A
⇒ cos C = – 2 2
= cos   = =
2(α − β )  3  sin Asin Bsin C (abc)
2π (b 2 + c 2 − a 2 )
⇒C= a 2 − bc
3 = 2bc
2 2 2
(abc)
b +c −a
88. cos A = 3a 2 − b 2 − c 2 3a 2 − (b 2 + c 2 )
2bc = =
2(abc) 2(abc)
1 9 + c 2 − 16
⇒ cos 60° = = 3a 2 − 3a 2
2 2 × 3× c ∴ cot B + cot C – cot A = =0
⇒ 3c = c2 – 7 2(abc)
⇒ c2 − 3c − 7 = 0 ….[ b2 + c2 = 3a2]
2cos A cos B 2cosC a b 93.
89. + + = + B(c, d)
a b c bc ca
2(b 2 + c 2 − a 2 ) a 2 + c 2 − b 2 2 2 2
⇒ + + 2(a + b − c )
2abc 2abc 2abc
a b θ A(a,b)
= + O
bc ca
3b 2 +c2 +a 2 a b (AB)2 = (a – c)2 + (b – d)2
⇒ = + (OA)2 = (a – 0)2 + (b – 0)2 = a2 + b2
2abc bc ca
3b c a a b and (OB)2 = c2 + d2
⇒ + + = + Now from triangle AOB,
2ac 2ab 2bc bc ca
⇒ b2 + c2 = a2 (OA) 2 + (OB) 2 − (AB) 2
cos θ =
Hence, ∠A = 90° 2OA.OB
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 − {(a − c) 2 + (b − d) 2 }
90. cot A, cot B and cot C are in A. P. =
2 a 2 + b2 . c2 + d 2
⇒ cot A + cot C = 2 cot B
cos A cosC 2cos B ac + bd
⇒ + = =
sin A sin C sin B (a + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 )
2
33


94. Let the fourth side be of length d.  A B  2 B A
101. cot + cot  a sin + bsin 2 
d  2 2  2 2
120° 3
A C  C 
D  cos 2   2 B A
2 =   a sin + bsin 2 
60° 5  sin A sin B   2 2
 2 2
B  B A
sin sin 
 C  2 2
From the figure, = cos  a +b
 2   sin A B 
In ∆ ADC, sin
 2 2
AC2 = CD2 + DA2 – 2.CD.DA.cos 120°
 (s − a)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c) 
…[By Cosine rule]  
s(s − c) ac bc
In ∆ BAC, = a +b 
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2.AB.BC.cos 60° ab  (s − b)(s − c) (s − a)(s − c) 
…[By Cosine rule]  bc ac 
∴ 32 + d2 – 2 × 3 × d cos 120° = 22 + 52 s(s − c)   s − a   s − b  
=    ab +   ab 
−2 × 2 × 5cos 60°
2
ab   s − b   s − a  
⇒ d + 3d – 10 = 0 ⇒ d = – 5 or d = 2
 s−a +s−b  
∴ d=2 = s(s − c)  
 (s − a)(s − b) 
 
95. (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C
=a+b+c  2s − a − b 
= s(s − c)  
= (b cos C + c cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C)  (s − a)(s − b) 
+ (a cos B + b cos A)
s(s − c) C
=a+b+c ….[By projection rule] =c = c cot
(s − a)(s − b) 2
sin BcosC cos Bsin C
96. +
sin A sin A Alternate Method :
b c  Let a = 1, b = 3 , c = 2 and A = 30°,
=  cosC + cos B 
a a  B = 60°, C = 90°.
=1 …[By projection rule] Hence, the given expression is equal to 2, which
is given by option (D).
A (s − b)(s − c)
97. sin = A B C
2 bc 102. Let cot , cot and cot be in A.P.
A 2 2 2
⇒ bc sin2 = (s − b) (s − c) B C A
2 Then, 2 cot = cot + cot
⇒ x = bc 2 2 2
∴ we need to prove that
98. ∆ is right angled, ∠C = 90°
s(s − b) s(s − c) s(s − a)
1 1 2 = +
∴ ∆= ab sin90o = ab (s − a)(s − c) (s − a)(s − b) (s − b)(s − c)
2 2
1
2
s  (s − c) (s − a) 
∴ 4∆2 = 4  ab  = a2b2 R.H.S. =  + 
2  (s − b)  (s − a) (s − c) 
1 1 s  s−c+s−a 
99. ∆= bcsin A ⇒ 9 =.36sin A =  
2 2 s−b  (s − a)(s − c) 
1  2s − a − c 
⇒ sin A = ⇒ A = 30° s
2 =  
s−b  (s − a)(s − c) 
 B−C b−c A
100. tan  = cot s (s − b) 2
 2  b+c 2 =2
(s − b) (s − a)(s − c)
90°  3 −1 A
⇒ tan  = cot  2b= a + c 
 2  3 +1 2  
... ⇒ 2s – 2b =2s – ( a + c )
A 3 −1 3 +1− 2 3
⇒ tan  = = 2− 3  2s – a – c 
⇒ 2 ( s – b ) =
=
2 3 +1 2
A s(s − b)
⇒ = 15o ⇒ A = 30o =2 = L.H.S.
2 (s − a)(s − c)
34

103. Since sin–1 x cannot be greater than

π
.  a cos x − bsin x   a 
2  bcos x   b − tan x 
110. tan−1   = tan–1  a 
∴ sin–1 x = sin–1 y = sin–1 z =
π  bcos x + a sin x  1 + tan x 
2  bcos x   b 
Therefore, x = y = z = 1 a
Putting these values in the expression, we get = tan–1 – tan–1(tan x)
b
9
1+1+1– =0 a
1+1+1 = tan–1 – x
b
2 2
104. A = tan–1   ⇒ tan A =  π
sin ( − x) 

3 3 −1  cos x  −1  2
111. tan   = tan  
5 3  1 + sin x  π
B = cosec–1   ⇒ tan B = 1 + cos( − x) 
3 4  2 
 π x π x 
1 − tan A tan B
cot (A + B) =  2sin ( 4 − 2 )cos( 4 − 2 ) 
tan A + tan B = tan–1  
π x
2 3 6  2cos 2 ( − ) 
1− ⋅  4 2 
3 4 6
= = 12 =  π x  π x
2 3
+
17 17 = tan−1  tan  −   = −
3 4 12   4 2  4 2
 1+ x   3a 2 x − x 3   3a 2 x − x3 
105. sin2  2 tan −1 
112. tan–1  2 
= tan–1  3 2 
 a(a − 3 x )   a − 3ax 
2
 1 − x 
  x   x 3 
2 –1 1+ x  3  −   
= sin (2θ), where θ = tan
1− x = tan–1  a a 
2
 x 
2
2 tan θ  1+ x  1 − 3  
=   , where tan θ =  a 
2
 1 + tan θ  1− x
x
 2 1+ x 
2
Put = tan θ
  a
  4 (1+ x )(1 − x )
=  1− x  = = 1 – x2 ∴ The given expression becomes
1+  1+ x  (1 − x +1+ x )
2
  3tan θ − tan 3 θ 
  1 − x   tan–1  2
–1
 = tan (tan 3θ)
 1 − 3tan θ 
  2π   x
106. The principal value of sin−1 sin   = 3θ = 3tan–1
  3  a
 2π   π  π
= sin–1 sin  π −   = sin–1 sin    = 2x 2
–1 1 − x
113. 3sin–1 – 4 cos
  3    3  3 1+ x 2 1 + x2
5 5 2x π
107. Let sin–1 = x ⇒ sin x = + 2 tan–1 =
13 13 1− x 2 3
25 12
Putting x = tan θ, we get
⇒ cosx = 1 − =  2 tan θ   1 − tan 2 θ 
169 13 3sin–1  2  – 4 cos
–1
 2 
 1 + tan θ   1 + tan θ 
 5  −1 12  12
⇒ cos  sin −1  = cos  cos  =
 13   13  13  2 tan θ  π
+ 2 tan–1   =
–1  1 − tan 2
θ  3
108. θ = sin [sin (–600°)]
⇒ θ = sin–1 [–(sin 240°)] ⇒ 3sin–1 (sin 2θ) – 4 cos−1 (cos2θ)
⇒ θ = sin–1 [– sin(180° + 60°)] π
+ 2 tan–1 (tan 2θ) =
 π  π 3
⇒ θ = sin–1 (sin60°) = sin–1 sin    = π
  3  3 ⇒ 3(2θ) – 4 (2θ) + 2(2θ) =
3
 cos x − sin x  –1  1 − tanx  π
109. tan–1   = tan   ⇒ 6θ – 8θ + 4θ =
 cos x + sin x   1 + tan x  3
 π  π π
= tan–1  tan  − x   ⇒θ= ⇒ tan–1 x =
 4   6 6
π π 1
= –x ⇒ x = tan =
4 6 3
35


 1 + x2 − 1  5π 2
114. tan–1   121. (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
 x  8
 
⇒ (tan–1 x + cot–1 x)2
 1 + tan 2 θ − 1 
= tan–1  π  5π 2
 – 2tan–1 x  − tan −1 x  =
 tan θ  2  8
(Putting x = tan θ) π2 π 5π 2
⇒ –2× tan–1 x + 2 (tan–1 x)2 =
 sec θ − 1  1 − cos θ  4 2 8
= tan–1  –1
 = tan  
 tan θ   sin θ  –1 2 –1 3π2
⇒ 2(tan x) – π tan x – =0
8
 2 θ 
 2 sin 2  π 3π
= tan –1
 ⇒ tan–1 x = – ,
θ θ 4 4
 2 sin cos 
 2 2 π
⇒ tan–1 x = – ⇒ x = –1
 θ θ 1 4
= tan–1  tan  = = tan–1 x
 2  2 2   1 1 
  + 
 −1 1 1 
115. Let x = sin θ and x = sin φ 122. cos  tan + tan −1  = cos  tan −1  3 2  
 3 2  1 1
 1 − ×  
Hence
  3 2  
∴ sin–1 (x 1− x – x 1− x 2 ) = cos {tan–1(1)}
–1
= sin (sinθ 1 − sin φ – sin φ 1 − sin θ )
2 2
π 1
= cos =
= sin–1 (sin θ cos φ – sin φ cos θ) 4 2
= sin–1 sin (θ – φ)
4
= θ – φ = sin–1 (x) – sin–1 ( x ) 123. Let α = cos−1  
5
1 4 3
116. cos −1   = θ ⇒ sec−1x = θ ∴ cos α =   ⇒ tan α =  
x   5 4
∴ x = sec θ 3
∴ α = tan−1  
∴ tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = x2 − 1 4 
1 π 4 3 3 3
117. sin −1 + cos −1 x = ∴ cos −1 + tan −1 = tan −1 + tan −1
5 2 5 5 4 5
–1 1 π  3 3 
∴ sin = – cos–1 x = sin–1 x +
–1  4 5  –1  27 
5 2 = tan   = tan  
3 3
 1 − .   11 
1
∴ x=  4 5
5
x −1 x +1 π
118. sin–1 x + sin–1
1
+ cos–1 x + cos–1
1 124. tan–1 + tan–1 =
x x x+2 x+2 4
 1 1   x −1 x +1 
= {sin–1(x) + cos–1 (x)}+ sin −1   + cos −1    
x
+
+2 x+2  = π

 x  x  ∴ tan–1 
1 −  x − 1  x + 1   4
π π   x + 2  
= + =π  x + 2  
2 2
 2 x ( x + 2)  π
–1 π –1
∴  x 2 + 4 + 4 x − x 2 + 1  = tan 4
119. sin x + cos x =  
2 2 x ( x + 2)
–1 π π π 3π ∴ =1
⇒ cos x = – sin–1 x = – = 4x + 5
2 2 5 10 5
∴ 2x2 + 4x = 4x + 5 ⇒ x = ±
–1 –1π –1 2
120. θ = sin x + cos x – tan x = – tan–1 x
2
 1 
π π 125. tan–1  –1
 – tan  cos α  = x
Since, – < tan–1 x <  cos α 
2 2
π –1 π  1 
⇒ > – tan x > –  − cos α 
2 2 ⇒ tan–1  cos α  =x
π  cos α 
⇒0< – tan–1 x < π  1 + 
2  cos α 
36


1 − cos α  c1 x − y  –1  c 2 − c1 
⇒ tan x = 130. tan–1   + tan  
2 cos α
 c1 y + x   1 + c 2c1 
α
1 − cos α 2sin 2  c3 − c 2  –1 1
∴ sin x = = 2 = tan2  α  + tan–1   + …. + tan
α    1 + c 3c 2  cn
1 + cos α 2cos 2 2
2  x 1
  1 1 
 y−c
  c −c 
–1 –1
a+x a−x π = tan   + tan  1 2 
1
126. tan–1 + tan–1 = 1+ x . 1
 1+ 1 
a a 6   
 y c1  c1c 2 
 a+x a−x 
 a + a  π  1 1 
∴ tan–1   =  c −c  1
 1 − a + x a − x  6 + tan–1  2 3  + ….+ tan–1
⋅
 a a  1+ 1  cn
 c 2c3 
2a 2 π 1 
∴ = tan = ⇒ x2 = 2 3 a2 1
x 2
6 3 x 1 1
= tan–1   – tan–1   + tan–1   – tan1  c2 
 y  c1   c1 
 a   b  1
127. tan−1  −1
 + tan   1  1 
b+c c+a + tan–1   – tan–1  c3  + ….+ tan–1  
 c2   c n −1 
 ac + bc + a 2 + b 2  1 1
= tan−1  
 ac + bc + c
2
 – tan–1  cn  + tan–1  cn 
  x + y 
….  tan −1 x + tan −1 y =
tan −1   x
  1 − xy   = tan–1  
 y
= tan−1 (1) ….[ c2 = a2 + b2]
 d  –1  d 
π 131. tan–1   + tan  
=  1 + a1a 2   1 + a 2a 3 
4
 d 
+ ……..+ tan–1  
3 3 8  1 + a n −1a n 
128. tan–1 + tan–1 – tan–1
4 5 19
 a 2 − a1  –1  a 3 − a 2 
 3 3  = tan–1   + tan  
 +  8  1 + a1a 2   1 + a 2a 3 
= tan–1  4 5  – tan–1
3 3 19  a n − a n −1 
1 − ×  + …....+ tan–1  
 4 5  1 + a n −1a n 
27 8 = (tan–1 a2 – tan–1 a1) + (tan–1 a3 – tan–1 a2)
= tan–1 – tan–1
11 19 +…….+ (tan–1 an – tan–1 an–1)
 27 8  = tan–1 an – tan–1 a1 = tan–1  a n − a1 
 11 − 19   1 + a n a1 
= tan–1  27 8 
1 + ×   (n − 1)d 
 11 19  = tan–1  
 1 + a1a n 
 425 
= tan–1    1 π
 425  132. tan  2 tan −1   − 
 5 4
  
π
= tan–1 (1) = 2
4  
 −1 5 
= tan  tan −1
− tan (1) 
 xy  –1  yz  –1  xz  1
129. tan–1   1− 
 + tan   + tan    25 
zr
  x
 r  yr 
 5 
 xy yz xz xyz  = tan  tan −1 − tan −1 (1) 
 + + − 3   12 
= tan–1  zr xr yr r 
  x2 + y 2 + z2     5 
 1−     −1  12 − 1  
  r2   = tan  tan  
  1 + 5 
= tan–1 (∞)   12  
π 7
= =–
2 17
37


  1   2 × 3 −1
  1  = cot–1 
3
  1 
133 sin 3 sin −1    = sin sin −1 3  − 4     3+ 2 

  5     5   5  
π
 3 4   −1  75 − 4   = cot–1 (1) =
= sin sin −1  −  = sin sin  125   4
 5 125    
140. Let sin–1 a = A,
71  71
= sin sin −1  = sin–1 b = B,
 125  125 sin–1 c = C
∴ sin A = a, sin B = b, sin C = c
 7    7  7
134. cot cos −1    = cot cot −1    = and A + B +C = π then
  25     24   24
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
 x  = 4 sin A sin B sin C
…  cos −1 x = cot −1 
2 ⇒ sin A cos A + sin B cos B + sin C cos C
 1 − x 
= 2 sin A sin B sin C
135. Let sin−1x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ ⇒ sin A (1 − sin A) + sin B (1 − sin 2 B)
2
1 1
cos (2 sin–1 x) = ⇒ cos 2θ = + sin C 1 − sin 2 C = 2 sin A sin B sin C
9 9
1 1 ⇒ a (1 − a 2 ) + b (1 − b 2 ) + c (1 − c2 ) = 2abc
⇒ 1 − 2sin2θ = ⇒ 1 – 2x2 =
9 9 π
1 8 4 141. tan–1 x( x + 1) + sin
–1
x2 + x + 1 =
2
⇒ 2x = 1 – = 2
⇒x = 2
9 9 9
tan–1 x( x + 1) is defined when
2
⇒x=± x (x + 1) ≥ 0 ….(i)
3
sin–1 x 2 + x + 1 is defined when
 1 
136. sin  2 tan −1    + cos [tan–1 (2 2 )] x(x + 1) + 1 ≤ 1 or x(x + 1) ≤ 0 ….(ii)
 3   From (i) and (ii),
 2/3  –1
x(x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
= sin  tan −1  + cos [tan (2 2 )] Hence, number of solutions is 2.
 1 − 1/ 9
3 142. Let cot–1 x = θ ⇒ x = cot θ
= sin [ tan–1] + cos [tan–1 2 2 ]
4 Now cosec θ = 1 + cot 2 θ = 1+ x 2
  1 1
 3   ∴ sinθ = =
    −1 1  cosecθ 1+ x 2
 −1  4  
= sin sin 2 
+ cos cos  1
( ) ⇒ θ = sin–1
2
 3  1+ 2 2 
1+      1+ x 2
 4
   

3 1 14  1 
= + = ∴ sin (cot–1 x) = sin  sin −1  2
5 3 15  1+ x 
1
 3  =
137. Given, tan–1 x = sin–1   1+ x 2
 10  −1
  3  –1 = (1 + x 2 ) 2
⇒ x = tan sin −1    = tan {tan 3}
  10   1
⇒x=3 143. Let cos–1 x = θ ⇒ x = cos θ ⇒ sec θ =
x
 1 4  1 1
138. tan  cos −1 − sin −1 ⇒ tanθ = sec 2 θ − 1 = −1 = 1− x 2
 x2 x
 5 2 17 
= tan (tan–1 7 – tan–1 4) Now,
 1 

= tan  tan −1 
7−4 
 3 sin cot −1 (tan θ) = sin cot –1  1 − x2 
 =  x 
  1 + 28   29
Again, putting x = sin θ
 1  1 − sin 2 θ 
 1−  1 
–1 1 5  + cot–1 3 ∴ sin cot–1  1 − x 2  = sin cot
–1
 
139. sin + cot–1 3 = cot–1   x   sin θ 
5  1   
 5  = sin cot–1 (cot θ)

= cot–1(2) + cot–1(3) = sin θ = x
38


144. Putting 148. The given equation can be written as
a = tanθ, b = tan φ and x = tan ψ in the given 2π
tan−1 x + cot−1 x + cot−1 x =
expression, we get 3
sin–1 (sin 2θ) – cos–1 (cos 2φ) = tan–1 (tan 2ψ) 2π π π
⇒ 2θ – 2φ = 2ψ ⇒ θ – φ = ψ ⇒ cot−1 x = – …  tan −1 x + cot −1 x = 
3 2  2
Taking ‘tan’on both sides, we get
π π
tan (θ – φ) = tan ψ ⇒ cot−1 x = ⇒ x = cot ⇒x= 3
6 6
tan θ − tan φ
⇒ = tan ψ
1 + tan θ tan φ 149. cot−1 α + cot−1 β = cot−1 x
a−b  αβ − 1 
⇒ =x ⇒ cot–1  –1
 = cot x
1 + ab  α + β 
 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x    xy − 1  
145. cot–1   …  cot −1 x + cot −1 y = cot −1  
 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x    x + y 
 ( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x ) αβ − 1
⇒x=
= cot–1  α+β
 ( 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x )
( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x )   xy + 1 
×  150. Since, cot–1 x – cot–1 y = cot−1  
( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x )   y−x 
 (1 − sin x) + (1 + sin x) + 2 1 − sin 2 x  ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
= cot–1   ∴ cot−1 + cot−1 + cot−1
(1 − sin x) − (1 + sin x) a−b b−c c−a
 
= cot−1 b − cot−1 a + cot−1 c − cot−1 b
 2(1 + cos x) 
= cot –1  −2sin x  + cot−1 a − cot−1 c
 
=0
 x 
 2cos 2   
2  π
= cot–1 − 151. tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z =
 2sin   cos  x  
x 2
    
 2   2   x + y + z − xyz  π
⇒ tan–1   =
= cot –1  x –1   x  1 − xy − yz − xz  2
 − cot  = cot cot  π −  
 2    2   x + y + z − xyz  π
x
⇒   = tan
=π– 1 − xy − yz − zx  2
2
⇒ xy + yz + zx – 1 = 0
 1 1 1
146. cos  cos −1 + sin −1 + cos −1  Alternate Method:
 5 5 5 
1
π 1  −1 1 
Let x = y = z =
= cos  + cos −1  = – sin  cos 
3
 2 5  5 1 1 1 π
Then, tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 =
 24  3 3 3 2
= – sin  sin −1 
 25  Option (D) holds for these values of x, y, z.
2 6 2x
=– 152. Since, 2 tan–1 x = tan–1
5 1 − x2
π 2
147. tan–1 (1 + x) + tan–1 (1 – x) = –1 1  −1 1  –1 5
2 ∴ 4 tan =2  2 tan 5  = 2 tan
5   1
–1 π 1−
⇒ tan (1 + x) = – tan–1 (1 – x) 25
2
20
⇒ tan–1 (1 + x) = cot–1 (1 – x) 10
= 2 tan–1 = tan –1 24 = tan–1 120
–1 –1  1  24 100 119
⇒ tan (1 + x) = tan   1−
1− x  576
1 1 1 120 1
⇒1+x= ⇒ 1 – x2 = 1 ⇒ x = 0 ∴ 4 tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1
1− x 5 239 119 239
39


120 1 5+4 2
− ∴ x=
119
–1 239 (120 × 239) − 119
= tan = tan–1 9
120 1 (119 × 239) + 120
1+ .
119 239 2π
156. Given, sin−1 x + sin−1 y =
π 3
= tan–1 1 = 2π π
4 ∴ cos–1 x + cos–1 y = π – =
3 3
a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
153. θ = tan–1 + tan–1 …
 If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = θ, 
bc ca −1  −1
 then cos x + cos y = π −θ 
c(a + b + c)
+ tan–1 2
ab   −1 3  
157. sin  tan 4  
a+b+c   
Let s2 =
abc 2
    
∴ θ = tan–1 a 2s 2 + tan–1 b 2s 2 + tan–1 c2s 2    3  
= tan–1 (as) + tan–1 (bs) + tan–1 (cs)   −1  4  
= sin sin  2  
 as + bs + cs − abcs3     1+  3   
= tan–1  2       
2 2
1 − abs − acs − bcs     4  
 s (a + b + c) − abcs   2
  x 
∴ tanθ =   2
 ….  tan −1 x = sin −1  
 1 − (ab + bc + ca)s   2
 1 + x  
2 2
 3  3 9
= 
 s[(a + b + c) − (a + b + c)] 
= sin  sin −1 = = 
2
 1 − s (ab + bc + ca) 

  5  5 25  
2
….[ s (abc) = (a + b + c)]  
1
=0 158. cos(tan−1x) = cos cos −1 
2
 1 + x 
Alternate Method :   
Let a = b = c = 1. Then, 1
…  tan −1 x = cos −1  
  1 + x2 
θ = tan–1 3 + tan–1 3 + tan–1 3 =π   
⇒ tan θ = 0 1
=
1 1 1 1 + x2
–1
154. 4 tan – tan–1 + tan–1
5 70 99 159. tan(cos−1 x)
120 –1 1 –1 1
= tan–1 + tan – tan  1 − x2 
119 99 70 = tan  tan −1 
1 1  x 
 
−
 120  –1  99 70  
= tan –1
 + tan  1 − x2 

 119  1 1  …  cos −1 x = tan −1 
1 + .   x 
 99 70 
120  –1  −29  1− x 2
= tan–1   + tan   =
 119   6931  x
120 29
= tan–1 – tan–1  15  1
160. cos–1   + 2 tan–1  
119 6931
 17  5
–1 120 –1 1
= tan – tan  1 
119 239 –1  15  –1  1 − 25 
π = cos   + cos  
= tan–11 =  17   1 + 1 
4  25 
1 2  15   12 
155. sin–1 + sin–1 = cos–1   + cos–1  
3 3  17   13 
1 4 2 1 15 12 15 12
2 2 
= sin–1  1 − + 1 − 
3 9 3 9 
= cos–1  × − 1 −   1 −   
  17 13  17   13  
 
 5+4 2 140 
= cos–1 
–1
= sin   
 9   221 
40

Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions
5 x + 5− x 5π
161. We know ≥1 .... [ A.M. ≥ G.M.] ⇒ x = nπ + ,n∈Z
2 6
Since, cos (ex) ≤ 1 ...[ tan θ = tan a ⇒ θ = nπ + a, n ∈ Z]
So, there does not exist any solution.
162. Applying R1 → R1 – R3 and 3. tan 5θ = cot 2θ
π
R2 → R2 – R3 in the given determinant, we get ⇒ tan 5θ = tan  − 2θ 
1 0 −1 2 
0 1 −1 =0 ⇒ 5θ = nπ +
π
− 2θ
2 2
sin θ cos θ 1 + 4sin 4θ 2
π
⇒ 1 + 4sin 4θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 0 ⇒ 7θ = nπ +
⇒ 4 sin 4θ = – 2 2
nπ π
−1 ⇒θ= +
⇒ sin 4θ = 7 14
2
7π 11π 4. cot θ + tan θ = 2
⇒ 4θ = or
6 6 1
∴ + tan θ = 2 ⇒ 1 + tan2 θ = 2 tan θ
π tan θ
Since, 0 < θ < 2 tan θ
2 ∴ = 1 ⇒ sin 2θ = 1
⇒ 0 < 4θ < 2π 1 + tan 2 θ
7π 11π π
⇒θ= or ⇒ 2θ = nπ + (−1)n
24 24 2
nπ π
163. Given, x = sin−1 K, y = cos−1 K ⇒θ= + (−1) n
2 4
∴ sin x = cos y = K
π tan 3θ − 1
∴ sin x = sin  − y  5.
tan 3θ + 1
= 3
2 
π π π
tan 3θ − tan  
∴ x= − y ⇒x+y= 4 = 3
2 2 ⇒
π
1 + tan 3θ tan  
sin B sin A 4
164. =
b a π π
b sin A 8 sin 30° 2 ⇒ tan  3θ −  = tan
⇒ sin B = = =  4 3
a 6 3
π π 7π
2 ⇒ 3θ − = nπ + ⇒ 3θ = nπ +
⇒ sin (sin–1 x) = 4 3 12
3
nπ 7 π
2 ⇒θ= +
⇒x= 3 36
3
tan 3 x − tan 2 x
165. On expanding determinant, 6. =1
1 + tan 3 x tan 2 x
cos2 (A + B) + sin2 (A + B) + cos 2B = 0
⇒ tan (3x − 2x) = 1 ⇒ tan x = 1
∴ 1 + cos2B = 0 ⇒ cos2B = cosπ
π
π ⇒ tan x = tan
⇒ 2B = 2nπ + π ⇒ B = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z. 4
2
π
⇒ x = nπ +
4
7. tan θ + tan 2θ + tan θ . tan 2θ = 1
1. tan2 x = 1 ⇒ tan θ + tan 2θ = 1 − tan θ . tan 2θ
π π
⇒ tan2 x = tan2 ⇒ x = nπ ± ⇒
tan θ+ tan 2θ
=1
4 4
1 − tan θ.tan 2θ
2. cot x = – 3 ⇒ tan(θ + 2θ) = 1
−1 π
⇒ tan x = ⇒ tan(3θ) = 1 = tan
4
3
π nπ π
5π ⇒ 3θ = nπ + ⇒θ= +
⇒ tan x = tan 4 3 12
6
41


 1 + x2 − 1  5π 2
114. tan–1   121. (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
 x  8
 
⇒ (tan–1 x + cot–1 x)2
 1 + tan 2 θ − 1 
= tan–1  π  5π 2
 – 2tan–1 x  − tan −1 x  =
 tan θ  2  8
(Putting x = tan θ) π2 π 5π 2
⇒ –2× tan–1 x + 2 (tan–1 x)2 =
 sec θ − 1  1 − cos θ  4 2 8
= tan–1  –1
 = tan  
 tan θ   sin θ  –1 2 –1 3π2
⇒ 2(tan x) – π tan x – =0
8
 2 θ 
 2 sin 2  π 3π
= tan –1
 ⇒ tan–1 x = – ,
θ θ 4 4
 2 sin cos 
 2 2 π
⇒ tan–1 x = – ⇒ x = –1
 θ θ 1 4
= tan–1  tan  = = tan–1 x
 2  2 2   1 1 
  + 
 −1 1 1 
115. Let x = sin θ and x = sin φ 122. cos  tan + tan −1  = cos  tan −1  3 2  
 3 2  1 1
 1 − ×  
Hence
  3 2  
∴ sin–1 (x 1− x – x 1− x 2 ) = cos {tan–1(1)}
–1
= sin (sinθ 1 − sin φ – sin φ 1 − sin θ )
2 2
π 1
= cos =
= sin–1 (sin θ cos φ – sin φ cos θ) 4 2
= sin–1 sin (θ – φ)
4
= θ – φ = sin–1 (x) – sin–1 ( x ) 123. Let α = cos−1  
5
1 4 3
116. cos −1   = θ ⇒ sec−1x = θ ∴ cos α =   ⇒ tan α =  
x   5 4
∴ x = sec θ 3
∴ α = tan−1  
∴ tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = x2 − 1 4 
1 π 4 3 3 3
117. sin −1 + cos −1 x = ∴ cos −1 + tan −1 = tan −1 + tan −1
5 2 5 5 4 5
–1 1 π  3 3 
∴ sin = – cos–1 x = sin–1 x +
–1  4 5  –1  27 
5 2 = tan   = tan  
3 3
 1 − .   11 
1
∴ x=  4 5
5
x −1 x +1 π
118. sin–1 x + sin–1
1
+ cos–1 x + cos–1
1 124. tan–1 + tan–1 =
x x x+2 x+2 4
 1 1   x −1 x +1 
= {sin–1(x) + cos–1 (x)}+ sin −1   + cos −1    
x
+
+2 x+2  = π

 x  x  ∴ tan–1 
1 −  x − 1  x + 1   4
π π   x + 2  
= + =π  x + 2  
2 2
 2 x ( x + 2)  π
–1 π –1
∴  x 2 + 4 + 4 x − x 2 + 1  = tan 4
119. sin x + cos x =  
2 2 x ( x + 2)
–1 π π π 3π ∴ =1
⇒ cos x = – sin–1 x = – = 4x + 5
2 2 5 10 5
∴ 2x2 + 4x = 4x + 5 ⇒ x = ±
–1 –1π –1 2
120. θ = sin x + cos x – tan x = – tan–1 x
2
 1 
π π 125. tan–1  –1
 – tan  cos α  = x
Since, – < tan–1 x <  cos α 
2 2
π –1 π  1 
⇒ > – tan x > –  − cos α 
2 2 ⇒ tan–1  cos α  =x
π  cos α 
⇒0< – tan–1 x < π  1 + 
2  cos α 
36


1 − cos α  c1 x − y  –1  c 2 − c1 
⇒ tan x = 130. tan–1   + tan  
2 cos α
 c1 y + x   1 + c 2c1 
α
1 − cos α 2sin 2  c3 − c 2  –1 1
∴ sin x = = 2 = tan2  α  + tan–1   + …. + tan
α    1 + c 3c 2  cn
1 + cos α 2cos 2 2
2  x 1
  1 1 
 y−c
  c −c 
–1 –1
a+x a−x π = tan   + tan  1 2 
1
126. tan–1 + tan–1 = 1+ x . 1
 1+ 1 
a a 6   
 y c1  c1c 2 
 a+x a−x 
 a + a  π  1 1 
∴ tan–1   =  c −c  1
 1 − a + x a − x  6 + tan–1  2 3  + ….+ tan–1
⋅
 a a  1+ 1  cn
 c 2c3 
2a 2 π 1 
∴ = tan = ⇒ x2 = 2 3 a2 1
x 2
6 3 x 1 1
= tan–1   – tan–1   + tan–1   – tan1  c2 
 y  c1   c1 
 a   b  1
127. tan−1  −1
 + tan   1  1 
b+c c+a + tan–1   – tan–1  c3  + ….+ tan–1  
 c2   c n −1 
 ac + bc + a 2 + b 2  1 1
= tan−1  
 ac + bc + c
2
 – tan–1  cn  + tan–1  cn 
  x + y 
….  tan −1 x + tan −1 y =
tan −1   x
  1 − xy   = tan–1  
 y
= tan−1 (1) ….[ c2 = a2 + b2]
 d  –1  d 
π 131. tan–1   + tan  
=  1 + a1a 2   1 + a 2a 3 
4
 d 
+ ……..+ tan–1  
3 3 8  1 + a n −1a n 
128. tan–1 + tan–1 – tan–1
4 5 19
 a 2 − a1  –1  a 3 − a 2 
 3 3  = tan–1   + tan  
 +  8  1 + a1a 2   1 + a 2a 3 
= tan–1  4 5  – tan–1
3 3 19  a n − a n −1 
1 − ×  + …....+ tan–1  
 4 5  1 + a n −1a n 
27 8 = (tan–1 a2 – tan–1 a1) + (tan–1 a3 – tan–1 a2)
= tan–1 – tan–1
11 19 +…….+ (tan–1 an – tan–1 an–1)
 27 8  = tan–1 an – tan–1 a1 = tan–1  a n − a1 
 11 − 19   1 + a n a1 
= tan–1  27 8 
1 + ×   (n − 1)d 
 11 19  = tan–1  
 1 + a1a n 
 425 
= tan–1    1 π
 425  132. tan  2 tan −1   − 
 5 4
  
π
= tan–1 (1) = 2
4  
 −1 5 
= tan  tan −1
− tan (1) 
 xy  –1  yz  –1  xz  1
129. tan–1   1− 
 + tan   + tan    25 
zr
  x
 r  yr 
 5 
 xy yz xz xyz  = tan  tan −1 − tan −1 (1) 
 + + − 3   12 
= tan–1  zr xr yr r 
  x2 + y 2 + z2     5 
 1−     −1  12 − 1  
  r2   = tan  tan  
  1 + 5 
= tan–1 (∞)   12  
π 7
= =–
2 17
37


  1   2 × 3 −1
  1  = cot–1 
3
  1 
133 sin 3 sin −1    = sin sin −1 3  − 4     3+ 2 

  5     5   5  
π
 3 4   −1  75 − 4   = cot–1 (1) =
= sin sin −1  −  = sin sin  125   4
 5 125    
140. Let sin–1 a = A,
71  71
= sin sin −1  = sin–1 b = B,
 125  125 sin–1 c = C
∴ sin A = a, sin B = b, sin C = c
 7    7  7
134. cot cos −1    = cot cot −1    = and A + B +C = π then
  25     24   24
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
 x  = 4 sin A sin B sin C
…  cos −1 x = cot −1 
2 ⇒ sin A cos A + sin B cos B + sin C cos C
 1 − x 
= 2 sin A sin B sin C
135. Let sin−1x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ ⇒ sin A (1 − sin A) + sin B (1 − sin 2 B)
2
1 1
cos (2 sin–1 x) = ⇒ cos 2θ = + sin C 1 − sin 2 C = 2 sin A sin B sin C
9 9
1 1 ⇒ a (1 − a 2 ) + b (1 − b 2 ) + c (1 − c2 ) = 2abc
⇒ 1 − 2sin2θ = ⇒ 1 – 2x2 =
9 9 π
1 8 4 141. tan–1 x( x + 1) + sin
–1
x2 + x + 1 =
2
⇒ 2x = 1 – = 2
⇒x = 2
9 9 9
tan–1 x( x + 1) is defined when
2
⇒x=± x (x + 1) ≥ 0 ….(i)
3
sin–1 x 2 + x + 1 is defined when
 1 
136. sin  2 tan −1    + cos [tan–1 (2 2 )] x(x + 1) + 1 ≤ 1 or x(x + 1) ≤ 0 ….(ii)
 3   From (i) and (ii),
 2/3  –1
x(x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
= sin  tan −1  + cos [tan (2 2 )] Hence, number of solutions is 2.
 1 − 1/ 9
3 142. Let cot–1 x = θ ⇒ x = cot θ
= sin [ tan–1] + cos [tan–1 2 2 ]
4 Now cosec θ = 1 + cot 2 θ = 1+ x 2
  1 1
 3   ∴ sinθ = =
    −1 1  cosecθ 1+ x 2
 −1  4  
= sin sin 2 
+ cos cos  1
( ) ⇒ θ = sin–1
2
 3  1+ 2 2 
1+      1+ x 2
 4
   

3 1 14  1 
= + = ∴ sin (cot–1 x) = sin  sin −1  2
5 3 15  1+ x 
1
 3  =
137. Given, tan–1 x = sin–1   1+ x 2
 10  −1
  3  –1 = (1 + x 2 ) 2
⇒ x = tan sin −1    = tan {tan 3}
  10   1
⇒x=3 143. Let cos–1 x = θ ⇒ x = cos θ ⇒ sec θ =
x
 1 4  1 1
138. tan  cos −1 − sin −1 ⇒ tanθ = sec 2 θ − 1 = −1 = 1− x 2
 x2 x
 5 2 17 
= tan (tan–1 7 – tan–1 4) Now,
 1 

= tan  tan −1 
7−4 
 3 sin cot −1 (tan θ) = sin cot –1  1 − x2 
 =  x 
  1 + 28   29
Again, putting x = sin θ
 1  1 − sin 2 θ 
 1−  1 
–1 1 5  + cot–1 3 ∴ sin cot–1  1 − x 2  = sin cot
–1
 
139. sin + cot–1 3 = cot–1   x   sin θ 
5  1   
 5  = sin cot–1 (cot θ)

= cot–1(2) + cot–1(3) = sin θ = x
38


144. Putting 148. The given equation can be written as
a = tanθ, b = tan φ and x = tan ψ in the given 2π
tan−1 x + cot−1 x + cot−1 x =
expression, we get 3
sin–1 (sin 2θ) – cos–1 (cos 2φ) = tan–1 (tan 2ψ) 2π π π
⇒ 2θ – 2φ = 2ψ ⇒ θ – φ = ψ ⇒ cot−1 x = – …  tan −1 x + cot −1 x = 
3 2  2
Taking ‘tan’on both sides, we get
π π
tan (θ – φ) = tan ψ ⇒ cot−1 x = ⇒ x = cot ⇒x= 3
6 6
tan θ − tan φ
⇒ = tan ψ
1 + tan θ tan φ 149. cot−1 α + cot−1 β = cot−1 x
a−b  αβ − 1 
⇒ =x ⇒ cot–1  –1
 = cot x
1 + ab  α + β 
 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x    xy − 1  
145. cot–1   …  cot −1 x + cot −1 y = cot −1  
 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x    x + y 
 ( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x ) αβ − 1
⇒x=
= cot–1  α+β
 ( 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x )
( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x )   xy + 1 
×  150. Since, cot–1 x – cot–1 y = cot−1  
( 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x )   y−x 
 (1 − sin x) + (1 + sin x) + 2 1 − sin 2 x  ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
= cot–1   ∴ cot−1 + cot−1 + cot−1
(1 − sin x) − (1 + sin x) a−b b−c c−a
 
= cot−1 b − cot−1 a + cot−1 c − cot−1 b
 2(1 + cos x) 
= cot –1  −2sin x  + cot−1 a − cot−1 c
 
=0
 x 
 2cos 2   
2  π
= cot–1 − 151. tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z =
 2sin   cos  x  
x 2
    
 2   2   x + y + z − xyz  π
⇒ tan–1   =
= cot –1  x –1   x  1 − xy − yz − xz  2
 − cot  = cot cot  π −  
 2    2   x + y + z − xyz  π
x
⇒   = tan
=π– 1 − xy − yz − zx  2
2
⇒ xy + yz + zx – 1 = 0
 1 1 1
146. cos  cos −1 + sin −1 + cos −1  Alternate Method:
 5 5 5 
1
π 1  −1 1 
Let x = y = z =
= cos  + cos −1  = – sin  cos 
3
 2 5  5 1 1 1 π
Then, tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 =
 24  3 3 3 2
= – sin  sin −1 
 25  Option (D) holds for these values of x, y, z.
2 6 2x
=– 152. Since, 2 tan–1 x = tan–1
5 1 − x2
π 2
147. tan–1 (1 + x) + tan–1 (1 – x) = –1 1  −1 1  –1 5
2 ∴ 4 tan =2  2 tan 5  = 2 tan
5   1
–1 π 1−
⇒ tan (1 + x) = – tan–1 (1 – x) 25
2
20
⇒ tan–1 (1 + x) = cot–1 (1 – x) 10
= 2 tan–1 = tan –1 24 = tan–1 120
–1 –1  1  24 100 119
⇒ tan (1 + x) = tan   1−
1− x  576
1 1 1 120 1
⇒1+x= ⇒ 1 – x2 = 1 ⇒ x = 0 ∴ 4 tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1
1− x 5 239 119 239
39


5 x  3x x 40. Let the angles of the triangle be 4x, x and x.
⇒ cos ⋅ cos + cos  = 0
2  2 2 ∴ 4x + x + x = 180° ⇒ 6x = 180° ⇒ x = 30°
sin120o sin 30o sin 30o
5x x = =
⇒ cos .2cos x .cos = 0 a b c
2 2
∴ a : (a + b + c)
π π
⇒ x = (2n + 1) , (2k + 1) or (2m + 1) π = (sin 120°) : (sin 120° + sin 30° + sin 30°)
5 2
3 3+2
π 3π 7 π 9π π 3π = := 3: 3+2
⇒ x = , , π, , , , in 0 ≤ x < 2π 2 2
5 5 5 5 2 2
cos A cos B cosC
37. sin 5x = cos 2x 41. Given, = = …(i)
a b c
π By Sine rule,
⇒ sin 5x = sin  − 2 x 
2  sin A sin B sin C
= = ….(ii)
π a b c
⇒ 5x = nπ + (–1)  − 2 x 
n
From (i) and (ii), we get
2 
cos A cos B cosC
n π n
⇒ = =
⇒ 5x + (–1) 2x = [2n + (–1) ] sin A sin B sin C
2 ⇒ cot A = cot B = cot C
n π n ⇒ A = B = C = 60°
⇒ x [5 + 2 (–1) ] = [2n + (–1) ]
2 ⇒ ∆ABC is equilateral.
 2n + ( − 1)n  π 3 2 3
⇒x=  n 
∴ ∆= a = (2) 2 = 3
 5 + 2 ( − 1)  2 4 4
ab
38. By sine rule, 42. sin A sin B =
c2
a b c (k sin A)(k sin B)
= = ⇒ sin A sin B =
sin A sin B sin A k 2 sin 2 C
b c ⇒ sin2 C = 1 ⇒ sin C = 1 …[ sin C ≠ −1]
=
sin B sin A
⇒ ∠C = 90°
2c c ⇒ ∆ABC is right angled.
⇒ = ...[ b = 2c, B = 3C]
sin 3C sin C
cos A cos B cosC
sin 3C 43. Given, = = …(i)
⇒ =2 a b c
sin C By sine rule,
3sin C − 4sin 3 C sin A sin B sin C
⇒ =2 = = …(ii)
sin C a b c
⇒ 3 – 4sin2 C =2 From (i) and (ii), we get
cos A sin A
1 ∴ =
⇒ sin C = ⇒ C = 30° cos B sin B
2
∴ sin (A – B) = 0 ⇒ A = B
B = 3 × 30° = 90° Similarly, we get,
∴ A = 60° ...[Remaining angle of ∆ABC] B=C
3 ∴ A=B=C
∴ sin A = sin 60° =
2 Thus, ∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle.
39. Let x be the common multiple. sin A sin B sin C

44. = =
a b c
∴ A + B + C = 12x = 180° ⇒ x = 15°
According to the given condition,
∴ A = 45°, B = 75°, C = 60°
In ∆ ABC, a = 2b and
a b c A − B = 60° ⇒ A = 60° + B
= = = k
sin 45o sin 75o sin 60o sin(60° + B) sin B
⇒ =
1 3 +1 3 2b b
∴ a ==k, b =k, c k
2 2 2 2 sin B 1
⇒ =
3+3 3 sin(B + 60°) 2
∴ a + b +=
c 2 = 3b
⇒ 2 sin B = sin B cos 60° + cos B sin 60°
2 2
46

3 3 49. Let a = 3, b = 5, c = 7
⇒ sin B = cos B
2 2 a 2 + b2 − c2 9 + 25 − 49 −15 1
cos C = = = =–
1 2ab 2 × 3× 5 30 2
∴ tan B = ⇒ B = 30° 2π
3 ∴ ∠C =
∴ A = 30° + 60° = 90° 3
∴ ∆ABC is right angled. 50. Since, c 13 is the smallest side.
∴ C is the smallest angle.
cos 2A cos 2B
45. − b2 + a 2 − c2 48 + 49 − 13
a2 b2 ∴=
cosC =
2ab 2×7× 4 3
1 − 2sin A 1 − 2sin 2 B
2
= − 3 3
a2 b2 ⇒ cos C = =
2 3 2
1 1 2
2sin A 2sin 2 B
= 2− 2 − + ⇒ C = 30°
a b a2 b2
1 1  sin 2 A sin 2 B  b2 + c2 − a 2 9 + 16 − 4 7
= − 2 − 2 2 − 2  51. cos A = = =
a 2
b 2bc 2 × 3× 4 8
 a b 
7
1 1  a b  ⇒ A = cos–1  
= − …  Bysine rule, = . 8
a 2 b2  sin A sin B 
b+c c+a a+b
52. Let = = = k
a+c sin A + sin C 11 12 13
46. =
b sin B ∴ b + c = 11k ….(i)
A+C A−C c + a = 12k ….(ii)
2sin   cos   and a + b = 13k ….(iii)
=  2   2 
From (i) + (ii) + (iii), 2(a + b + c) = 36k
sin B
∴ a + b + c = 18 k ….(iv)
2sin B A−C Now, (iv) – (i) gives, a = 7k
= cos   ….[ 2B = A + C]
sin B  2  (iv) – (ii) gives, b = 6k
A−C (iv) – (iii) gives, c = 5k
= 2 cos   Now,
 2 
a 2 + b 2 − c 2 (7k) 2 + (6k) 2 − (5k) 2
2 2 2 cos C = =
47. sin A + sin B = sin C 2ab 2 × (7k) × (6k)
π 49k 2 + 36k 2 − 25k 2 60k 2 5
⇒ sin C = 1 ⇒ C = A = = =
2 84k 2
84k 2
7
a b c 10
= = b 53. a(b cos C − c cos B)
sin A sin B sin C
 a 2 + b2 − c2 c2 + a 2 − b2 
a b 10
B
= ab −c 
⇒ = = C a  2ab 2ca 
sin A sin B 1
⇒ a = 10sin A, b = 10sin B ….[By cosine rule]
1 1  a 2 + b2 − c2 c2 + a 2 − b2 
A(∆ABC) = ab = (10 sin A) (10 sin B) = a − 
2 2  2a 2a 
1 1
= × 100 × sin A × sin B = × 2(b 2 − c 2 ) =b 2 − c 2
2 2
1 54. We have, b = 3 , c = 1, ∠A = 30°
Maximum value of sin A sin B =
2 b2 + c2 − a 2
1 1 cos A =
∴ A (∆ABC) = × 100 × 2bc
2 2
3 ( 3) 2 + 12 − a 2
= 25 sq. units ⇒ =
2 2. 3.1
82 + 102 − 62 128 4 ⇒ a = 1, b = 3 , c = 1
48. cos A = = =
2.8.10 160 5 ∴ b is the largest side. Therefore, the largest angle
3 B is given by
∴ sin A =
5 a 2 + c2 − b2 1 + 1 − 3 1 o
cos B = = = − = cos 120
3 4 24 2ac 2.1.1 2
∴ sin 2A = 2 sin A. cos A = 2. . =
5 5 25 ⇒ B = 120°
47


55. a4 + b4 + c4 = 2 c2 (a2 + b2) 60.
A
⇒ a4 + b4 + c4 − 2a2c2 − 2b2c2 + 2a2b2 = 2a2b2
⇒ (a2 + b2 − c2)2 = 2a2b2
60°
⇒ a2 + b2 − c2 = ± 2ab 30° x
x
a 2 + b2 − c2 2ab 1
⇒ =± =± 30° 120° 60° 60°
2ab 2ab 2
B x x C
⇒ cos C = cos 45° or cos 135° D
From the figure,
⇒ C = 45° or 135°
x 2 + x 2 − AB2 2 x 2 − AB2 −1
cos 120° = 2
⇒ 2
=
56. We have, b + c = 2a ….(i) 2x 2x 2
⇒ 4x2 – 2AB2 = – 2x2
( b + c)
2
b +c −a 2 2 2
− 2bc − a 2
cos60° = = ⇒ 3x2 = AB2 ⇒ AB = x 3
2bc 2bc
1 4a 2 − 2bc − a 2 1 3a 2 ⇒ a2 : b2 : c2 = (2x)2 : x2 : (x 3 )2 = 4 : 1 : 3
⇒ = ⇒ = −1
2 2bc 2 2bc 1 1 3
2 61. + =
3 3a a+c b+c a+b+c
⇒ =
2 2bc a + b + 2c 3
⇒ =
⇒ bc = a2 ….(ii) (a + c)(b + c) a + b + c
From (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ (a + b + 2c) (a + b + c) = 3(a + c) (b + c)
b+c=2 b c ⇒ a2 + b2 – c2 = ab
a 2 + b2 − c2 ab 1
( ) = = cos 60o
2
⇒ b− c =0⇒b=c ∴ cos C = =
2ab 2ab 2
From (i), a = b = c ⇒ C = 60o
∴ ∆ ABC is equilateral.
1 1 3
62. ∠C = 60°, + =
sin A sin A cos B − cos Asin B a+c b+c a+b+c
57. = 3 1 1
sin C sin BcosC − cos Bsin C ∴ − =
a a cos B − bcos A a+b+c a+c b+c
⇒ =
c bcosC − ccos B 63. a2 cos2A − b2 − c2 = 0
⇒ ab cos C − ac cos B = ac cos B − bc cos A b2 + c2
⇒ cos2A =
⇒ ab cos C + bc cos A = 2ac cos B a2
a 2 + b2 − c2 b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 Since, cos2A ≤ 1 i.e., cos2A < 1
⇒ + =
2 2 1 b2 + c2
∴ < 1 ⇒ b2 + c2 − a2 < 0
c2 + a 2 a2
⇒ b2 = c2 + a2 − b2 ⇒ b2 = b2 + c2 − a 2
2 ∴ < 0 ….[ 2bc > 0]
⇒ a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. 2bc
π 
58. 4 sin A = 4 sin B = 3 sin C ∴ cos A < 0 ⇒ A ∈  , π 
2 
∴ 4a = 4b = 3c or a = b
2 3 b
 4a  64. < <1
2 2 2 a2 + a2 −   2 a
a +b −c  3 
∴ cos C = = b
2ab 2× a × a ⇒ <1
a
16a 2 8a 2
2a 2 − a2 − ⇒b<a
= 9 = 9 =1− 8 = 1 ⇒c<b<a
2a 2 a2 9 9
⇒ B = 60° ….[ Angles are in A.P.]
59. Largest side is p + pq + q . If largest angle is
2 2
3 b
Consider < <1
θ, then 2 a
p 2 + q 2 − p 2 − pq − q 2 1  2π  3 b
cos θ = = – = cos   ⇒ <
2pq 2  3  2 a
2π ⇒ 3 a < 2b
⇒θ=
3 ⇒ 3a2 < 4b2
48

⇒ 4b2 − 3a2 > 0 ⇒ a2 = b2 + bc

Now, b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos 60° Now, a = a + 1, b = a – 1, c = a
⇒ c2 − ac + (a2 − b2) = 0 ∴ (a + 1)2 = (a – 1)2 + a (a – 1)
a ± 4b − 3a 2 2 ⇒ a2 + 2a + 1 = a2 – 2a + 1 + a2 – a
∴ c= ⇒ a2 – 5a = 0 ⇒ a (a – 5) = 0
2
⇒ a = 0, 5
65. A
cosC + cos A cos B
67. +
c+a b
2x + 1 x2 − 1 (bcosC + ccos B) + (bcos A + a cos B)
=
b(c + a)
π/6 a+c
= …[By projection rule]
B C b(c + a)
2
x +x+1
1
b2 + a 2 − c2 =
cos C = b
2ba
π ( x 2 − 1) 2 + ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 − (2 x + 1) 2 68. Since, a, b, c are in A. P.,
⇒ cos =
6 2( x 2 −1)( x 2 + x + 1) ∴ 2b = a + c
3 ( x 2 − 1) 2 + ( x 2 + 3x + 2)( x 2 − x) C A
⇒ = a cos 2   + c cos 2  
2 2( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 −1) 2 2
a (1 + cos C ) c (1 + cos A )
3 ( x 2 − 1) 2 + ( x + 1)( x + 2) x( x − 1) = +
⇒ = 2 2
2 2( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 −1)
a + c + a cos C + c cos A
=
(x − 1) + x ( x 2 − 1) ( x + 2 )
2 2
2
⇒ 3 =
(x 2
+ x + 1)( x 2 − 1)
=
a + c + b
2
x 2 − 1+ x( x + 2)
⇒ 3= 2b + b
x2 + x + 1 =
2 2
⇒ 3( x 2 + x + 1) = 2x + 2x − 1
3b
=
⇒ ( ) ) ( 3 +1) = 0
3 − 2 x2 + ( 3 −2 x + 2
On solving, x2 + x − ( 3 3 + 5 ) = 0 69. s=
a + b + c 16 + 24 + 20
= = 30
2 2
⇒ x = 3 + 1, − ( 2 + 3 )
 B s(s − b)
cos   =
Since, x cannot be negative. 2 ac
∴ x=1+ 3 30(30 − 24) 9 3
= = =
66. By sine rule, 16 × 20 16 4
a b
= A C B
sin A sin B 70. sin .sin = sin
2 2 2
a b
⇒ = ∴
(s − b)(s − c)
×
(s − a)(s − b)
=
(s − a)(s − c)
sin 2B sin B
bc ab ac
a
⇒ sin 2B = sin B (s − b) (s − a)(s − c) (s − a)(s − c)
b ⇒ =
b ac ac
a
⇒ 2 sin B cos B = sin B ⇒ s − b = b ⇒ s = 2b
b
⇒
a
=b 71. a:b:c=2:3:4
2cos B Let a = 2x, b = 3x, c = 4x
a a + b + c 9x
⇒ =b s= =
 a + c2 − b2 
2 2 2
2 
 2ac  9x  9x  9 x  9 x 
=∆  − 2 x  − 3x  − 4 x 
2
⇒ a c = b (a + c – b ) 2 2 2 2 2  2  2 
⇒ a2 (b – c) – (b + c) (b – c) b = 0 3 15 x 2
⇒ a2 – b (b + c) = 0 =
4
49


abc 8x  3
2
R= = ∴ 4∆2 + c2 = 4   + 3
4∆ 15
 2 
∆ 15 x =3+3
r= =
s 6 =6
R : r = 16 : 5
76. ∠A = 75°, ∠B = 45°
2 C2 C ⇒ ∠C = 180° – 75° – 45° = 60°
72. (a − b) cos + (a + b)2 sin2
2 2 By sine rule,
C C a b
= (a2 + b2 − 2ab) cos2 + (a2 + b2 + 2ab) sin2 =
2 2 sin A sin B
C C

= (a2 + b2) cos 2 + sin 2 
 2 2 ⇒
2 ( 3 +1 )= b
sin 75° sin 45°
 C C
−2ab cos 2 − sin 2  ⇒b=4
 2 2
1
= a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C area of ∆ABC = ab sin C
2
= c2 ….[By cosine rule] 1
( )
= × 2 3 + 1 × 4 × sin 60°
2
73. a, b, c are in A.P. ⇒ 2b = a + c
⇒ 2s − 2b = 2s − (a + c) = 6+2 3
⇒ 2(s − b) = s − a + s − c
77. ∆ = a2 − (b − c)2
⇒ 2s(s − b) = s(s − a) + s(s − c)
= 2bc − (b2 + c2 − a2)
⇒ 4s2(s − b)2 = s2(s − a)2 + s2(s − c)2
 b2 + c2 − a 2 
+ 2s2(s − a) (s − c) = 2bc – 2bc   = 2bc (1 − cos A)
 2bc 
4s 2 (s − b) 2 s 2 (s − a) 2
⇒ = 2 A
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ∴ ∆ = 2bc . 2 sin ....(i)
2 2 2
2
s (s − c) 2s (s − a)(s − c)
+ + 1
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) Also, ∆ = bc sin A
2
Taking square root on both sides, we get 1 A A
s(s − b) s(s − a) s(s − c)
= bc . 2 sin cos
2 = + 2 2 2
(s − a)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c) (s − b)(s − a) A A
∴ ∆ = bc. sin cos ....(ii)
B A C 2 2
⇒ 2 cot = cot + cot
2 2 2 A 1
∴ tan = ....[From (i) and (ii)]
2 4
74. We have, a = 1, b = 2, ∠C = 60°
1 78. a2 sin 2C + c2 sin 2A
Area of triangle = absin C
2 = a2(2 sin C cos C) + c2 (2 sin A cos A)
 2∆  2∆
=
1
(1)(2)sin 60° =
3 = 2a2  cosC  + 2c2  cos A 
2 2  ab   bc 
 1 1 
1 = ∆ ∆ 2= ab sin C bc sin A,
75. ∆ = ab sin C 2
2 ....  
∴ sin 2∆ 2∆ 
1 = C , sin=
A
= × 1 × 2 × sin 60°  ab bc 
2
 a cosC + ccos A  b
3 = 4∆   = 4∆   = 4∆
=  b  b
2
a 2 + b2 − c2 A ( s − b )( s − c ) , tan B ( s − a )( s − c )
cos C = 79. tan = =
2ab 2 s (s − a ) 2 s (s − b)
1 + 4 − c2
⇒ cos 60° = A B
2(1)(2) (a + b + c)  tan + tan 
 2 2
1 5 − c2
⇒ =  ( s − b )( s − c ) + ( s − a )( s − c ) 
2 4 = (a + b + c)  
⇒ c2 = 3  s (s − a ) s ( s − b ) 
50


π π π
8. tan θ = − 1 ⇒ tan θ = tan  2π −  ⇒θ+ = nπ + (– 1)n
4  3 4
π π
and cos θ =
1
⇒ cos θ = cos  π ⇒ θ = nπ + (−1) n −
 2π −  4 3
2  4
13. sin 6θ + sin 4θ + sin 2θ = 0
π 7π
∴ general value is 2nπ +  2π −  = 2nπ + ⇒ sin 6θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ = 0
 4  4
⇒ 2 sin 4θ cos 2θ + sin 4θ = 0
 If tan =
θ tan a and cos =
θ cos a  ⇒ sin 4θ (2 cos 2θ + 1) = 0
… 
⇒ θ= 2nπ + a  ⇒ sin 4θ = 0 or 2 cos 2θ + 1 = 0
−1
9. cos x = |sin x| ⇒ 4θ = nπ or cos 2θ =
2
⇒ ± cos x = sin x nπ π
⇒ tan x = ± 1 ⇒θ= or cos 2θ = – cos
4 3
As cos x is positive, π

π cos 2θ = cos  π − 
x = 2nπ ± , n∈ Z  3

4
2π
cos 2θ = cos
10. 2 3 cos θ = tan θ 3
2π
⇒ 2 3 cos2 θ = sin θ 2θ = 2nπ ±
3
⇒ 2 3 sin2 θ + sin θ – 2 3 = 0 π
−1 ± 7 −8 θ = nπ ±
⇒ sin θ = ⇒ sin θ = , 3
4 3 4 3 14. cos2 x – 2 cos x = 4 sin x – sin 2x
which is not possible ⇒ cos2 x – 2 cos x = 4 sin x – 2 sin x cos x
6 3 π ⇒ cos x (cos x – 2) = 2 sin x (2 – cos x)
and sin θ = = = sin
4 3 2 3 ⇒ cos x(cos x – 2) – 2 sin x (2 – cos x) = 0
π ⇒ cos x(cos x – 2) + 2 sin x (cos x – 2) = 0
⇒ θ = nπ + (–1)n
3 ⇒ (cos x – 2)(cos x + 2 sin x) = 0
⇒ cos x + 2 sin x = 0 ….[ cos x ≠ 2]
11. sinθ + cosθ = 1
⇒ cos x = – 2 sin x
Dividing both sides by 12 + 12 = 2 , we get
1
1 1 1 ⇒ tan x = − = tan a (say)
sin θ + cos θ = 2
2 2 2
⇒ x = nπ + a
π π 1
⇒ sin θ cos + cos θ sin =  1
4 4 2 ⇒ x = nπ + t an −1  −  , n ∈ I
2  
 π 1 π
⇒ sin  θ +  = = sin Since, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
 4  2 4
 1
….[ sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B] ∴ x = π + t an −1  − 
 2

π π 15. 3sin2 x + 10 cos x − 6 = 0
⇒θ+ = nπ + (–1)n
4 4 ⇒ 3 (1 − cos2 x) + 10 cos x − 6 = 0
n π π ⇒ 3 – 3 cos2 x + 10 cos x – 6 = 0
⇒ θ = nπ + (–1) –
4 4 ⇒ 3 cos2 x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0
⇒ 3 cos2 x – 9 cos x – cos x + 3 = 0
12. 3 cos θ + sin θ = 2
⇒ 3 cos x (cos x – 3) – 1 (cos x – 3) = 0
( 3) ⇒ (cos x − 3) (3 cos x −1) = 0
2
Dividing both sides by + 12 = 2,
⇒ cos x = 3, (which is not possible)
we get 1
or cos x =
3 1 2 3
cos θ + sin θ =
2 2 2 1
⇒ cos x = = cos a (say)
π π 1 3
⇒ sin θ cos + cos θ sin =
3 3 2 ⇒ x = 2nπ ± a
π π 1
⇒ sin  θ +  = sin   ⇒ x = 2nπ ± cos−1  
 3  4   3  
42

16. tan (cot x) = cot (tan x) 20. sin x + sin y + sin z = −3 is satisfied only when
π  3π
⇒ tan (cot x) = tan  − tan x  x=y=z= , for x, y, z ∈ [0, 2π].
2  2
π ∴ option (A) is the correct answer.
⇒ cot x = nπ + – tan x
2
π 3π
π 21. The given equation is defined for x ≠ , .
⇒ cot x + tan x = nπ + 2 2
2
Now, tan x + sec x = 2 cos x
cos x sin x π sin x 1
⇒ + = nπ + ⇒ + = 2 cos x
sin x cos x 2 cos x cos x
2 ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) π ⇒ (sin x + 1) = 2 cos2 x
⇒ = nπ +
2 sin x cos x 2 ⇒ (sin x + 1) = 2 (1 – sin2 x)
2 π ⇒ (sin x + 1) = 2(1 – sin x)(1 + sin x)
⇒ = nπ +
sin 2x 2 ⇒ (1 + sin x)[2(1 – sin x) –1] = 0
2 4 ⇒ 2(1 – sin x) – 1 = 0
⇒ sin 2x = =
π ( 2n + 1) π  sin x ≠ − 1 otherwise cos x = 0 and 
nπ + …
2  tan x,sec x will beundefined 
1
 pp   qπ  ⇒ sin x =
17. tan   = cot   2
 4   4 
π 5π
 pp  π qπ ⇒x= , in (0, 2π)
⇒ tan   = tan  −  6 6
 4  2 4 
∴ number of solutions = 2
pp π qπ
⇒ = nπ + −
4 2 4 π 3π
22. The given equation is defined for x ≠ , .
p 1 q 2 2
⇒ =n+ −
4 2 4 Now, sec x cos 5x + 1 = 0
p+q 2n + 1 ⇒ sec x cos 5x = −1
⇒ =
4 2 ⇒ cos 5x = − cos x
⇒ p + q = 2(2n + 1) ⇒ cos 5x + cos x = 0
⇒ 2 cos 3x.cos 2x = 0
π
18. We have, x – y = ….(i) ⇒ cos 3x = 0 or cos 2x = 0
4
and cot x + cot y = 2 π π
⇒ 3x = (2n + 1) or 2x = (2n + 1)
1 1 2 2
⇒ + 2
= ….(ii) (2n + 1)π (2n + 1) π
tan x tan y ⇒x= or x =
From (i) and (ii), we get 6 4
1 1 π 5π 7 π 11π π 3π 5π 7 π
+ 2
= ⇒x= , , , , , , , in [0, 2π]
 π  tan y 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4
tan  y + 
 4 ∴ number of solutions = 8
⇒ (1 – tan y) tan y + 1 + tan y 23. 3 sin2 x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0
= 2tan y (1 + tan y) ⇒ 3sin2 x – 6 sin x – sin x + 2 = 0
⇒ 3 tan2 y = 1 ⇒ 3sin x (sin x – 2) – (sin x – 2) = 0
1 π
⇒ tan2 y = = tan 2 ⇒ (3 sin x – 1) (sin x – 2) = 0
3 6
1
π ⇒ sin x = or 2
⇒y= ….[smallest +ve value] 3
6
From (i), 1
⇒ sin x = ….[ sin x ≠ 2]
π π π 5π 3
x= +y= + =
4 4 6 12 1 π
Let sin–1 = a, 0 < a < are the solutions in
19. tan 2θ = 1 3 2
The value of tan θ is positive if θ is in 1st and 3rd [0, 5π]. Then, a, π – a, 2π + a, 3π – a, 4π
quadrant. + a, 5π – a are the solutions in [0, 5π].
∴ Option (B) is the correct answer. ∴ number of solutions = 6
43


24. sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 28. (2 cos x − 1) (3 + 2 cos x) = 0
⇒ sin 5x + sin x + sin 3x = 0 1  −3 
⇒ 2 sin 3x cos 2x + sin 3x = 0 ⇒ cos x = ...  cos x ≠ 
2  2
⇒ sin 3x (2 cos 2x + 1) = 0 π
⇒ sin 3x = 0 or 2 cos 2x = –1 ⇒ x = 2nπ ±
3
−1
⇒ 3x = nπ or cos 2x = π 5π
2 ⇒x = , in [0, 2π]
3 3
nπ π
⇒ x= or cos 2x = – cos 29. (1 + tan a) (1 + tan 4a) = 2
3 3
π ∴ 1 + tan a + tan 4a + tan a.tan 4a = 2
cos 2x = cos  π −  ∴ tan a + tan 4a = 1 − tan a.tan 4a
 3 
tan a + tan 4a
2π ∴ =1
cos 2x = cos 1 − tan a.tan 4a
3
2π ∴ tan (a + 4a) = 1
2x = 2nπ ± ∴ tan 5a = 1
3
π  π 
x = nπ ±
π ∴ 5a = …  α ∈  0, 
3 4   16  
2π 4 π   π 3π   π
⇒ x = π, , …  x ∈  ,   ∴ a=
3 3   2 2  20
25. sin x – sin 2x + sin 3x = 2 cos2 x – cos x 1

30. sin x cos x =
⇒ sin x + sin 3x – sin 2x = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 4
⇒ 2 sin 2x cos x – sin 2x = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 1 π
⇒ sin 2x = = sin
⇒ sin 2x (2 cos x – 1) = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 2 6
⇒ 2 sin x cos x = cos x or 2 cos x – 1 = 0 π
⇒ 2x = nπ + (−1)n
1 1 6
⇒ sin x = or cos x = 0 or cos x =
2 2 nπ n π
⇒x= + (−1)
π π 2 12
⇒ sin x = sin or cos x = 0 or cos x = cos
6 3 π   π 
⇒x= ...  x ∈  0,  
n π π 12   2 
⇒ x = nπ + (–1) or x = (2n + 1)
6 2
31. sin 2x + cos 2x = 0
π
or x = 2nπ ± ⇒ (sin 2x + cos 2x)2 = 0
3
⇒ sin2 2x + cos2 2x + 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 0
π π π 5π
⇒x= , , , …[ x ∈ (0, π)] ⇒ 1 + sin 4x = 0 ⇒ sin 4x = −1
6 3 2 6
 −π 
26. cos 2x + k sin x = 2k − 7 ∴ 4x = nπ + (−1)n  
 2 
⇒ 1 − 2 sin2x + k sin x − 2k + 7 = 0
π
⇒ 2 sin2x − k sin x + 2k − 8 = 0 ∴ 4x = nπ + (−1)n+1
2
k ± k 2 − 8(2k − 8) nπ π
⇒ sin x = ∴ x= + (−1) n +1
4 4 8
k ± (k − 8) k−4 11π 15π
⇒ sin x = = ,2 ∴ For π < x < 2π, the values of x are , .
4 2 8 8
Since, sin x ≠ 2
and −1 < sin x < 1 32. cos 2θ = sin θ ⇒ 1 − 2 sin2θ = sin θ
k−4 ⇒ 2 sin2θ + sin θ − 1 = 0
∴ −1< <1⇒−2<k−4<2 ⇒ (2 sin θ − 1) (sin θ + 1) = 0
2
1
⇒2<k<6 ⇒ sin θ = or sin θ = −1
2
27. − 7 2 + 52 ≤ (7cos x +5sin x) ≤ 7 2 + 52 1 π π
∴ sin θ = = sin ⇒ θ = nπ + (−1)n
⇒ − 74 ≤ (7cos x +5sin x) ≤ 74 2 6 6
⇒ − 8.6 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ 8.6 3π
and sin θ = −1 = sin
⇒ − 4.8 ≤ 2k ≤ 3.8 2
Integral values of k are − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2,3 3π
⇒ θ = mπ + (−1)m
Number of integral values of k = 8 2
44

π 5π 3π  π   π  π
∴ θ= , , ⇒ cos  x +  cos  x +  + cos  x − 
6 6 2  6  6  6   
∴ number of solutions = 3 π
– 2 cos  = 0
6
33. tan θ = cot 5θ
⇒ tan θ – cot 5θ = 0  π  π π
⇒ cos  x +  2 cos x cos − 2cos  = 0
sin θ cos 5θ  6  6 6
⇒ – =0
cos θ sin 5θ  π π
⇒ 2 cos  x +  cos (cos x – 1) = 0
⇒ cos 5θ cos θ – sin 5θ sin θ = 0  6 6
⇒ cos (5θ + θ) = 0  π
⇒ cos  x +  (cos x – 1) = 0
π  6 
⇒ cos 6θ = 0 = cos
2  π
⇒ cos  x +  = 0 or cos x = 1
π  6 
⇒ 6θ = 2nπ ±
2 π π
π 3π 5π
⇒x+ = (2n + 1) or x = 2nπ
⇒ 6θ = ± , ± , 6 2
2 2 2 π π
⇒x+ = ± or x = 0
π π 5π 6 2
⇒θ=± ,± ,
12 4 12 π −2π
⇒x= , ,0
and sin 2θ = cos 4θ 3 3
⇒ sin 2θ = 1 – 2 sin2 2θ π   π π 
⇒ x = 0, …  x ∈  − ,  
⇒ 2 sin2 2θ + sin 2θ – 1 = 0 3  2 2  
⇒ (2 sin 2θ – 1)(sin 2θ + 1) = 0 ∴ number of solutions = 2.
1
⇒ sin 2θ = or sin 2θ = –1
 π π 1
2 35. 8 cos x cos  + x  ⋅ cos  − x  −  = 1
π  6  6  2
⇒ sin 2θ = sin   or sin 2θ = – 1
6   π 1
⇒ 8 cos x  cos 2 − sin 2 x −  = 1
π π  6 2
⇒ 2θ = nπ + (– 1)n
or 2θ = (4n – 1)
6 2 3 1
⇒ 8 cos x  − sin 2 x −  = 1
π 5π π 4 2
⇒ 2θ = , or 2θ = –
6 6 2 1
⇒ 8 cos x  − (1 − cos 2 x )  = 1
π 5π π 4 
⇒θ= , or θ = –
12 12 4 3
⇒ 2 (4 cos x – 3 cos x) = 1
π π 5π ⇒ 2 cos 3x = 1
∴ the common values of θ are – , and .
4 12 12
1
Hence, there are 3 values of θ satisfying the ⇒ cos 3x =
2
given equation.
π
⇒ cos 3x = cos
π π 3
  π
34. cos2  x +  + cos2 x – 2cos  x +  cos   2nπ π
 6  6 6 ⇒x= ±
3 9
π
= sin2 π 5π 7 π
6 ⇒x= , , …[ x ∈ [0, π]]
9 9 9
 π  π
⇒ cos2  x +  +  cos 2 x – sin 2  Sum =
π
+
5π
+
7π
=
13π
 6   6  9 9 9 9
 π π 13
– 2cos  x +  cos   = 0 ⇒k=
 6 6 9
 π  π  π 36. cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0
⇒ cos2  x +  + cos  x +  cos  x − 
 6  6  6   ∴ cos x + cos 4x + cos 2x + cos 3x = 0
 π π 5x 3x 5x x
– 2 cos  x +  cos = 0 ∴ 2cos ⋅ cos + 2cos ⋅ cos = 0
 6 6 2 2 2 2
45

π ∴ sin a = 1 − p , sin β = p and sin γ = q

⇒– +C=0
4
The given equation can be written as
π
⇒C= 3π 3π
4 a+β+γ= ⇒a+β= –γ
4 4
115. 2 tan−1 (cos x) = tan−1 (2 cosec x)  3π 
∴ tan−1 (cos x) + tan−1 (cos x) = tan−1 (2 cosec x) ⇒ cos (a + β) = cos  − γ 
 4 
∴ tan [tan−1 (cos x) + tan−1 (cos x)]
⇒ cos a cos β – sin a sin β
= tan  tan −1 (2cosec x) 
 π  π
tan (tan −1 cos x) + tan (tan −1 cos x) = cos π −  + γ   = − cos  + γ 
⇒ =2 cosec x  4   4  
1 − tan (tan −1 cos x).tan(tan −1 cos x)
⇒ p 1− p – 1− p p
cos x + cos x
⇒ = 2 cosec x
1 1
1 − cos 2 x
2
= −  1− q −

. q
⇒ 2 cos x = 2 cosec x . (1 − cos x)  2 2 
⇒ cos x = cosec x . sin2 x 1
⇒ 0 = 1− q – q ⇒1–q=q⇒q=
⇒ cos x = sin x 2
π
⇒x=
4 1 5 2 1
119. 2 tan–1 + sec–1 + 2 tan–1
π π 5 7 8
∴ sin x + cos x = sin + cos
4 4 1 1 5 2
1 1 = 2  tan −1 + tan −1  + sec −1
= + = 2  5 8 7
2 2
 1 1 
–1 –1 –1 π  +  5 2 
2
116. sin x + sin y + sin z= = 2 tan −1  5 8  + tan −1   − 1

2 1 − 1  1    7 
Put sin–1 x = a, sin–1 y = β, sin–1 z = γ   
5  8  
π
∴ a+β+γ= …[ sec–1 x = tan–1 x 2 − 1 ]
2
π π  13 1
⇒ a + β = – γ ⇒ cos (a + β) = cos  − γ  = 2 tan −1 + tan −1
2 2  39 7
⇒ cos a cos β – sin a sin β = sin γ ….(i) 1 1
= 2 tan −1 + tan −1
and, we have 3 7
sin a = x ⇒ cos a = 1− x 2  1 
 2  
Similarly, cosβ = 1− y 2
= tan −1   3   + tan −1 1
 1 
2
7
∴ From (i), we get 1 −   
 3
  
1− x 2 . 1− y 2 = xy + z
Squaring on both sides, we get  −1 −1 2x 
...=
 2 tan x tan 1 − x 2 , if − 1 < x < 1
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1  
3 1
117. Given cos–1 x + cos–1 y+ cos–1 z = 3π = tan–1 + tan–1
4 7
 0 ≤ cos–1 x ≤ π
 3 1 
∴ 0 ≤ cos–1 y ≤ π and 0 ≤ cos–1 z ≤ π  + 
Here, cos–1 x = cos–1 y = cos–1 z = π = tan –1
 4 7 
1 − 3  1  
⇒ x = y = z = cos π = – 1   
4  7  
∴ xy + yz + zx = (–1) (–1) + (–1)(–1) + (–1) (–1)
=1+1+1=3 120. sin–1 [cos (sin–1 x)] + cos–1 [sin (cos–1 x)]
118. Let a = cos–1 p , β = cos
–1
1− p = sin −1 1 − x 2 + cos −1 1 − x 2
and γ = cos–1 1 − q ∴ cos a = p, …  cos ( sin −1 x=
) sin ( cos−1 x=) 1 − x2 
 
cos β = 1 − p
π
and cos γ = 1 − q =
2
55


2π 1 3 
121. sin–1x + cos–1y = = θ + cos−1  .cos θ + sin θ 
5
2 2 
π π 2π
⇒ – cos–1 x + – sin–1 y =  π π 
2 2 5 = θ + cos−1  cos .cos θ + sin .sin θ 
–1 –1 2π 3  3 
⇒ π – cos x – sin y =
5  π  π
= θ + cos−1 cos  − θ   = θ + − θ
–1 –1 2π 3π  3  3
⇒ cos x + sin y = π – =
5 5 π
=
2 2 3
−1  1 
122. sin−1   + sin  
 3  3  2x 
126. tan−1 y = tan−1x + tan−1  
2 2 1
2
 1 − x2 
= sin−1   + cos
−1
1−  
 3  3 = tan−1x + 2 tan−1x
∴ tan−1y = 3 tan−1x
…. =
sin −1 x cos −1 1 − x 2 
   3x − x3 
Since, 3tan−1x = tan−1  2 
2 2 −1  2 2   1 − 3x 
= sin−1   + cos  
 3   3  3x − x3
∴ y=
π  π 1 − 3x 2
= …. sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
2  2
1 
  127. tan–1  tan 2A  + tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A)
  2 
 −1  3    1  1 2 tan A   cot A + cot 3 A 
123. cos  tan    = cos cos −1 2  = tan −1    −1
  4    + π + tan  
 3 2
 2  1 − tan A  
4
 1 − cot A 
1+   
  4  
  π 
 4   0 ≤ A ≤ 4 , 
= cos cos −1     
  5   −1 −1  x + y  
…  tan x + tan y = π + tan 
−1
, 
=
4   1 − xy  
5 for x, y > 0 and xy > 1 
 
 
124. Let sin–1 x = θ
⇒ x = sin θ tan A   cot A (1 + cot 2 A ) 
= π + tan −1   + tan −1
 
 (1 + cot A ) (1 − cot A ) 
2
 1 − tan A 
2 2
2x 1 − x 2 = 2 sin θ cos θ
= sin 2θ tan A  cot A 
= π + tan −1  −1 
 + tan 
∴ sin–1
( 2x 1 − x2 ) = sin–1 (sin 2θ)
2
 1 − tan A 
2 
 1 − cot A 
tan A  tan A 
= sin–1 [sin (π – 2θ)] = π + tan −1  2
−1 
 + tan  2 
 1 π π   1 − tan A   tan A − 1 
 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ 4 ≤ θ ≤ 2   tan A   − tan A 
  = π + tan–1  2
−1
 + tan  2 
 π   1 − tan A   1 − tan A 
...  ⇒ ≤ 2θ ≤ π 
2 =π+0 …[tan–1(– x) = – tan–1 x]
 
 π
⇒ 0 ≤ π − 2θ ≤  =π
 2 

= π – 2θ 128. Consider option (A),
= π – 2 sin–1 x sin (cos−1 x) = cos (sin−1 x) = 1 − x 2
∴ A = π, B = –2
…  sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 , cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2 
−1  
125. Let x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos x
x 1   1 
Now, cos−1 x + cos−1  + 3 − 3x 2  129. sin [cot–1 (x + 1)] = sin  sin −1 
2 2  
2
x + 2x + 2 
−1  cos θ 3  1
= θ + cos  + 1 − cos 2 θ  =
 2 2  2
x + 2x + 2
56

 1  3
And cos (tan–1x) = cos  cos −1  133. a = cos–1  
 1+ x  2 5 
1 3
= ⇒ cos a =
1+ x 2 5
4
1 1 ⇒ tan a =
Thus, 2
= 3
x + 2x + 2 1+ x 2
1
1 β = tan–1  
⇒ x2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + x2 ⇒ x = – 3
2
1

⇒ tan β =
 a  3
130. cot (cos–1 x) = sec  tan −1  2 2 
   tan α − tanβ
  b −a   tan (a – β) =
1 + tan α . tanβ
  x   a2 
⇒ cot cot −1    = sec sec −1 1 + 2 2  4 1
 2  b − a  −

  1 − x    = 3 3 = 9
4 1 13
x b 1+ .
⇒ = 3 3
1 − x2 b2 − a 2
 
x2 b2  9 
⇒ = –1  9  –1  13 
1− x 2 b2 − a 2 a – β = tan   = sin  
 13   1+  9 
2

1− x 2 b2 − a 2    
⇒ =   13  
x2 b2
1 2b − a 2
2   x 
⇒ 2 = …  tan −1 x = sin −1  
x b2   1 + x 
2
  
b
⇒x=  9 
2b 2 − a 2 = sin–1  
 5 10 
1 4
131. 2 cot−1   − cot−1   ( x + 1) 2 A Bx + C
2 3 134. = + 2
x3 + x x x +1
4
= 2 tan−1 (2) − cot−1   ( x + 1) 2 Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 + Cx
3 ∴ =
x( x 2 + 1) x( x 2 + 1)
 1 
...  cot –1 ( x ) tan –1   , if x > 0 
= ∴ x2 + 2x +1 = (A + B)x 2 + Cx + A
  x  Equating coefficients on both sides, we get
 4  −1  4  A + B = 1, C = 2, A = 1
= π + tan −1   − cot  
 −3  3 ⇒B=0
 2x  1 −1  1 
….[ 2 tan−1 (x) = π + tan−1  2 
, if x > 1] ∴ cosec−1  −1
 + cot   + sec C
1− x  A
  B
 
4 4 π π 5π
= π − tan −1   − cot −1   = +0+ =
3 3 2 3 6
 4 4 
= π −  tan −1   + cot −1    135.
a
=
b
⇒
5
=
4
 3  3  sin A sin B π  sin B
sin  + B 
π 2 
=π−
2 5 4 4
⇒ = ⇒ tan B =
π cos B sin B 5
=
2 π −5
Now, tan A = tan  + B  = − cot B =
−1 

 2   2   4
132. tan sin  cos − l 
  3   tan C = tan(π − (A + B))
  1    = − tan(A + B)
= tan−1 sin  sin − l   …  cos x = sin 1 − x 
−1 −1 2
 5 4
  3    − − + 
=
( tan A + tan B ) =  4 5 = 9
 1  π 1 − tan A . tan B  5 4 40
= tan−1   = 6 1−− × 
 3  4 5
57


 1   100  n + 1 − n  
 2.  = cot ∑ tan −1  
⇒ C = tan–1  9   n =1 1 + n ( n + 1)  
 1 
2
1 −   
 9  { 100
= cot Σ  tan −1 ( n + 1) − tan −1 n 
n =1 }
1 = cot [(tan 2 – tan 1) + (tan 3 – tan–12) + …..
–1 –1 –1
⇒ C = 2 tan–1  
9
+ (tan–1 101 – tan–1 100)]
1 1 = cot (tan–1101 – tan–11)
136. 2y = 1 ⇒ y = ⇒ sin x =
2 2   101 − 1  
= cot  tan −1  
⇒x=
π 5π 7 π 11π
, ,− ,− in −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π   1 + 101  
6 6 6 6
 100 
∴ number of points of intersection = 4 = cot  tan −1  

 102   
 −1 −1  x    50 
sin ( πx ) tan  π   = cot  tan −1   
1     51  
137. A – B =
π  −1  x  
 sin   cot ( πx ) 
−1
 51 
 π
   = cot cot −1   
 50  
 −1  x  
 − cos ( πx ) tan  π  
−1
51
1    =
– 50
π  −1  x 

 sin   tan ( πx ) 
−1
 π
   140. (cos θ + i sin θ) (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ)
π  …(cos nθ + i sin nθ) = 1
0
1 2 ⇒ eiθ⋅ e2iθ…einθ = 1
=  
π  π
0 n ( n+1)
 2  ⇒ e
i
2
θ
= e0
1 n ( n+1) θ
= I ⇒ = 2kπ, k∈I
2 2
1 4kπ
138. sin θ, cos θ and tan θ are in G.P. ⇒θ= , k∈ I
6 n ( n+1)
1
∴ cos2 θ = . sin θ. tan θ 1 − icosθ
6 141. Let z =
1 + 2icosθ
sin θ
⇒ 6 cos2 θ = sin θ. 1 − icosθ 1 − 2icosθ
cos θ ⇒z= ×
1 + 2icosθ 1 − 2icosθ
⇒ 6 cos3 θ = sin2 θ
1 − 2icos θ − icos θ − 2cos 2 θ
⇒ 6 cos3 θ + cos2 θ − 1 = 0 ⇒z=
1 + 4cos 2 θ
1
Here, cos θ = is the only real root.
2 1 − 2cos 2 θ − 3icos θ
⇒z=
π 1 + 4cos 2 θ
∴ θ = 2nπ ±
3 As z is a real number,
Im (z) = 0
 100  n

cot  ∑ cot −1 1 + ∑ 2k  
139. −3cos θ
=  n 1=  k 1  =0
1 + 4cos 2 θ
 100 
= cot  ∑ cot −1 (1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n )  ⇒ cos θ = 0
 n =1 
π
 100  ⇒ θ = (2n + 1) ,(n ∈ I)
= cot ∑ cot −1 1 + n ( n + 1)   2
 n =1 
 100  1  
= cot ∑ tan −1  
 n =1 1 + n ( n + 1)  
58

Evaluation Test
1. sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3x 5π 7 π

∴ x= ,
31 8 8
⇒ sin x = (3sin x − sin 3x)
4 ∴ The values of x satisfying the given equation
cos 3x = 4 cos3x − 3 cos x π 3π 5π 7 π
between 0 and 2π are , , , .
31 8 8 8 8
⇒ cos x = (cos3x + 3cos x)
4 π
These are in A.P. with common difference .
Given, cos 3x cos3x + sin 3x sin3 x = 0 4
1
⇒ cos 3x ⋅ (cos 3x + 3 cos x) 2 2x
4 3. 16sin x +16cos = 10
1 sin 2 x 2
+ sin 3x⋅ (3 sin x − sin 3x) = 0 ⇒ 16 +161− sin x = 10
4
1 2 16
⇒ cos 2 3x+3cos x cos3x +3sin x sin 3x − sin 2 3x  =
0 ⇒ 16sin x + 2x
= 10
4 16sin
⇒ cos2 3x − sin2 3x + 3(cos 3x cos x Let t = 16sin
2x
+ sin 3x sin x) = 0 16
⇒ cos 6x + 3 cos 2x = 0 ⇒t+ = 10 ⇒ t2 + 16 = 10t
t
⇒ 4 cos3 2x − 3 cos 2x + 3 cos 2x = 0 ⇒ t2 − 10t + 16 = 0 ⇒ (t − 2) (t − 8) = 0
⇒ 4 cos3 2x = 0 ⇒ t = 2 or t = 8
⇒ cos 2x = 0 2x 2x
π ⇒ 16sin = 2 or 16sin =8
⇒ 2x = (2n + 1) 4sin 2 x 1 4sin 2 x
2 ⇒ 2 = 2 or 2 = 23
⇒ x = (2n + 1)
π ⇒ 4 sin2x = 1 or 4 sin2x = 3
4 1 3
⇒ sin2 x = or sin2 x =
4 4
2. sin x 8cos 2 x = 1
π π
∴ sin x 2 2 cos x = 1 ….  8 = 2 2  ⇒ sin2x = sin2   or sin2x = sin2  
6 3
∴ sin x |cos x| =
1 π π
⇒ x = nπ ±or x = nπ ±
2 2 6 3
Case I: π 7 π 5π 11π π 4 π 2 π 5π
1 ⇒x= , , , or x = , , ,
If cos x > 0, sin x cos x = 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3
2 2 ∴ There are 8 solutions in [0, 2π].
1 1
∴ sin 2x = 4. The maximum value of a sin x + b cos x is
2 2 2
1 a 2 + b2 .
∴ sin 2x =
2 ∴ Maximum value of sin x + cos x is 2 and the
π 3π 9π 11π maximum value of 1 + sin 2x is 2.
∴ 2x = , , , ∴ The given equation will be true only when
4 4 4 4
….[ x ∈ (0, 2π), ∴ 2x ∈ (0, 4π)] sin x + cos x = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
π 3π 9π 11π If sin x + cos x = 2
∴ x= , , , 1 1
8 8 8 8 ⇒ cos x ⋅ + sin x ⋅ =1
st th
But cos x > 0 (x must be in 1 or 4 Quadrant) 2 2
π 3π π π
∴ the possible values are , . ⇒ cos x cos + sin x sin = 1
8 8 4 4
Case II:  π 
⇒ cos  x −  = 1
If cos x < 0,  4
1 1 π
sin x(−cos x) = ⇒ sin 2x = − ⇒ x − = 2nπ,
2 2 2 4
5π 7 π π
∴ 2x = , ⇒ x = 2nπ + ….(i)
4 4 4
59


1 + sin 2x = 2 ⇒ sin 2x = 1  3tan θ− tan 3 θ 
π
⇒ 3 2 = 3
⇒ sin 2x = sin  1 − 3tan θ 
2
⇒ 3 tan 3θ = 3
π
⇒ 2x = nπ + (−1)n. ⇒ tan 3θ = 1 = tan
π
2
4
nπ π
⇒x= + (−1)n. ….(ii) ⇒ 3θ = nπ +
π
2 4
4
The value of x ∈[−π, π] which satisfies both (i) π
π ⇒ θ = (4n + 1)
and (ii) is . 12
4
9 3
5. sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x cos x 8. A(∆ABC) =
⇒ (sin2x + cos2x)2 − 2 sin2x cos2x = sin x cos x 2
1 1 1 9 3
⇒1− (2 sin x cos x)2 = .2sin x cos x ⇒ bcsin A =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3 9 3  2π 3
⇒ 1 − sin2 2x = sin 2 x ⇒ × bc × = …  =
sin A sin
= 
2 2 2 2 2  3 2 
⇒ sin22x + sin 2x − 2 = 0 ⇒ bc = 18
⇒ (sin 2x + 2) (sin 2x − 1) = 0
b2 + c2 − a 2
⇒ sin 2x = 1 ….[sin 2x ≠ −2] cos A =
2bc
π 2π (b − c) 2 + 2bc − a 2
⇒ sin 2x = sin ⇒ cos =
2 3 2bc
π
⇒ 2x = nπ + (−1)n ⇒−
1
=
(3 3) 2 + 2 ×18 − a 2
2 2 2 ×18
nπ π ⇒ − 18 = 27 + 36 − a2
⇒x= + (−1)n
2 4 ⇒ a2 = 27 + 36 + 18 = 81
π 5π ⇒ a = 9 cm
∴ The value of x in [0, 2π] are and .
4 4
∴ There are 2 solutions. 9. B
6. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5 30°

 2 x   x  3 +1
 1 − tan 2   2 tan 2 
∴ 3  + 4 =5
 1 + tan 2 x   1 + tan 2 x 
 2  2 105° 45°
A C
x
Let tan = t
2 Let ∠B = 30°, ∠C = 45° ∴ ∠A = 105°
∴ 3 − 3t2 + 8t = 5 + 5t2 2
⇒ 8t − 8t + 2 = 0 sin A sin B sin C
= =
⇒ 4t2 − 4t + 1 = 0 ⇒ (2t − 1)2 = 0 a b c
1 x sin105° sin 30° sin 45°
⇒t= ⇒ tan = tan a ∴ = =
2 2 3 +1 b c
⇒
x
2
= nπ + a ⇒ x = 2nπ + 2a
∴ b=
( )
3 +1 sin 30°
=
3 +1
sin105° 2sin105°
π 2π
7. tan θ + tan  θ+  + tan  θ +  = 3
 3  3  c=
( )
3 +1 sin 45°
=
3 +1
sin105° 2 sin105°
tan θ+ 3 tan θ − 3
⇒ tan θ + + =3 1
1 − 3 tan θ 1 + 3 tan θ A(∆ABC) = bc sin A
2
tan θ(1 − 3tan 2 θ) + (tan θ + 3)(1+ 3 tan θ)
1 3 +1 3 +1
+ (tan θ− 3)(1 − 3 tan θ) = × × × sin105°
⇒ =3 2 2sin105° 2 sin105°
1 − 3tan 2 θ
( )
2
3 3 +1
9 tan θ− 3tan θ =
⇒ =3 4 2 sin (60°+ 45°)
1 − 3tan 2 θ
60

( )
2 2
n+2 n +1
=
3 +1 ∴ 3 − 4 + 4   =
 2n  n
 3 1 1 1 
4 2  ⋅ + ⋅  n 2 + 4n + 4 n +1
 2 2 2 2  ⇒−1+ =
n2 n
( )
2
3 +1 ⇒ − n2 + n2 + 4n + 4 = n2 + n
=
 3 +1  ⇒ n2 − 3n − 4 = 0
4 2   ⇒ (n + 1) (n − 4) = 0
 2 2 
⇒ n = −1 or n = 4
3 +1 But n cannot be negative.
=
2 ∴ n=4
b+c c+a a+b 2(a + b + c) ∴ The sides of the ∆ are 4, 5, 6.
10. Let = = = k=
11 12 13 36 12.
a+b+c
A
=
18
….(By property of equal ratio) E O B
∴ b + c = 11k, c + a = 12k, a + b = 13k,
a + b + c = 18 k r 72° r
∴ a = 7k, b = 6k, c = 5k
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A = D C
2bc
36k 2 + 25k 2 − 49k 2 360°
= In ∆ODC, OD = OC = r, ∠DOC = = 72°
2(6k)(5k) 5
1 1
12k 2 1 ∴ A(∆ODC) = r.r. sin 72° = r2 sin 72°
= = 2 2
60k 2 5
5 2
1 ∴ A2 = Area of pentagon = r sin 72°
∴ cos A = 2
5
A1 = Area of circle = πr2
11. A A1 πr 2
∴ =
A2 5 2
r sin 72°
2
n+1 n
2π 2π 2π π
= = sec 18° = sec
5cos18° 5 5 10
B C
n+2 b2 + c2 − a 2
13. cos A =
Let AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2 2bc
∴ Largest angle is A and smallest angle is B. 4 + 3 − a2
⇒ cos 30° =
∴ A = 2B 4 3
Since, A + B + C = 180° 3 7 − a2
∴ 3B + C = 180° ⇒ = ⇒ 7 − a2 = 6
2 4 3
⇒ C = 180° − 3B ⇒ a2 = 1
⇒ sin C = sin(180° − 3B) = sin 3B ⇒a=1 ….[ a ≠ −1]
sin A sin B sin C
⇒ = = 1 1
n+2 n n +1 ∆= bcsin A = × 2 × 3 × sin 30°
2 2
sin 2B sin B sin 3B
⇒ = = 1 3
n+2 n n +1 = 3× =
2sin Bcos B sin B 3sin B − 4sin 3 B 2 2
⇒ = = a + b + c 1+ 2 + 3 3 + 3
n+2 n n +1 s = = =
2cos B 1 2
3 − 4sin B 2 2 2
⇒ = = ∆ = rs
n+2 n n +1
n+2 n +1 ∆ 3 2
∴ cos B = , 3 − 4 sin2B = ∴ r = = ×
2n n s 2 3+ 3
2 n +1 3(3 − 3) 3 3 −3 3 −1
∴ 3 − 4(1 − cos B) = = = =
n 9−3 6 2
61


14. a4 + b4 + c4 = 2a2(b2 + c2) a  π 3π 
= cos − cos 
∴ a4 + b4 + c4 − 2a2b2 − 2a2c2 = 0 
2  2 4
∴ a4 + b4 + c4 − 2a2b2 + 2b2c2 − 2a2c2 = 2b2c2 a   1 
= 0 −  −
(b + c2 − a 2 ) = ( ) 
2 2
∴ 2
2bc 2  2 
∴ b2 + c2 − a2 = 2bc a
∴ P=
2
b + c − a2
2 2
2bc 1
∴ cos A = = =
2bc 2bc 2 A B
16. tan and tan are the roots of the quadratic
∴ ∠A = 45° 2 2
equation 6x2 − 5x + 1 = 0
15. π A A B 5 A B 1
4 ∴ tan + tan = , tan tan =
2 2 6 2 2 6
A B 5 5
tan + tan
p A Β
π
∴ tan  +  = 2 2 = 6 = 6=1
 2 2  1 − tan A tan B 1 − 1 5
8 2 2 6 6
B a C  A+B
∴ tan   =1
5π  2 
Let length of altitude = p 8 A+B π
∴ =
Since, A + B + C = π 2 4
π 5π π π
∴ A+ + =π ∴ A+B= ∴ ∠C=
8 8 2 2
π 5π π
∴ ∆ABC is a right angled triangle.
∴ A=π− − =
8 8 4 acsin B
1
∆ ac
1 1
Area of ∆ = ap = bc sin A 17. r= = 2 =
2 2 s 1 a + b+c
(a + b + c)
π 2
∴ ap = bc sin …[ sin B = sin 90° = 1]
4
1 ac a+c−b
∴ ap = bc × ∴ r = ×
2 a+c+b a+c−b
bc ac(a + c − b) ac(a + c − b)
∴ p= …(i) = = 2 2
2a (a + c) 2 − b 2 a + c + 2ac − b 2
By sine rule, a+c−b
= ….[ a2 + c2 = b2]
a b c 2
= =
sin
π
sin
π
sin
5π ∴ Diameter = a + c − b
4 8 8
18. ∠A = 55°, ∠B = 15°, ∠C = 110°
π
a sin a b c
∴ b= 8 = 2a sin π ∴ = = =k
1 8 sin 55° sin15° sin110°
2 ∴ a = k sin 55°, b = k sin 15°, c = k sin 110°
5π ∴ c2 − a2 = k2 sin2 110° − k2 sin2 55°
a sin
8 = 2 a sin 5π = k2(sin 110° + sin 55°) (sin 110° − sin 55°)
c=
1 8  165° 55°   55° 165° 
= k2  2sin cos   2sin cos 
2  2 2  2 2 
∴ From (i), = k2 sin 165° sin 55°
π 5π = k2 sin 15° sin 55°
2a sin . 2a sin
8 8 = 5π π
p= 2a sin sin = (k sin 55°) (k sin 15°)
2a 8 8
= ab
2a  5π π
=  2sin sin  19. A, B, C are in A.P.
2  8 8
∴ A + C = 2B
a   5π π   5π π   Also, A + B + C = 180°
= cos  8 − 8  − cos  8 + 8  
2      ∴ ∠B = 60°
62

sin A sin B sin C 1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ

= = = k = +
a b c 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
∴ sin A = ak, sin B = bk, sin C = ck
(1 + tan θ ) + (1 − tan θ )
2 2
a c =
∴ sin 2C + sin 2A 1 − tan 2 θ
c a
2 (1 + tan 2 θ )
a c =
= (2 sin C cos C) + (2sin A cos A) 1 − tan 2 θ
c a
a c 2 2 2 2b
= (2 ck cos C) + (2ak cos A) = = = =
c a 1 − tan 2 θ cos 2θ a a
= 2ka cos C + 2kc cos A 1 + tan 2 θ b
= 2k(a cos C + c cos A)
π
= 2kb …[ b = a cos C + c cos A] 22. sin−1 x + sin−1 2x =
3
= 2 sin B π
∴ sin−1 2x = − sin−1 x
3 3
=2× ….[ ∠B = 60°]
2 π 
∴ 2x = sin  − sin −1 x 
= 3 3 
π π
1 1 1 = sin cos (sin−1 x) – cos sin (sin−1 x)
20. 2 cot−1 3 = 2 tan−1   = tan−1 + tan−1 3 3
3 3 3
3 1
 1 1  ⇒ 2x = cos (sin−1 x) − ⋅ x …. (i)
−1  3+3  2 2
= tan  1 1 Let sin−1 x = θ
 1 − ⋅ 
 3 3 ∴ sin θ = x
3+3 cos θ = 1− x 2
= tan−1  
 9 −1  ∴ cos (sin−1 x) = 1− x 2 ….(ii)
−1 6 From (i) and (ii), we get
= tan  
8 3 1
2x = ⋅ 1 − x2 − x
−1 3 2 2
= tan
4 ∴ 4x = 3 1− x 2 − x
π  1
∴ cot  − 2cot −1 3  = ∴ 5x = 3 1− x 2
 4   π 3
tan  − tan −1 
4 4 ∴ 25x2 = 3 − 3x2 (squaring both sides)
π  3 ∴ 28x2 = 3
1 + tan tan  tan −1 
4  4 3
= ∴ x2 =
π  −1 3  28
tan − tan  tan 
4  4 3 1 3 1 3
∴ x= = ⋅ =
3 28 4 7 2 7
1 + 1⋅
= 4 = 4+3 = 7 (From the given relation it can be seen that x is
3 4−3
1− positive)
4
 33π   46π 
1 a 23. L.H.S. = sin−1  sin −1
 + cos  cos 
21. Let cos −1   = θ  7   7 
2 b
 13π   19π 
a + tan−1  − tan  + cot
−1
 − cot 
∴ cos−1   = 2θ  8   8 
b
 2π    3π  
∴ cos 2θ =
a = sin−1 sin  5π −   + cos−1 cos  7π − 7  
  7    
b
 3π  
∴
π 1 a  π 1 a 
tan  + cos −1    + tan  − cos −1    + tan−1  − tan  2π − 
 4 2  b    4 2  b    8  
 5π 
π  π
= tan  + θ  + tan  − θ 
 + cot−1  − cot  3π −  
4  4    8 
63

 2π   3π   4 
= sin−1  sin  + cos −1  − cos  = sin−1 1 − 
 7   7  27
 
 3π   5π   23 
+ tan−1  tan  + cot
−1
 cot  = sin−1   = sin−1 (0.852)
 8   8   27 
2π 3π 3π 5π 3 1.732
= +π− + + = = 0.866, 0.852 < 0.866
7 7 8 8 2 2
….[ cos−1 (−x) = π − cos−1 x] ∴ sin−1 (0.852) < sin−1 (0.866)
π π 13π …[ sin−1 x is also an increasing function]
=π− + π = 2π − =
7 7 7  3
1
13π aπ ∴ 3 sin−1   < sin−1  2 
∴ = 3  
7 b
∴ a = 13, b = 7 1 π
∴ 3 sin−1   < ...(ii)
∴ a + b = 13 + 7 = 20 3 3
 3
3
24. sin −14
+ sin−1
5
+ sin−1
16 sin−1   = sin−1 (0.6) < sin−1  2 
5  
5 13 65
4 2
4 
2 3 π
5
= sin−1  1 −   +
5
1 −    + sin
−1 16 ∴ sin−1   < …(iii)
65 5 3
5  13  13  5  
 From (ii) and (iii), we get
 4 12 5 3  16
= sin−1  × + ×  + sin−1 1 3 π π 2π
 5 13 13 5  65 B = 3 sin−1   + sin−1   < + =
3 5 3 3 3
 48 + 15  −1  16  2π
= sin−1   + sin   ∴ B< ….(iv)
 65   65  3
 63   16  From (i) and (iv), A > B
= sin−1   + sin−1  
 65   65  π
 2  26. cot−1 x + cot−1 y + cot−1 z =
 16  2
= cos−1  1 −  63   + sin−1  
  65    65  π −1 π −1 π π
 ∴ − tan x + − tan y + − tan−1 z =
2 2 2 2
 16   16 
= cos−1   + sin
−1
  ∴ tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = π
65
   65  ∴ tan (tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z) = tan π = 0
π Let A = tan−1 x, B = tan−1 y, C = tan−1 z
=
2 tan ( A + B ) + tan C
∴ tan (A + B + C) =
25. 2 = 1.414 1 − tan (A + B) tan C
∴ 2 2 − 1 = 2 × 1.414 − 1 = 2.828 − 1 = 1.828 tan A + tan B
+ tan C
1 − tan A tan B
∴ 2 2−1> 3 ….[ 3 = 1.732 ] =
tan A + tan B
1− ⋅ tan C
∴ tan−1 (2 2 − 1) > tan−1 ( 3) 1 − tan A tan B
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan Btan C
….[ tan−1 x is an increasing function] =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
π
∴ 2 tan−1 (2 2 − 1) > 2 × ∴ tan (A + B + C) = 0
3
⇒ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
2π
∴ A> ….(i) ∴ tan (tan−1 x) + tan(tan−1 y) + tan(tan−1z)
3
= tan(tan−1 x) tan(tan−1 y) tan(tan−1 z)
sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
∴ x + y + z = xyz
∴ 3θ = sin−1 (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ)
1  1  9π 9π  
Put sin θ = 27. cos−1   cos − sin  
3  2 10 10  
1 π 9π π 9π 
∴ θ = sin−1   = cos−1 cos

cos − sin sin 
3  4 10 4 10 
1  1 1 
3
 π 9π 
∴ 3 sin−1   = sin−1 3 ⋅ − 4    = cos−1 cos  +  
3  3  3     4 10  
64

 5π + 18π    1 1 
= cos−1 cos    x+2  π
  20   ∴ −1
tan   =
1 1 4
 23π   1 − ⋅ 
= cos−1 cos  
  x 2
  20  2+ x π
∴ = tan = 1
 23π  2x −1 4
= cos−1 cos  2π − 

  20  ∴ 2 + x = 2x – 1
 17 π   17 π ∴ x=3
= cos−1 cos    and 0 ≤ ≤π
  20   20
17 π
=
20
17 π
∴ Principal value is .
20
 2+3 
28. tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π + tan−1  
1− 2×3 
….[ 2 × 3 > 1]
−1
= π + tan (−1)
= π − tan−1 1
∴ tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π
1 1 2
29. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 2
1 + 2x 4x + 1 x
 1 1 
 1 + 2x + 4x + 1  −1 2
∴ tan−1   = tan
 1 − 1 1  x2
⋅
 1 + 2x 4x + 1 
4x + 1 + 2x + 1 2
∴ = 2
(1 + 2 x )( 4 x + 1) − 1 x
6x + 2 2
∴ =
4x + 8x2 + 1 + 2x − 1 x2
∴ x2 (6x + 2) = 2(8x2 + 6x)
∴ 6x3 + 2x2 – 16x2 − 12x = 0
∴ 6x3 − 14x2 − 12x = 0
∴ 3x3 − 7x2 − 6x = 0
∴ x(3x2 − 7x − 6) = 0
∴ x(x − 3) (3x + 2) = 0
2
∴ x = 0, 3, −
3
But x > 0, ∴ x=3
1 π
30. cot−1 x + sin−1 =
5 4
1
∴ tan−1
1
+ tan−1 5 = π
x
1−
1 4
5
 x 
….  sin −1 x = tan −1 
2
 1− x 
1 1 π
∴ tan−1 + tan −1 =
x 2 4
65
04 Pair of Straight Lines
Hints
Classical Thinking 8. L1: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

Equation of any line passing through origin and
1. Joint equation of pair of lines having slopes m1 perpendicular to L1 is given by
and m2 and passing through the origin is bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0
y2  (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2 x2 = 0 …(interchanging coefficients of x2 and y2 and
change of sign for xy term)
 3x2  4xy + y2 = 0
Alternate method:  The required equation is ay2  2hxy + bx2 = 0
Equations of the lines are y = x and y = 3x 9. The required equation is
respectively. 3x2 + 7xy + 5y2 = 0
i.e. y – x = 0 and y – 3x = 0 i.e. 3x2 – 7xy – 5y2 = 0
 the combined equation of the pair of lines is 11. Given equation of pair of lines is
(y – x)(y – 3x) = 0 ax2 + 10xy + y2 = 0
 y2 – 3xy – xy + 3x2 = 0  3x2  4xy + y2 = 0  A = a, H = 5, B = 1
2. The required equation is Let the slopes of the lines given by
be m1 and m2
8
y2    xy  x2 = 0 2H A
3 m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =
B B
 3x2 + 8xy  3y2 = 0 Given that m2 = 4m1
2H
3. x + xy  12y = 0
2 2
 m1 + 4m1 = = –10  m1 = –2
 x2 + 4xy  3xy  12y2 = 0 B
A
 x(x + 4y)  3y(x + 4y) = 0 and m1  4m1 = = a  4m12 = a  a = 16
 (x  3y)(x + 4y) = 0 B
 x  3y = 0 and x + 4y = 0 12. Given equation of pair of lines is
ax2 + 4xy + y2 = 0
4. 3x2  10xy  8y2 = 0  A = a, H = 2, B = 1
 3x2  12xy + 2xy  8y2 = 0 m1 + m2 = 4 and m1m2 = a
 3x(x  4y) + 2y(x  4y) = 0 Given that m1 = 3m2
 (3x + 2y)(x  4y) = 0  3m2 + m2 = 4  m2 = 1
 3x + 2y = 0 and x – 4y = 0 Hence, m1 = 3
5. It is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in  a = (1)(3) = 3
x and y. 13. Given equation of pair of lines is
 Option (C) is the correct answer. ax2 + (3a + 1)xy + 3y2 = 0
3a  1
6. Equation of straight lines parallel to  A = a, H = ,B=3
2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and passing through point
1
(x1, y1) is found by shifting the origin to (x1, y1) Given that m1 =  m1m2 = 1
 The required equation is m2
a(x – x1)2 + 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + b(y – y1)2 = 0 a a
Now, m1m2 =  = 1  a = 3
3 3
7. L1 = x2 – y2 = 0 represents pair of straight lines
 3a  1  10
passing through the origin Also, m1 + m2 = –   = 3
To find equation of pair of straight lines  3 
parallel to L1 and passing through (3, 4), shift 1 10 2
 m1 + =  3m 1 + 10m1 + 3 = 0
the origin to (3, 4) m1 3
 (x  3)2 + (y  4)2 = 0 1
 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 25 = 0  m1 = or 3.
3
66

sin A sin B sin C 1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ

= = = k = +
a b c 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
∴ sin A = ak, sin B = bk, sin C = ck
(1 + tan θ ) + (1 − tan θ )
2 2
a c =
∴ sin 2C + sin 2A 1 − tan 2 θ
c a
2 (1 + tan 2 θ )
a c =
= (2 sin C cos C) + (2sin A cos A) 1 − tan 2 θ
c a
a c 2 2 2 2b
= (2 ck cos C) + (2ak cos A) = = = =
c a 1 − tan 2 θ cos 2θ a a
= 2ka cos C + 2kc cos A 1 + tan 2 θ b
= 2k(a cos C + c cos A)
π
= 2kb …[ b = a cos C + c cos A] 22. sin−1 x + sin−1 2x =
3
= 2 sin B π
∴ sin−1 2x = − sin−1 x
3 3
=2× ….[ ∠B = 60°]
2 π 
∴ 2x = sin  − sin −1 x 
= 3 3 
π π
1 1 1 = sin cos (sin−1 x) – cos sin (sin−1 x)
20. 2 cot−1 3 = 2 tan−1   = tan−1 + tan−1 3 3
3 3 3
3 1
 1 1  ⇒ 2x = cos (sin−1 x) − ⋅ x …. (i)
−1  3+3  2 2
= tan  1 1 Let sin−1 x = θ
 1 − ⋅ 
 3 3 ∴ sin θ = x
3+3 cos θ = 1− x 2
= tan−1  
 9 −1  ∴ cos (sin−1 x) = 1− x 2 ….(ii)
−1 6 From (i) and (ii), we get
= tan  
8 3 1
2x = ⋅ 1 − x2 − x
−1 3 2 2
= tan
4 ∴ 4x = 3 1− x 2 − x
π  1
∴ cot  − 2cot −1 3  = ∴ 5x = 3 1− x 2
 4   π 3
tan  − tan −1 
4 4 ∴ 25x2 = 3 − 3x2 (squaring both sides)
π  3 ∴ 28x2 = 3
1 + tan tan  tan −1 
4  4 3
= ∴ x2 =
π  −1 3  28
tan − tan  tan 
4  4 3 1 3 1 3
∴ x= = ⋅ =
3 28 4 7 2 7
1 + 1⋅
= 4 = 4+3 = 7 (From the given relation it can be seen that x is
3 4−3
1− positive)
4
 33π   46π 
1 a 23. L.H.S. = sin−1  sin −1
 + cos  cos 
21. Let cos −1   = θ  7   7 
2 b
 13π   19π 
a + tan−1  − tan  + cot
−1
 − cot 
∴ cos−1   = 2θ  8   8 
b
 2π    3π  
∴ cos 2θ =
a = sin−1 sin  5π −   + cos−1 cos  7π − 7  
  7    
b
 3π  
∴
π 1 a  π 1 a 
tan  + cos −1    + tan  − cos −1    + tan−1  − tan  2π − 
 4 2  b    4 2  b    8  
 5π 
π  π
= tan  + θ  + tan  − θ 
 + cot−1  − cot  3π −  
4  4    8 
63


The pair of lines are coincident if h2  ab = 0  a + b = 2 + (2) = 0
k2  Option (A) is the correct answer.
 h2 = ab  = 4(1)
4 33. It is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in x
k=4 and y
Hence, it represents a pair of lines and
26. Given equation of pair of lines is
a+b=0
3x2 +2hxy + y2 = 0
 lines are perpendicular
 a = 3, h = h, b = 1
The two lines are real and coincident if 34. Given equation of pair of lines is
h2  ab = 0 3y2 + 9xy + kx2 = 0
 h2 – ab = h2  3 i.e. kx2 + 9xy + 3y2 = 0
for these lines to be real and coincident,  a = k, b = 3
The lines are perpendicular
h2  3  0  h2  3
 a+b=0
27. Given equation of pair of lines is  k + 3 = 0  k = 3
9x2  12xy + 4y2 = 0 35. Given equation of pair of lines is
a = 9, h = 6, b = 4 a2x2 + bcy2 = a (b + c) xy
Now, h2  ab = (6)2  9  4 = 0  A = a2, B = bc
 The lines are coincident. Since the lines are mutually perpendicular,
28. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be A+B=0
real and coincident is h2 – ab = 0  a2 + bc = 0
Consider the equation 4x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 36. Consider 2x2 + 3xy  2y2 + 5x + 5y + 3 = 0
 a = 4 , h = 2, b = 1 Comparing the given equation with
h2  ab = (2)2  (4)(1) = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
 Option (A) is the correct answer. a = 2, b = 2, c = 3, f =
5 5
,g= ,h =
3
2 2 2
Condition for equation to represent pair of lines
6x2 + hxy + 12y2 = 0
is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
h

2(2)(3) + 2      
A = 6, H = , B = 12 5 5 3
2 
Since lines are parallel, 2 2 2
2 2 2
H2 – AB = 0 5 5 3
 2    (2)    3  
h2 2 2 2
 = 6(12)  h2 = (24)(12)
4 75 50 50 27
= 12 +  +  =0
4 4 4 4
 h =  12 2
 Condition is satisfied
30. Given equation of pair of lines is  Option (A) is the correct answer.
4x2 + hxy + y2 = 0 37. Given equation of pair of lines is
The lines are coincident y2 + xy + px2  x 2y = 0
 H2 = AB 1 1
h2  a = p, b = 1, c = 0, f = –1, g = ,h=
 = 4(1) 2 2
4 The given equation represents pair of straight
h=4 lines if
31. Given equation of pair of lines is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
1   1 
x2 + xy + y2 = 0  p(1)(0)  2(1)     p(1)
2
1  2  2 
 a = 1, h = , b = 1
 1 
2
2
1   0=0
-3  2
Here, h  ab =
2
<0
4 1 1 1
Hence, the lines are imaginary.  p =0p=
2 4 4
32. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be 38. Given equation of pair of lines is
perpendicular is a + b = 0. 6x2 + 11xy  10y2 + x + 31y + k = 0
Consider the equation 2x2 = 2y(2x + y) 31 1 11
i.e. 2x2  4xy  2y2 = 0  a = 6, b = 10, c = k, f = ,g= ,h=
2 2 2
 a = 2, b = 2 Now, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
68

Chapter 04: Pair of Straight Lines

2 2
 6(10)k + 2 
31  1  11   31  1
    6    10   6x2 – xy – 12y2 – 8x + 29y – 14 = 0
 2  2  2   2 2
1
2
a = 6, b = 12, h =
 k   = 0
11
2
2
2 h 2  ab
  = tan 1  
17 17
361 5415  tan  = =
 k = k = 15 ab 6  6
4 4
39. Given equation of pair of lines is 44. Given equation of pair of lines is
3y2 – 8xy – 3x2 – 29x + 3y – 18 = 0
x2 – y2 – x – y – 2 = 0
 a = –3, b = 3
 1 Now, a + b = –3 + 3 = 0,
 a = 1, b = –1, c = –2, f = ,g= ,h=0
2 2  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
2 1 2 9
 2– + =0 = x2  y2  2y  1 = 0
4 4 4 4
 a = 1, b = 1
 2 = 9 Now, a + b = 1 + (1) = 0
=3  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
3x2 + 2hxy  3y2  40x + 30y  75 = 0 3xy  4y = 0
 A = 3, B = 3, C = 75, F = 15, G = 20, H = h  a=b=0
Now ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0 Now a + b = 0
 (3)(3)(75) + 2(15)(20)(h)  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
3(15)2  (3)(20)2  (75)h2 = 0 47. Given equation of pair of lines is
 675  600h  675 + 1200 + 75h2 = 0 x2 + 2 3 xy + 3y2  3x  3 3 y  4 = 0
 h2  8h + 16 = 0
 a = 1, h = 3,b=3
 (h  4)2 = 0
 3
2
 h = 4,4 Now, h  ab =
2
 (1) (3) = 0
 the lines are parallel.
2x2  5xy + 3y2 + 8x  9y + 6 = 0 48. Given equation of pair of lines is
9 5 4x2 + 2pxy + 25y2 + 2x + 5y – 1 = 0
 a = 2, b = 3, c = 6, f = – , g = 4, h =  a = 4, b = 25, h = p
2 2
The point of intersection is given by The lines are parallel
 h2  ab = 0  h2 = ab
 hf  bg gh  af 
 , 2 
 p2 = 4(25) = 100
 ab  h ab  h 
2
 p = 10
  5  9   5   9  
     3(4) 4    2    49. Given equation of pair of lines is
     2 ,  2   22    (3, 4)
2 2
px2  8xy + 3y2 + 14x + 2y + q = 0
 5 5 
 2(3)    2(3)     a = p, b = 3, c = q, f = 1, g = 7, h = 4
 2 2  This lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0
 p + 3 = 0  p = 3
42. Given equation of pair of lines is Since the equation represents a pair of lines
3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 – 15x – 21y + 18 = 0  abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
21 15  9q  56 + 3  147  16q = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 18, f = ,g= ,h=5
2 2  25q  200 = 0  q = 8
The point of intersection is
  21   15   15   21  
 (5)  2   (3)  2   2  (5)  (3)  2   ax2 + 6xy + by2 – 10x + 10y – 6 = 0
    ,    A = a, B = b, C= 6, F = 5, G = 5, H = 3
 (3)(3)  (5) 2 (3)(3)  (5) 2 
  The lines are perpendicular
   a + b = 0  a = b
 15 3  Also these lines satisfy the condition
  , 
 8 8 ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0
69


The pair of lines are coincident if h2  ab = 0  a + b = 2 + (2) = 0
k2  Option (A) is the correct answer.
 h2 = ab  = 4(1)
4 33. It is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in x
k=4 and y
Hence, it represents a pair of lines and
a+b=0
3x2 +2hxy + y2 = 0
 lines are perpendicular
 a = 3, h = h, b = 1
The two lines are real and coincident if 34. Given equation of pair of lines is
h2  ab = 0 3y2 + 9xy + kx2 = 0
 h2 – ab = h2  3 i.e. kx2 + 9xy + 3y2 = 0
for these lines to be real and coincident,  a = k, b = 3
The lines are perpendicular
h2  3  0  h2  3
 a+b=0
27. Given equation of pair of lines is  k + 3 = 0  k = 3
9x2  12xy + 4y2 = 0 35. Given equation of pair of lines is
a = 9, h = 6, b = 4 a2x2 + bcy2 = a (b + c) xy
Now, h2  ab = (6)2  9  4 = 0  A = a2, B = bc
 The lines are coincident. Since the lines are mutually perpendicular,
28. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be A+B=0
real and coincident is h2 – ab = 0  a2 + bc = 0
Consider the equation 4x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 36. Consider 2x2 + 3xy  2y2 + 5x + 5y + 3 = 0
 a = 4 , h = 2, b = 1 Comparing the given equation with
h2  ab = (2)2  (4)(1) = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
 Option (A) is the correct answer. a = 2, b = 2, c = 3, f =
5 5
,g= ,h =
3
2 2 2
Condition for equation to represent pair of lines
6x2 + hxy + 12y2 = 0
is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
h

2(2)(3) + 2      
A = 6, H = , B = 12 5 5 3
2 
Since lines are parallel, 2 2 2
2 2 2
H2 – AB = 0 5 5 3
 2    (2)    3  
h2 2 2 2
 = 6(12)  h2 = (24)(12)
4 75 50 50 27
= 12 +  +  =0
4 4 4 4
 h =  12 2
 Condition is satisfied
30. Given equation of pair of lines is  Option (A) is the correct answer.
4x2 + hxy + y2 = 0 37. Given equation of pair of lines is
The lines are coincident y2 + xy + px2  x 2y = 0
 H2 = AB 1 1
h2  a = p, b = 1, c = 0, f = –1, g = ,h=
 = 4(1) 2 2
4 The given equation represents pair of straight
h=4 lines if
31. Given equation of pair of lines is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
1   1 
x2 + xy + y2 = 0  p(1)(0)  2(1)     p(1)
2
1  2  2 
 a = 1, h = , b = 1
 1 
2
2
1   0=0
-3  2
Here, h  ab =
2
<0
4 1 1 1
Hence, the lines are imaginary.  p =0p=
2 4 4
32. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be 38. Given equation of pair of lines is
perpendicular is a + b = 0. 6x2 + 11xy  10y2 + x + 31y + k = 0
Consider the equation 2x2 = 2y(2x + y) 31 1 11
i.e. 2x2  4xy  2y2 = 0  a = 6, b = 10, c = k, f = ,g= ,h=
2 2 2
 a = 2, b = 2 Now, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
68


8. ax2 + (a + b)xy + by2 + x + y = 0 4
16. Slope of the line 4x + 3y = 0 is m = 
 ax2 + bxy + x + axy + by2 + y = 0 3
 x(ax + by + 1) + y(ax + by + 1) = 0 kx2  5xy  6y2 = 0
 (x + y)(ax + by + 1) = 0  6m2  5m + k = 0
9. pq(x2 – y2) + (p2 – q2)xy = 0 2
 6     5    + k = 0
 4 4
 pqx2 – pqy2 + p2xy – q2xy = 0  3  3
 px(py + qx) – qy(py + qx) = 0 32 20
 (px – qy)(py + qx) = 0 k  =0
3 3
 px – qy = 0 and py + qx = 0
12
 Required equation of the line is px – qy = 0 k= k=4
3
10. x2 + 6xy = 0  x(x + 6y) = 0
 x = 0 and x + 6y = 0 are two straight lines. 17. Substituting the value of y in the equation
x = 0 represents Y-axis. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
ax2 + 2hx(mx) + b(mx)2 = 0
11. y2  x2 + 2x  1 = 0
 a + 2hm + bm2 = 0
 y2  (x2  2x + 1) = 0
 (y  0)2  (x  1)2 = 0 18. Let y = mx be a line common to the given pair
This is equation of pair of straight lines passing of lines,
through (1, 0). It satisfies the given equations
12. The given equation represents a pair of straight  am2 + 2m + 1 = 0 and …(i)
2
lines passing through (5, 6). m + 2m + a = 0 …(ii)
13. Given equation of pair of lines is On solving (i) and (ii), we get
ax2 + xy  by2 = 0 m2
 2
m

1
Comparing the equations, with 2(1  a) a  1 2(1  a)
Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 = 0 a 1
1  m2 = 1 and m = –  
 A = a, H = and B = –a  2 
2
 (a + 1) = 4  a = 1 or – 3
2
 the equation represents a pair of straight lines
But for a = 1 the two pair have both the lines
for all real values of ‘a’.
common.
14. The combined equation of pair of straight lines So a = –3 and the slope m of the line common to
passsing through origin and perpendicular to 3x2 both the pairs is 1.
+ xy  2y2 = 0 is given by Now x2 + 2xy + ay2 = x2 + 2xy – 3y2
2x2  xy + 3y2 = 0 = (x – y)(x + 3y)
i.e. 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = 0 and ax2 + 2xy + y2 = –3x2 + 2xy + y2
Since the required lines pass through (2, 3) = –(x – y)(3x + y)
 By shifting the origin to (2, 3), we get Thus, required equation is (x + 3y)(3x + y) = 0
2(x  2)2 + (x  2)(y + 3) – 3(y + 3)2 = 0 i.e., 3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 = 0
 2x2 + xy  3y2  5x  20y  25 = 0
19. The equation of given lines are
15. Separate equation of lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 …(i)
3x2 – 8xy + 5y2 = 0 are
x  y = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 …(ii)
3x  5y = 0 Let the line common to both be y = mx.
Line perpendicular to x  y = 0 i.e. y = x and It will satisfy both the above equations.
passing through (1, 2) is Hence, a + 2mh + bm2 = 0 …(iii)
(y  2) = 1(x  1) and a + 2mh + bm2 = 0 …(iv)
i.e. x + y  3 = 0 …(i) Now eliminating ‘m’ from the equations (iii)
Line perpendicular to 3x  5y = 0 and (iv), we get
3 m2 m 1
i.e. y = x and passing through (1, 2) is = =
5 2ha  2ha ba  ba 2bh  2bh
5 ha  ha
(y  2) = ( x  1)  m2 = ....(v)
3 bh  bh
i.e. 5x + 3y  11 = 0 …(ii) (ab  ba)2
and m2 = ....(vi)
 combined equation is 4(bh  bh)2
(x + y  3)(5x + 3y  11) = 0 From (v) and (vi), we get the required condition.
71


x2 + hxy + 2y2 = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
 A = 1, H =
h
,B=2 given that m2 = m1
2 2h
Now, m1 + m2 = m1 + m1 =
Given that m1 = 2m2 b
h 1 2h
Now, m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =  m1 = ...(i)
2 2 b(1  )
1 1 1
 (2m2)m2 =  2(m2) =  m2 = 
2
a a
2 2 2 m1.m2 = m1.m1 =  m1 = …(ii)
b b
h h
Also, 2m2 + m2 =  m2 =  from (i) and (ii), we get
2 6
1 h a 2h
 = h=3 =
2 6 b b(1  )
21. If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1 : n, Squaring both sides, we get
h2 (n  1) 2 (3  1)2 4
4h2 = ab(1 + )2
then = = =
ab 4n 4.3 3 25. Given equation of pair of lines is
Alternate Method: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
m1 2
Gradients =1:3 Given that, m1 = m 2
m2
2 a
 m1 = m, m2 = 3m m1 m2 = m 2 m2 =
b
2h 2h
m1 + m2 = –  m + 3m = – 1
m2 =  
b b a 3

h b
m=
2b 2 2h
Also, m1 + m2 = m 2 + m2 =
a a b
m1.m2 =  m.3m =
b b  1

2
1
 a  3   a 3 2h

2
a h a h2 4    +   =
 3 m2 =  3. 2 =  =
b 4b b ab 3  b   b b
22. Given equation of pair of lines is Cubing both sides, we get

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 2 1
 2 1

 a  3  a  3  a  3.  a  3  8h
2
a a
3
Given that m1 = 5m2   
  3      
. .    = b3
2h b b  b   b   b  b 
 m1 + m2 = 5m2 + m2 =  
b 2
 a  a 6ah 8h
3
h h2      2 = b3
 m2 =  m 22  2 ...(i) b b b
3b 9b
a  1 2

m1m2 = (5m2)m2 =   a 3  a 3 2h 
b ….        
 b b b 
a  
 m 22  ...(ii)
5b  ab(a + b)  6abh + 8h3 = 0
 From (i) and (ii), we get 26. Given equation of pair of lines is
5h2 = 9ab 2x2 – 5xy + 3y2 = 0
23. Let the gradient of one line be m. 5
 the gradient of second line is 2m  a = 2, h = ,b=3
2
We know, 5 2
2h  m1 + m2 = and m1.m2 = …(i)
m + 2m = 6 3
b
1 1
2h 2h Slopes of lines = and
 3m = m= …(i) m1 m2
b 3b
a a
 Required equation of pair of lines is
Also, m  2m =  2m2 = …(ii)  1 1  1
b b y2     xy + x2 = 0
 from (i) and (ii), we get  1
m m 2  m m
1 2
 2h   m1  m 2 
2
a 8h 2 a 8h 2 1
2  =  =  ab =  y2    xy + x2 = 0
 3b  b 9b 2 b 9  1 2 
m m m m
1 2
72

 5  1  tan 2  
  1 2  m2  2m   +1=0
y   6 1  tan  
2 2
 xy + x =0
 2  2
 
   m2  2m sec 2 + 1 = 0
3 3
 1  tan 2  
 2y2  5xy + 3x2 = 0 ….   sec2 
 1  tan 
2

27. Let the angle made by one of the lines with
y
X-axis =  But m =
x
 The angle made by other line with Y-axis = 
On eliminating m, we get
 m1 = tan , y2 – 2xy sec 2 + x2 = 0.
m2 = tan (90  ) = cot 
a 31. Let the equation of one of the line which bisects
 m1m2 = =1 the angle between the co-ordinate axes be y = x
b
a  m1 = tan 45o = 1
 =1a=b Let m2 be the slope of the other line.
b
a
28. Given equation of pair of lines is Now, m1m2 =
b
x2(sec2  – sin2 ) – 2xy tan  + y2 sin2  = 0 a
Since m1 = 1, we get m2 =
 a = sec2   sin2 , h =  tan , b = sin2  b
2 tan  2h
Now, m1 + m2 = , Also, m1 + m2 =
sin 2  b
sec 2   sin 2  a 2h
m1 m 2 = 1+ =
sin 2  b b
 m1 – m2 = (m1  m2 )2  4m1m2  a + b = –2h
2tan   sec2   sin 2  

2 32. Let the equation of one of the lines be y = x
=  2   4    m1 = tan 45 = 1
 sin   sin 
2
 
a
4 tan 2  Now, m1m2 =
=  4(sec2  cosec2  1) c
sin 4  a
Since m1 = 1, we get m2 =
= 4sec  cosec   4sec  cosec   4
2 2 2 2 c
=2 b
Also, m1 + m2 =
c
29. Given equation of pair of lines a b
(tan2  + cos2 )x2 – 2xy tan  + sin2  y2 = 0  1+ =
c c
a = tan2  + cos2 , h =  tan , b = sin2 
abc
If 1 and 2 are the angles made by lines with  =0
c
X-axis, then tan 1 = m1 and tan 2 = m2
a+b+c=0
2 tan 
Now, m1 + m2 = = 2sec  cosec 
sin 2  33. The line makes angles  and  with X-axis
tan 2   cos 2   m1 = tan  and m2 = tan 
m1m2 = = sec2  + cot2 
sin 2   cot  =
1
and cot  =
1
 m1  m2 = m1 m2
4 sec a cosec a – 4(sec a cot a)
2 2 2 2
= 4sec2a (cosec2 a –1) – 4cot2 a

Given equation of pair of lines is
2x2  3xy + y2 = 0
= 4cot 2a (sec2a  1)
3
 a  2,h  ,b  1
= 4cot 2  tan 2  2
=2 Now, m1 + m2 = 3 and m1m2 = 2
m  m2
2 2
1 1
30. The equation of one of the lines passing through  cot2  + cot2  = 2
 2= 1 2
origin is y = mx. m1 m2 (m1m 2 )
The line makes an angle  with the line y = x (m1  m 2 )  2m1m 2
2
=
 m1  m 2 
2
(m  1) (m1m 2 )
 tan  =  1  m m  =  1  m (3)  2(2)
2
 1 2
= =
5
 (1 + m) tan  = (m  1)
2 2 2 2
(2) 4
73


34. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 h 2  ab
ax2  bxy  y2 = 0  tan  =
ab
b
 A = a, H = , B = –1
2  2 p2  1
 tan  = =  p2 1
Since lines make angles  and  with X-axis, 11
 m1 = tan and m2 = tan  tan2 = p2 – 1
b  sec2  1 = p2 – 1
Now, m1 + m2 =  tan  + tan  = b   = sec1 p
1
a 39. Given equation of pair of lines is
and m1m2 =  tan  tan  = a
1 (x2 + y2) sin + 2xy = 0
tan   tan   a = b = sin , h = 1
We know, tan ( + ) =
1  tan  tan   2 1  sin 2  
 tan =  
b b  2sin  
= =  
1  (a) 1  a
cos  
  = tan1  1
 = tan (cot)
35. Given equation of pair of lines is  sin  
2 2    
(x + y ) 3 = 4xy   = tan1 tan      =  
 a= 3 , h =  2, b = 3  2  2
2 4 3 1
 tan  = = ax2 + xy + by2 = 0
2 3 3
1
1  1    A = a, H = ,B=b
  = tan   = 6
2
 3 Now,  = 45  tan  = 1
1
36. Given equation of pair of lines is 2  ab
4x2  24xy + 11y2 = 0  tan 45 = 4
ab
 a = 4, h =  12, b = 11
 (a + b)2 = (1  4ab)
h 2  ab 144  44 4
 a2 + b2 + 6ab  1 = 0
 tan  =  2 =2 =
ab 15 3 The above equation is satisfied by
1  4  a = 1 and b =  6
  = tan   
 3
k
37. Given equation of pair of lines is  a =  tan2 A, h = ,b=1
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 2
 A = a, H = h, B = b 2 h 2  ab
 tan 2A =
 2 H 2  AB  ab
tan  =  
 AB 
  k2
2  tan 2 A
 4h 2  4ab  tan 2A = 4
=  1  tan 2 A
 ab 
  k2
2  tan 2 A
 3a 2  3b 2  10ab  4ab  2 tan A 4
=   =
 ab  1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A
 
k2
….[3a2 + 3b2 + 10ab = 4h2]  + tan2 A = tan2 A  k = 0
4
 3(a  b) 2  42. Here, a1 = a, h1 = h, b1 = b,
 tan  =  
 ab  5
  a2 = 2, h2 = , b2 = 3
 3
2
  = tan1 Given that 1 = 2
= 60  tan 1 = tan 2
25
38. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 6
2 h 2  ab 4
x2 – 2pxy + y2 = 0  =
ab 5
 a = 1, h = p , b = 1
74

2 h 2  ab 1 Since the lines are perpendicular

 =  A+B=0
ab 5
 3a + (a2 – 2) = 0
Squaring both sides, we get  a2 + 3a – 2 = 0
4  25(h2  ab) = (a + b)2 Since, the equation is a quadratic equation in ‘a’
100(h2  ab) = (a + b)2 and B2 – 4AC > 0,
Comparing with given condition, The roots of ‘a’ are real and distinct.
k(h2  ab) = (a + b)2, we get  Lines are perpendicular to each other for two
k = 100 values of ‘a’.
43. Comparing the given equations with 47. Given equation of pair of lines is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get, ay2 + (1  2) xy  ax2 = 0
7
a1 = 3, h1 = , b1 = 4 1   2
2  A = a, H = ,B=a
2
5
a2 = 6, h2 = , b2 = 1 A + B = (a) + a = 0
2
 Angle between the given lines is 90.
If 1 and 2 are acute angles between the two
Now, consider xy = 0. Here, A = B = 0
pairs of lines, then
A+B=0
 49 
2  12   the angle between the lines is 90
tan 1 =  4 = 1  Correct option is (C).
 3 4  7
  48. Given equation of pair of lines is
 
4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0
 1 = tan1  
1
a = 4, h = 6, b = 9
7
Here,
 25  h2  ab = (6)2  (4)(9) = 36  36 = 0
2 6 
tan 2 =  4  =  1  Hence, the lines are real and coincident.
 6 1   7 
  49. Given equation of pair of lines is
 
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + 1 = 0
 2 = tan1  
1
A = 1, B = 1, C = 1, F = f, G = g, H = 0
7 The given equation represents a pair of lines
Hence, 1 = 2.  ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0
44. Given equation of pair of lines is  (1)(1)(1) + 2fg(0)  (1)f2  1(g)2  (1)(0)2 = 0
a2x2 + bcy2 = a(b + c)xy  f2 + g2 = 1
a(b  c)
 A = a2, H = , B = bc 50. Given equation of pair of lines is
2 ax2 + by2 + cx + cy = 0
Since the lines are coincident c c
 H2  AB = 0  A = a, B = b, C = 0, F = ,G= ,H=0
2 2
 a(b  c) 
2
  Now ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0

  a (bc) = 0
2
 2  c
2
 ab(0) + 2  
c c
 a (b  c) = 0
2 2   (0)  a  
 2  2  2
 a = 0 or b = c
c
2
45. Given equation of pair of lines is  b    0(0)2 = 0

2  
(p  q)x2 + 2(p + q)xy + (q  p)y2 = 0  ac2 + bc2 = 0
 a = p  q, h = p + q, b = q  p  c2(a + b) = 0
Since, the lines are mutually perpendicular
 c(a + b) = 0
 a+b=0
 (p  q) + (q  p) = 0 51. Given equation of pair of lines is
The above equation is true for all values of p hxy + gx + fy + c = 0
and q. f g h
A = B = 0, C = c, F = ,G= ,H=
2 2 2
3ax2 + 5xy + (a2 – 2) y2 = 0 Now, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0
2
h
 0 + 2  
5 f g  h 
 A = 3a, H = , B = a2 – 2    – 0 – 0 – c  2  = 0
2    
2 2 2  
75


f gh ch 2
 3 
2
  0 2   
4 4 1  2 
 fg = ch  =
3  1
52. Given equation of pair of lines is  ( + 1)2 = 9(9  4)  2 + 38  80 = 0
xy + a2 = ax + ay  ( + 40)( – 2) = 0   = 40, 2
i.e. ax + ay – xy – a2 = 0 57. Given equation of pair of lines is

a 2 a
A = 0, B = 0, C = – a , F = , G = , H = 
1 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2 2 2 
Now, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 –BG2 – CH2 =  tan  = 1
4
 a  a  1   1 
2
= 0  2      (a 2 )    0 2 h 2  ab
 1=
 2  2  2   2 ab
 the given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
 4(h2 – ab) = (a + b)2
53. Given equation of pair of lines is  4h2 – 4ab = a2 + 2ab + b2
2x2 + 5xy + 3y2 + 6x + 7y + 4 = 0  a2 + 6ab + b2 = 4h2
5
a = 2, b = 3, h = 58. Given equation of pair of lines is
2 x2 – 3xy + y2 + 3x – 5y + 2 = 0
 = tan1 m  tan  = m 5 3 3
a = 1, b = , c = 2, f = ,g= , h=
25 2 2 2
2 6
tan  = 4 m=
1 Now, abc + 2 fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
23 5 9
2 + 2     
5 3 3 25 18
    – – – = 0
54. Given equation of pair of lines is  2  
2 2  4 4 4
x2 + y2  2x  1 = 0 ….(i) =2
x + y = 1 intersects the above pair of lines 9
2 2
 It satisfies equation (i) tan  = 4 =
1
 x2 + y2  2x(x + y)  (x + y)2 = 0 1 2 3
 2x2 + 4xy = 0  x2 + 2xy = 0  cot  = 3
 a = 1, b = 0, h = 1  cosec2  = 1 + cot2  = 1 + 9 = 10
2 12  0 59. The joint equation of the pair of straight lines
 tan   joining the origin to the points of intersection of
1
the line lx + my + n = 0 and
   tan 1 (2)
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
lx  my 
55. Given equation of pair of lines is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2g  x
2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 3x + 3y + 1 = 0  n 
 lx  my 
2
lx  my 
+ 2f 
3 3 5
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1, f = ,g= ,h=  y + c  n  = 0
2 2 2  n   
 25  Here, l = 2, m = 1, n = 1 and
2  4
2 h  ab2
 4  3 a = 3, b = 0, c = 1, f = 0, g = 2, h = 2
 tan  = = =
ab 22 4  3x2 + 4xy – 4x(2x + y) + (2x + y)2 = 0
 3x2 + 4xy – 8x2 – 4xy + 4x2 + y2 + 4xy = 0
  = cos1  
4 4
 cos  =  x2 – 4xy – y2 = 0
5 5
 A = 1, B = 1, H = 2
56. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 4 1
 tan  = 
x2  3xy + y2 + 3x  5y + 2 = 0 0
5 3 3 
a = 1, b = , c = 2, f = ,g= ,h=  
2 2 2 2
1
 = tan1    tan  =
1 60. Given equation of pair of lines is
3 3 9x2 + y2 + 6xy – 4 = 0
2 h 2  ab
 a = 9, b = 1, h = 3
Since, tan  = h2 – ab = 32 – 9(1) = 0
ab
 The lines are parallel
76


Now, 9x2 + 6xy + y2 = 4  12g2 + 49g + 37 = 0
 (3x + y)2 = 4  3x + y =  2  (g + 1)(12g + 37) = 0
Hence, the lines are parallel and not coincident. 37
 g = 1 or 
61. Given equation of pair of lines is 12
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 66. Given equation of pair of lines is
 A = a, B = b, H = h 12x2 + 7xy – py2 – 18x + qy + 6 = 0
The lines are parallel q 7
 H2 = AB a = 12, b = –p, c = 6, f = , g = –9, h =
2 2
 h = ab The lines are be perpendicular
Now ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0  a + b = 0.
 abc + 2fg ab  af2  bg2  abc = 0  12 – p = 0  p = 12
 ( a f  b g)2 = 0  af2 = bg2 Also, abc + 2 fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
2
q
 12(–12)6 + 2   (– 9)   – 12  
62. Given equation of pair of lines is q 7
x2 + k1y2 + 2k2y = a2 2 2 2
a = 1, b = k1, c =  a2, f = k2, g = 0, h = 0 7
2
The lines are perpendicular – (–12)(–9)2 – 6   = 0

2  
 a + b = 0  k1 = 1
63q 147
Substituting value of k1 in the given equation of  – 864 – – 3q2 + 972 – =0
lines, we get 2 2
x2  y2 + 2k2y  a2 = 0  23 – 21q – 2q2 = 0
23
 a2  k 22 = 0  k2 =  a  (q – 1)(2q + 23) = 0  q = 1 or –
2
63. (x2 + y2)(h2 + k2  a2) = (hx + ky)2
 x2(h2 + k2  a2) + y2(h2 + k2  a2) 67. Given, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 2gx
= h2x2 + k2y2 + 2hkxy a1x2 + 2h1xy + b1y2 = 2g1x
 x2(k2  a2) + y2(h2  a2)  2hkxy = 0 ax 2  2hxy  by 2 g
 
 A = k2  a2, B = h2  a2 a1x 2  2h1xy  b1 y 2 g1
The lines are perpendicular We have,
 A+B=0 (ag1  a1g)x2 + 2(hg1  h1g)xy + (bg1  b1g) y2 = 0
 k2  a2 + h2  a2 = 0  h2 + k2 = 2a2  A = (ag1  a1g), B = (bg1 b1g)
64. Given equation of pair of lines is The lines are perpendicular
2x2 – 4xy – py2 + 4x + qy + 1 = 0  A+B=0
q  (ag1  a1g) + (bg1  b1g) = 0
a = 2, b = – p, c = 1, f = , g = 2, h = 2
2  (a + b)g1 = (a1 + b1) g
The lines are perpendicular,
68. The separate equations of lines represented by
 a+b=0
x2  7xy + 6y2 = 0 are
2p=0p=2
x – 6y = 0 and x – y = 0
The equations represents pair of lines
2 Let the 3 points be as shown in figure.
q
2(2)(1) + 2   (2) (2)  2  
q
 A(0, 0)
 
2  
2
+ 2(2)2  1(2)2 = 0
 q  8q = 0  q = 0 or 8
2
x – 6y = 0 x–y=0
65. Given equation of pair of lines is G(1,0)
12x2 + 7xy + by2 + gx + 7y – 1 = 0 (x1, y1)B C(x2, y2)
7 g 7
 A = 12, B = b, C = –1, F = , G = , H = 0  x1  x2
2 2 2 We know =1
The lines are perpendicular 3
 A + B = 0  12 + b = 0  b = 12  x1 + x2 = 3 ….(i)
Also, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0 and y1 + y2 = 0 ….(ii)
Also, x1 – 6y1 = 0 ….(iii)
 (12)(12)(1) + 2  
7 g  7 
   x2 – y2 = 0 ….(iv)
 2  2  2 
2 2 2 [Points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lie on the lines AB
7 g 7
 (12)    (12)    (1)   = 0 and AC respectively]
 
2 2  2   On solving, we get the co-ordinates of B and C.
77


3 3
B   ,  and C   , 
18 3

 5 5  5 5  Competitive Thinking
Hence, the equation of third side i.e., BC is
1. Let OA and OB be the required lines.
3 3 3
y   angles made by OA and OB with X-axis are 30
5 = 5 5
18 3 18 and 150 respectively.
x  1 1
5 5 5  their equations are y = x and y =  x
3 3
 2x – 7y – 3 = 0.
i.e., x  3y = 0 and x + 3y = 0
69. The given pair of lines can be separated as:
 The joint equation of the lines is
L1 = (l + 3 m)x + (m  3 l )y = 0
L2 = (l  3 m)x + (m + 3 l )y = 0  x  3 y  x  3 y  = 0  x2  3y2 = 0
and L3 = lx + my + n = 0 Y
 The slopes S1, S2 and S3 of the three lines
respectively are,
(l  3m) (l  3m) l
S1 = , S2 = , S3 = B 150
(m  3l ) (m  3l ) m A
Angle between L1 and L3 is
60 60
S1  S3
13 = tan–1 30
1  S1S3 X X
O
 l  3m  l
   
= tan1  m  3l  m
 l  3m   l 
1     
 m  3l   m  Y
 3m2  3l 2
= tan 1
l 2  m2
 tan 1  3  = 60 2. The lines trisecting the first quadrant are as
shown in the figure.
Angle between L2 and L3 is Y
y= 3 x
 l  3m  l
   
23 = tan–1
S2  S3
= tan1  m  3l  m
1  S2S3  l  3m   l  1
1      y= x
 m  3l   m  3
3m2  3l 2
60
= tan1 = tan1 ( 3) = 60 30
m l
2 2
O X
 Angle between the lines L1 and L2 = 60  The joint equation of the lines is
Hence, the triangle is equilateral. 
y

1 

x  y  3x = 0
3 

70. The equation of line is y = 2 2 x + c
 y  2 2x 
  3 y  x  y  3x  = 0
   = 1 …(i)
 c   3x 2  4 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
Given equation of circle is
x2 + y2 = 2 (1)2 …(ii) 3. Y
 from (i) and (ii), we get
 
2 135 xy2=0
x2 + y2 = 2  y  2 2 x 
  c
  y=3 45
 c (x + y ) = 2(y2  4 2 xy + 8x2)
2 2 2 (5,3)
 (c2  16)x2 + (c2  2)y2 + 8 2xy = 0 x+y8=0
The lines are perpendicular if A + B = 0.
O x=5 X
 c2  16 + c2  2 = 0
 2c2 18 = 0 The equations of bisectors are,
 c2  9 = 0 y  3 = (1)(x  5) and y  3 = (1)(x  5)
78


 x  y  2 = 0 and x + y  8 = 0  y = x  x + y = 0
 The joint equation of the bisectors is  Joint equation of median and altitude is
(x  y  2)(x + y  8) = 0 (3x  2y) (x + y) = 0
 x2  y2  10x + 6y + 16 = 0  3x2 + xy  2y2 = 0
4. The required lines are parallel to 8. 2x2 + 3xy – 2y2 = 0
x2  4xy + 3y2 = 0, which pass through (3, 2).  x + 2y = 0 and 2x – y = 0
 the combined equation of lines is
(x  3)2  4(x  3)(y + 2) + 3(y + 2)2 = 0 A 2x – y + c1 = 0
D
 x2  6x + 9  4(xy + 2x  3y  6)
+ 3(y2 + 4y + 4) = 0
 x  6x + 9  4xy  8x + 12y + 24 + 3y2
2 x + 2y = 0 x + 2y + c2 = 0
+ 12y + 12 = 0
 x2  4xy + 3y2  14x + 24y + 45 = 0 B C
2x – y = 0
5. The required equation is 2x  3xy + 5y = 0
2 2
i.e., 2x2 + 3xy  5y2 = 0 From the figure,

6. Given equation of pair of lines is  2 1   1 2 
A ,  , B(0, 0), C  , 
4xy + 2x + 6y + 3 = 0  5 5  5 5 
 2x(2y + 1) + 3(2y + 1) = 0 Now, equation of side AD is
 (2y + 1)(2x + 3) = 0 2x – y + c1 = 0
 Separate equations of lines are 2x + 3 = 0 and Substituting x =
2
,y=
1
in above equation,
2y + 1 = 0 5 5
3 1 we get
i.e. x = and y =
2 2 c1 = 1
The equation of line passing through (2, 1) and  equation of AD becomes 2x – y + 1 = 0
3 Similarly equation of side DC is x + 2y + c2 = 0
perpendicular to x = is y = 1 i.e. y – 1 = 0
2 i.e., x + 2y + 1 = 0
The equation of line passing through (2, 1) and  3 1 
1  D , 
perpendicular to y = is x = 2 i.e. x – 2 = 0  5 5 
2
Now, equation of diagonal BD is
 Combined equation of pair of lines is
1
(x – 2)(y – 1) = 0 0 
y–0= 5 (x – 0)
 xy – x – 2y + 2 = 0 3
0 
7. OD is the median 5
1 3 2  4 
D  
3 1
 , 
 y = x
 2 2  5 5
 D  (2, 3)  x – 3y = 0
O(0, 0)
9. One of the lines is 3x + 4y = 0
y 3
i.e., 
x 4
The given joint equation is 6x2  xy + 4cy2 = 0
2
 y  y
 4c       6 = 0 …(i)
 x  x
B(3, 4)
A(1, 2) E D y
Substituting value of in equation (i), we get
x
Equation of OD is y = mx
 3   3 
2
   + 6 = 0
3
y= x  3x  2y = 0 4c 
2  4   4
2 9 3
Slope of line AB = = 1  4c   +6=0
2 16 4
Given, OE  AB 
9c 3  24
  0  9c + 27 = 0
 Slope of OE = 1 4 4
Equation of OE is y = mx  c = 3
79


10. Given equation of pair of lines is 2h
 m1 + m2 = = 5
kx2  5xy  3y2 = 0 b
2
y  y a
 k  5  3  =0 m1m2 = =k
x  x b
 k  5m  3m2 = 0 …(i) Given that, m1  m2 = 1
1 Now, (m1  m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2  4m1m2
Now, slope of line x  2y + 3 = 0 is m1 = .
2  12 = (5)2  4k  4k = 24
 slope of the line perpendicular to x  2y + 3 = 0 is k=6
m = 2.
16. Comparing the given equation with
Substituting value of m in equation (i), we get
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get
k  5(2)  3(2)2 = 0
a = 2, 2h = –3, b = 1
 k =  10 + 12  k = 2
2h a
11. 6x2 + xy – y2 = 0 m1 + m2 = = 3, m1.m2 = = 2
b b
 6x2 + 3xy – 2xy – y2 = 0
(m1)3 + (m2)3 = (m1 + m2)  m12  m1m2  m22 
 2x + y = 0 and 3x – y = 0
1 = 3 [(m1 + m2)2 – 3m1 m2]
let a = = 3 [(3)2 – 3(2)]
2
 equation 3x2 – axy – y2 = 0 becomes = 3(3) = 9
1
3x2 – xy – y2 = 0 17. Given equation of pairs of lines is
2 ax2 + 2hxy + by2
 6x2 – xy – 2y2 = 0 2h a
 3x – 2y = 0 and 2x + y = 0  m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =
b b
 given pair of lines have common line 2x + y = 0 Given that, m1 = 2m2
 Option (A) is correct answer. 2h a
12. Given equation of pair of lines is  2m2 + m2 = and 2m2m2 =
b b
3x2 + 5xy  2y2 = 0 2h a
5  m2 = 2
and m 2 =
 a = 3, h = , b = 2 3b 2b
2 2
 2h  a
2h 5    
Now, m1 + m2 = =  3b  2b
b 2
4h 2 a
13. Given equation of pair of lines is  =
9b 2 2b
x2  2cxy  7y2 = 0
 8h2 = 9ab
 a = 1, h =  c , b = 7
2c 1 18. m1 : m2 = 1 : 2
 m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =
7 7 If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1 : n,
Given that, m1 + m2 = 4m1m2 h2 (n  1) 2
2c 4
then =
ab 4n
 = c=2
7 7 h 2  2  1
2
9
 = =
14. Given equation of pair of lines is ab 4(2) 8
ax2  6xy + y2 = 0 ab 8
 A = a, H = 3, B = 1  =
h2 9
Given that, m1 = 2m2
2(3) 19. Let the equation of one of the line which bisects
m1 + m2 =  =6 the angle between the co-ordinate axes be y = x
1
 2m2 + m2 = 6  m2 = 2  m1 = 4  m1 = tan 45o = 1
a Let m2 be the slope of the other line.
Now, m1m2 = = a a
1 Now, m1m2 =
 a = (4)(2) = 8 b
a
15. Given equation of pairs of lines is  m2 =
kx2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 b
5 2h
 a = k, b = 1, h = Also, m1 + m2 =
b
2
80


a 2h  m1 + m2 =  4  m2 =  4  m1
1+ =
b b and m1.m2 = 1  m1( 4  m1) = 1
 a + b = –2h  m12  4m1  1 = 0
 (a + b)2 = 4h2  m1, m2 = 2  3
20. Let m, m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines L, L1 Slope of line x  y = 4 is
and L2 respectively. m3 = 1
a 2  Angle between first two lines,
m + m1 = , m.m1 =
3 3 m1  m 2 (2  3)  (2  3)
tan1 12 = =
b
and m + m2 = , m.m2 = 
2 1  m1.m 2 1  (2  3)(2  3)
 3  = 60
3 3
 12 = tan1
 
2 2 
(m.m1) (m.m2) =    
 3  3  Angle between second and third line
 2  3  1 
 m2m1.m2 = 
4
23 = tan1   = tan
1
 3  = 60
9  1  (2  3)1 
 m2(1)= 
4
...[ m1.m2 = 1] Similarly, we have, 31 = 60
9  The triangle formed by the lines is equilateral
4 triangle.
 m2 =
9
25. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines given
2
 m=  by 23x2 – 48xy + 3y2 = 0
3 48
By solving, we get  m1 + m2 = = 16  m2 = 16 – m1
3
m1 = 1, m2 = 1 23 23
Substituting the values of m, m1, m2 in and m1m2 =  m1 (16 – m1) =
3 3
a b 23
m + m1 = and m + m2 = , we get   m1 + 16m1 –
2
=0
3 3 3
a2 = 25 and b2 = 1
 3m12 – 48m1 + 23 = 0
 a2 + b2 = 26
24  13 3
21. Given equation of pair of lines is  m1, m2 =
3
x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 slope of line is 2x+ 3y + 4 = 0 is
 a = 1, h = 2, b = 1 2
m3 =
2 h 2  ab 2 (2) 2  (1)(1) 3
 tan  = = = 3
ab 11  Angle between first two lines,
  = tan1  3  = 60 tan–1 12 =
m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
22. Given equation of pair of lines is  24  13 3   24  13 3 
x2 + 2xy sec  + y2 = 0     
3 3
 a = 1, h = sec , b = 1 =    
 24  13 3  24  13 3 
Let  be the angle between the lines. 1   
 
 3  3 
tan  = 2 sec   1
2
 26 3 26 3
2
= 3 = 3
 tan  = tan    =  9  576  507 78
9 9
23. Comparing the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get  tan–1 12 = 3
a = sin2  – 1 = – cos2 , b = cos2   12 = tan–1  3  = 60
Here, a + b = –cos2  + cos2  = 0 Angle between second and third line
 the lines are perpendicular.
 24  13 3 
   2
 =   
 3  3 
2 23 = tan–1   

24. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines given  1   24  13 3    2  
  3  3  
by x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0    
81


 26  13 3   26  13 3  30. Given equation of pair of lines is
–1
   
= tan  3  = tan–1  3  kxy + 10x + 6y + 4 = 0
 9  48  26 3   39  26 3  k
     a = b = 0, c = 4, f = 3, g = 5, h =
 9   9  2
 26  13 3 
= tan–1  
9
 Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
 3 39  26 3  2
k
 0 + 2(3)(5)    0  0  4   = 0
k
= tan–1 
 
 13 2  3  3 
 2 2
 
 13 3 2  3 
 15k  k2 = 0  k(15  k) = 0
= tan–1  3  = 60  k = 0 or k = 15
Similarly, we have, 31 = 60 31. Given equation of pair of lines is
 The triangle formed by the lines is equilateral
x2 + kxy + y2  5x  7y + 6 = 0
triangle.
7 5 k
26. Given equation of pair of lines is  a = 1, b = 1, c = 6, f = ,g= ,h=
2 2 2
px2  qy2 = 0
Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
 a = p, b = q, c = 0
 7  5  k   7 
2
Since, the lines are real and distinct
 (1)(1)(6) + 2      1  
 h2  ab > 0  2  2  2   2 
 0  p(q) > 0
 5 
2 2
k
 pq > 0 1    6   0
 2   2
Given equation is y2 + x + 1 = 0 35k 49 25 6k 2
6+    =0
1 4 4 4 4
 a = 0, b = 1, c = 0, f = 0, g = ,h=0
2  6k2 + 35 k  50 = 0
2 2 2
Now, abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch  (2k  5)(3k  10) = 0
1 1
= 0 + 0  0   + 0 = 0 5 10
4 4 k= or k =
2 3
 The equation does not represent a pair of
straight lines. 32. Given equation of pair of lines is
28. Given equation of pair of lines is x2 – y2 + x + 3y – 2 = 0
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0 1 3
5 5 7  a = 1, b = –1, g = ,f= ,c=–2
a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, f = , g = , h = 2 2
2 2 2
Consider abc + 2fgh af2  bg2  ch2  point of intersection of the lines is
 hf  bg gh  af  1 3
= (3)(2)(2) + 2  
5 5  7 
    , 2 
=  , 
 2  2  2   ab  h 2
ab  h   2 2
2 2 2
5 5 7
3   2   2   = 0 33. Given equation of pair of lines is
2 2 2
 the given equation represents a pair of straight lines. 2x2 – 10xy + 2y2 + 5x – 16y – 3 = 0
5
29. Given equation of pair of lines is  a = 2, b = 2, c = –3, f = –8, g = , h = –5
2
ax2 – y2 + 4x – y = 0
1 Since the equation represents pair of lines,
 A = a, B = –1, C = 0, F = , G = 2, H = 0
2  abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
The given equation represents a pair of straight
 2(2)(–3) + 2(–8)   (–5) – 2(64)
5
lines,
2
 ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0
 2 
25 
 0 – 0 – a   – (–1)(4) = 0
1
 + 3(25) = 0
4  4 
a 49λ
 – + 4 = 0  a = 16  = 147   = 6
4 2
82


 Point of intersection of the lines is
 1 
2
 hf  bg gh  af  2    1 6  2
1
6
 2
 , 2   tan  = = 4 = 1 = 1
 ab  h ab  h 
2
1 6 5
 5 5    = tan1 (1) = 45
  5  8   2  6   2   5  2  8 
   , 2  38. Given equation of pair of lines is
 2 12    5  2 12    5  
2 2
  x2  3xy + λ y2 + 3x + 5y + 2 = 0
 
 7   a = 1, b = , h =  3
  10, 
2
 2   = tan1 3  tan  = 3
2
34. Given equation of pair of lines is  3
2     1 
2x2  3xy  2y2 + 10x + 5y = 0  2
 tan  =
5 3 1 
 a = 2. b = 2, c = 0, f = , g = 5, h =
2 2 9  4
 2
Point of intersection of the lines is 4 9  4
3= =
 hf  bg gh  af  1  1 
 ,    1, 2
 ab  h 2 ab  h 2  9  4
Slope of line joining origin and (1, 2) m = 2  =9
1   
2
Slope of kx + y + 3 = 0 is –k
 9  4 = 9 (1 + )2
1
Now, (k)( 2) = 1  k =  92 + 22 = 0
2
  (9 + 22) = 0
35. The line 5x + y –1 = 0 is coincides 22
  = 0 or  = 
5x2 + xy – kx – 2y + 2 = 0 9
 a = 5, b = 0, c = 2, f = –1, g =  , h =
k 1 But  is non-negative
2 2  =0
2h
m1 + m2 = 39. Lines represented by the equation
b
As b = 0, this case is not defined 6x2 – 13xy + 5y2 = 0 are
Slope of line 5x + y – 1 = 0 is m = –5 y = 2x and y =
3
x
 Slope of another line must be infinite 5
 equation of another line is x = k1 The co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle
 Combine equation is (5x + y – 1) (x – k1) = 0 formed by above lines with x + y  1 = 0 are
 5x2 – 5xk1 + xy – yk1 – x + k1 = 0 (0, 0),  ,  and  , 
1 2 5 3
 5x2 + xy – (5k1 + 1)x – yk1 + k1 = 0 3 3 8 8
Comparing this equation with the given The altitude from vertex (0, 0) on x + y  1 = 0
equation, we get k = 11 is y = x. ....(i)
The altitude from vertex  ,  on y = x is
1 2 3
3 3 5
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0
2 5 1
 a = 3, b = 2, h =
7 y   x 
2 3 3 3
49 25
 15x + 9y  11 = 0 ....(ii)
2 6 2 Solving (i) and (ii), we get
2 h  ab
2
4 4
tan  = = =
ab 3 2 5 x=
11
and y =
11
 tan  = 1 24 24
  11 11 
  = tan1 (1) =  Orthocentre is  , 
4  24 24 
 11 11 
37. Given equation of pair of lines is Distance from origin to  ,  is
 24 24 
x2  xy  6y2  7x + 31y  18 = 0 2 2
1  11   11  11 2
 a = 1, b = 6, h =      =
2    
24 24 24
83


40. Given equations of pair of lines are 41.
xy + 4x  3y  12 = 0 and B
xy  3x + 4y  12 = 0 45
 x(y + 4) 3(y + 4) = 0 and x(y  3) + 4(y  3) = 0
 (y + 4)(x  3) = 0 and (x + 4)(y  3) = 0 90 45
 The vertices of the square are as shown in the figure O A
y3=0 Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the perpendicular
D(4, 3) C(3, 3) lines.
Let m be the slope of the line which makes an
angle 45 with the line 2x + 3y = 6.
x+4=0 x3=0
d1 d2 2
Slope of the line 2x + 3y = 6 is
3
A(4, 4) B(3, 4)  2 
y+4=0 m 
tan 45 =  3 
 2 
Equation of diagonal d1 is 1 m 
 3 
4  3
y+4= ( x  4) 1=
3m  2
4  3 3  2m
y+4=x+4
1
xy=0  m =  5,
and equation of diagonal d2 is 5
3 4 The equation of the lines are
y+4= (x  3) 1
4  3 y = 5x and y = x
 y + 4 = 1 (x  3) 5
 y + 4 = x + 3 1
i.e., y + 5x = 0 and y  x= 0
x+y+1=0 5
 Combined equation of diagonals d1 and d2 is The equation of the pair of perpendicular lines is
(x  y)(x + y + 1) = 0  1 
(y + 5x)  y  x  = 0
 5 
 x2  y2 + x  y = 0
i.e., 5x  24xy  5y2 = 0
2
Evaluation Test
1. L1: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0  2 1 

 y2  1  2  2
 xy + x = 0
Equation of any line passing through origin and  1 
perpendicular to L1 is given by
 x  2 2 xy + y2 = 0
2
bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0
….(interchanging coefficients of x2 and y2 and 2h
3. Here, m1  m 2  ....(i)
change of sign for xy term) b
 The required equation of pair of lines is a
and m1m2 
–15x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = 0 b
i.e. 15x2 – 7xy – 2y2 = 0  (m1 – m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2 – 4m1m2
4h 2  4ab
2. Joint equation of pair of lines having slopes m1 =
b2
and m2 and passing through the origin is
4h 2  3h 2
y2  (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2 x2 = 0 = ….[ 4ab = 3h2 (given)]
b2

 y2  1  2 

1 

 xy + 1  2 
1 2 

 1  2
 x =0
1 2 

h2
b2
84


h 10. The given equation of pair of lines is
 m1  m 2  ....(ii)
b 3x2 – 2y2 + xy – x + 5y – 2 = 0
On solving (i) and (ii), we get 5 1 
 a = 3, b = –2, c = –2, f = ,g= ,h=
h 3h 2 2 2
m1  and m 2 
2b 2b Now abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
 m1 : m2 = 1 : 3 5 75 1  2
12 –    =0
4. The lines are parallel, if af2 = bg2 4 4 2 2
 4f2 = 9g2  22 – 5  25 = 0  ( 5)(2 + 5) = 0
3 5
f= g   = 5 or
2 2
Let g = 2 and f = 3
 abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 11. Let y = mx be the common line and let y = m1x
= 4 (9) (c) + 2 (3) (2) (6) – 4(3)2 – 9(2)2 – c (6)2 = 0 and y = m2x be the other lines given by
 c is any number.
2x2 + axy + 3y2 = 0 and 2x2 + bxy  3y2 = 0
respectively. Then,
5. Given equation is x2  y2  x  y  2 = 0. a 2
 1
m + m1 =  , mm1 = , and
 a = 1, b = 1, c = 2, f = ,g= ,h=0 3 3
2 2 b 2
This equation represents a pair of straight lines, m + m2 = , mm2 = 
3 3
if abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
2  2
2 1 2 9  (mm1) (mm2) =  
2  =0 =  2 = 9   =  3 3  3
4 4 4 4
4
6. The given equation of pair of lines is  m2(m1m2) = 
9
x2 + 2 2 xy – y2 = 0 4
 m2 = ….[ m1m2 = 1 (given)]
 a = 1, b = 1, h = 2 9
Now, a + b = 1 + (1) = 0 2
 The lines are perpendicular m=
3
7. The joint equation of the lines through the point 2
When m = ,
(x1, y1) and at right angles to the lines 3
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is 2 2
b(x – x1)2 – 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + a(y – y1)2 = 0 mm1 = and mm2 =   m1 = 1 and m2 = 1
3 3
 joint equation of pair of lines drawn through (1, a b
1) and perpendicular to the pair of lines  m + m1 =  and m + m2 =
3 3
3x2 – 7xy + 2y2 = 0 is
2(x – 1)2 + 7(x – 1)(y – 1) + 3(y – 1)2 = 0  a = 5 and b = 1
2
8. The given equations are x – y – 1 = 0 and When m =  ,
3
2x + y – 6 = 0
2 2
 The joint equation is given by mm1 = and mm2 =   m1 = 1 and m2 = 1
3 3
(x – y – 1) (2x + y – 6) = 0
a b
 2x2 + xy – 6x – 2xy – y2 + 6y – 2x – y + 6 =0  m + m1 =  and m + m2 =
 2x2 – y2 – xy – 8x + 5y + 6 = 0 3 3
 a = 5 and b = 1
9. Let the equation of one of the angle bisector of 12. Given equation of pair of lines is
the co-ordinate axes be x + y = 0  m1 = –1
3x2 – 48xy + 23y2 = 0
Given equation of pair of lines is
2x2 + 2hxy + 3y2 = 0  a = 3, h = –24, b = 23
 A = 2, H = h, B = 3  tan  =
2 576  69
a 2 3  23
Now, m1m2 =  m2 =
b 3
2 507 2  13 3
2h 2 2h  tan  = = = 3
Also m1 + m2 =  –1 – = 26 26
b 3 3
5 
h=   = tan–1 ( 3 ) =
2 3
85


y2 sin2  xy sin2  + x2 (cos2   1) = 0
 a = sin2 , b = cos2 1 = (1cos2 )
= sin2 
Now, a + b = sin2  sin2  = 0
 The lines are perpendicular.

 =
2
14. Lines represented by the equation
2y2  xy  6x2 = 0 are
3
y = 2x and y =  x
2
The co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle
formed by above lines with x + y = 1 are
(0, 0),  ,  and (2, 3)
1 2
3 3
The altitude from vertex (0, 0) on x + y = 1 is
y = x. ....(i)
3
The altitude from vertex  ,  on y =
1 2
x is
3 3 2
2 2 1
y  x 
3 3 3
 6x  9y + 4 = 0 ....(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
4 4
x= and y = ,
3 3
Orthocentre is  , 
4 4

3 3
86
05 Vectors
Hints
Classical Thinking 12. Let a = 6 î + 4 ĵ + 5 k̂

b = 4 î + 5 ĵ + 6 k̂
3. ( −5) a −5 a = 5 × 8 = 40
=
c = 5 î + 6 ĵ + 4 k̂
4. ka = 1 ⇒ k a =1 Now, AB = – 2 î + ĵ + k̂
1 1 BC = î + ĵ – 2 k̂
⇒ k = ⇒k=±
a a CA = î – 2 ĵ + k̂
5. By Parallelogram Law, ∴ | AB | = 6 , | BC | = 6 and | CA | = 6

AC = AB + AD = b + d Since each side is of length 6,
∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle.
6. FA = DC A B
= DA + AC 13. Let position vector of D be xî + yˆj + zk,
ˆ then
= AC − AD since, AB = DC
F C
= ( AB + BC ) − 2BC ∴ −2ˆj − 4kˆ = (7 − x)iˆ + (7 − y )ˆj + (7 − z)kˆ
D Comparing the coefficients, we get

= AB − BC = a − b E
x 7,=
= y 9,= z 11.
7. Suppose b is added to the vector a , then Hence, position vector of D will be 7iˆ + 9ˆj + 11kˆ .
a + b = î
14. Since, AB + BD = AD D C
⇒ b = î – a = î – (3 î + 4 ĵ – 2 k̂ )
⇒ BD = AD − AB
= – 2 î – 4 ĵ + 2 k̂ = (i + 2ˆj + 3k)
ˆ ˆ − (2iˆ + 4ˆj − 5k)
ˆ
8. AB = î − 2 ĵ + 2 k̂ = −î − 2ˆj + 8kˆ A B

⇒ AB = 3 Hence, unit vector in the direction of BD is
−î − 2ˆj + 8kˆ −î − 2ˆj + 8kˆ
=
9. ( ) (
a + b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ + î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ ) | −î − 2ˆj + 8kˆ | 69
= 3iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ 15. Since the vectors are collinear,

∴ a+ b  = 3 +3 +4 2 2 2 ∴ b = λa
= 9 + 9 + 16 = 34 ⇒ (–2 î + m ĵ ) = λ( î – ĵ )
On comparing, we get
10. a + b = 4iˆ + 4ˆj λ = –2 and –λ = m
4(iˆ + ˆj) î + ˆj ⇒m=2
∴ Unit vector = =
32 2
16. c = λd
11. Given, PQ = 7 ⇒ (x − 2) a + b = λ(2x + 1) a − λ b
⇒ (5 + 1) 2 + (4 − 2) 2 + (a + 2) 2 = 7 On comparing, we get
Squaring both sides, we get λ = –1 and
36 + 4 + (a + 2)2 = 49 (x –2) = λ(2x +1)
⇒ (a + 2)2 = 9 ⇒ x – 2 = – 2x – 1
⇒ a + 2 = ±3 1
⇒x=
⇒ a = –5, 1 3
87

17. Let a = 3 î − 2 ĵ + 5 k̂ and b = − 2 î + p ĵ − q k̂ 24. If M(m) is the mid-point of AB, then

Two vector are collinear if a+b
m=
a1 a 2 a 3 2
= =
b1 b 2 b3 î + 3jˆ − kˆ + 3iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ
⇒ = 2 î + ĵ – 2 k̂
3 −2 5 2
⇒ = =
−2 p −q
25. Let R (r) divide AB externally in the ratio 5:2
4 10
⇒=p = ,q 5(iˆ − ˆj + 2k)
ˆ − 2(2iˆ + ˆj − k)
ˆ î − 7ˆj + 12kˆ
3 3 ∴ r= =
5−2 3
18. Here a = î + ˆj , b= 2iˆ − ˆj and r = 2iˆ – 4jˆ 26. Let R (r) divide PQ externally in the ratio 2 : 1
Let r = t1 a + t 2 b 2q − p
∴ r=
⇒ 2iˆ − 4ˆj = t1 (iˆ + ˆj) + t 2 (2iˆ − ˆj) 2 −1
2(3iˆ + 2ˆj + k)
ˆ − (2iˆ − ˆj + 4k)
ˆ
= (t1 + 2t 2 )iˆ + (t1 − t 2 )ˆj =
1
Comparing the coefficients, we get
= 4iˆ + 5jˆ − 2kˆ
t1 + 2t2 = 2 .…(i)
t1 − t2 = −4 ….(ii) ∴ Co-ordinates of R are (4, 5, −2)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get 27. If A(a),B(b),C(c) are the vertices and G(g) is the
t1 = −2, t2 = 2 centroid of ∆ABC, then
a +b+c
19. Given, 3A = 2B g =
3
∴ 3(x + 4y) = 2(y – 2x + 2)
⇒ 7x + 10y = 4 ….(i) ∴ 3iˆ + 2ˆj + nkˆ =
( ) ( ) (
2iˆ + 3jˆ − 4kˆ + miˆ + ˆj − kˆ + 3iˆ + 2ˆj + 2kˆ )
and 3(2x + y + 1) = 2(2x – 3y – 1) 3
⇒ 2x + 9y = – 5 ….(ii) ⇒3(3 î + 2 ĵ + n k̂ ) = (5 + m) î + 6 ĵ + (–3) k̂
On solving (i) and (ii), we get On comparing, we get
x = 2, y = –1 9 = 5 + m ⇒ m = 4, and
3n = −3 ⇒ n = −1
20. 1( a ) + 1( b ) = a + b .
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z 2 + z 3 
∴ 1( a ) + 1( b ) − 1 (a + b) = 0 28. G≡  , , 
 3 3 3 
∴ The vectors are coplanar.
 2a + 1 4 + b 1 
⇒ (2, 1, c) ≡  , , 
21. Let R (r) be the point dividing PQ internally in  3 3 3
the ratio 2 : 5 2a + 1 4+b 1
⇒2= ,1= ,c=
3 3 3
5p + 2q
∴ r = 5 1
7 ⇒ a = , b = −1, c =
2 3
22. Let R (r) divide line AB internally in the ratio
29. a ⋅ b = abcosθ ≤ a b …[cos θ ≤ 1]
2:3
∴ r =
2b + 3a 30. a⋅b = a b
2+3
⇒ a b cos θ = a b
2(3iˆ + ˆj + 4k)
ˆ + 3(2iˆ + 3jˆ − k)
ˆ
= ⇒ cos θ = 1
5
⇒θ=0
12iˆ +11jˆ + 5kˆ
= ⇒ a and b are like parallel vectors.
5
12 11 31. a⋅b = − a
∴ Co-ordinates of R are  , ,1 b
 5 5 
⇒ a b cos θ = − a b
2 − 4 −1 + 3 
23. C ≡  ,  ≡ (– 1, 1) ⇒ cos θ = −1
 2 2  ⇒θ=π
∴ OC = – î + ĵ ⇒ a , b are unlike parallel vectors
88

Chapter 05: Vectors
33. We have, a + b + c = 0 43. | a × b |= ( )

a.b
⇒ (a + b + c) ⋅ b = 0 ⋅ b ⇒ absin
= θ abcos θ
⇒ a ⋅ b + b⋅b + c⋅b = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 1
2 π
⇒ a ⋅ b + b + c⋅b = 0 ⇒ θ=
4
⇒ a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c = − 25
44. Since (a × b) 2 + (a.b) 2 =
| a |2 | b |2
∴ 144 = 16 | b |2
 1ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ
 i − j + k  ⋅ 2i + 4 j + 5k
8 8 4 
( ) ⇒ |b| =3
2 12 5
= − + =0 45. a×b =0 ⇔ a  b , a ≠ 0 , b ≠ 0
8 8 4
∴ Option (D) is correct answer. 46. Vector product is not commutative.
35. a.b= 0 47. 14(a × b) + 15(b × a) = −14(b × a) + 15(b × a)
( )(
⇒ 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ . î − 4ˆj − λkˆ = 0 ) =b×a
⇒ 2 × 1 + 1 × (− 4) + (− 1) (− λ) = 0 î ˆj kˆ
⇒λ=2 48. a × b = 2 2 −1
36. Let r = xî + yˆj + zkˆ , then 6 −3 2
r ⋅ î = x, r ⋅ ˆj = y and r ⋅ kˆ = z = î – 10 ĵ – 18 k̂
( r ⋅ î ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
∴ + r ⋅ ˆj + r ⋅ kˆ = x2 + y2 + z2 = r 49. Unit vector perpendicular to a and
a×b 1 ˆ ˆ
  b = = (2i + k)
2 × 12 + 6 × (−4) + 3(3) |a×b| 5
37. θ =cos −1  
 22 + 62 + 32 122 + −4 2 + 32 
 ( )  50. Given,
 9  −1  9  a + b = 3jˆ + kˆ and b − c = 3kˆ
= cos −1   = cos  
 7 × 13   91 
∴ ( a + b ) × ( b − c ) = ( 3jˆ + kˆ ) × 3kˆ = 9 î
38. If the given vectors are a , b and c , then So, required unit vector = î
c= a + b and also a ⋅ b = 0.
∴ The given vectors form a right angled triangle. 51. We have, u ⋅ n̂ = 0 and v ⋅ n̂ = 0
∴ n̂ ⊥ u and n̂ ⊥ v
40. a×b = a b
u×v
⇒ a b sin θ = a b
⇒ n̂ = ±
u×v
⇒ sin θ = 1
π
( ) ( )
Now, u × v = î + ˆj × î − ˆj = −2 k̂
⇒θ=
2 ∴ n̂ = ± k̂
⇒ a⊥ b ( )( )
Hence, w ⋅ nˆ = î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ ⋅ ± kˆ = 3
41. | a × b |=
1
54. Let a = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ and b = î + 3jˆ − 4kˆ
⇒ sin θ = 1
π Then,
⇒θ= î ˆj kˆ
2
a × b = 3 1 −2 = 2iˆ + 10ˆj + 8kˆ
b×c
42. Here, a = ± 1 3 −4
b×c
⇒ a×b = 4 + 100 + 64 = 168 = 2 42
⇒ b×c = ± b×c a
1
= ± (sin α) a ....[ b × c = sin α] ∴ Required area = a×b = 42 sq. units
2
89

55. [ î k̂ ĵ ] = î .( k̂ × ĵ ) = î .(– î ) = – 1. 69. A, B, C, D are vertices of tetrahedron.

∴ AB , AC and AD are its edges.
56. 2iˆ ⋅ 3jˆ × (−5k)
ˆ  = − 30 [ î ⋅( ĵ × k̂ )]
 Now, AB = – 2 î – 2 ĵ – 3 k̂
= − 30( î ⋅ î ) = − 30(1) AC = 4 î – 9 k̂
= −30 AD = 6 î – 3 ĵ – 3 k̂
57. ( î + ĵ ) ⋅ [( ĵ + k̂ ) × ( k̂ + î )] ∴ Volume of tetrahedron
1 1 0 1
=  AB AC AD 
= 0 1 1 6  
1 0 1 −2 −2 −3
1
= 1 (1) – 1 ( – 1) = 2 = 4 0 −9
6
6 −3 −3
1 −1 1
58. [ a b c ] = 1 1 −4 1
= [−2(0 − 27) + 2(− 12 + 54) − 3(− 12 − 0)]
−1 2 −1 6
1
= 1 (−1 + 8) + 1(−1 −4) + 1(2 + 1) = (174)
6
=5
= 29 cu. units
60. Since a b c  =  b c a  = c a b  = −  b a c 
70. The d.c.s of Y-axis are
61. [iˆ kˆ ˆj] + [kˆ ˆj î] + [ ˆj kˆ î] = [iˆ kˆ ˆj] + [iˆ kˆ ˆj] − [iˆ kˆ ˆj] cos90°, cos0°, cos90°
i.e. 0, 1, 0
= [iˆ kˆ ˆj] = – 1
71. The d.c.s of X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
63.  
a + 2b a + c b  73. For option (B),
= a a + c b  +  2b a + c b  cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ ≠ 1
∴ option (B) is correct answer.
= a a b  + a c b  +  2b a b  +  2b c b 
74. Let the direction cosines of the line be l, m, n
= 0 − a b c  + 2 (0) + 2 (0)
∴ l = cos 45º, m = cos 60º, n = cos 60º
= − a b c  1 1 1
⇒ l= , m = and n =
2 2 2
64. Since the vectors are coplanar, 1 1 1
a b c  = 0 ∴ d.c.s are , , .
  2 2 2
1 −1 1
75. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ 1 2 −1 = 0 ∴ cos2 45° + cos2 60° + cos2 γ = 1
3 p 5 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 γ = 1 − − =
⇒ 10 + p + 5 + 3 + p − 6 = 0 2 4 4
⇒p=–6 1
⇒ cos γ = ±
2
65. We have [ a b a × b ] = a ⋅  b × (a × b) 
⇒ γ = 60° or 120°
= ( a × b ). ( a × b )
76. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of the line.
= | a × b |2 ∴ l = cos α; m = cos 60°; n = cos 45°
66. [ a c b ] = a .( c × b ) Since, cos2 α + cos2 60° + cos2 45° = 1
1 1 1
= c .( b × a ) ⇒ cos2α = 1 − − =
2 4 4
=0 ….[ a and b are parallel]
1
⇒ cos α = ±
67. a . ( b × c ) = 0 or ( a × b ). c = 0 2
1 1 1
∴ the d.c.s are ± , ,
68. Volume of parallelopiped = a b c  2 2 2
 11   13  Let r = 2iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ
=   (12)   î ˆj kˆ  78.
2 3
= 286 cu. unit. |r|= 22 + 22 + (−1) 2 =3
90

Chapter 05: Vectors

x y z 2. AB + BC + CA = 0
∴ The d.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| ⇒a+b–c=0
2 2 −1 3. Given A, B, C, D, E are five co-planar points.
i.e., , ,
3 3 3
Now, DA + DB + DC + AE + BE + CE
a b c = ( DA + AE ) + ( DB + BE ) + ( DC + CE )
79. D.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| = DE + DE + DE = 3 DE
2 −3 6
i.e., , ,
7 7 7
4. ( ) (
AC − BD = AB + BC − BC + CD )
80. On Y-axis, x and z co-ordinates are zero. = AB − CD
Hence, (B) is the correct option. = AB + DC
= AB + AB
81. A ≡ (1, 2, 6) and B ≡ (−4, 5, 0)
∴ D.r.s of AB are −4 − 1, 5 − 2, 0 − 6 = 2AB
i.e., −5, 3, −6 5. AE = AB + BC + CD + DE A B
2 2 2
82. Since (–l) + (–m) + (–n) = 1, we can say that = AB + BC + CD − ED
–l, –m, –n are the direction cosines of the line. = a + b + c − AB C
F
−l −m −n
Also that = = = −1 = a+ b+ c− a
l m n
Hence, we can say that –l, –m, –n are the d.r.s. = b+ c E D
of the line. 6. AB + BC =
AC
83. The direction cosines are ⇒ AC= a + b
2 − 5 2 Now, AC + CD = AD
, ,
2+5+2 2+5+2 2+5+2 ⇒ ( a + b ) + CD =
2b ....[ AD = 2 BC ]
2 − 5 2
i.e., , , ⇒ CD = b − a
3 3 3
7.
84. The d.r.s of AB are 2 –14, –3 –5, 1 + 3 A(a)
i.e. – 12, – 8, 4 i.e., 3, 2, – 1
3 2 −1
∴ The d.c.s are , , F E
14 14 14
85. Let, a1, b1, c1 = 5, − 12, 13

B(b) C(c)
and a2, b2, c2 = −3, 4, 5 D
a1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + c1 c 2 b+c b + c − 2a
∴ cosθ = AD = OD − OA = − a = ,
2 2
a12 + b12 + c12 ⋅ a 22 + b 22 + c 22
Similarly,
5 ( −3) + ( −12 ) 4 + 13(5) c+a c + a − 2b
= BE = OE − OB = − b = and
2 2 2
5 + (−12) + 13 ⋅ (−3) + 4 + 5 2 2 2 2 2
a + b − 2c
−15 − 48 + 65 CF = .
= 2
13 2 ⋅ 5 2
Now, AD + BE + CF
1
= b + c − 2a c + a − 2b a + b − 2c
65 = + + =0
2 2 2
1
∴ θ = cos–1   8. By triangle law,
65  
AB = AD − BD , AC = AD − CD
Critical Thinking E D
1. ma is a unit vector if | ma | = 1
⇒m a =1 F C
1
⇒m=
|a| A B
91

∴ AB + AC + AD + AE + AF 14. Let P, Q and R be points having position vectors

α î + β ĵ + γ k̂ , β î + γ ĵ + α k̂ and
= AD − BD + AD − CD + AD + AE + AF
= 3 AD + ( AE − BD ) + ( AE − CD ) γ î + α ĵ + β k̂
= 3 AD …[ AE = BD , AF = CD ] Then, PQ = QR = RP
Hence, λ = 3 = (α − β) 2 + (β − γ ) 2 + ( γ − α) 2
Hence, ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle.
9. Let the position vector of P be xî + yˆj + zk,
ˆ
Given, AB = CP 15. AB = (2 î + 3 ĵ – 6 k̂ ) – (6 î – 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
∴ ˆj − î = xî + yˆj + (z − 1)kˆ = – 4 î + 5 ĵ – 9 k̂

⇒ AB = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122
By comparing the coefficients of î , ĵ and k̂ ,
we get x = –1, y = 1 and z – 1 = 0 BC = î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂
⇒z=1 ⇒ BC = 1 + 9 + 16 = 26 and
Hence, required position vector is – î + ĵ + k̂ AC = –3 î + 8 ĵ –5 k̂
11. Sum of the given vectors ⇒ AC = 98
( ) ( ) (
= î + ˆj + kˆ + 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ ) ∴ AB = 122, BC2 = 26 and AC2 = 98
2
⇒ AB2 + BC2 = 26 + 122 = 148

= 3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ Since, AC2 < AB2 + BC2
∴ The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the Therefore, ∆ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.
given vectors
16. AB = – î – 4 ĵ , CD = –2 î + (λ – 2) ĵ
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ
= Since, AB || CD
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ
−1 −4
∴ =
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ −2 λ − 2
= ⇒ λ − 2 = − 8 or λ = − 6
32 + 22 + 62
1 ˆ ˆ 17. Let p=a − 2b + 3c , q = 2a + λ b − 4c and
=
7
(
3i + 2 j + 6kˆ )
r=
− 7b + 10c
Since, points are collinear
12. Let OA = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − k,
ˆ OP = 3(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ
∴ PQ = k PR
OA + OB A
we have, OP = ⇒ 2a + λb − 4c − ( a − 2b + 3c )
2
⇒ OB = 2 OP − OA
P = k  −7b + 10c − ( a − 2b + 3c ) 
 
= 6iˆ + 6ˆj + 6kˆ − 2iˆ − 3jˆ + kˆ ⇒ a + (λ + 2) b − 7c = −ka − 5kb + 7kc
O
= 4iˆ + 3jˆ + 7kˆ
B ⇒ k = − 1, λ = − 5k − 2
Hence, λ = 5 − 2 = 3
13. Let a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = 5iˆ + 3jˆ − 3kˆ and 18. Given vectors are parallel if
(p, q) = λ (5, 1) i.e., if p = 5 λ, q = λ
c = 2iˆ + 5jˆ + 9kˆ
⇒p=5q
∴ AB = b − a = 4iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ
19. Given c = 2a − 3b …(i)
⇒ AB = 16 + 4 + 16 = 6
and 2c = 3a + 4b …(ii)
BC = −3iˆ + 2ˆj + 12kˆ Multiplying (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3 and adding,
we get
⇒ BC = 9 + 4 + 144 = 157 10 c = 17a
and CA = −î − 4ˆj − 8kˆ ⇒ c=
17
a
10
⇒ CA = 1 + 16 + 64 = 9
Since, c and a are in the same direction.
∴ Perimeter = AB + BC + CA = 15 + 157 ∴ c and a are like parallel vectors.
92

Chapter 05: Vectors
20. AB =−î − ˆj − 2kˆ and CD = 6iˆ + 6ˆj + 12kˆ 27. Let A, B, C be the three collinear point.
⇒ CD = −6AB ∴ AB = λ BC
Hence, AB || CD. Here, AB = – 2b, BC = (k + 1) b

∴ ∀ k ∈ R ⇒ AB = λ BC
21. Let a = î + 2kˆ , b = ˆj + kˆ and c = λî + µ ˆj
28. Since, a + 2b is collinear with c , and b + 3c is
∴ AB = m. BC
collinear with a .
⇒ – î + ĵ – k̂ = m[(λ î + (µ – 1) ĵ – k̂ )]
∴ a + 2b = x c and b + 3c = y a ∀ x, y ∈ R
∴ a + 2b + 6c = (x + 6) c
– 1 = – m ⇒ m = 1,
– 1 = λ ⋅m ⇒ λ = – 1, Also, a + 2b + 6c = a + 2(b + 3c) = (1 + 2y) a
and 1 = m(µ – 1) ⇒ µ = 2 ∴ (x + 6) c = (1 + 2y) a
Since, a and c are non-collinear.
22. Let a = − î + 3jˆ + 2kˆ , b = − 4iˆ + 2jˆ − 2kˆ and
∴ x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 2y = 0
c = 5iˆ + λˆj + µkˆ 1
⇒ x = − 6 and y = −
∴ AB = m. BC 2
⇒ –3 î – ĵ – 4 k̂ = m 9iˆ + (λ − 2)ˆj + (m + 2)kˆ  Now, a + 2b = xc
⇒ a + 2b + 6c = 0
−1 29. AB = a + b
9m = –3 ⇒ m = ,
3 BD = 3 a + 3 b = 3 AB
–1 = m(λ – 2) ⇒ λ = 5 ∴ Points A, B, D are collinear.
and – 4 = m(µ + 2) ⇒ µ = 10
30. Let R = x a + y b + z c
23. PQ = k QR
⇒ R = x(2 p + 3 q − r ) + y( p − 2 q + 2 r )
a + b − c = k (− 2a − 2b + tc)
+ z(− 2 p + q − 2 r )
−1 ⇒ 3p − q + 2 r = (2x + y − 2z) p
1 = – 2k ⇒ k = and –1 = kt ⇒ t = 2
2 + (3x − 2y + z) q + (−x + 2y −2z) r
24. Here AB = b – a and
2x + y − 2z = 3, …(i)
AC = 2 a – 2 b = – 2 ( b – a ) 3x − 2y + z = −1, …(ii)
∴ AC = m AB − x + 2y − 2z = 2 …(iii)
Hence A, B, C are collinear. Solving above equations, we get
x = 2, y = 5, z = 3
25. Here a = î + xˆj + 3kˆ , b = 3iˆ + 4ˆj + 7kˆ , and
∴ R = 2a + 5b + 3c
c = yî − 2ˆj − 5kˆ
31. a + b + c + d = (1 + λ) d
∴ AB = λ BC
Also, a + b + c + d = (1 + µ) a
⇒ 2iˆ + (4 − x) ˆj + 4kˆ = λ ( y − 3) î − 6ˆj − 12kˆ 
⇒ (1 + λ) d = (1 + µ) a
On comparing, we get if λ ≠ –1, then
−1 1+ µ 
4 = –12 λ ⇒ λ = , d = 
3  a
1+ λ 
4 – x = – 6λ ⇒ x = 2, and
Now, a + b + c + d = (1 + µ) a
2 = λ(y – 3) ⇒ – 6 = y – 3 ⇒ y = –3
1+ µ 
∴ a + b + c +   a = (1 + µ) a
26. Here a = î + ˆj , b = î − ˆj , c = a î + b ˆj + c kˆ 1+ λ 
The points are collinear  1+ µ 
⇒ 1 +  
 − (1 + µ)  a + b + c = 0
∴ AB = λ BC   1 + λ  
⇒ –2 ĵ = λ[(a – 1) î + (b + 1) ĵ + c k̂ ] This contradicts the fact that a , b , c are non-
On comparing, we get coplanar
λ(a–1) = 0, λ(b+1) = –2, λc = 0 ⇒λ=–1
Hence a = 1, c = 0 and b is arbitrary scalar. ∴ a + b + c + d = 0
93

32. The position vector of A is 6 b − 2a and R( r ) divides AB externally in the ratio 1:2
the position vector of P is a − b r =
b − 2a
Let the position vector of B be r 1− 2
Since, P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 2p − 3q
= ….[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ a−b=
() (
1 r + 2 6b − 2a ) −1
∴ r = – 2p + 3q
3
∴ points P, Q and R are collinear.
⇒ 3 a – 3 b – 12 b + 4 a = r
⇒ r = 7 a – 15 b 39. Since, a ⊥ b ⇒ a . b = 0
2 2 2
Now, a − b = a + b − 2 a.b
33. 2a + 3b – 5c = 0
3b + 2a = 25 + 25
⇒ 5c = 2a + 3b ⇒ c = = 50
3+ 2
∴ point C divides segment AB internally in the ⇒ a−b = 5 2
ratio 3:2.
40.= a | cos θ | a |2
a.a | a ||= ( θ =0o )
34. | OA | = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14 and
= b | cos θ | b |2
b.b | b ||=
| OB | = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 A  a and b are sides of rhombus
∴ OA = OB C
Let C be any point on angle ∴ | a | =| b |
×
bisector and on line AB × Hence, a.a = b.b.
O B
∴ C is midpoint of AB
a+b 41. Since, a and b are unit vectors.
∴ c = = 2 î + 2 ĵ – 2 k̂ ∴ a= b= 1 …(i)
2
Given, a + b =
1
35. Let P(p) divide the line internally in the ratio 2 : 3
2
3(2a − 3b) + 2(3a − 2b) 12a − 13b ⇒ a+b =
1
∴ p= =
2+3 5
⇒ a + b + 2 ( a.b ) =
2 2
1
36. P( p ) divide AB internally in the ratio 3 : 1. 2 2
⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos a =1
3b + a
∴ p= ⇒ 2 + 2 cos α = 1 …[From (i)]
4
1 2π
Q( q ) is midpoint of AP ⇒ cos α = − ⇒ α =
2 3
3b + a
a+p a+ 5a + 3b 42. Let u = a + 2 b and v = 5 a − 4 b
∴ q = = 4 =
2 2 8 Given that u ⊥ v
37. 2a + b = 3c ∴ u. v=0
⇒ 2a= 3c − b ⇒ ( a + 2 b ) . (5 a − 4 b ) = 0
2 2
3c − b 3c − b ⇒ 5 a − 8 b + 10( a . b ) − 4 ( a . b ) = 0
⇒ a = =
2 3 −1
….  a= b= 1
2 2
⇒ −3 + 6 ( a . b ) = 0
∴ A divides BC in the ratio 3 :1 externally.  
1
38. P( p ) is midpoint of BC ⇒ cos θ =
2
b+c ⇒ θ = 60°
∴ p =
2
43. Let θ be the angle between a and b .
⇒ 2p = b + c ….(i)
Now, ( a + 3b ) ⊥ ( 7a − 5b )
Q( q ) divides CA internally in the ratio 2:1
⇒ ( a + 3b ) ⋅ ( 7a − 5b ) = 0
2a + c
∴ q =
⇒ 7 a + 16 ( a ⋅ b ) − 15 b = 0
2 2
3
⇒ 3q = 2a + c ….(ii) ⇒ 7 + 16 cos θ − 15 = 0
94

Chapter 05: Vectors

1 ⇒ c =a + b =( a + b ).( a + b )
2 2
⇒ cos θ =
2
π ⇒ c2 = a2 + b2 + 2a ⋅ b
⇒θ=
3 = a2 + b2 …  a ⋅ b =0 
Also, ( a − 4b ) ⊥ ( 7a − 2b )
48. Given,
⇒ ( a − 4b ) ⋅ ( 7a − 2b ) = 0
a + b + 3c = 0
⇒ 7 a + 8 b − 30 ( a ⋅ b ) = 0
2 2
⇒ a+b = − 3 c
1 ⇒ a+b = 3 c
⇒ 15 − 30 cos θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ =
2 2 2
π
⇒ a+b = 3 c
⇒θ=
3 2 2
⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos θ = 3 c
2
44. Let the required vector be r = xî + ykˆ where θ is the angle between a and b
Since r is a unit vector. ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 3
∴ x2 + y 2 = 1 1
⇒ cos θ =
2
It is given that r makes 45° and 60° angles with
π
a and b respectively. ⇒θ=
3
r.a r.b
∴ cos 45° = and cos 60° = 2 2
a r r b 49. a+b + a−b
⇒
1
=
2x − y 1
and = −
y = (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) + (a − b) ⋅ (a − b)
2 3 2 2 2 2
3 1 = 2 a +2 b
⇒ 2x − y = and y = −
2 2 2
⇒ 1 + a − b = 2 (1)2 + 2(1)2
1 1
⇒x= , y= − ⇒ a−b = 3
2 2
1 ˆ ˆ
Hence, r =
2
i−k ( ) 50. a−b
2
= (a − b) ⋅ (a − b)
= a ⋅a − a ⋅b − b⋅a + b⋅b
45. ( a + b ).( a − b ) = a.a + b.a − b.a − b.b
= 1 − 2 a⋅b + 1 ....  =
a b 1
=
= a.a − b.b  
2 2 = 2 − 2.1.1.cos θ = 2 (1 − cos θ)
= a −b
 θ
= 2  2sin 2 
=0 …. | a | = | b |  2 
θ 2
= 4 sin
46. a+b = 1 2
θ
⇒ a+b = 1
2
∴ a − b = 2 sin
2
⇒ (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) =
1
51. |a +b| >|a −b|
⇒ a ⋅ a + 2a ⋅ b + b ⋅ b =
1 Squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2 2
⇒ 1 + 2 ab cos θ + 1 = 1 a + b + 2a.b > a + b − 2a.b
⇒ 2 × 1 × 1 × cos θ = − 1 ⇒ 4a.b > 0
1
⇒ cos θ = − ⇒ cos θ > 0
2
2π Hence, θ < 90° (acute).
⇒θ=
3
52. a+b+c=0
47. c= a + b ⇒ b + c =−a
⇒ c = a+b ⇒ b + c =−a
95

⇒ b+c =−a
2 2
56. Given,
AB = − î − 2 ˆj − 6kˆ , BC = (a − 1) î + 6kˆ and
⇒ ( b + c ) ⋅ ( b + c ) =−a
2
CA = (2 − a) î + 2 ˆj
2 2
⇒ b + c + 2b ⋅ c = a 2
It is given that ∆ABC is right angled at C.
⇒ b2 + c2 + 2 bc cos θ = a2
∴ CB ⋅ CA = 0
a 2 − b2 − c2
⇒ cos θ =
2bc (
⇒ (1 − a ) î − 6kˆ ⋅ ) ( ( 2 − a ) î + 2 ˆj ) = 0
53. Given, a ⊥ ( b + c ) , b ⊥ ( c + a ) and c ⊥ ( a + b ) ⇒ (1 − a) (2 − a) = 0
⇒ a = 1, 2
⇒ a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c = 0, b ⋅ c + b ⋅ a = 0, c ⋅ a + c ⋅ b = 0
57. We have,
⇒ a ⋅b + b⋅c + c⋅a = 0
2 2 2 2 AB + BC + CA = 0
Now, a + b + c = a + b + c 2
⇒ AB + BC + CA = 0
+ 2 ( a ⋅ b + b⋅c + c⋅a )
2 2 2
2 ⇒ AB + BC + CA
⇒ a + b + c = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
⇒ a + b + c = 14 + 2 ( AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB ) = 0
3a 2
⇒ AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB = −
54. Since, a ⊥ b 2
∴ a⋅b = 0
58. Let a = î + ˆj and b = ˆj + kˆ , then
Also, c ⋅ a = cos δ and c ⋅ b = cos β
Now, a + b + c = 1 î ˆj kˆ
2 a × b = 1 1 0 = î − ˆj + kˆ
⇒ a+b+c = 1 0 1 1
⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a ⋅ b + b⋅c + c⋅a ) = 1
2 2 2
î − ˆj + kˆ
∴ Required vectors = ±
⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(cos δ + cos β) = 1 12 + ( −1) + 12
2
⇒ cos δ + cos β = −1 î − ˆj + kˆ
=±
55. Let the required vector be r = xî + yˆj + zkˆ . 3
Then, r = 4
59. AB = 2iˆ − ˆj − 2k,
ˆ AC = 3iˆ − 3jˆ + 0kˆ
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 ….(i)
î ˆj kˆ
Now, r is equally inclined to the vectors î + ˆj ,
⇒ AB × AC = 2 −1 −2
ˆj + kˆ and kˆ + î .
3 −3 0
∴
( ) = r ⋅ ( ˆj + kˆ ) = r ⋅ ( kˆ + î )
r ⋅ î + ˆj
= (−6iˆ − 6ˆj − 3k)
ˆ
r 2 r 2 r 2
 2iˆ + 2ˆj + kˆ 
⇒ x + y = y + z = z + x = λ (say) ∴ Unit vectors = ±  
 3 
⇒ 2(x + y + z) = 3 λ
3λ î ˆj kˆ
⇒x+y+z=
2
60. α × β = 2 3 −1
3λ
Now, x + y = λ and x + y + z = −1 2 − 4
2
λ = −10iˆ + 9ˆj + 7kˆ
⇒z=
2
î ˆj kˆ
λ
Similarly, we have x = y = and α × γ = 2 3 −1
2
8 1 1 1
Substituting these values in (i), we get λ = ±
3
= 4iˆ − 3jˆ − kˆ
8 î + ˆj + kˆ = ± 4 î + ˆj + kˆ
Hence, r = ±
2 3
( ) 3
( ) ∴ ( α × β ) ⋅ ( α × γ ) = − 40 − 27 − 7 = − 74
96

Chapter 05: Vectors
61. î .( ĵ × k̂ ) + ĵ .( k̂ × î ) + k̂ .( î × ĵ ) 1
∴ Area of triangle
= | AB × AC |
2
= î . î + ĵ . ĵ + k̂ . k̂ = 3
î ˆj kˆ
1
62. î .( ĵ × k̂ ) + ĵ .( î × k̂ ) + k̂ .( î × ĵ ) = −3 5 −4
2
3 −5 4
 
= i.i + j.(−j) + k.(k)
=1−1+1=1 =0
68. Area of parallelogram = | a × b |

( ) ( )
2
63.  a + 3b × 3a − b 
  î ˆj kˆ
= 10 ( b × a ) 
2
∴ a × b = 3 0 −1 = 2iˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ
 
2 1 2 0
= 100 b × a
Hence, required area = | 2iˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ | = 41
{
= 100 a b − ( a ⋅ b )
2 2 2
} 1 0 −1
= 100 (4 − 1) ….[ a ⋅ b = 2 cos 60° = 1] 69. [ a b c ] = x 1 1− x
= 300 y x 1+ x − y
Applying, C3 ⇒ C 3 + C1
64. Angle between the given vectors a and b is θ
1 0 0
a×b a b sin θ
Since, = = tan θ = x 1 1 = 1(1 + x – x) = 1
a.b a b cos θ y x 1+ x
(a × b) = (a × b) . (a × b) 70. Let A ≡ (1,1, 2), B ≡ (2, 1, p), C ≡ (1, 0, 3) and

2
65.
D ≡ (2, 2, 0).
= ( absin θn )( absin θn )
ˆ ˆ ∴ AB = î + (p − 2) k̂
2 2
= a b sin θ = a b (1 − cos θ)
2 2 2 2 AC = − ĵ + k̂ , and
2
= a 2 b − a 2 b cos2 θ
2
AD = î + ĵ − 2 k̂
The points are coplanar.
= a 2 b − ( a.b )
2 2
∴ AB , AC and AD are coplanar
 AB AC AD  = 0
 
Since, c = λ a × b ( ) 1 0 p −2
⇒ 0 −1 1 = 0
⇒ c⊥ a,c⊥b 1 1 −2
⇒ c.a= c.b= 0 ⇒ 1(2 − 1) + (p − 2)(1) = 0
Now, ⇒1+p−2=0 ⇒p=1
a+b+c = 1
71. Since the points are coplanar,
2
⇒ a+b+c = 1 1 2 0
∴ 0 1 4 =0
⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) = 1
2 2 2
λ −1 2 3
⇒
1 1 1
+ + +2
2 3 6
{a }
b cosθ = 1 ⇒ 1(3 – 8) – 2[(0 – 4(λ – 1)] = 0
13
⇒ –5 + 8λ – 8 = 0 ⇒ λ =
⇒ cos θ = 0 8
π
⇒θ= 72. Since, the given vectors are coplanar,
2
a 1 1
67. Let A = î − 2ˆj + 3kˆ , B = −2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ ∴ 1 −b 1 = 0
1 1 −c
and C = 4iˆ − 7ˆj + 7kˆ
⇒ a(bc − 1) −1( − c − 1) + 1(1 + b) = 0
Then, AB = −3iˆ + 5jˆ − 4kˆ and
⇒ abc − a + c + 1 + 1 + b = 0
AC =3iˆ − 5jˆ + 4kˆ ⇒ abc + 2 = a − b − c
97


73. Since the given vectors are coplanar, 83. ( a − b )⋅[( b + c ) × ( c + a )]
2 2
−bc b + bc c + bc = ( a − b )⋅[ b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a ]
∴ a 2 + ac −ac c 2 + ac = 0 = a ⋅( b × c ) + a .( b × a ) + a ⋅( c × a )
a 2 + ab b 2 + ab −ab − b ⋅( b × c ) − b ⋅( b × a ) − b ⋅( c × a )
⇒ (ab + bc + ca)3 = 0 ⇒ ab + bc + ca = 0. = [a b c] − [a b c] = 0
74. Let P(p) , Q(q) , R(r) be the three points. 84. ( ) ( )
a + b + c  ⋅  a + b × a + c 
   
∴ p = a − b + c , q = 4 a − 7 b − c and
= ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) × ( a + c )  + c ⋅ ( a + b ) × ( a + c ) 
   
r= 3a + 6b + 6c
= 0 + c a + b a + c 
PQ is not scalar multiple of PR
∴ they are not collinear = c a a + c  + c b a + c 
1 −1 1 = c a a  + c a c  + c b a  + c b c 
p q r  = 4 −7 −1
  = 0 + 0 + c b a  + 0 = − a b c 
3 6 6
= 36 ≠ 0 85. r = l (b × c) + m (c × a) + n (a × b)
∴ they are not coplanar.
∴ ( ) (
a ⋅r = l a . b×c + m a . c×a + n a ⋅ a × b ) ( )
75. ( a − b ). ( b − c ) × ( c − a ) = a − b b − c c − a  = 0 = l a b c  + 0 + 0
76. a + b b + c c + a  = 2 a b c  a ⋅ r = 2l ....  a b c  = 2  ….(i)

   
=0 ....[ a , b , c are coplanar] Similarly,
b ⋅ r = 2m, ….(ii)
77. Since d = λa + µb + νc c. r = 2n ….(iii)
∴ d.(b × c) = λa.(b × c)+ µb.(b × c) + νc.(b × c) ∴ On adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
⇒ d.(b × c) = λ[a b c]
[d bc] [bcd]
( a + b + c ).r = 2(l + m + n)
⇒λ= = 1
[a bc] [bca] ∴ l + m + n=
2
(
a + b + c .r )
78. Let a,band c be the given vectors −12 0 α
The given vectors are coplanar 86. Volume of parallelopiped = 0 3 −1
λ 1 2 2 1 −15
∴ 1 λ −1 = 0
⇒ 546 = –12(– 45 + 1) + α(0 − 6)
2 −1 λ
⇒ α = −3
⇒ λ(λ2 −1) − (λ + 2) + 2(−1 − 2λ) = 0
⇒ λ3 − 6λ − 4 = 0 87. Volume of parallelopiped
⇒ (λ + 2)(λ2 − 2λ − 2) = 0 1 2 −1
2 ± 4 +8 = 1 −1 0 a b c  = k a b c 
   
⇒ λ = − 2 or λ = =1± 3 1 −1 −1
2
⇒ 1(1 − 0) − 2(−1 − 0) −1(−1 + 1) = k
80. options (A), (B) and (D) =  u v w  , ⇒1+2−0=k⇒k=3
while option (C) = –  u v w  −p 0 5
88. Volume of parallelopiped = 1 −1 q = 8
81. a .( a × b ) = ( a × a ) . b = 0 3 −5 0
(b × c).(a + b + c) ⇒ – p ( 0 + 5q) + 5 (– 5 + 3) = 8
82.
λ ⇒ – 5pq – 18 = 0
(b × c).a + (b × c).b + (b × c).c ⇒ 5pq + 18 = 0
=
λ 89. Let A ≡ (1, 2, 0), B ≡ (2, 0, 4), C ≡ (−1, 2, 0)
(b × c).a + 0 + 0 a.(b × c) λ and D ≡ (−1, 1, λ) be the vertices of the
= = = =1
λ λ λ tetrahedron
98

Chapter 05: Vectors
∴ AB = î − 2ˆj+ 4kˆ 93. We know that, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

Consider option (D)
AC = − 2iˆ 2 2 2
 2   3   4  4 + 9 + 16
AD = −2iˆ − ˆj + λkˆ   +  +  = 25
 25   25   25 
1 29
Volume of tetrahedron =  AB AC AD  = ≠1
6 
25
1 −2 4 ∴ correct answer is option (D).
2 1
⇒ = −2 0 0
3 6 94. Consider option (B)
−2 −1 λ π π π
∴ cos2 + cos2 + cos2
⇒ 2(−2λ) + 4(2) = 4 4 3 3
⇒λ=1 1 1 1
= + + =1
2 4 4
90. Given, a × ( b × c ) =b × ( c × a ) ∴ correct answer is option (B).
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) b − ( a ⋅ b ) c =( b ⋅ a ) c − ( b ⋅ c ) a 95. Since,
α = β = γ ⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1
⇒ ( b ⋅ c ) a + ( a ⋅ c ) b +{−2 ( a ⋅ b )} c =0  1 
⇒ cos α =  ± 
Since a,b,c are non-coplanar,  3
b ⋅ c= 0,a ⋅ c= 0 and a ⋅ b =0 So, there are four lines whose direction cosines are
 1 1 1   −1 1 1   1 −1 1 
∴ ( ) ( ) ( )
a × b × c = a ⋅c b− a ⋅b c = 0  , , ,  , ,   ,
 3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3
, ,
 1 1 −1 
91. Given, a =1 , b =1 and c = 2  , , .
 3 3 3
Also, a × ( a × c ) + b =0
96. The d.r.s of OP are 3, 12, 4
⇒ ( a ⋅c) a − ( a ⋅ a ) c + b =
0 ∴ The required d.c.s. are
3 12 4
i.e., , ,
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a − c + b =0 …  a ⋅ a= a = 1
2
13 13 13
 
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a − c =− b 97. Here, a = 3 î + 5 ĵ − 2 k̂ , b = 6i + 2j + 3k
( )
⇒ a ⋅ c a − c =− b ∴ Projection =
a.b
=
18 + 10 − 6
7
=
22
7
b
⇒ (a ⋅ c) a − c =
2 2
b
98. The d.r.s. of the diagonal of the line joining the
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a + c − 2{( a ⋅ c ) a ⋅ c} =
2 2 2
b origin to the opposite corner of cube are a − 0,
a − 0, a − 0 i.e. 1, 1, 1.
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a + c − 2 ( a ⋅ c )( a ⋅ c ) =
2 2 2 2
b
a b c
99. As = = ,
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) { a − 2}+ c =
2 2 2 2
b  1   1   1 
     
 bc   ca   ab 
⇒ − (a ⋅ c) + 4 =
2
… = 4
2 2
1 b 1,=
c the lines are parallel.
 
100. cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ (a ⋅ c) =
2
3 2 2
 14   1
 8 196
⇒ a ⋅ c =± 3 ∴ cos γ = ± 1 −   −   = ± − 
 15   3  9  225 
⇒ a c cos θ = 3, 2
= ±
15
where θ is an acute angle between a and c
3 π 101. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ= ∴ cos2 α + cos2 60° + cos2 60° = 1
2 6
1 1 1 1
∴ cos2 α = 1 − − =1− =
92. If α, β, λ are direction angles of any vector OL , 4 4 2 2
then those 1
⇒ cos α = ±
of OL′ are π − α, π − β, π − γ respectively 2
∴ correct answer is option (B). ⇒ α = 45° or α = 135°
99


102. Since, the line lies in ZOX plane, it makes an 1
108. We have l = cos45° = ,
angle 90° with Y-axis 2
Also, line makes angle 30° and π − 30° with 1
positive Z-axis and 60° and π − 60° with m = cos60° = and n = cosγ
2
positive X-axis We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
∴ d.c.s of the required line are 1 1
± cos α, ± cos β, ± cos γ ∴ + + n2 = 1
2 4
i.e., ± cos 60°, ± cos 0°, ± cos 30° 3 1 1
⇒ n 2 =1 − = ⇒ n = ±
1 3 4 4 2
i.e. ± , 0, ±
2 2 1
⇒ cosγ = ±
2
103. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of r .
l=m=n
ˆ (
r = r l i + mj + nkˆ
ˆ )
….[ α = β = γ ⇒ cos α = cos β = cos γ]  1 1 1 
⇒ r = 12  î + ˆj ± kˆ 
2 2
Now, l + m + n = 1 2
 2 2 2 
1
⇒l=± 109. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
3
⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1 ( α = β = γ)
104. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 α = ⇒ cos α =
⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1 ( α = β = γ) 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 α = ⇒ cos α = ∴ The d.c.s are ± ,± ,± .
3 3 3 3 3
Now, sum of d.c.s. = l + m + n The magnitude of the given vector is 6.
= cos α + cos α + cos α ∴ r = 6 (cos α î + cos β ˆj + cos γ k)
ˆ
= 3 cos α = 3 ±6 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (i + j + k) = ± 2 3 (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ
105. sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ 3
= (1 − cos2 α) + (1 − cos2 β) + (1 − cos2 γ) 1 1 1
110. D.c.s. of the line are , ,
= 3 − (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ) = 3 − (1) = 2 3 3 3
π π 1 1 1
106. Let α = and β = ∴ cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
6 4 3 3 3
3 1 Hence, line is equally inclined to axes.
∴ cos α = and cos β =
2 2 111. The d.r.s. of the given line are
Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 2 − 6, −3 + 7, 1 + 1
∴
3 1
+ + cos2 γ = 1 i.e., −2, 2, 1. i.e., 2, −2, −1
4 2  angle α is acute, cos α > 0
1
⇒ cos2 γ = – 2
4 ⇒ cos α =
3
Square of a real number cannot be negative.
2 −2 −1
∴ option (A) is the correct answer. Thus, required d.c.s are , ,
3 3 3
107. The line makes angle θ with X−axis and Z−axis
112. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
and β with Y−axis. 2 2
∴ l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ 2  −3  2

∴   +   +n =1
cos2 θ + cos2 β + cos2 θ = 1 7  7 
⇒ 2cos2 θ = 1 − cos2 β 2 13 36
∴ n =1− =
⇒ 2 cos2 θ = sin2 β …(i) 49 49
But sin2 β = 3sin2 θ …(ii) Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the line.
From (i) and (ii), we get ∴ a = 2, b = −3, c = z
3sin2 θ = 2cos2 θ c
Since, n =
⇒ 3(1 − cos2 θ) = 2cos2 θ a + b2 + c2
2
3 z 6
⇒ 3 = 5cos2 θ ⇒ cos2 θ = ∴ = ±
5 4+9+z 2 7
100

Chapter 05: Vectors
z2 36 l22 + m 22 + n 22 = 1,
⇒ 2
=
13 + z 49 l32 + m32 + n 32 = 1
2 2
⇒ 49 z − 36 z = 13 × 36 Now, (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
⇒ z2 = 36 + (n1 + n2 + n3)2
⇒ z = ±6 = (l12 + m12 + n12 ) + (l22 + m 22 + n 22 ) + (l32 + m32 + n 32 )
113. Given, A ≡ (1, 2, −1), B ≡ (2, 0, 3), C ≡ (3, −1, 2) + 2 (l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2) + 2(l2l3 + m2m3 +
The d.r.s of AB = 1, −2, 4 and d.r.s of n2n3)
AC = 2, −3, 3 + 2 (l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1)
1(2) + (−2)(−3) + 4(3) =3
∴ cosθ = ⇒ (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
1 + 4 + 16 4 + 9 + 9
2 + 6 + 12 20 +(n1 + n2 + n3)2 = 3
⇒ cosθ = = Hence, direction cosines of required line are :
21 22 462
l1 + l2 + l3 m1 + m 2 + m3 n1 + n 2 + n 3
⇒ 462 cosθ = 20 , ,
3 3 3
114. l + m + n = 0
⇒ l = −(m + n) and lm = 0 ⇒ −(m + n)m = 0 Competitive Thinking
⇒ m = 0 or m + n = 0 ⇒ m = 0 or m = −n
If m = 0, then l = − n 1. A
l m n
∴ = =
−1 0 1
If m = −n, then l = 0
l m n
∴ = = P
0 −1 1
∴ the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to B C
−1, 0, 1 and 0, −1, 1
∴ angle between them is In ∆APC, PA + AC + CP = 0 …(i)
…[Using triangle law of addition]
0 + 0 +1 1
cos θ = = In ∆ABC, AB + BC = AC …(ii)
1+ 0 +1 0 +1+1 2
π
∴ θ= PA + CP + AB + BC = 0
3
⇒ PA + CP = BA + CB
115. l + m − n = 0 and l2 + m2 − n2 = 0
⇒ l + m = n and l2 + m2 = n2 2. 2 OA + 3 OB = 2( OC + CA ) + 3( OC + CB )
Putting l + m = n in l2 + m2 = n2, we get = 5 OC + 2 CA + 3 CB
l2 + m2 = (l + m)2
⇒ 2lm = 0 ⇒ l = 0 or m = 0 = 5 OC ....  2CA = − 3CB
If l = 0, then m = n
l m n
3. By using triangle law of addition of vectors in
∴ = = triangles PAC and PBC, we have
0 1 1
If m = 0, then l = n PA + AC = PC and PB + BC = PC
l m n P
∴ = =
1 0 1
∴ the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to 0, 1, 1
and 1, 0, 1.
0(1) + 1(0) + 1(1) 1
∴ cos θ = =
0 +1+1 1+ 0 +1 2
1 π
⇒ θ = cos−1   ⇒ θ = A C B
2 3
⇒ PA + AC + PB + BC = PC + PC
116. Since, the three lines are mutually perpendicular
∴ l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ⇒ PA + PB + ( AC + BC ) = 2PC
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0 ⇒ PA + PB + ( AC − AC ) = 2PC
l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
Also, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1, ⇒ PA + PB = 2PC
101


4. B 9. x (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ is a unit vector.
C
∴ x(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ =1
a
⇒ x 3= 1
b
1
⇒ x =
3
O A 1
⇒x= ±
By Parallelogram Law, 3
OA + b = a ⇒ OA = a − b 10. î + ˆj, q =
Given, p = 4kˆ − ˆj and r = î + kˆ
5. P will be the mid point of AC and BD.
Vector in the direction of 3p + q − 2r
O
= 3(iˆ + ˆj) + (4kˆ − ˆj) − 2(iˆ + k)
ˆ
D
= 3iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ − ˆj − 2iˆ − 2kˆ = î + 2ˆj + 2kˆ
C 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
∴ Unit vector = (i + 2 j + 2k)
3
PP
A 11. a = 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , b = î − ˆj , c = 5iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
B
∴ OA + OC = 2 OP …..(i) Vector in the direction of
a + b − c = −2iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
and OB + OD = 2 OP …..(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get ∴ − ( a + b − c ) = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ Unit vector =
6. P is the midpoint of AC and BD. 3
Let S be the origin.
SA + SC 12. x =
(
6 2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ ) = 6(2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ ) = 4iˆ - 4ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ SP = and …(i) 3
2 4 + 4 +1
SP =
SB + SD
...(ii) y =
(
3 î + ˆj - kˆ )= (
3 î + ˆj - kˆ ) = î + ˆj - kˆ
2 1+1+1 3
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
x + 2 y = 6iˆ - 2ˆj = 40 = 2 10
SA + SC SB + SD
2 SP = +
2 2 13. 8iˆ + ajˆ is in the direction of 4iˆ − 3jˆ .
⇒ SA + SB + SC + SD = 4 SP
∴ 8iˆ + ajˆ is a scalar multiple of 4iˆ − 3jˆ
⇒λ=4
7. Let A be the origin. i.e., 8iˆ + ajˆ = k(4iˆ − 3j)
ˆ ⇒ 8iˆ + ajˆ = 4kiˆ − 3kjˆ
∴ AB = b , AC = c , AD = d ∴ 4k = 8 ⇒ k = 2
and a = − 3k ⇒ a = −6
b+c c+d
AM = and AN =
2 2 14. a = 8b and c = −7 b
….. [ M and N are mid points of BC and CD] −8
⇒ a = c
7
A d D
⇒ a and c are unlike parallel vectors.
⇒ Angle between a and c is π.
b c
15. r = 3p + 4q … (i)
B C 2r = p − 3q
b+c c+d ⇒ 6r = 3p − 9q …(ii)
AM + AN = +
2 2
2c + b + d
= r − 4q = 6r + 9q
2
2c + c
⇒ −5r = 13q
= ….[ b + d = c ] −13
2 ⇒ r= q
3c 3 5
= = AC ⇒ r > 2 q and r , q have opposite directions
2 2
102

Chapter 05: Vectors

16. If the given points be A, B, C, then Clearly, BC || DA , but AB ≠ CD So, it is a
AB = k( BC ) trapezium.
⇒ − 20 î − 11 ĵ = k[(a − 40) î − 44 ĵ ] 21. Since, a + 3b is collinear with c , and b + 2c is
On comparing, − 11 = − 44k collinear with a ,
1
⇒k= ∴ a + 3b =x c and b + 2c =y a ∀ x, y ∈ R.
4
1 ∴ a + 3b + 6c = ( x + 6)c
and − 20 = (a − 40)
4 Also, a + 3b + 6c = a + 3(b + 2c) = (1 + 3 y )a
⇒ a = − 40 ∴ ( x + 6)c = (1 + 3 y )a
17. Let A = 20iˆ + pjˆ , B = 5iˆ − ˆj , ⇒ ( x + 6)c − (1 + 3 y )a = 0
C = 10iˆ − 13jˆ be collinear. ∴ x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 3y = 0
1
Then, AB = –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ ⇒ x = −6 and y = −
3
AC = –10 î – (13 + p) ĵ
Now, a + 3b =
x c ⇒ a + 3b + 6c =
0
Since, points A, B, C are collinear.
22. x = 0, y = 0, otherwise one vector will be a
∴ AB = λ AC for some scalar λ
scalar multiple of the other and hence collinear
∴ –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ = λ  −10iˆ − (13 + p)ˆj which is a contradiction.
On comparing, −15 = −10λ 26. c ma + nb
=
3
⇒λ= ∴ 3iˆ − kˆ= m(iˆ + ˆj − 2k)
ˆ + n(2iˆ − ˆj + k)
ˆ
2
and − (p + 1) = − (13 + p) λ Comparing the co-efficients of î and ĵ , we get
(13 + p)3 3 = m + 2n, and ….(i)
=− m=n ….(ii)
2
⇒ 2p + 2 = 39 + 3p ∴ Solving the above two equations, we get
m=n=1
⇒ p = −37
∴ m+n=1+1=2
18. Here, a = i , b = j , c = x i + 8 j 27. A ≡ (1, −1, 2), B ≡ (2, 3, −1)
AB = – i + j , BC = x i + 7 j Point P divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
Since the points are collinear,  2(2) + 3(1) 2(3) + 3(−1) 2(−1) + 3(2) 
∴ P≡ , , 
AB = λ BC  2+3 2+3 2+3 
(
⇒ – i + j = λ xi + 7j ) 7 3 4
≡  , , 
5 5 5
On comparing, we get 1 ˆ ˆ
∴ the position vector of P is ˆ
(7i + 3j + 4k)
1
7λ = 1 ⇒ λ = 5
7
28. C(x1, y1, z1) D(x2, y2, z2)
λx = –1 ⇒ x = –7
A(2, 1, 4) B(−1, 3, 6)
19. Let A (a) , B (b) , C (c) be the given points
C divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2 and
∴ a 20iˆ + pjˆ , b= 5iˆ − ˆj ,=
= c 10iˆ − 13 ˆj D divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ AB = k BC 1(6) + 2(4) 2(6) + 1(4)
∴ z1 + z2 = +
⇒ – 15 i – ( p + 1) j = k (5i− 12j) 1+ 2 2 +1
14 16 30
On comparing, we get = + =
3 3 3
– 15 = 5 k ⇒ k = –3 and
= 10
– (p + 1) = – 12k
⇒ – (p + 1) = 36 29. Let position vector of B be r
⇒ p = – 37 Since a divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3,
2r + 3(a + 2b)
20. Let A ≡ (1, 1, −1), B ≡ (2, 3, 0), C ≡ (3, 5, −2), = a
D = (0, −1, 1) 2 +3
So, AB = (1, 2, 1), BC = (1, 2, −2), ⇒ 2r= 5a – 3a – 6b = 2a – 6b

CD = (−3, −6, 3), DA = (1, 2, −2) ⇒ r = a – 3b
103


30. O (0, 0, 0) 34. R(r) divides PQ externally in the ratio 2 : 1
2(−î + ˆj − k)
ˆ − 1(iˆ + 2ˆj − k)ˆ
∴ r=
2 −1
= −2iˆ + 2ˆj − 2kˆ − î − 2ˆj + kˆ
∴ r = −3iˆ − kˆ
2 2
A (2, 2, 1) D (x, y, z) B (2, 4, 4) 35. 3P + 2R − 5Q =
0
⇒ 3P + 2R =
5Q
In AOB, OD is the bisector of ∠BOA.
AD AO 3P + 2R
∴ = ⇒ Q=
BD OB 5
AD 3 1 ∴ Q is the position vector of the point dividing P
∴ = =
BD 6 2 and R in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.
By section formula, Thus, P, Q and R are collinear.
1(2) + 2(2) 1(4) + 2(2) 8
x= =2, y = = , 36. Let the point B divide AC in the ratio λ : 1
1+ 2 1+ 2 3
λ (11iˆ + 3jˆ + 7k)
ˆ + î − 2ˆj − 8kˆ
1(4) + 2(1) ∴ 5iˆ − 2kˆ =
z= =2 λ +1
1+ 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
⇒ λ(5i − 2k) + (5i − 2k) ˆ
2
æ8ö 136
k= 22 + çç ÷÷÷ + 22 = = λ(11iˆ + 3jˆ + 7k)
ˆ + (iˆ − 2ˆj − 8k)
ˆ
çè 3 ø 9
∴ 9k2 = 136 ⇒ − 6λ î − 3λˆj − 9λkˆ = − 4iˆ − 2ˆj − 6kˆ
⇒ − 6λ = −4
31. We know that, centroid of a triangle divides the
line segment joining the orthocentre and 2
⇒λ= i.e. ratio = 2 : 3
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 3
The co-ordinates of orthocentre and
circumcentre are (–1, 3, 2), (5, 3, 2) 37. A=a+b+c B =a − 2b + 3c
respectively. P divides internally in ratio 1 : 3
∴ Co-ordinates of centroid
∴ P=
( ) (
3 a + b + c + 1 a − 2b + 3c )
 2 ( 5 ) + 1( −1) 2 ( 3) + 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) + 1( 2 )  3 +1
≡ , , 
 2 +1 2 +1 2 +1  4a + b + 6c
=
≡ (3, 3, 2) 4
b 3
32. Let the co-ordinates of circumcentre be (x, y, z). = a+ + c
4 2
Co-ordinates of orthocentre and centroid are
Q divides externally in ratio 1 : 3
(–3, 5, 2) and (3, 3, 4) respectively.
We know that, centroid of triangle divides the ∴ Q=
( ) (
3 a + b + c − 1 a − 2b + 3c )
line segment joining its orthocentre and 3 −1
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 2a + 5b
=
 2 x − 3 2 y + 5 2z + 2  2
∴  , ,  ≡ (3, 3, 4)
 3 3 3  5
= a+ b
2x − 3 2y + 5 2z + 2 2
⇒ = 3, = 3, =4
3 3 3 AB = a − 2b + 3c − a + b + c ( )
⇒ x = 6, y = 2, z = 5
= −3b + 2c
33. Let N ( n ) divide line segment LM externally in 5  b 3 
PQ = a − b −  a + + c 
the ratio 2 : 1. 2  4 2 
∴ n=
( ) (
2 a + 2b − 2a − b ) =
−9
4
3
b− c
2
2 −1
3 AB = 3 ( −3)
2
+ 22
2a + 4b − 2a + b
= = 5b
1 = 3 13
104

Chapter 05: Vectors

2
 −9   −3 
2 41. Since G is the centroid of ∆ABC,
PQ =   +  3 + y + 2x x − 2 + 2y
 4   2  2= and 1 =
3 3
81 9
= + ⇒ 6 = 3 + y + 2x and 3 = x – 2 + 2y
16 4
⇒ 2x + y = 3 and x + 2y = 5
99  Solving these equations, we get
=  + 1
4 4  1 7
x= and y =
3 13 3 3
=
2 4
3
42. Let a = x î + y ĵ + z k̂
= 13
4 Then, ( a . î ) î + ( a . ĵ ) ĵ + ( a . k̂ ) k̂ = a
∴ 4 PQ = 3 13
43. a = î satisfies the given condition.
∴ 3 AB = 4 PQ
44. a.b = a.c
38. M and N are the midpoints of sides PQ and RS ⇒ a.b – a.c = 0
p+q r+s ⇒ a . ( b − c) = 0
∴ m= and n =
2 2
⇒ Either b – c = 0 or a = 0
⇒ 2m = p + q and 2n = r + s ⇒ b = c or a ⊥ ( b − c )
PS + QR = s − p + r − q
45. a = b = a+b = 1
= r + s − (p + q)
∴ a−b = 3 units
= 2n − 2m
= 2MN 46. x+ y = 1
39. Let the position vectors of A, B, C, L, M, N and 2
⇒ x+ y = 1
K be a , b , c , l , m , n and k respectively.
2 2
2b + c 2a + 3c 3b + 5a ⇒ x + y + 2x × y = 1
l = , m = , n = ,
3 5 8 ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2x × y = 1
5b + 3a
k = 1
8 ⇒ x× y = -
2
AL + BM + CN 2 2 2
Now, x - y = x + y - 2 x × y
CK
æ 1ö
2b + c 2a + 3c 3b + 5a
= 1 + 1 − 2 ççç- ÷÷÷
−a + −b c è 2ø
3 5 8 =3
=
5b + 3a ⇒ x- y = 3
−c
8
1  47. 2a.b = a b
80b + 40c − 120a + 48a + 72c − 120b + 45b + 75a −120c 
120 
= ⇒ 2 a b cosθ = a b
1
5b + 3a − 8c 
8 1
⇒ cosθ =
1   2
3a + 5b − 8c  ⇒ θ = 60°
= 120
1
3a + 5b − 8c  48. Let θ be the angle between a and b .
8
1 Since, c = a + 2b and d = 5a − 4b are
= perpendicular to each other.
15
∴ c.d = 0
40. (
GA + GB + GC = a − g + b − g + c − g ) ( ) ( ) ⇒ ( a + 2b ).( 5a − 4b ) = 0
= a + b + c − 3g
⇒ 5 ( a.a ) + 6 ( a.b ) − 8 ( b.b ) = 0
a +b+c
= a + b + c − 3   = 0 2
⇒ 5 a + 6 a b cos θ− 8 b = 0
2
 3 
105


⇒ 5 + 6 cos θ − 8 = 0 ⇒ 2 − 2 cos θ = 1 …  a= b= 1(given) 
 
1
⇒ cos θ = 1 π
2 ⇒ 2 cos θ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ=
π 2 3
⇒θ=
3 55. a = b =1
a.b
49. cos θ = and 3 a−b =
1
a b
2
12 − 6 − 2 4 ⇒ 12
3 a−b =
= =
4 + 4 + 1 36 + 9 + 4 21 2
⇒ 3 a + b − 2 3 a b cosθ = 1
2
50. Let a = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 2kˆ and b = −î − 2kˆ 3

⇒ cosθ =
∴ The diagonals d1 and d2 are a + b and a − b 2
respectively. ⇒ θ = 30°
d1 = ( 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 2kˆ ) + ( −î − 2kˆ )
56. a+b =
1
= 2iˆ − 2ˆj
2
d2 = 4iˆ − 2ˆj + 4kˆ ⇒ a+b =

1
(2iˆ − 2ˆj).(4iˆ − 2ˆj + 4k)

ˆ 2 2
d1.d 2 ⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos a =1
∴ cos θ = =
d1 d 2 8. 36
⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 cos α = 1
12 1 −1
= = ⇒ cos α =
12 2 2 2
⇒ θ = 45°
57. a = î − 2ˆj + 3kˆ ⇒ a = 14
51. AB.AC + BC.BA + CA.CB
a−b = 7
= (AB) (AC) cosθ + (BC)(BA) cos(90° − θ) + 0
= AB(ACcos θ + BCsin θ) B ∴ a−b = 7
2
 (AC) 2 (BC) 2 
= AB  +  90o– θ
2
⇒ a + b − 2a.b = 7
2
 AB AB 
= AC2 + BC2 ⇒ 14 + b − 2 b = 7
2 2 2
…[ a.b = b ]
= AB2 = p2
θ 2
C A ⇒ b =7
2 2
52. ( a + b ).( a + b ) = a + b + 2 a . b ⇒ b= 7
2 θ
⇒ a + b = 2.2 cos2 58. Given, a + b + c = 0
2
θ 1 ⇒ a + b =– c
⇒ cos θ = = a+b
2 2 Squaring on both sides, we get
2 2 2
53. Given, a + b = 4 î + ĵ – k̂ and a + b + 2 a b cos θ = −c
a – b = –2 î + 3 ĵ – 5 k̂ ⇒ 9 + 25 + 30 cos θ = 49
1
∴ ( a + b ).( a – b ) = 0 ⇒ cos θ =
2
Hence, ( a + b ) ⊥ ( a – b ) i.e., θ = 90°
π
⇒θ=
54. Let θ be the angle between a and b . 3
Given, a − b = 1 2 2 2
59. 4a + 3b = 16 a + 9 b + 24 a b cos 120°
2
⇒ a−b =
1  −1 
= 144 + 144 + 288  
⇒ a + b − 2 ( a.b ) =
2 2
1  2 
2 2
= 144
⇒ a + b − 2 a b cos θ=1 ⇒ 4a + 3b = 12
106

Chapter 05: Vectors
(a + b + c) = ( )
2 2 2 2
60. Squaring ( a + b + c ) = 0 , we get 65. a + b + c + 2 a.b + b.c + c.a
2 2 2
a + b + c + 2a.b + 2b .c + 2c.a = 0 2 2 2
2 2 2
= a +b +c
⇒ a + b + c + 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = 0
⇒ 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = − 3
(
+ 2 a b cos θ+ b c cos θ+ c a cos θ )
3 = 16 + 4 + 36 + 2(4 + 6 + 12) = 100
⇒ a.b + b.c + c.a = − ∴ a + b + c = 10
2
61. We have, a + b + c = 0
66. Let a = 1 and b = 1
Squaring both sides, we get
2
a + b + c
2 2
+ 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = 0 Given, a + b + c =
0
2
⇒ 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = −(9 + 16 + 25) ⇒ a+b+c =

0
⇒ a . b + b . c + c . a = − 25 ⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) = 0

2 2 2
62. Given, a + b + c =
0 2 2
2
⇒1+1+ c −3=0⇒ c =1
⇒ a+b+c =
0
2 2 2 2
67. a+b + a−b = 2 a +2 b
⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) =
2 2 2
0
2
⇒ 1 + 4 + 9 + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) =
0 ⇒ 52 + a − b = 2(3)2 + 2(4)2
2
⇒ a.b + b.c + c.a =
−7 ⇒ a−b = 25
63. a = a1 + a 2 ⇒ a−b = 5
a 2 = a1 − a
a1 is parallel to b . 68. AB = −6iˆ − 2ˆj + 3kˆ , BC = −2iˆ + 3jˆ − 6kˆ
CD = 6iˆ + 2ˆj − 3kˆ , DA = 2iˆ − 3jˆ + 6kˆ
∴ ( )
a1 = λ î + ˆj
AC = −8iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ and BD = 4iˆ + 5jˆ − 9kˆ
a2 = λ ( î + ˆj) − ( 3jˆ + 4kˆ )
Here, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC.BD = 0
= λî + ( λ − 3) ˆj − 4kˆ
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
a 2 is perpendicular to b
∴ a2 × b = 0 a.b
69. Projection of a on b =
∴ λî + ( λ − 3) ˆj − 4kˆ  ⋅ î + ˆj = 0
  ( ) b
4+8+7
⇒λ+λ−3=0 =
3 16 + 16 + 49
⇒λ= 19 19
2 = =
3 ˆ ˆ 81 9
a1 =
2
( )
i+j
70. AB = 4iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ , CD = î − ˆj + kˆ
64. a ⊥b+c
AB ⋅ CD   
⇒ a.(b + c) = 0 Projection of AB on CD =  ⋅ ĉ
 CD 
⇒ a.b + a.c = 0 …(i)  
Similarly b.a + b.c = 0 …(ii) … ĉ is unit vector along CD 

c.a + c.b = 0 …(iii)
Adding (i),(ii) and (iii), we get  4 − 1 + 3   î − ˆj + kˆ 
=  
 3   3 
2(a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0
⇒ a.b + b.c + c.a = 0 = 2iˆ − 2ˆj + 2kˆ
2
Now, a + b + c a×b
71. = −2
= a + b + c + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) b
2 2 2
= 9 + 16 + 25 + 0 = 50 a b cosθ
⇒ = −2
⇒ a+b+c = 5 2 b
107

55. [ î k̂ ĵ ] = î .( k̂ × ĵ ) = î .(– î ) = – 1. 69. A, B, C, D are vertices of tetrahedron.

∴ AB , AC and AD are its edges.
56. 2iˆ ⋅ 3jˆ × (−5k)
ˆ  = − 30 [ î ⋅( ĵ × k̂ )]
 Now, AB = – 2 î – 2 ĵ – 3 k̂
= − 30( î ⋅ î ) = − 30(1) AC = 4 î – 9 k̂
= −30 AD = 6 î – 3 ĵ – 3 k̂
57. ( î + ĵ ) ⋅ [( ĵ + k̂ ) × ( k̂ + î )] ∴ Volume of tetrahedron
1 1 0 1
=  AB AC AD 
= 0 1 1 6  
1 0 1 −2 −2 −3
1
= 1 (1) – 1 ( – 1) = 2 = 4 0 −9
6
6 −3 −3
1 −1 1
58. [ a b c ] = 1 1 −4 1
= [−2(0 − 27) + 2(− 12 + 54) − 3(− 12 − 0)]
−1 2 −1 6
1
= 1 (−1 + 8) + 1(−1 −4) + 1(2 + 1) = (174)
6
=5
= 29 cu. units
60. Since a b c  =  b c a  = c a b  = −  b a c 
70. The d.c.s of Y-axis are
61. [iˆ kˆ ˆj] + [kˆ ˆj î] + [ ˆj kˆ î] = [iˆ kˆ ˆj] + [iˆ kˆ ˆj] − [iˆ kˆ ˆj] cos90°, cos0°, cos90°
i.e. 0, 1, 0
= [iˆ kˆ ˆj] = – 1
71. The d.c.s of X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
63.  
a + 2b a + c b  73. For option (B),
= a a + c b  +  2b a + c b  cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ ≠ 1
∴ option (B) is correct answer.
= a a b  + a c b  +  2b a b  +  2b c b 
74. Let the direction cosines of the line be l, m, n
= 0 − a b c  + 2 (0) + 2 (0)
∴ l = cos 45º, m = cos 60º, n = cos 60º
= − a b c  1 1 1
⇒ l= , m = and n =
2 2 2
64. Since the vectors are coplanar, 1 1 1
a b c  = 0 ∴ d.c.s are , , .
  2 2 2
1 −1 1
75. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ 1 2 −1 = 0 ∴ cos2 45° + cos2 60° + cos2 γ = 1
3 p 5 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 γ = 1 − − =
⇒ 10 + p + 5 + 3 + p − 6 = 0 2 4 4
⇒p=–6 1
⇒ cos γ = ±
2
65. We have [ a b a × b ] = a ⋅  b × (a × b) 
⇒ γ = 60° or 120°
= ( a × b ). ( a × b )
76. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of the line.
= | a × b |2 ∴ l = cos α; m = cos 60°; n = cos 45°
66. [ a c b ] = a .( c × b ) Since, cos2 α + cos2 60° + cos2 45° = 1
1 1 1
= c .( b × a ) ⇒ cos2α = 1 − − =
2 4 4
=0 ….[ a and b are parallel]
1
⇒ cos α = ±
67. a . ( b × c ) = 0 or ( a × b ). c = 0 2
1 1 1
∴ the d.c.s are ± , ,
68. Volume of parallelopiped = a b c  2 2 2
 11   13  Let r = 2iˆ + 2ˆj − kˆ
=   (12)   î ˆj kˆ  78.
2 3
= 286 cu. unit. |r|= 22 + 22 + (−1) 2 =3
90

Chapter 05: Vectors

x y z 2. AB + BC + CA = 0
∴ The d.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| ⇒a+b–c=0
2 2 −1 3. Given A, B, C, D, E are five co-planar points.
i.e., , ,
3 3 3
Now, DA + DB + DC + AE + BE + CE
a b c = ( DA + AE ) + ( DB + BE ) + ( DC + CE )
79. D.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| = DE + DE + DE = 3 DE
2 −3 6
i.e., , ,
7 7 7
4. ( ) (
AC − BD = AB + BC − BC + CD )
80. On Y-axis, x and z co-ordinates are zero. = AB − CD
Hence, (B) is the correct option. = AB + DC
= AB + AB
81. A ≡ (1, 2, 6) and B ≡ (−4, 5, 0)
∴ D.r.s of AB are −4 − 1, 5 − 2, 0 − 6 = 2AB
i.e., −5, 3, −6 5. AE = AB + BC + CD + DE A B
2 2 2
82. Since (–l) + (–m) + (–n) = 1, we can say that = AB + BC + CD − ED
–l, –m, –n are the direction cosines of the line. = a + b + c − AB C
F
−l −m −n
Also that = = = −1 = a+ b+ c− a
l m n
Hence, we can say that –l, –m, –n are the d.r.s. = b+ c E D
of the line. 6. AB + BC =
AC
83. The direction cosines are ⇒ AC= a + b
2 − 5 2 Now, AC + CD = AD
, ,
2+5+2 2+5+2 2+5+2 ⇒ ( a + b ) + CD =
2b ....[ AD = 2 BC ]
2 − 5 2
i.e., , , ⇒ CD = b − a
3 3 3
7.
84. The d.r.s of AB are 2 –14, –3 –5, 1 + 3 A(a)
i.e. – 12, – 8, 4 i.e., 3, 2, – 1
3 2 −1
∴ The d.c.s are , , F E
14 14 14
85. Let, a1, b1, c1 = 5, − 12, 13

B(b) C(c)
and a2, b2, c2 = −3, 4, 5 D
a1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + c1 c 2 b+c b + c − 2a
∴ cosθ = AD = OD − OA = − a = ,
2 2
a12 + b12 + c12 ⋅ a 22 + b 22 + c 22
Similarly,
5 ( −3) + ( −12 ) 4 + 13(5) c+a c + a − 2b
= BE = OE − OB = − b = and
2 2 2
5 + (−12) + 13 ⋅ (−3) + 4 + 5 2 2 2 2 2
a + b − 2c
−15 − 48 + 65 CF = .
= 2
13 2 ⋅ 5 2
Now, AD + BE + CF
1
= b + c − 2a c + a − 2b a + b − 2c
65 = + + =0
2 2 2
1
∴ θ = cos–1   8. By triangle law,
65  
AB = AD − BD , AC = AD − CD
Critical Thinking E D
1. ma is a unit vector if | ma | = 1
⇒m a =1 F C
1
⇒m=
|a| A B
91

∴ AB + AC + AD + AE + AF 14. Let P, Q and R be points having position vectors

α î + β ĵ + γ k̂ , β î + γ ĵ + α k̂ and
= AD − BD + AD − CD + AD + AE + AF
= 3 AD + ( AE − BD ) + ( AE − CD ) γ î + α ĵ + β k̂
= 3 AD …[ AE = BD , AF = CD ] Then, PQ = QR = RP
Hence, λ = 3 = (α − β) 2 + (β − γ ) 2 + ( γ − α) 2
Hence, ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle.
9. Let the position vector of P be xî + yˆj + zk,
ˆ
Given, AB = CP 15. AB = (2 î + 3 ĵ – 6 k̂ ) – (6 î – 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
∴ ˆj − î = xî + yˆj + (z − 1)kˆ = – 4 î + 5 ĵ – 9 k̂

⇒ AB = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122
By comparing the coefficients of î , ĵ and k̂ ,
we get x = –1, y = 1 and z – 1 = 0 BC = î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂
⇒z=1 ⇒ BC = 1 + 9 + 16 = 26 and
Hence, required position vector is – î + ĵ + k̂ AC = –3 î + 8 ĵ –5 k̂
11. Sum of the given vectors ⇒ AC = 98
( ) ( ) (
= î + ˆj + kˆ + 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ ) ∴ AB = 122, BC2 = 26 and AC2 = 98
2
⇒ AB2 + BC2 = 26 + 122 = 148

= 3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ Since, AC2 < AB2 + BC2
∴ The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the Therefore, ∆ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.
given vectors
16. AB = – î – 4 ĵ , CD = –2 î + (λ – 2) ĵ
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ
= Since, AB || CD
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ
−1 −4
∴ =
3iˆ + 2ˆj + 6kˆ −2 λ − 2
= ⇒ λ − 2 = − 8 or λ = − 6
32 + 22 + 62
1 ˆ ˆ 17. Let p=a − 2b + 3c , q = 2a + λ b − 4c and
=
7
(
3i + 2 j + 6kˆ )
r=
− 7b + 10c
Since, points are collinear
12. Let OA = 2iˆ + 3jˆ − k,
ˆ OP = 3(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ
∴ PQ = k PR
OA + OB A
we have, OP = ⇒ 2a + λb − 4c − ( a − 2b + 3c )
2
⇒ OB = 2 OP − OA
P = k  −7b + 10c − ( a − 2b + 3c ) 
 
= 6iˆ + 6ˆj + 6kˆ − 2iˆ − 3jˆ + kˆ ⇒ a + (λ + 2) b − 7c = −ka − 5kb + 7kc
O
= 4iˆ + 3jˆ + 7kˆ
B ⇒ k = − 1, λ = − 5k − 2
Hence, λ = 5 − 2 = 3
13. Let a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = 5iˆ + 3jˆ − 3kˆ and 18. Given vectors are parallel if
(p, q) = λ (5, 1) i.e., if p = 5 λ, q = λ
c = 2iˆ + 5jˆ + 9kˆ
⇒p=5q
∴ AB = b − a = 4iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ
19. Given c = 2a − 3b …(i)
⇒ AB = 16 + 4 + 16 = 6
and 2c = 3a + 4b …(ii)
BC = −3iˆ + 2ˆj + 12kˆ Multiplying (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3 and adding,
we get
⇒ BC = 9 + 4 + 144 = 157 10 c = 17a
and CA = −î − 4ˆj − 8kˆ ⇒ c=
17
a
10
⇒ CA = 1 + 16 + 64 = 9
Since, c and a are in the same direction.
∴ Perimeter = AB + BC + CA = 15 + 157 ∴ c and a are like parallel vectors.
92

Chapter 05: Vectors
20. AB =−î − ˆj − 2kˆ and CD = 6iˆ + 6ˆj + 12kˆ 27. Let A, B, C be the three collinear point.
⇒ CD = −6AB ∴ AB = λ BC
Hence, AB || CD. Here, AB = – 2b, BC = (k + 1) b

∴ ∀ k ∈ R ⇒ AB = λ BC
21. Let a = î + 2kˆ , b = ˆj + kˆ and c = λî + µ ˆj
28. Since, a + 2b is collinear with c , and b + 3c is
∴ AB = m. BC
collinear with a .
⇒ – î + ĵ – k̂ = m[(λ î + (µ – 1) ĵ – k̂ )]
∴ a + 2b = x c and b + 3c = y a ∀ x, y ∈ R
∴ a + 2b + 6c = (x + 6) c
– 1 = – m ⇒ m = 1,
– 1 = λ ⋅m ⇒ λ = – 1, Also, a + 2b + 6c = a + 2(b + 3c) = (1 + 2y) a
and 1 = m(µ – 1) ⇒ µ = 2 ∴ (x + 6) c = (1 + 2y) a
Since, a and c are non-collinear.
22. Let a = − î + 3jˆ + 2kˆ , b = − 4iˆ + 2jˆ − 2kˆ and
∴ x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 2y = 0
c = 5iˆ + λˆj + µkˆ 1
⇒ x = − 6 and y = −
∴ AB = m. BC 2
⇒ –3 î – ĵ – 4 k̂ = m 9iˆ + (λ − 2)ˆj + (m + 2)kˆ  Now, a + 2b = xc
⇒ a + 2b + 6c = 0
−1 29. AB = a + b
9m = –3 ⇒ m = ,
3 BD = 3 a + 3 b = 3 AB
–1 = m(λ – 2) ⇒ λ = 5 ∴ Points A, B, D are collinear.
and – 4 = m(µ + 2) ⇒ µ = 10
30. Let R = x a + y b + z c
23. PQ = k QR
⇒ R = x(2 p + 3 q − r ) + y( p − 2 q + 2 r )
a + b − c = k (− 2a − 2b + tc)
+ z(− 2 p + q − 2 r )
−1 ⇒ 3p − q + 2 r = (2x + y − 2z) p
1 = – 2k ⇒ k = and –1 = kt ⇒ t = 2
2 + (3x − 2y + z) q + (−x + 2y −2z) r
24. Here AB = b – a and
2x + y − 2z = 3, …(i)
AC = 2 a – 2 b = – 2 ( b – a ) 3x − 2y + z = −1, …(ii)
∴ AC = m AB − x + 2y − 2z = 2 …(iii)
Hence A, B, C are collinear. Solving above equations, we get
x = 2, y = 5, z = 3
25. Here a = î + xˆj + 3kˆ , b = 3iˆ + 4ˆj + 7kˆ , and
∴ R = 2a + 5b + 3c
c = yî − 2ˆj − 5kˆ
31. a + b + c + d = (1 + λ) d
∴ AB = λ BC
Also, a + b + c + d = (1 + µ) a
⇒ 2iˆ + (4 − x) ˆj + 4kˆ = λ ( y − 3) î − 6ˆj − 12kˆ 
⇒ (1 + λ) d = (1 + µ) a
On comparing, we get if λ ≠ –1, then
−1 1+ µ 
4 = –12 λ ⇒ λ = , d = 
3  a
1+ λ 
4 – x = – 6λ ⇒ x = 2, and
Now, a + b + c + d = (1 + µ) a
2 = λ(y – 3) ⇒ – 6 = y – 3 ⇒ y = –3
1+ µ 
∴ a + b + c +   a = (1 + µ) a
26. Here a = î + ˆj , b = î − ˆj , c = a î + b ˆj + c kˆ 1+ λ 
The points are collinear  1+ µ 
⇒ 1 +  
 − (1 + µ)  a + b + c = 0
∴ AB = λ BC   1 + λ  
⇒ –2 ĵ = λ[(a – 1) î + (b + 1) ĵ + c k̂ ] This contradicts the fact that a , b , c are non-
On comparing, we get coplanar
λ(a–1) = 0, λ(b+1) = –2, λc = 0 ⇒λ=–1
Hence a = 1, c = 0 and b is arbitrary scalar. ∴ a + b + c + d = 0
93

32. The position vector of A is 6 b − 2a and R( r ) divides AB externally in the ratio 1:2
the position vector of P is a − b r =
b − 2a
Let the position vector of B be r 1− 2
Since, P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 2p − 3q
= ….[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ a−b=
() (
1 r + 2 6b − 2a ) −1
∴ r = – 2p + 3q
3
∴ points P, Q and R are collinear.
⇒ 3 a – 3 b – 12 b + 4 a = r
⇒ r = 7 a – 15 b 39. Since, a ⊥ b ⇒ a . b = 0
2 2 2
Now, a − b = a + b − 2 a.b
33. 2a + 3b – 5c = 0
3b + 2a = 25 + 25
⇒ 5c = 2a + 3b ⇒ c = = 50
3+ 2
∴ point C divides segment AB internally in the ⇒ a−b = 5 2
ratio 3:2.
40.= a | cos θ | a |2
a.a | a ||= ( θ =0o )
34. | OA | = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14 and
= b | cos θ | b |2
b.b | b ||=
| OB | = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 A  a and b are sides of rhombus
∴ OA = OB C
Let C be any point on angle ∴ | a | =| b |
×
bisector and on line AB × Hence, a.a = b.b.
O B
∴ C is midpoint of AB
a+b 41. Since, a and b are unit vectors.
∴ c = = 2 î + 2 ĵ – 2 k̂ ∴ a= b= 1 …(i)
2
Given, a + b =
1
35. Let P(p) divide the line internally in the ratio 2 : 3
2
3(2a − 3b) + 2(3a − 2b) 12a − 13b ⇒ a+b =
1
∴ p= =
2+3 5
⇒ a + b + 2 ( a.b ) =
2 2
1
36. P( p ) divide AB internally in the ratio 3 : 1. 2 2
⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos a =1
3b + a
∴ p= ⇒ 2 + 2 cos α = 1 …[From (i)]
4
1 2π
Q( q ) is midpoint of AP ⇒ cos α = − ⇒ α =
2 3
3b + a
a+p a+ 5a + 3b 42. Let u = a + 2 b and v = 5 a − 4 b
∴ q = = 4 =
2 2 8 Given that u ⊥ v
37. 2a + b = 3c ∴ u. v=0
⇒ 2a= 3c − b ⇒ ( a + 2 b ) . (5 a − 4 b ) = 0
2 2
3c − b 3c − b ⇒ 5 a − 8 b + 10( a . b ) − 4 ( a . b ) = 0
⇒ a = =
2 3 −1
….  a= b= 1
2 2
⇒ −3 + 6 ( a . b ) = 0
∴ A divides BC in the ratio 3 :1 externally.  
1
38. P( p ) is midpoint of BC ⇒ cos θ =
2
b+c ⇒ θ = 60°
∴ p =
2
⇒ 2p = b + c ….(i)
Now, ( a + 3b ) ⊥ ( 7a − 5b )
Q( q ) divides CA internally in the ratio 2:1
⇒ ( a + 3b ) ⋅ ( 7a − 5b ) = 0
2a + c
∴ q =
⇒ 7 a + 16 ( a ⋅ b ) − 15 b = 0
2 2
3
⇒ 3q = 2a + c ….(ii) ⇒ 7 + 16 cos θ − 15 = 0
94

Chapter 05: Vectors

1 ⇒ c =a + b =( a + b ).( a + b )
2 2
⇒ cos θ =
2
π ⇒ c2 = a2 + b2 + 2a ⋅ b
⇒θ=
3 = a2 + b2 …  a ⋅ b =0 
Also, ( a − 4b ) ⊥ ( 7a − 2b )
48. Given,
⇒ ( a − 4b ) ⋅ ( 7a − 2b ) = 0
a + b + 3c = 0
⇒ 7 a + 8 b − 30 ( a ⋅ b ) = 0
2 2
⇒ a+b = − 3 c
1 ⇒ a+b = 3 c
⇒ 15 − 30 cos θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ =
2 2 2
π
⇒ a+b = 3 c
⇒θ=
3 2 2
⇒ a + b + 2 a b cos θ = 3 c
2
44. Let the required vector be r = xî + ykˆ where θ is the angle between a and b
Since r is a unit vector. ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 3
∴ x2 + y 2 = 1 1
⇒ cos θ =
2
It is given that r makes 45° and 60° angles with
π
a and b respectively. ⇒θ=
3
r.a r.b
∴ cos 45° = and cos 60° = 2 2
a r r b 49. a+b + a−b
⇒
1
=
2x − y 1
and = −
y = (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) + (a − b) ⋅ (a − b)
2 3 2 2 2 2
3 1 = 2 a +2 b
⇒ 2x − y = and y = −
2 2 2
⇒ 1 + a − b = 2 (1)2 + 2(1)2
1 1
⇒x= , y= − ⇒ a−b = 3
2 2
1 ˆ ˆ
Hence, r =
2
i−k ( ) 50. a−b
2
= (a − b) ⋅ (a − b)
= a ⋅a − a ⋅b − b⋅a + b⋅b
45. ( a + b ).( a − b ) = a.a + b.a − b.a − b.b
= 1 − 2 a⋅b + 1 ....  =
a b 1
=
= a.a − b.b  
2 2 = 2 − 2.1.1.cos θ = 2 (1 − cos θ)
= a −b
 θ
= 2  2sin 2 
=0 …. | a | = | b |  2 
θ 2
= 4 sin
46. a+b = 1 2
θ
⇒ a+b = 1
2
∴ a − b = 2 sin
2
⇒ (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) =
1
51. |a +b| >|a −b|
⇒ a ⋅ a + 2a ⋅ b + b ⋅ b =
1 Squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2 2
⇒ 1 + 2 ab cos θ + 1 = 1 a + b + 2a.b > a + b − 2a.b
⇒ 2 × 1 × 1 × cos θ = − 1 ⇒ 4a.b > 0
1
⇒ cos θ = − ⇒ cos θ > 0
2
2π Hence, θ < 90° (acute).
⇒θ=
3
52. a+b+c=0
47. c= a + b ⇒ b + c =−a
⇒ c = a+b ⇒ b + c =−a
95

⇒ b+c =−a
2 2
56. Given,
AB = − î − 2 ˆj − 6kˆ , BC = (a − 1) î + 6kˆ and
⇒ ( b + c ) ⋅ ( b + c ) =−a
2
CA = (2 − a) î + 2 ˆj
2 2
⇒ b + c + 2b ⋅ c = a 2
It is given that ∆ABC is right angled at C.
⇒ b2 + c2 + 2 bc cos θ = a2
∴ CB ⋅ CA = 0
a 2 − b2 − c2
⇒ cos θ =
2bc (
⇒ (1 − a ) î − 6kˆ ⋅ ) ( ( 2 − a ) î + 2 ˆj ) = 0
53. Given, a ⊥ ( b + c ) , b ⊥ ( c + a ) and c ⊥ ( a + b ) ⇒ (1 − a) (2 − a) = 0
⇒ a = 1, 2
⇒ a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c = 0, b ⋅ c + b ⋅ a = 0, c ⋅ a + c ⋅ b = 0
57. We have,
⇒ a ⋅b + b⋅c + c⋅a = 0
2 2 2 2 AB + BC + CA = 0
Now, a + b + c = a + b + c 2
⇒ AB + BC + CA = 0
+ 2 ( a ⋅ b + b⋅c + c⋅a )
2 2 2
2 ⇒ AB + BC + CA
⇒ a + b + c = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
⇒ a + b + c = 14 + 2 ( AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB ) = 0
3a 2
⇒ AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB = −
54. Since, a ⊥ b 2
∴ a⋅b = 0
58. Let a = î + ˆj and b = ˆj + kˆ , then
Also, c ⋅ a = cos δ and c ⋅ b = cos β
Now, a + b + c = 1 î ˆj kˆ
2 a × b = 1 1 0 = î − ˆj + kˆ
⇒ a+b+c = 1 0 1 1
⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a ⋅ b + b⋅c + c⋅a ) = 1
2 2 2
î − ˆj + kˆ
∴ Required vectors = ±
⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(cos δ + cos β) = 1 12 + ( −1) + 12
2
⇒ cos δ + cos β = −1 î − ˆj + kˆ
=±
55. Let the required vector be r = xî + yˆj + zkˆ . 3
Then, r = 4
59. AB = 2iˆ − ˆj − 2k,
ˆ AC = 3iˆ − 3jˆ + 0kˆ
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 ….(i)
î ˆj kˆ
Now, r is equally inclined to the vectors î + ˆj ,
⇒ AB × AC = 2 −1 −2
ˆj + kˆ and kˆ + î .
3 −3 0
∴
( ) = r ⋅ ( ˆj + kˆ ) = r ⋅ ( kˆ + î )
r ⋅ î + ˆj
= (−6iˆ − 6ˆj − 3k)
ˆ
r 2 r 2 r 2
 2iˆ + 2ˆj + kˆ 
⇒ x + y = y + z = z + x = λ (say) ∴ Unit vectors = ±  
 3 
⇒ 2(x + y + z) = 3 λ
3λ î ˆj kˆ
⇒x+y+z=
2
60. α × β = 2 3 −1
3λ
Now, x + y = λ and x + y + z = −1 2 − 4
2
λ = −10iˆ + 9ˆj + 7kˆ
⇒z=
2
î ˆj kˆ
λ
Similarly, we have x = y = and α × γ = 2 3 −1
2
8 1 1 1
Substituting these values in (i), we get λ = ±
3
= 4iˆ − 3jˆ − kˆ
8 î + ˆj + kˆ = ± 4 î + ˆj + kˆ
Hence, r = ±
2 3
( ) 3
( ) ∴ ( α × β ) ⋅ ( α × γ ) = − 40 − 27 − 7 = − 74
96

Chapter 05: Vectors
61. î .( ĵ × k̂ ) + ĵ .( k̂ × î ) + k̂ .( î × ĵ ) 1
∴ Area of triangle
= | AB × AC |
2
= î . î + ĵ . ĵ + k̂ . k̂ = 3
î ˆj kˆ
1
62. î .( ĵ × k̂ ) + ĵ .( î × k̂ ) + k̂ .( î × ĵ ) = −3 5 −4
2
3 −5 4
 
= i.i + j.(−j) + k.(k)
=1−1+1=1 =0
68. Area of parallelogram = | a × b |

( ) ( )
2
63.  a + 3b × 3a − b 
  î ˆj kˆ
= 10 ( b × a ) 
2
∴ a × b = 3 0 −1 = 2iˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ
 
2 1 2 0
= 100 b × a
Hence, required area = | 2iˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ | = 41
{
= 100 a b − ( a ⋅ b )
2 2 2
} 1 0 −1
= 100 (4 − 1) ….[ a ⋅ b = 2 cos 60° = 1] 69. [ a b c ] = x 1 1− x
= 300 y x 1+ x − y
Applying, C3 ⇒ C 3 + C1
64. Angle between the given vectors a and b is θ
1 0 0
a×b a b sin θ
Since, = = tan θ = x 1 1 = 1(1 + x – x) = 1
a.b a b cos θ y x 1+ x
(a × b) = (a × b) . (a × b) 70. Let A ≡ (1,1, 2), B ≡ (2, 1, p), C ≡ (1, 0, 3) and

2
65.
D ≡ (2, 2, 0).
= ( absin θn )( absin θn )
ˆ ˆ ∴ AB = î + (p − 2) k̂
2 2
= a b sin θ = a b (1 − cos θ)
2 2 2 2 AC = − ĵ + k̂ , and
2
= a 2 b − a 2 b cos2 θ
2
AD = î + ĵ − 2 k̂
The points are coplanar.
= a 2 b − ( a.b )
2 2
∴ AB , AC and AD are coplanar
 AB AC AD  = 0
 
Since, c = λ a × b ( ) 1 0 p −2
⇒ 0 −1 1 = 0
⇒ c⊥ a,c⊥b 1 1 −2
⇒ c.a= c.b= 0 ⇒ 1(2 − 1) + (p − 2)(1) = 0
Now, ⇒1+p−2=0 ⇒p=1
a+b+c = 1
71. Since the points are coplanar,
2
⇒ a+b+c = 1 1 2 0
∴ 0 1 4 =0
⇒ a + b + c + 2 ( a.b + b.c + c.a ) = 1
2 2 2
λ −1 2 3
⇒
1 1 1
+ + +2
2 3 6
{a }
b cosθ = 1 ⇒ 1(3 – 8) – 2[(0 – 4(λ – 1)] = 0
13
⇒ –5 + 8λ – 8 = 0 ⇒ λ =
⇒ cos θ = 0 8
π
⇒θ= 72. Since, the given vectors are coplanar,
2
a 1 1
67. Let A = î − 2ˆj + 3kˆ , B = −2iˆ + 3jˆ − kˆ ∴ 1 −b 1 = 0
1 1 −c
and C = 4iˆ − 7ˆj + 7kˆ
⇒ a(bc − 1) −1( − c − 1) + 1(1 + b) = 0
Then, AB = −3iˆ + 5jˆ − 4kˆ and
⇒ abc − a + c + 1 + 1 + b = 0
AC =3iˆ − 5jˆ + 4kˆ ⇒ abc + 2 = a − b − c
97


73. Since the given vectors are coplanar, 83. ( a − b )⋅[( b + c ) × ( c + a )]
2 2
−bc b + bc c + bc = ( a − b )⋅[ b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a ]
∴ a 2 + ac −ac c 2 + ac = 0 = a ⋅( b × c ) + a .( b × a ) + a ⋅( c × a )
a 2 + ab b 2 + ab −ab − b ⋅( b × c ) − b ⋅( b × a ) − b ⋅( c × a )
⇒ (ab + bc + ca)3 = 0 ⇒ ab + bc + ca = 0. = [a b c] − [a b c] = 0
74. Let P(p) , Q(q) , R(r) be the three points. 84. ( ) ( )
a + b + c  ⋅  a + b × a + c 
   
∴ p = a − b + c , q = 4 a − 7 b − c and
= ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) × ( a + c )  + c ⋅ ( a + b ) × ( a + c ) 
   
r= 3a + 6b + 6c
= 0 + c a + b a + c 
PQ is not scalar multiple of PR
∴ they are not collinear = c a a + c  + c b a + c 
1 −1 1 = c a a  + c a c  + c b a  + c b c 
p q r  = 4 −7 −1
  = 0 + 0 + c b a  + 0 = − a b c 
3 6 6
= 36 ≠ 0 85. r = l (b × c) + m (c × a) + n (a × b)
∴ they are not coplanar.
∴ ( ) (
a ⋅r = l a . b×c + m a . c×a + n a ⋅ a × b ) ( )
75. ( a − b ). ( b − c ) × ( c − a ) = a − b b − c c − a  = 0 = l a b c  + 0 + 0
76. a + b b + c c + a  = 2 a b c  a ⋅ r = 2l ....  a b c  = 2  ….(i)

   
=0 ....[ a , b , c are coplanar] Similarly,
b ⋅ r = 2m, ….(ii)
77. Since d = λa + µb + νc c. r = 2n ….(iii)
∴ d.(b × c) = λa.(b × c)+ µb.(b × c) + νc.(b × c) ∴ On adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
⇒ d.(b × c) = λ[a b c]
[d bc] [bcd]
( a + b + c ).r = 2(l + m + n)
⇒λ= = 1
[a bc] [bca] ∴ l + m + n=
2
(
a + b + c .r )
78. Let a,band c be the given vectors −12 0 α
The given vectors are coplanar 86. Volume of parallelopiped = 0 3 −1
λ 1 2 2 1 −15
∴ 1 λ −1 = 0
⇒ 546 = –12(– 45 + 1) + α(0 − 6)
2 −1 λ
⇒ α = −3
⇒ λ(λ2 −1) − (λ + 2) + 2(−1 − 2λ) = 0
⇒ λ3 − 6λ − 4 = 0 87. Volume of parallelopiped
⇒ (λ + 2)(λ2 − 2λ − 2) = 0 1 2 −1
2 ± 4 +8 = 1 −1 0 a b c  = k a b c 
   
⇒ λ = − 2 or λ = =1± 3 1 −1 −1
2
⇒ 1(1 − 0) − 2(−1 − 0) −1(−1 + 1) = k
80. options (A), (B) and (D) =  u v w  , ⇒1+2−0=k⇒k=3
while option (C) = –  u v w  −p 0 5
88. Volume of parallelopiped = 1 −1 q = 8
81. a .( a × b ) = ( a × a ) . b = 0 3 −5 0
(b × c).(a + b + c) ⇒ – p ( 0 + 5q) + 5 (– 5 + 3) = 8
82.
λ ⇒ – 5pq – 18 = 0
(b × c).a + (b × c).b + (b × c).c ⇒ 5pq + 18 = 0
=
λ 89. Let A ≡ (1, 2, 0), B ≡ (2, 0, 4), C ≡ (−1, 2, 0)
(b × c).a + 0 + 0 a.(b × c) λ and D ≡ (−1, 1, λ) be the vertices of the
= = = =1
λ λ λ tetrahedron
98

Chapter 05: Vectors
∴ AB = î − 2ˆj+ 4kˆ 93. We know that, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

Consider option (D)
AC = − 2iˆ 2 2 2
 2   3   4  4 + 9 + 16
AD = −2iˆ − ˆj + λkˆ   +  +  = 25
 25   25   25 
1 29
Volume of tetrahedron =  AB AC AD  = ≠1
6 
25
1 −2 4 ∴ correct answer is option (D).
2 1
⇒ = −2 0 0
3 6 94. Consider option (B)
−2 −1 λ π π π
∴ cos2 + cos2 + cos2
⇒ 2(−2λ) + 4(2) = 4 4 3 3
⇒λ=1 1 1 1
= + + =1
2 4 4
90. Given, a × ( b × c ) =b × ( c × a ) ∴ correct answer is option (B).
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) b − ( a ⋅ b ) c =( b ⋅ a ) c − ( b ⋅ c ) a 95. Since,
α = β = γ ⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1
⇒ ( b ⋅ c ) a + ( a ⋅ c ) b +{−2 ( a ⋅ b )} c =0  1 
⇒ cos α =  ± 
Since a,b,c are non-coplanar,  3
b ⋅ c= 0,a ⋅ c= 0 and a ⋅ b =0 So, there are four lines whose direction cosines are
 1 1 1   −1 1 1   1 −1 1 
∴ ( ) ( ) ( )
a × b × c = a ⋅c b− a ⋅b c = 0  , , ,  , ,   ,
 3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3
, ,
 1 1 −1 
91. Given, a =1 , b =1 and c = 2  , , .
 3 3 3
Also, a × ( a × c ) + b =0
96. The d.r.s of OP are 3, 12, 4
⇒ ( a ⋅c) a − ( a ⋅ a ) c + b =
0 ∴ The required d.c.s. are
3 12 4
i.e., , ,
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a − c + b =0 …  a ⋅ a= a = 1
2
13 13 13
 
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a − c =− b 97. Here, a = 3 î + 5 ĵ − 2 k̂ , b = 6i + 2j + 3k
( )
⇒ a ⋅ c a − c =− b ∴ Projection =
a.b
=
18 + 10 − 6
7
=
22
7
b
⇒ (a ⋅ c) a − c =
2 2
b
98. The d.r.s. of the diagonal of the line joining the
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a + c − 2{( a ⋅ c ) a ⋅ c} =
2 2 2
b origin to the opposite corner of cube are a − 0,
a − 0, a − 0 i.e. 1, 1, 1.
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) a + c − 2 ( a ⋅ c )( a ⋅ c ) =
2 2 2 2
b
a b c
99. As = = ,
⇒ ( a ⋅ c ) { a − 2}+ c =
2 2 2 2
b  1   1   1 
     
 bc   ca   ab 
⇒ − (a ⋅ c) + 4 =
2
… = 4
2 2
1 b 1,=
c the lines are parallel.
 
100. cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ (a ⋅ c) =
2
3 2 2
 14   1
 8 196
⇒ a ⋅ c =± 3 ∴ cos γ = ± 1 −   −   = ± − 
 15   3  9  225 
⇒ a c cos θ = 3, 2
= ±
15
where θ is an acute angle between a and c
3 π 101. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ= ∴ cos2 α + cos2 60° + cos2 60° = 1
2 6
1 1 1 1
∴ cos2 α = 1 − − =1− =
92. If α, β, λ are direction angles of any vector OL , 4 4 2 2
then those 1
⇒ cos α = ±
of OL′ are π − α, π − β, π − γ respectively 2
∴ correct answer is option (B). ⇒ α = 45° or α = 135°
99


102. Since, the line lies in ZOX plane, it makes an 1
108. We have l = cos45° = ,
angle 90° with Y-axis 2
Also, line makes angle 30° and π − 30° with 1
positive Z-axis and 60° and π − 60° with m = cos60° = and n = cosγ
2
positive X-axis We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
∴ d.c.s of the required line are 1 1
± cos α, ± cos β, ± cos γ ∴ + + n2 = 1
2 4
i.e., ± cos 60°, ± cos 0°, ± cos 30° 3 1 1
⇒ n 2 =1 − = ⇒ n = ±
1 3 4 4 2
i.e. ± , 0, ±
2 2 1
⇒ cosγ = ±
2
103. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of r .
l=m=n
ˆ (
r = r l i + mj + nkˆ
ˆ )
….[ α = β = γ ⇒ cos α = cos β = cos γ]  1 1 1 
⇒ r = 12  î + ˆj ± kˆ 
2 2
Now, l + m + n = 1 2
 2 2 2 
1
⇒l=± 109. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
3
⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1 ( α = β = γ)
104. Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 α = ⇒ cos α =
⇒ cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1 ( α = β = γ) 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 α = ⇒ cos α = ∴ The d.c.s are ± ,± ,± .
3 3 3 3 3
Now, sum of d.c.s. = l + m + n The magnitude of the given vector is 6.
= cos α + cos α + cos α ∴ r = 6 (cos α î + cos β ˆj + cos γ k)
ˆ
= 3 cos α = 3 ±6 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (i + j + k) = ± 2 3 (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ
105. sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ 3
= (1 − cos2 α) + (1 − cos2 β) + (1 − cos2 γ) 1 1 1
110. D.c.s. of the line are , ,
= 3 − (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ) = 3 − (1) = 2 3 3 3
π π 1 1 1
106. Let α = and β = ∴ cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
6 4 3 3 3
3 1 Hence, line is equally inclined to axes.
∴ cos α = and cos β =
2 2 111. The d.r.s. of the given line are
Since, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 2 − 6, −3 + 7, 1 + 1
∴
3 1
+ + cos2 γ = 1 i.e., −2, 2, 1. i.e., 2, −2, −1
4 2  angle α is acute, cos α > 0
1
⇒ cos2 γ = – 2
4 ⇒ cos α =
3
Square of a real number cannot be negative.
2 −2 −1
∴ option (A) is the correct answer. Thus, required d.c.s are , ,
3 3 3
107. The line makes angle θ with X−axis and Z−axis
112. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
and β with Y−axis. 2 2
∴ l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ 2  −3  2

∴   +   +n =1
cos2 θ + cos2 β + cos2 θ = 1 7  7 
⇒ 2cos2 θ = 1 − cos2 β 2 13 36
∴ n =1− =
⇒ 2 cos2 θ = sin2 β …(i) 49 49
But sin2 β = 3sin2 θ …(ii) Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the line.
From (i) and (ii), we get ∴ a = 2, b = −3, c = z
3sin2 θ = 2cos2 θ c
Since, n =
⇒ 3(1 − cos2 θ) = 2cos2 θ a + b2 + c2
2
3 z 6
⇒ 3 = 5cos2 θ ⇒ cos2 θ = ∴ = ±
5 4+9+z 2 7
100

Chapter 05: Vectors
z2 36 l22 + m 22 + n 22 = 1,
⇒ 2
=
13 + z 49 l32 + m32 + n 32 = 1
2 2
⇒ 49 z − 36 z = 13 × 36 Now, (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
⇒ z2 = 36 + (n1 + n2 + n3)2
⇒ z = ±6 = (l12 + m12 + n12 ) + (l22 + m 22 + n 22 ) + (l32 + m32 + n 32 )
113. Given, A ≡ (1, 2, −1), B ≡ (2, 0, 3), C ≡ (3, −1, 2) + 2 (l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2) + 2(l2l3 + m2m3 +
The d.r.s of AB = 1, −2, 4 and d.r.s of n2n3)
AC = 2, −3, 3 + 2 (l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1)
1(2) + (−2)(−3) + 4(3) =3
∴ cosθ = ⇒ (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
1 + 4 + 16 4 + 9 + 9
2 + 6 + 12 20 +(n1 + n2 + n3)2 = 3
⇒ cosθ = = Hence, direction cosines of required line are :
21 22 462
l1 + l2 + l3 m1 + m 2 + m3 n1 + n 2 + n 3
⇒ 462 cosθ = 20 , ,
3 3 3
114. l + m + n = 0
⇒ l = −(m + n) and lm = 0 ⇒ −(m + n)m = 0 Competitive Thinking
⇒ m = 0 or m + n = 0 ⇒ m = 0 or m = −n
If m = 0, then l = − n 1. A
l m n
∴ = =
−1 0 1
If m = −n, then l = 0
l m n
∴ = = P
0 −1 1
∴ the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to B C
−1, 0, 1 and 0, −1, 1
∴ angle between them is In ∆APC, PA + AC + CP = 0 …(i)
…[Using triangle law of addition]
0 + 0 +1 1
cos θ = = In ∆ABC, AB + BC = AC …(ii)
1+ 0 +1 0 +1+1 2
π
∴ θ= PA + CP + AB + BC = 0
3
⇒ PA + CP = BA + CB
115. l + m − n = 0 and l2 + m2 − n2 = 0
⇒ l + m = n and l2 + m2 = n2 2. 2 OA + 3 OB = 2( OC + CA ) + 3( OC + CB )
Putting l + m = n in l2 + m2 = n2, we get = 5 OC + 2 CA + 3 CB
l2 + m2 = (l + m)2
⇒ 2lm = 0 ⇒ l = 0 or m = 0 = 5 OC ....  2CA = − 3CB
If l = 0, then m = n
l m n
3. By using triangle law of addition of vectors in
∴ = = triangles PAC and PBC, we have
0 1 1
If m = 0, then l = n PA + AC = PC and PB + BC = PC
l m n P
∴ = =
1 0 1
∴ the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to 0, 1, 1
and 1, 0, 1.
0(1) + 1(0) + 1(1) 1
∴ cos θ = =
0 +1+1 1+ 0 +1 2
1 π
⇒ θ = cos−1   ⇒ θ = A C B
2 3
⇒ PA + AC + PB + BC = PC + PC
116. Since, the three lines are mutually perpendicular
∴ l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ⇒ PA + PB + ( AC + BC ) = 2PC
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0 ⇒ PA + PB + ( AC − AC ) = 2PC
l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
Also, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1, ⇒ PA + PB = 2PC
101


4. B 9. x (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ is a unit vector.
C
∴ x(iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ =1
a
⇒ x 3= 1
b
1
⇒ x =
3
O A 1
⇒x= ±
By Parallelogram Law, 3
OA + b = a ⇒ OA = a − b 10. î + ˆj, q =
Given, p = 4kˆ − ˆj and r = î + kˆ
5. P will be the mid point of AC and BD.
Vector in the direction of 3p + q − 2r
O
= 3(iˆ + ˆj) + (4kˆ − ˆj) − 2(iˆ + k)
ˆ
D
= 3iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ − ˆj − 2iˆ − 2kˆ = î + 2ˆj + 2kˆ
C 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
∴ Unit vector = (i + 2 j + 2k)
3
PP
A 11. a = 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , b = î − ˆj , c = 5iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
B
∴ OA + OC = 2 OP …..(i) Vector in the direction of
a + b − c = −2iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
and OB + OD = 2 OP …..(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get ∴ − ( a + b − c ) = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ Unit vector =
6. P is the midpoint of AC and BD. 3
Let S be the origin.
SA + SC 12. x =
(
6 2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ ) = 6(2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ ) = 4iˆ - 4ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ SP = and …(i) 3
2 4 + 4 +1
SP =
SB + SD
...(ii) y =
(
3 î + ˆj - kˆ )= (
3 î + ˆj - kˆ ) = î + ˆj - kˆ
2 1+1+1 3
x + 2 y = 6iˆ - 2ˆj = 40 = 2 10
SA + SC SB + SD
2 SP = +
2 2 13. 8iˆ + ajˆ is in the direction of 4iˆ − 3jˆ .
⇒ SA + SB + SC + SD = 4 SP
∴ 8iˆ + ajˆ is a scalar multiple of 4iˆ − 3jˆ
⇒λ=4
7. Let A be the origin. i.e., 8iˆ + ajˆ = k(4iˆ − 3j)
ˆ ⇒ 8iˆ + ajˆ = 4kiˆ − 3kjˆ
∴ AB = b , AC = c , AD = d ∴ 4k = 8 ⇒ k = 2
and a = − 3k ⇒ a = −6
b+c c+d
AM = and AN =
2 2 14. a = 8b and c = −7 b
….. [ M and N are mid points of BC and CD] −8
⇒ a = c
7
A d D
⇒ a and c are unlike parallel vectors.
⇒ Angle between a and c is π.
b c
15. r = 3p + 4q … (i)
B C 2r = p − 3q
b+c c+d ⇒ 6r = 3p − 9q …(ii)
AM + AN = +
2 2
2c + b + d
= r − 4q = 6r + 9q
2
2c + c
⇒ −5r = 13q
= ….[ b + d = c ] −13
2 ⇒ r= q
3c 3 5
= = AC ⇒ r > 2 q and r , q have opposite directions
2 2
102

Chapter 05: Vectors

16. If the given points be A, B, C, then Clearly, BC || DA , but AB ≠ CD So, it is a
AB = k( BC ) trapezium.
⇒ − 20 î − 11 ĵ = k[(a − 40) î − 44 ĵ ] 21. Since, a + 3b is collinear with c , and b + 2c is
On comparing, − 11 = − 44k collinear with a ,
1
⇒k= ∴ a + 3b =x c and b + 2c =y a ∀ x, y ∈ R.
4
1 ∴ a + 3b + 6c = ( x + 6)c
and − 20 = (a − 40)
4 Also, a + 3b + 6c = a + 3(b + 2c) = (1 + 3 y )a
⇒ a = − 40 ∴ ( x + 6)c = (1 + 3 y )a
17. Let A = 20iˆ + pjˆ , B = 5iˆ − ˆj , ⇒ ( x + 6)c − (1 + 3 y )a = 0
C = 10iˆ − 13jˆ be collinear. ∴ x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 3y = 0
1
Then, AB = –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ ⇒ x = −6 and y = −
3
AC = –10 î – (13 + p) ĵ
Now, a + 3b =
x c ⇒ a + 3b + 6c =
0
Since, points A, B, C are collinear.
22. x = 0, y = 0, otherwise one vector will be a
∴ AB = λ AC for some scalar λ
scalar multiple of the other and hence collinear
∴ –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ = λ  −10iˆ − (13 + p)ˆj which is a contradiction.
On comparing, −15 = −10λ 26. c ma + nb
=
3
⇒λ= ∴ 3iˆ − kˆ= m(iˆ + ˆj − 2k)
ˆ + n(2iˆ − ˆj + k)
ˆ
2
and − (p + 1) = − (13 + p) λ Comparing the co-efficients of î and ĵ , we get
(13 + p)3 3 = m + 2n, and ….(i)
=− m=n ….(ii)
2
⇒ 2p + 2 = 39 + 3p ∴ Solving the above two equations, we get
m=n=1
⇒ p = −37
∴ m+n=1+1=2
18. Here, a = i , b = j , c = x i + 8 j 27. A ≡ (1, −1, 2), B ≡ (2, 3, −1)
AB = – i + j , BC = x i + 7 j Point P divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
Since the points are collinear,  2(2) + 3(1) 2(3) + 3(−1) 2(−1) + 3(2) 
∴ P≡ , , 
AB = λ BC  2+3 2+3 2+3 
(
⇒ – i + j = λ xi + 7j ) 7 3 4
≡  , , 
5 5 5
On comparing, we get 1 ˆ ˆ
∴ the position vector of P is ˆ
(7i + 3j + 4k)
1
7λ = 1 ⇒ λ = 5
7
28. C(x1, y1, z1) D(x2, y2, z2)
λx = –1 ⇒ x = –7
A(2, 1, 4) B(−1, 3, 6)
19. Let A (a) , B (b) , C (c) be the given points
C divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2 and
∴ a 20iˆ + pjˆ , b= 5iˆ − ˆj ,=
= c 10iˆ − 13 ˆj D divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ AB = k BC 1(6) + 2(4) 2(6) + 1(4)
∴ z1 + z2 = +
⇒ – 15 i – ( p + 1) j = k (5i− 12j) 1+ 2 2 +1
14 16 30
On comparing, we get = + =
3 3 3
– 15 = 5 k ⇒ k = –3 and
= 10
– (p + 1) = – 12k
⇒ – (p + 1) = 36 29. Let position vector of B be r
⇒ p = – 37 Since a divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3,
2r + 3(a + 2b)
20. Let A ≡ (1, 1, −1), B ≡ (2, 3, 0), C ≡ (3, 5, −2), = a
D = (0, −1, 1) 2 +3
So, AB = (1, 2, 1), BC = (1, 2, −2), ⇒ 2r= 5a – 3a – 6b = 2a – 6b

CD = (−3, −6, 3), DA = (1, 2, −2) ⇒ r = a – 3b
103


30. O (0, 0, 0) 34. R(r) divides PQ externally in the ratio 2 : 1
2(−î + ˆj − k)
ˆ − 1(iˆ + 2ˆj − k)ˆ
∴ r=
2 −1
= −2iˆ + 2ˆj − 2kˆ − î − 2ˆj + kˆ
∴ r = −3iˆ − kˆ
2 2
A (2, 2, 1) D (x, y, z) B (2, 4, 4) 35. 3P + 2R − 5Q =
0
⇒ 3P + 2R =
5Q
In AOB, OD is the bisector of ∠BOA.
AD AO 3P + 2R
∴ = ⇒ Q=
BD OB 5
AD 3 1 ∴ Q is the position vector of the point dividing P
∴ = =
BD 6 2 and R in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.
By section formula, Thus, P, Q and R are collinear.
1(2) + 2(2) 1(4) + 2(2) 8
x= =2, y = = , 36. Let the point B divide AC in the ratio λ : 1
1+ 2 1+ 2 3
λ (11iˆ + 3jˆ + 7k)
ˆ + î − 2ˆj − 8kˆ
1(4) + 2(1) ∴ 5iˆ − 2kˆ =
z= =2 λ +1
1+ 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
⇒ λ(5i − 2k) + (5i − 2k) ˆ
2
æ8ö 136
k= 22 + çç ÷÷÷ + 22 = = λ(11iˆ + 3jˆ + 7k)
ˆ + (iˆ − 2ˆj − 8k)
ˆ
çè 3 ø 9
∴ 9k2 = 136 ⇒ − 6λ î − 3λˆj − 9λkˆ = − 4iˆ − 2ˆj − 6kˆ
⇒ − 6λ = −4
31. We know that, centroid of a triangle divides the
line segment joining the orthocentre and 2
⇒λ= i.e. ratio = 2 : 3
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 3
The co-ordinates of orthocentre and
circumcentre are (–1, 3, 2), (5, 3, 2) 37. A=a+b+c B =a − 2b + 3c
respectively. P divides internally in ratio 1 : 3
∴ Co-ordinates of centroid
∴ P=
( ) (
3 a + b + c + 1 a − 2b + 3c )
 2 ( 5 ) + 1( −1) 2 ( 3) + 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) + 1( 2 )  3 +1
≡ , , 
 2 +1 2 +1 2 +1  4a + b + 6c
=
≡ (3, 3, 2) 4
b 3
32. Let the co-ordinates of circumcentre be (x, y, z). = a+ + c
4 2
Co-ordinates of orthocentre and centroid are
Q divides externally in ratio 1 : 3
(–3, 5, 2) and (3, 3, 4) respectively.
We know that, centroid of triangle divides the ∴ Q=
( ) (
3 a + b + c − 1 a − 2b + 3c )
line segment joining its orthocentre and 3 −1
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 2a + 5b
=
 2 x − 3 2 y + 5 2z + 2  2
∴  , ,  ≡ (3, 3, 4)
 3 3 3  5
= a+ b
2x − 3 2y + 5 2z + 2 2
⇒ = 3, = 3, =4
3 3 3 AB = a − 2b + 3c − a + b + c ( )
⇒ x = 6, y = 2, z = 5
= −3b + 2c
33. Let N ( n ) divide line segment LM externally in 5  b 3 
PQ = a − b −  a + + c 
the ratio 2 : 1. 2  4 2 
∴ n=
( ) (
2 a + 2b − 2a − b ) =
−9
4
3
b− c
2
2 −1
3 AB = 3 ( −3)
2
+ 22
2a + 4b − 2a + b
= = 5b
1 = 3 13
104

Chapter 06: Line and Plane
15. Let a =−2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and b =î − 2ˆj + 5kˆ 21. a1, b1, c1 = 3, −2, 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 3, 4
∴ b − a = 3iˆ − 3jˆ + 2kˆ 3 × 2 + (−2) × 3 + 0 × 4
⇒ cos θ =
The vector equation of the line is 3 + (−2) 2 + 0. 22 + 32 + 42
2
(
r= a + λ b − a ) r = −2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ(3iˆ − 3jˆ + 2k)
ˆ ⇒ cos θ = 0
π
⇒θ=
16. The equation of line passing through 2
(x1, y1, z1 ) and (x2, y2, z2)
22. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 2, −2
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 1(2) + 2(2) + 3(–2) = 0
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
∴ The lines are at right angles.
∴ The equation of line passing through
(4, −5, −2) and (−1, 5, 3) is 23. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = –5, 1, 1
x−4 y+5 z+2 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1) (−5) + (2)(1) + (3)(1)
= = =0
−1 − 4 5 + 5 3 + 2
x−4 y+5 z+2 ∴ Lines are at right angle.
⇒ = =
1 −2 −1 24. The given equation of line is,
x−2 y −3
17. The required equation of line which passes = ;z=4
through the points (1, 2, 3) and (0, 0, 0) is 3 4
x −1 y−2 z−3 ∴ The line is perpendicular to Z-axis.
= = Hence parallel to XY-plane.
0 −1 0−2 0−3
x −1 y −2 z−3 25. Line L1: r = (2 ĵ − 3 k̂ ) + λ( î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
⇒ = =
1 2 3
Line L2: r = (2 î + 6 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + µ(2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ )
18. 2x + z − 4 = 0 L1 and L2 can be written in cartesian form as
⇒ 2x + z = 4 x y−2 z+3
L1: = = and
⇒ z = 4 − 2x ...(i) 1 2 3
2y + z = 0 x−2 y−6 z−3
L2: = =
⇒ z = −2y ...(ii) 2 3 4
∴ 4 − 2x = −2y = z ...[From (i) and (ii)] The point (2, 6, 3) satisfies both the equations.
⇒ −2 (x − 2) = −2y = z ∴ it is the point of intersection.
z Alternate method:
⇒x−2=y=
−2 x y−2 z+3
L1: = = =λ
z 1 2 3
⇒x−2+2=y+2= +2
−2 ⇒ x = λ, y = 2λ + 2, z = 3λ − 3.
x y+2 z−4 x−2 y−6 z−3
⇒ = = L2: = = =µ
1 1 −2 2 3 4
⇒ x = 2 µ + 2, y = 3 µ + 6, z = 4 µ + 3
19. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 2, 6 Co-ordinates of a point on the line L1 are
1× 3 + 2 × 2 + 2 × 6 ( λ, 2λ + 2, 3λ − 3)
∴ cos θ =
1 + 22 + 22 32 + 22 + 62
2
Co-ordinates of a point on the line L2 are
19 19 (2µ + 2, 3µ + 6, 4µ + 3)
= =
3× 7 21 They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates
must be same.
20. a1, b1, c1 = 2, 2, −1 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 2, 2 ∴ λ = 2µ + 2, 2λ + 2 = 3µ + 6, 3λ − 3 = 4µ + 3
2 × 1 + 2 × 2 + (−1) × 2 ⇒ λ − 2µ = 2 …(i)
cos θ =
22 + 22 + (−1) 2 12 + 22 + 22 2λ − 3µ = 4 …(ii)
3λ − 4µ = 6 … (iii)
2+4−2 4
= = Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
3× 3 9
λ = 2, µ = 0.
4 Equation (i) holds true for these values.
⇒ θ = cos−1  
9 ∴ Intersection is (2, 6, 3).
123


26. The point (−1, −1, −1) satisfies both the 34. ( )
Let p α = 2i + j + kˆ
equations so it is the point of intersection
Comparing the equation of line with
Alternate method:
x −1 y− 2 z−3 r = a + λ b , we get
Let = = =λ
2 3 4 a =−i + 2j + 2k , b= 3i + k
⇒ x = 1 + 2 λ, y = 2 + 3λ, z = 3 + 4λ. Now,
x−4 y−1 z a − a= 3i − j − k
Let = = =µ
5 2 1
a − a= 32 + (−1) 2 + (−1) 2
⇒ x = 4 + 5 µ, y = 1 + 2 µ, z = µ
Co-ordinates of a point on the first line are = 11
(1 + 2 λ, 2 + 3λ, 3 + 4λ)
Co-ordinates of a point on the second line are
( )   + k)
a − a .b = (3i − j − k).(3i 
(4 + 5µ, 1 + 2µ, µ) =9–1

They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates =8
must be same. ∴ The distance of point from the line is
1 + 2λ = 4 + 5µ, 2 + 3λ = 1 + 2 µ, 3 + 4λ = µ ( )
2
∴  a − a .b 
2
⇒ 2λ − 5µ = 3 …(i) d= a−a − 
 b 
3λ − 2µ = − 1 …(ii)  
4λ − µ = − 3 …(iii) 8×8 46 23
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get = 11 − = =
10 10 5
λ = − 1, µ = −1.
Equation (i) holds true for these values. 35. Let A ≡ (2, 4, – 1)
∴ Intersection is (− 1, − 1, − 1). x+5 y+3 z−6
Let = = =λ
1 4 −9
27. The point (4, 0, −1) satisfies both equations. Any point on the line is
∴ The two lines intersect at (4, 0, −1) P ≡ (λ – 5, 4λ – 3, – 9 λ + 6)
Alternate method: The d.r.s. of the line AP are
x −1 y −1 2 – λ + 5, 4 – 4λ + 3, – 1 + 9λ – 6
Let = = λ; z = −1
3 −1 Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
⇒ general point on this line is 1(2 − λ + 5) + 4(4 − 4λ + 3) − 9(−1 + 9λ − 6) = 0
(3λ + 1, − λ + 1, − 1) ∴ 2 – λ + 5 + 16 – 16λ + 12 + 9 – 81λ + 54 = 0
x−4 z +1 ∴ 98 – 98λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
Also, = = µ; y = 0
2 3 The point P is (1 – 5, 4 – 3, –9 + 6) ≡ (−4, 1, −3)
⇒ general point on this line is AP = ( 2 − ( −4 ) ) + ( 4 − 1) + ( −1 + 3)
2 2 2
(2µ + 4, 0, 3µ − 1)
= 36 + 9 + 4 = 7
For λ = 1 and µ = 0, they have a common point
Alternate method:
on them. i.e., (4, 0, −1)
Since the point is (2, 4, −1)
28. Co-ordinate of any point on Y-axis is ∴ a = 2, b = 4, c = −1
x = 0, z = 0 i.e. (0, y, 0) Given equation of line is
∴ The foot of perpendicular from the point x+5 y+3 z−6
= =
(α, b, γ) on Y-axis is (0, b, 0) 1 4 −9
Comparing with
29. Any point on Z-axis is (0, 0, z)
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
∴ The foot of perpendicular from the point = = ,
a b c
(a, b, c) on Z-axis is (0, 0, c)
x1 = −5, y1 = −3, z1 = 6
30. Distance from X-axis = y +z =
2 2 2
b +c 2 d.r.s. are 1, 4, −9
1 4 −9
∴ d.c.s. are , ,
31. Distance = 2
y +z 2
= 9 + 16 = 5 98 98 98
∴ Perpendicular distance of point from the line is
32. Distance from Z-axis = x +y =5
2 2
(a − x1 ) 2 + (b − y1 ) 2 + (c − z1 ) 2 
− [ (a − x1 )l + (b − y1 )m + (c − z1 )n ]
2
33. Distance from Y-axis = 1 + 9 = 10
124

(2 + 5) 2 + (4 + 3) 2 + (−1 − 6) 2 
∴ Shortest distance (d) =
( −3i + 2k ).( 2i − j)
=  1 4 −9 
2
4 +1+ 0
− (2 + 5) + (4 + 3) + (−1 − 6) 
 98 98 98 
6
98 × 98 = −
= 49 + 49 + 49 − = 49 = 7 5
98
6
=
x y −1 z−2 5
36. = =
1 2 3
Any point on the line is P (λ, 2λ + 1, 3λ + 2) 39. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, −1, 0)
Given point is A (1, 6, 3) (x2, y2, z2) = (2, −1, 0)
∴ the d.r.s of the line AP are (a1, b1, c1) = (2, 0, 1)
λ – 1, 2λ + 1 – 6, 3λ + 2 – 3 (a2, b2, c2) = (1, −1, −1)
⇒ λ – 1, 2λ – 5, 3λ – 1 2 − 1 −1 + 1 0 − 0
Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
2 0 1
(1)(λ – 1) + (2)(2λ – 5) + (3)(3λ – 1 ) = 0
1 −1 −1
⇒ λ − 1 + 4 λ − 10 + 9λ − 3 = 0 d=
⇒ 14λ − 14 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 ( 0 + 1)2 + (1 + 2 )2 + ( −2 − 0 )2
∴ P ≡ (1, 3, 5) 1( 0 + 1)
=
∴ AP = (1 − 1) 2 + (6 − 3) 2 + (3 − 5) 2 = 13 14
38. First line passes through 1

=
(x1, y1, z1) = (4, −1, 0) and has d.r.s 14
a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, −3
Second line passes through 40. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 5, 7)
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, −1, 2) and has d.r.s (x2, y2, z2) = (−1, −1, −1)
a2, b2, c2 = 2, 4, −5 (a1, b1, c1) = (1, −2, 1)
∴ Shortest distance between them is (a2, b2, c2) = (7, −6, 1)
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 −4 −6 −8
a1 b1 c1 1 −2 1
a2 b2 c2 7 −6 1
d= d=
( b1c2 − b 2c1 ) + ( c1a 2 − c 2a1 ) + ( a1b 2 − a 2 b1 )
2 2 2
( −2 + 6 ) + ( 7 − 1) + ( −6 + 14 )
2 2 2
1 − 4 −1 + 1 2 − 0 −16 − 36 − 64
1 2 −3 =
2 29
2 4 −5
⇒d= 116
=
( −10 + 12 ) + ( −6 + 5 ) + (4 − 4) 2
2 2
2 29
−3 ( 2 ) + 0 + 2 ( 0 ) 6 = 2 29
= =
5 5
41. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 3)
Alternate method:
Shortest distance between the lines (x2, y2, z2) = (2, 4, 5)
r1 = a1 + λ b1 and r 2 = a 2 + µ b 2 is given by
(a1, b1, c1) = (2, 3, 4)
(a2, b2, c2) = (3, 4, 5)
d=
(a 2 )(
− a1 ⋅ b1 × b 2 ) 2 −1 4 − 2 5−3
b1 × b 2 2 3 4
Here a1 = 4 î – ĵ , a 2 = î – ĵ + 2 k̂ 3 4 5
d=
b1 = î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ , b 2 = 2 î + 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ (15 − 16 ) 2
+ (12 − 10 ) + ( 8 − 9 )
2 2
Now a 2 – a1 = – 3 î + 2 k̂ 1(−1) − 2(−2) + 2(−1)

=
î ˆj kˆ (−1) 2 + (2) 2 + (−1) 2
b1 × b 2 = 1 2 −3 = 2 î – ĵ 1
2 4 −5 =
6
125


42. The given equation of lines are 45. Here, n =i − 2j + 3k and p = 1
x + a =2 y =−12z and x =y + 2a =6z − 6a
n i − 2j + 3kˆ i − 2j + 3k
x+a y z x y + 2a z−a n
= = =
i.e., = = and = = n 1+ 4 + 9 14
−12 −6 1 6 6 1
−a 2a −a ∴ The vector equation of the plane is
−12 −6 1 r.n = p
6 6 1  i − 2j + 3k 
d= ⇒ r.
2
(−6 − 6) + (6 + 12) + (−72 + 36)2 2  =1
 14 
− a ( −12 ) − 2a ( −12 − 6 ) − a ( −72 + 36 )
=
122 + 182 + 362
(
⇒ r. i − 2j + 3k =14 )
12a + 36a + 36a 84a 46. The given vector equation is
= = = 2a
1764 42
(
r. 3i − 2j + 2k =
12) …(i)
43. Since, the line intersect each other,
r.n = 12 , where n = 3i − 2j + 2k
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
∴ a1 b1 c1 n 3i − 2j + 2k 3i − 2j + 2k
n
= = =
a2 b2 c2 n 9+4+4 17
2 − 1 2 − k −1 + 1 3  2  2 
⇒ n = i− j+ k
⇒ 3 6 −2 = 0 17 17 17
−1 4 −1 ∴ Normal form is
⇒ 1 (−6 + 8) − (2 − k) (−3 − 2) + 0 = 0  3 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 12
⇒ 2 + (2 − k) 5 = 0 r.  i− j+ k =
 17 17 17  17
⇒ 12 − 5k = 0
12 47. Given equation of plane is
⇒k=
5
( )
r. 2i − 3j + k + 9 =0
44. Comparing the given equations with r= a1 + λ b1
and (
⇒ r. 2i − 3j + k =−9 ) …(i)
r= a 2 + λ b 2 we get n = 2i − 3j + k

a1 =− i + 3j + k , and a 2= 3i + j 2i − 3j + k 2i − 3j + k
∴
= n =
b1 = b 2 = b = 5i + j + 4k 4 + 9 +1 14
∴ The lines are parallel ∴ The d.c.s. of normal to the plane are
a 2 − a1 = 4i − 2j − k 2 −3 1
, ,
14 14 14
i j k
( )
a 2 − a1 × b = 4 −2 −1 48. Given that lx + my + nz = p is the equation of
5 1 4 the plane in normal form.
∴ l, m, n are the direction cosines.
= i ( −8 + 1) − j(16 + 5 ) + k ( 4 + 10 ) Also l2 + m2 + n2 = 1,
=−7i − 21j + 14k Since, p is the distance from the origin, p should
be greater than zero.
∴ The distance between the parallel lines is
∴ All the statements are true,
d=
(a 2 − a1 × b) ∴ correct answer is option (D)
b
50. Equation of XY plane is z = 0,
−7i − 21j + 14k ∴ d.c.s. of its normal are 0, 0, 1
∴ d=
25 + 1 + 16
x y z
49 + 441 + 196 51. + + =1
= 7 7 7
42 a
7 7
= For equal intercepts, =7 ⇒a=1
3 a
126


52. Equation of plane in intercept form is 59. The plane passes through (2, 4, −3)
x y z This point satisfies the equation of plane in
+ + =1
a b c option (C)
Here, a = b = c and point (1, −1, 2) lies in the plane, Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 4, −3.
1 −1 2 ∴ option (C) is correct answer.
∴ + + =1⇒a=2
a a a 60. The plane passes through (1, −1, 1)
∴ the required equation of a plane is x + y + z = 2. This point satisfies the equation of plane in
53. Here, a = i + j + 2k and n = 3i − 2j + 3k option (D)
î ˆj kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is
r.n = a.n Also, it has d.r.s = b × c = 2 1 1
0 1 2
( ) ( )(
⇒ r. 3i − 2j + 3kˆ = i + j + 2k . 3i − 2j + 3k )
= î(2 − 1) − ˆj(4 − 0) + k(2
ˆ − 0)
⇒ r.( 3i − 2j + 3k ) =
7
= î − 4ˆj + 2kˆ
54. Let a = j − 3k and n =i + 2j + 4k i.e., 1, −4, 2
The vector equation of plane is ∴ option (D) is correct answer.
Alternate Method
( ) ( )(
r. i + 2j + 4k = j − 3k . i + 2j + 4k ) Let a = î − ˆj + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and c = ˆj + 2kˆ
⇒ r.(i + 2j + 4k ) = − 10
Now, b × c = î − 4ˆj + 2kˆ
55. The plane passes through (2, −1, 1) ∴ the vector equation of required plane is
This point satisfies the equation of plane in ( ) (
r. b × c = a. b × c )
option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 1, −2. ⇒ r.( î − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ = (iˆ − ˆj + k).(i
ˆ ˆ − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ
∴ option (D) is correct answer. ⇒ r.( î − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ =7
Alternate method:
Let A ≡ (2, −1, 1) 61. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (0, 1, 2),
The d.r.s. of line joining the points (2, 3, −1) a1, b1, c1 = 3, 1, 1 and
and (1, 2, 1) are 1, 1, −2 a2, b2, c2 = −1, 2, −5
∴ the equation of the required plane is ∴ the equation of required plane is
1(x – 2) + 1(y + 1) – 2(z – 1) = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
⇒ x + y − 2z + 1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 = 0
56. The plane passes through (3, 2, −1) a2 b2 c2
This point satisfies the equation of plane in x−0 y −1 z − 2
option (C). ⇒ 3 1 1 =0
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 2, −3 −1 2 −5
∴ option (C) is correct answer.
⇒ −7x + 14y − 14 + 7z − 14 = 0
57. The plane passes through (−10, 5, 4) ⇒ x − 2y − z + 4 = 0
This point satisfies the equation of plane in
option (B) 62. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, −1),
Also, it has d.r.s. 7, −3, −1 a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2
∴ option (B) is correct answer. ∴ the equation of required plane is
x −1 y − 2 z +1
58. The plane passes through (1, 2, −3)
This point satisfies the equation of plane in 2 1 3 =0
option (A) 4 1 1
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, −3. ⇒ (x − 1)(−2) + (y − 2)(10) + (z + 1)(−2) = 0
∴ option (A) is correct answer. ⇒ −2x + 2 + 10y − 20 − 2z − 2 = 0
Alternate method: ⇒ x − 5y + z + 10 = 0
Let M (1, 2, –3) be the foot of perpendicular
from the origin O (0, 0, 0) to the plane D. r. s of 63. Required plane passes through point
normal are 1, 2, –3 (x1, y1, z1) ≡ (1, −3, −2) and is perpendicular to
∴ the equation of the required plane is planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + 3y + 2z = 8
1 (x – 1) + 2 (y – 2) – 3 (z + 3) = 0 ∴ their normals are parallel to the required plane
⇒ x + 2y – 3z = 14 ∴ a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 3, 2
127


∴ the equation of required plane is 67. Consider option (B)
x −1 y + 3 z + 2 r .(9 + 3 – ) = 14
1 2 2 =0 Its Cartesian form is
3 3 2 9x + 3y − z = 14
Since, given points (1, 1, −2), (2, −1, 1) and
⇒ 2x − 4y + 3z − 8 = 0 (1, 2, 1) satisfy the above plane,
∴ correct answer is option (B)
64. The equation r = a + λ b + µc represents a plane
passing through vector a and parallel to b and
2x + 2y − 5z = 0
c
Since, the given points (4, 1, 2), (1, −1, 0) and
∴ a= 3iˆ + ˆj , b =−ˆj + kˆ , c =î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ (0, 0, 0) satisfy the above plane,
î ˆj ∴ correct answer is option (D)
kˆ
Now, b × c = 0 −1 1 69. Consider option (C)
1 2 3 3x – 4z + l = 0
Since, the given points (1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1) and
= −5iˆ + ˆj + kˆ (–7, –3, –5) satisfy the above plane,
∴ correct answer is option (C)
∴ the equation of required plane is
r.(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = (3iˆ + ˆj).(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ 70. Here n1 = i − j + 2k and n 2 = 3i − j − k
⇒ r.(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = −14 The vector equation of plane passing through
intersection of r.n1 = p1 and r.n 2 = p2 is
65. Consider option (B)
( )
r. n1 + λ n 2 = p1 + λp2
( )
r. î + 11ˆj + 3kˆ = 14
Its Cartesian form is
( )
⇒ r. i − j + 2k + λ 3i − j − k  = 3 + λ(4)

x + 11y + 3z = 14 ⇒ r. (1 + 3λ ) i − (1 + λ ) ˆj + ( 2 − λ ) k  = 3 + 4λ
Since, the given points (1, 2, −3), (3, 1, 0) and
(0, 1, 1) satisfiy the above plane, 71. Consider option (B)
∴ correct answer is option (B) r ⋅(10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
Alternate method: Its Cartesian form is
Equation of a plane passing through three points 10x + 11y + 12z = 33
is Since, the given point (1, 1, 1) is satisfies the
above plane
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0 Alternate method:
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z 3 − z1 The equation of plane through the intersection
x −1 y − 2 z + 3 of given planes is
(x + y + z − 4) + λ(x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
⇒ 2 −1 3 =0
Since, it passes through (1, 1, 1)
−1 −1 4 1
∴ (1 + 1 + 1 − 4) + λ(1 + 2 + 3 + 3) = 0 ⇒ λ =
⇒ (x − 1)(−1) − (y − 2)(11) + (z + 3)(−3) = 0 9
⇒ −x − 11y − 3z + 14 = 0 1
⇒ (x + y + z − 4) + (x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
⇒ x + 11y + 3z = 14 9
Its vector form is ⇒ 10x + 11y + 12z – 33 = 0
∴ the equation of plane in vector form is
( )
r. î + 11ˆj + 3kˆ = 14
r ⋅(10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
66. Consider option (B) 72. Consider option (D)
r .(3 î + ĵ – k̂ ) + 4 = 0 ( )
r. 11i + 3j − 5k =
22
Its Cartesian form is Its Cartesian form is
3x + y − z = −4 11x + 3y − 5z = 22
Since the given points A(1, –2, 5), B(0, –5, –1) Since, the given point (1, 2, −1) is satisfies the
and C(–3, 5, 0) satisfy the above plane, above plane,
∴ correct answer is option (B). ∴ correct answer is option (D)
128


73. Equation of plane passing through intersection 81. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
of given planes is, ∴ d.r.s. of the line are a, b, c
(x + y + z − 1) + λ(2x + 3y − z + 4) = 0 It passes through (α, b, γ)
(1 + 2λ)x + (1 + 3λ)y + (1 − λ)z + 4λ − 1 = 0 ∴ equation of perpendicular is
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, x−α y −β z−γ
= =
1 a b c
∴ (1 + 2λ) = 0 ⇒ λ = −
2 82. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Hence, the equation of required plane is ∴ d.r.s. of the line are 2, −3, 1
y − 3z + 6 = 0 It passes through (1, 1, 1)
74. Plane passes through (1, 2, 3) ∴ the equation of required line is
The point (1, 2, 3) satisfies the equation of plane x −1 y −1 z −1
= =
represented by option (B) 2 −3 1
∴ option (B) is correct 83. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Alternate method: ∴ d.r.s. of the line are 1, −2, −3
Any plane parallel to 2x + 4y + 2z = 5 is It passes through (1, 1, −1)
2x + 4y + 2z = k ∴ the equation of required line is
It passes through (1, 2, 3) ⇒ k = 16 x −1 y −1 z +1
∴ Equation of plane is x + 2y + z = 8 = =
1 −2 −3
75. Plane passes through (0, 0, 0) 84. D.r.s of line perpendicular to YZ-plane are
The point (0, 0, 0) satisfies the equation of plane 1, 0, 0
represented by option (A) It passes through (1, 2, 3)
∴ option (A) is correct. ∴ equation of required line is
76. Equation of plane parallel to ZX-plane is y = b. x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= =
It is passes through (0, 2, 0) 1 0 0
∴ its equation is y = 2. 85. D.r.s of the normal to the XZ plane are a, 0, c
77. Equation of plane parallel to YZ-plane is x = a The required line passes through (1, 2, 3)
Since, it is passes through (–1, 3, 4) ∴ The equation of required line is
∴ equation of required plane is x = −1 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= =
i.e., x + 1 = 0 a 0 c
78. Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, 86. Equation of line passing through point (1, 1, 1)
is
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 0, b, c
x −1 y −1 z −1
∴ The equation of required plane is by + cz + d = 0 = =
a b c
79. Since, the plane is parallel to ax + by + cz = 0, Also, the line is parallel to the plane
their d.r.s will be same and 2x + 3y + z + 5 = 0
It passes through (α, b, γ) ∴ 2a + 3b + c = 0
∴ The equation of the plane is The above equation is satisfied by −1, 1, −1
a(x − α) + b(y − b) + c(z − γ) = 0 ∴ correct answer is option (A)
⇒ ax + by + cz = aα + bb + cγ
x−4 y−2 z−k
80. Equation of the plane through the origin is 87. The line = = lies in the plane
1 1 2
ax + by + cz = 0 2x – 4y + z = 7.
The required plane passes through the line ∴ the point (4, 2, k) lies on the line and hence lies
x −1 y−2 z−3 in the plane
= =
5 4 5 ∴ 2(4) – 4(2) + k = 7
∴ 5a + 4b + 5c = 0 …(i) ⇒k=7
The plane passes through the point (1, 2, 3)
88. n1 = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and n 2 = î + ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ a + 2b + 3c = 0 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get n1 .n 2
a b c ∴ cosθ =
∴ = = n1 n 2
12 − 10 5 − 15 10 − 4
a b c 2 (1) − 1(1) + 1( 2 ) 1
⇒ = = = =
1 −5 3 4 +1+1 1+1+ 4 2
∴ The equation of the required plane is π
⇒θ =
x – 5y + 3z = 0 3
129


89. Let a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, −3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2 98. The d.r.s. of line and plane are a, b, c
∴ The angle between the planes is a a + b b + cc
∴ sin θ =
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 a + b2 + c2 ⋅ a 2 + b2 + c2
2
cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 . a 22 + b 22 + c 22 a + b2 + c2
2
= =1
a 2 + b2 + c2
1(4) + 2(1) + (−3)(2) ⇒ θ = 90°
= =0
1 + 4 + 9 . 16 + 1 + 4
99. Given equation of line is 6x = 4y = 3z
π x y z
⇒θ= i.e. = =
2 2 3 4
92. The d.r.s. of normal to first plane are a, b, c and ∴ the d.r.s. of line are 2, 3, 4
the d.r.s. of normal to second plane are a′, b′, c′ the d.r.s. of plane are 3, 2, −3
Since the two planes are perpendicular, 2(3) + 3(2) + 4( −3)
∴ sin θ = =0
∴ aa′ + bb′ + cc′ = 0 4 + 9 + 16 . 9 + 4 + 9
93. The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 0, 2, 3. ⇒ θ = 90°

The d.r.s of X axis are 1, 0, 0 101. Since the line r = î + λ (2 î − m ĵ − 3 k̂ ) is
Now, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0(1) + 2(0) + 3(0)
=0 parallel to the plane r .(m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
∴ The plane 2y + 3z = 0 passes through X-axis. ∴ b.n = 0
94. Comparing the equations of line and plane with ⇒ (2 î – m ĵ – 3 k̂ ) . (m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0

r = a + λ b and r.n = p , we get ⇒ 2(m) − m(3) − 3(1) = 0
b =î + 2ˆj − kˆ and n = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ⇒−m=3
⇒ m = −3
∴ The angle between the line and plane is
x −1 y +1 z
b.n 1(2) + 2(−1) − 1(1) 1 102. The line = = lie on the
sin θ = = = 2 3 4
b.n 1+ 4 +1 4 +1+1 6 plane 4x + 4y – kz = 0
1 Since the given line lies on the plane, it is
⇒ θ = sin −1   parallel to the plane
6
∴ aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
95. Here, b = î − ˆj + kˆ and n= 3iˆ − 4kˆ ⇒ 4(2) + 4(3) – k(4) = 0
∴ Angle between the line and plane is ⇒ 4k = 20 ⇒ k = 5
(iˆ − ˆj + k).(3i
ˆ ˆ − 4k)
ˆ −1 103. The equation of plane is
sin θ = = 3x − 2y + 6z − 5 = 0 and the point is (2, 3, 4)
1 + 1 + 1 . 9 + 16 5 3
∴ The distance of point from the plane is
 1 
⇒ θ = sin−1   ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
5 3 d=
a 2 + b2 + c2
96. Let a, b, c = 2, 3, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 3, 2, −3 2 ( 3) + 3 ( −2 ) + 4 ( 6 ) − 5 19
aa1 + bb1 + cc1
= =
∴ sin θ =
2
3 +2 +6 2 2 7
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a12 + b12 + c12 Alternate method:
=
2(3) + 3(2) + 4(−3) ()
Let A a = ( 2,3,4 )
22 + 32 + 42 (3) 2 + (2) 2 + (−3) 2 Given equation of plane is
⇒ sin θ = 0
⇒ θ = 0°
(
r. 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 6kˆ =
5 )
∴ a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ , and n =3iˆ − 2ˆj + 6kˆ
97. Let a, b, c = 3, 2, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, −3
∴ The distance of point from plane is
6 + 2 − 12
∴ sin θ =
9 + 4 + 16 4 + 1 + 9
d=
( a.n ) − p = 2(3) + 3(−2) + 4(6) − 5
=
19
−4 −4 n 2
3 +2 +6 2 2 7
⇒ sin θ = =
29 × 14 406 104. Here, a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, d = −3 and x = y = z = 0
−1  −4  −3
⇒ θ = sin   ∴ d= = 3
 406  1 +12 + 12
2
130


105. Here, a = 3, b = −6, c = 2, z = 11 and x = 2, 110. Given line passes through (1, −2, 1) and the
y = 3, z = 4 d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 2, −1
3(2) + (−6)(3) + 2(4) + 11 2(1) + 2(−2) − 1(1) − 6
∴ d= =1 ∴ d=
32 + (−6) 2 + 22 22 + 22 + (−1) 2
106. Let the intercepts made by the plane 9

= =3
a, b, c = 2, 1, −2 9
∴ The distance of plane from origin is
111. Given planes are parallel and can be written as
1
d= 5
1 1 1 2x – 2y + z + 3 = 0 and 2x – 2y + z + =0
+ + 2
a 2 b2 c2
∴ the distance between these planes is
1 2
= = d1 − d 2
1 1 6 d=
+1+ a + b2 + c2
2
4 4
Alternate method: 5 1
3−   1
The equation of plane is 2
= 2 =  =
x y z 4 + 4 +1 3 6
+ + 1
=
2 1 −2
i.e. x + 2y − z − 2 = 0
112. Given planes are parallel, and can be written as
∴ distance of plane from the origin is
7
−2 x + 2y + 3z + 7 = 0 and x + 2y + 3z + =0
d= 2
1+ 4 +1
2
d= 7
6 7− 7
d= 2 =
107. Let a, b, c = −6, 3, 4 1+ 4 + 9 2 2
∴ The length of perpendicular from origin is
1 1 12
=d = = 113. The plane passes through points (1, –2, 3) and
1 1 1 29 29 (4, 0, –1)
+ +
(−6) 2 32 42 144 This points satisfies the equation of plane in
option (A)
108. The distance of (1,1,1) from the origin is
∴ option (A) is correct answer.
d = (1) 2 + (1) 2 + (1) 2 = 3
Distance of (1,1,1) from 114. The plane passes through (1, 2, −1)
x + y + z + k = 0 is This point satisfies the equation of plane in
option (A)
(1) + (1) + (1) + k
d1 = î ˆj kˆ
(1) 2 + (1) 2 + (1) 2
Also, it has d.r.s = b × c = 1 2 −1
k +3
=± 1 1 3
3
1 k +3 = 7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂
Now, 3 =± …(given)
2  3  i.e., 7, −4, −1
⇒ 6 = ± (k + 3) ∴ option (A) is correct answer.
⇒ k = 3, −9 Alternate Method
109. Since, the points (1, 1, k) and (−3, 0 , 1) are Let a = î − ˆj + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and c = ˆj + 2kˆ
equidistance from the given plane
3 + 4 − 12k + 13 −9 − 12 + 13
∴ = ∴ the vector equation of required plane is
9 + 16 + 144 9 + 16 + 144
⇒ |3 + 4 − 12k + 13| = |−9 − 12 + 13| ( ) (
r. b × c = a. b × c )
⇒ 20 − 12k = ± 8 ⇒ r (7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = (iˆ − 2ˆj − k).(7i
ˆ ˆ − 4ˆj − k)
ˆ
5
⇒ k = 1, ⇒ r .(7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = 0
7
131


x −1 y − 2 z +1
⇒ = =
Critical Thinking −2 −2 2
x −1 y − 2 z +1
1. d.r.s. of given line are 1, 1, 1 ⇒ = = …(i)
1 1 −1
1 1 1
∴ d.c.s. are , , Comparing (i) with given equation, we get
3 3 3
l = 1, m = 1, n = −1
2. The d.r.s. of line are 3, 2, −8 and its passes
through (5, 2, −4) 8. Let A ≡ (−1, 3, −2) and B ≡ (−5, 3, −6)
∴ the vector equation of line is Midpoint of AB = (−3, 3,−4)
r = 5 î + 2 ĵ − 4 k̂ + λ(3 î + 2 ĵ − 8 k̂ )
Since the line is equally inclined to the axis
∴ d.r.s. are 1, 1, 1.
The cartesian equation of the line is
x−5 y−2 z+4 ∴ equation of the line is
= = x+3 y −3 z+ 4
3 2 −8 = =
1 1 1
3. The line passes through (2, − 3, 4) and has ⇒x+3=y−3=z+4
direction ratios proportional to 3, 4, −5.
∴ the cartesian equation of the line is 9. Co-ordinates of G ≡ (1, 1, 1)
x−2 y+3 z−4 D.r.s of OG are 1, 1, 1 and it passes through
= =
3 4 −5 (0, 0, 0)
∴ 4x − 8 = 3y + 9 and −5y − 15 = 4z − 16 ∴ equation of line OG is
i.e., 4x − 3y = 17 and 5y + 4z = 1 x−0 y−0 z−0
= =
1 1 1
4. Line  Z-axis
⇒x=y=z
∴ d.r.s. are 0, 0, 1
∴ Required equation is 10. The equation of the line joining the points
r = 2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ + λ ( 0. î + 0. ĵ + 1 k̂ ) (2, 2, 1) and (5, 1, – 2) is
⇒ r = (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂) + λ k̂ x−2 y−2 z −1
= =
5−2 1− 2 −2 − 1
5. Let a, b, c, be the direction ratios of the required x−2 y−2 z −1
line. ⇒ = = …(i)
3 −1 −3
Since, the line is perpendicular to the lines with Since, x co-ordinate is 4
d.r.s 3, −16, 7 and 3, 8, −5
∴ It satisfies (i)
∴ 3a − 16b + 7c = 0 …i)
4 − 2 y − 2 z −1
and 3a + 8b − 5c = 0 …(ii) ∴ = =
3 −1 −3
a b c
⇒ = = ..[From (i) and (ii)] z −1 2
2 3 6 ∴ =
−3 3
∴ Equation of the required line is
x −1 y − 2 z + 4 ∴ 3z − 3 = −6
= = ∴ z = −1
2 3 6
6. Here, (x1, y1, z1) ≡ (a, b, c) 11. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, −6, 10) and | r | = 17
and (x2, y2, z2) ≡ (a − b, b − c, c − a) 2
Required equation of line is x2 = x1 + lr = 3 −
17
( )
17 = 1
x−a y−b z−c
= = 3
a −b−a b−c−b c−a −c y2 = y1 + mr = −6 +
17
( 17 = −3)
x−a y−b z−c
i.e., = = 2
b c a z2 = z1 + nr = 10 −
17
( )
17 = 8
x −1 y−2 z +1
7. Given equation is = =
l m n 12. The d.r.s. of the line joining the points (2, 1, −3)
The equation of line passing through and (−3, 1, 7) are −5, 0, 10
(1, 2, −1) and (−1, 0, 1) is The d.r.s. of the line parallel to line
x −1 y − 2 z +1 x −1 y z + 3
= = = = are 3, 4, 5
−1 − 1 0 − 2 1 + 1 3 4 5
132


∴ The angle between the lines having d.r.s. x y −1 z −1
18. Let = = =λ
–5, 0, 10 and 3, 4, 5 is 2 3 3
− 5(3) + 0(4) + 10(5) ∴ Any general point on this line is
cos θ =
25 + 0 + 100 9 + 16 + 25 Q (2λ, 3λ+1, 3λ+1)
35 Let P ≡ (1, 2, 3).
⇒ cos θ =
25 10 ∴ D.r.s. of PQ are 2λ − 1, 3λ − 1, 3λ − 2
 7  P(1, 2, 3)
⇒ θ =cos −1  
 5 10 
13. The d.r.s. of the two lines are 2, −1, 1 and x y −1 z −1

= =
4, −1, λ 2 3 3
Q
Since, the lines are perpendicular (2λ, 3λ + 1, 3λ + 1)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
⇒ 2(4) + (–1) (–1) + (1) (λ) = 0
⇒λ+9=0
Since, PQ is perpendicular to given line
⇒λ=–9
∴ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
14. a1, b1, c1 = 2, p, 5 and ∴ (2λ − 1)2 + (3λ − 1)3 + (3λ − 2)3 = 0
a2, b2, c2 = 3, −p, p 1
Since, the given lines are perpendicular. ∴ λ=
2
∴ (2)(3) + p(−p) + (5)(p) = 0  5 5
⇒ 6 − p2 + 5p = 0 ∴ Q ≡ 1, , 
 2 2
⇒ p2 − 5p − 6 = 0
⇒ (p − 6) (p + 1) = 0 x y−2 z−3
19. Let = = =λ
⇒ p = 6 or p = − 1 2 3 4
Any point on the line is
15. a1, b1, c1 = 2, λ, 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 1
P ≡ (2λ, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3)
Since, the lines are perpendicular.
Given point is A (3, – 1, 11)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
∴ The d.r.s. of AP are
∴ 2 (1) + λ (3) + 0 (1) = 0
2λ −3, 3λ + 3, 4λ − 8
∴ 2+3λ=0
Since, the line AP is perpendicular to the given
−2
∴ λ= line
3 ∴ 2(2λ − 3) + 3(3λ + 3) + 4(4λ − 8) = 0
16. Given lines pass through common point (1, 2, 3) ⇒ 29 λ − 29 = 0
Also, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2(3) + 3(4) + 4(5) ≠ 0 ⇒λ=1
∴ lines are intersecting ∴ P ≡ (2, 5, 7)
17. Let r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , then x+3 y −1 z+4

20. Let = = =λ
5 2 3
r × a = b × a ⇒ (r − b ) × a = 0
∴ Any general point on this line is
î ˆj kˆ Q (5λ −3, 2λ + 1, 3λ − 4)
∴ x − 2 y z +1 = 0 Let P ≡ (0, 2, 3).
1 1 0 ∴ The d.r.s. of PQ are 5λ − 3, 2λ − 1, 3λ − 7
Since PQ is perpendicular to given line,
⇒ (−z −1) î − (− z −1) ĵ + (x − y − 2) k̂ = 0
5(5λ − 3) + 2(2λ − 1) + 3(3λ − 7) = 0
⇒ z = − 1, x − y = 2 …(i) ⇒λ=1
Now, r × b = a × b ⇒ ( r − a ) × b = 0 ∴ Q ≡ (2, 3, −1)
î ˆj kˆ 21. Let P (x, y, z) be any point
∴ x −1 y −1 z = 0 Now by the given condition, we get
2 0 −1 2 2 2
 ( x 2 + y 2 )  +  ( y 2 + z 2 )  +  (z 2 + x 2 )  = 36
     
⇒ (1 − y) î − (1 − x − 2z) ĵ + (2 − 2y) k̂ = 0
i.e., x2 + y2 + z2 = 18
⇒ y = 1, x + 2z = 1 …(ii) ∴ The distance from origin
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 18 = 3 2
x = 3, y = 1, z = −1
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
22. Distance of point P α from the ( ) 24. Let

x − 11
=
y + 2 z+8
= =λ
10 −4 −11
line r = a + λ b is Any point on the line is
P(10λ + 11, – 4 λ – 2, – 11λ – 8)
( )
2
2
 a − a .b 
a−a −  Let A ≡ (2, – 1, 5)
 b  The d.r.s. of the line AP are
 
10λ + 11 – 2, – 4λ – 2 – (– 1), – 11λ – 8 – 5
( )
Given, P α ≡ (0,0,0) and
i.e., 10λ + 9, − 4λ − 1, −11λ − 13
(
t = 4i + 2j + 4k + λ 3i + 4j − 5k ) Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line
∴ 10(10λ + 9) – 4(– 4λ – 1) – 11(– 11λ – 13) = 0
∴ a = 4i + 2j + 4k and ⇒ 100λ + 90 + 16λ + 4 + 121λ + 143 = 0
b = 3i + 4j − 5k ⇒ 237λ + 237 = 0 ⇒ λ = – 1
∴ Distance of point ∴ P ≡ (1, 2, 3)
AP = ( 2 − 1) + ( −1 − 2 ) + ( 5 − 3)
2 2 2
 −4(3) − 2(4) − 4( −5) 
2 ∴
= (−4) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−4) 2  −   = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
 32 + 42 + ( −5) 2 
= 16 + 4 + 16 25. The given equation of line is

x −1 y +1
=6 = = z
Alternate method: 2 −3
The co-ordinates of any point on the given line
AO = 4iˆ + 2ˆj + 4kˆ
are (2λ + 1, − 3λ − 1, λ)
∴ OA = 16 + 4 + 16 =6 The distance of this point from the point
O (0, 0, 0) (1, − 1, 0) is 4 14 .
∴ (2λ)2 + (− 3λ)2 + (λ)2 = (4 14) 2 ⇒ λ = ± 4
d
∴ The co-ordinates of the required point are
(9, − 13, 4) or (− 7, 11, − 4)
A 3iˆ + 4ˆj − 5kˆ
M L The point nearer to the origin is (−7, 11, −4).
(4,2,4)
26. The equation of the line joining the points
AM = Projection of OA on AL A(2, – 3, – 1) and B(8, – 1, 2) is
12 + 8 − 20 x−2 y+3 z +1
= =0 = =
9 + 16 + 25 8−2 −1 + 3 2 +1
In right angled ∆OAM, d2 = OA2 − AM2 x−2 y+3 z +1
⇒ = = =λ
⇒ d2 = 62 − 0 ⇒ d = 6 6 2 3
x −1 y z (6λ + 2, 2λ – 3, 3λ – 1)
23. Any point on the line = = = λ is
2 9 5 The distance of this point from the point
P (2λ +1, 9λ, 5λ) A(2, – 3, – 1) is 14 units.
Let A ≡ (5, 4, – 1) ∴ (6λ)2 + (2λ)2 + (3λ)2 = (14)2
The d.r.s. of the line AP are ∴ 49λ2 = 196
2λ + 1 – 5, 9λ – 4, 5λ – (– 1) ∴ λ2 = 4 ⇒ λ = ± 2
⇒ 2λ – 4, 9λ – 4, 5λ + 1 ∴ The points are (14, 1, 5) and (– 10, – 7, – 7)
Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line ∴ The point nearer to the origin is (−10, −7, −7).
∴ 2 (2λ – 4) + 9 (9λ – 4) + 5 (5λ + 1) = 0 27. Any point on the line
⇒ 4λ – 8 + 81λ – 36 + 25λ + 5 = 0 x+5 y+3 z−6
39 = = = λ is given by P
⇒λ= 1 4 −9
110 (2, 4, −1)
M ≡ (λ − 5, 4λ − 3, − 9λ + 6).
 188 351 195 
∴ P≡  , , 
 110 110 110 
2 2 2
 188   351   195 
∴ AP =  5 −  +4−  +  −1 − 
110 110
 110   
1 2109 The d.r.s. of PM are A B
= 131044 + 7921 + 93025 = (−5, −3, 6) M
110 2 110 λ − 7, 4λ − 7, −9λ + 7
134
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Since, PM is perpendicular to AM, 30. Since, the plane contains the X-axis, it passes
∴ 1(λ − 7) + 4 (4λ − 7) − 9( −9λ + 7) = 0 through the origin
⇒ 98λ − 98 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 ∴ d=0
∴ M = (− 4, 1, − 3) ∴ The equation of the plane is
Now, Equation of perpendicular passing through ax + by + cz = 0 …(i)
P(2, 4, −1) and M(−4, 1, −3) is Also, plane passes through (1, 1, 1)
x−2 y−4 z +1 ∴ a+b+c=0 …(ii)
= =
−4 − 2 1− 4 −3 + 1 x y z
The equation of the X-axis is = =
x−2 y−4 z +1 1 0 0
⇒ = = As the plane contains the X-axis, the d.r.s of the
6 3 2
normal to the plane are perpendicular to X-axis
28. The lines can be rewritten as ∴ a(1) + b(0) + c(0) = 0
r = ( î − 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + t(− î + ĵ − k̂ ) and ⇒a=0
r = ( î − ĵ − k̂ ) + s( î + 2 ĵ − 2 k̂ ) Substituting value of a in (ii) we get
b+c=0⇒b=–c
Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, −2, 3)
∴ The equation of the required plane is
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, −1, −1)
by – bz = 0
(a1, b1, c1) = (−1, 1, −1)
⇒y–z=0
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, −2)
∴ Shortest distance (d) 31. The plane passes through (1, −1, 3) and
1 − 1 −1 + 2 −1 − 3 (2, 3 −4)
−1 1 −1 The points satisfies the equation of plane in
1 2 −2
option (B)
d= ∴ option (B) is correct answer.
( −2 + 2 )2 + ( −1 − 2 )2 + ( −2 − 1)2
Alternate method:
0 − 1( 3) − 4 ( −3) 9 3 Let ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the equation of the
= = =
3 2 3 2 2 required plane.
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis,
29. The given equation of lines are ∴ a=0
x −1 y +1 z −1 The points (1, –1, 3) and (2, 3, – 4) lie in the
= = and
k 3 4 plane,
x − 3 2y − 9 z ∴ – b + 3c + d = 0, and …(i)
= =
1 2k 1 3b – 4c + d = 0 …(ii)
9 Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get
x−3 y − 2 z
i.e. = = b
=
c
=
d
1 k 1
3 − (−4) 3 +1 4−9
Since the line intersect,
b c d
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 ⇒ = =
7 4 −5
a1 b1 c1 = 0
∴ Equation of the required plane is 7y + 4z – 5 = 0
a2 b2 c2
11 32. The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
2 −1 This point satisfies the equation of plane in
2
∴ k 3 4 =0
option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, 4.
1 k 1
∴ option (D) is correct answer.
11 Alternate method:
∴ 2(3 − 4k) − (k − 4) −1(k2 − 3) = 0
2 The equation of the required plane parallel to
11 the plane x + 2y + 4z = 5 is
∴ 6 − 8k − k + 22 − k2 + 3 = 0
2 x + 2y + 4z + k = 0
∴ 2 k2 + 27 k − 62 = 0 The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
∴ 2 k2 − 4 k + 31 k − 62 = 0 ∴ 2 + 2(3) + 4(4) + k = 0
∴ 2 k(k − 2) + 31 (k − 2) = 0 ⇒ k = −24
−31 ∴ the equation of the required plane is
∴ k = 2 or k =
2 x + 2y + 4z = 24
135
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33. The plane passes through (1, 2, 3) Alternate method:
This point satisfies the equation of plane in The required plane bisects the line segment
option (D) perpendicularly.
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 3, −4. ∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are
∴ option (D) is correct answer. 3 − (−1), − 5 − 2, 6 − 3
i.e. 4, −7, 3
34. The plane x – 3y + 5z = d passes through
3 9
(1, 2, 4). Since, the mid-point 1, − ,  lies in the plane,
∴ d = 15  2 2
∴ the equation of plane becomes x – 3y + 5z = 15 ∴ The equation of the plane is
3 9
⇒
x
+
y z
+ =1 4(x − 1) − 7  y +  + 3  z −  = 0
15 −5 3  2  2
∴ length of intercept cut by plane on the X, Y, Z ⇒ 4x − 7y + 3z = 28
axes are 15, –5, 3 respectively.
39.
35. Here, a = b = c = 1
P
x y z
∴ the equation of the required plane is + + =1
1 1 1
⇒x+y+z=1 (–1, 3, 4)
36.
A ( a ) =î + 2ˆj + 4kˆ
Q
M ( m=
) 2ˆj − kˆ
Mid-point of line joining P(1, 2, 3) and
Q(−3, 4, 5) is (–1, 3, 4)
It lies on the plane
B ( b ) =−î + 2ˆj − 6kˆ
The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are −4, 2, 2
i.e. –2, 1, 1
(1 − 1) î + ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( 4 − 6 ) kˆ ∴ The equation of the plane is
∴ M m = ( ) 2 2 2 –2(x + 1) + 1(y – 3) + 1(z – 4) = 0
= 2 j − kˆ
ˆ ⇒ 2x – y – z = –9
x y z
∴ equation of plane passing through the vector ⇒ + + =1
−9 9 9
2 ˆj − kˆ and perpendicular to AB =−2iˆ − 10kˆ is 2
( ) ( 2ˆj − kˆ ).( −2iˆ − 10kˆ )

r. −2iˆ − 10kˆ = ∴ Intercepts are
−9
2
, 9, 9
⇒ r.( î + 5kˆ ) =
−10 40. The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
37. P be the point (a, b, c). option (A)
∴ The d.r.s of OP are a, b, c. Also, it has d.r.s. 3 − 2 , 4 + 1, −1 −5
∴ Equation of the plane passing through the point i.e. 1, 5, −6.
(a, b, c) is ∴ option (A) is correct answer.
a( x − a) + b( y − b) + c(z − c) = 0 Alternate method:
The d.r.s. of the line joining the points
⇒ ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2 (3, 4, −1) and (2, −1, 5) are 1, 5, −6.
38. Mid-point of the line segment joining the points The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
(−1, 2, 3) and (3, − 5, 6) is ∴ the equation of required plane is
−1 + 3 2 − 5 3 + 6 
1(x – 2) + 5(y + 3) – 6(z – 1) = 0
M ≡  , ,  ⇒ x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0
 2 2 2 
−3 9 41. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the required plane.
M ≡ 1, , 
 2 2 Since, the plane passes through Z-axis,
The plane passes through point M ∴ a(0) + b(0) + c(1) = 0
It satisfies option (C) ⇒c=0
136


Given that the required plane is perpendicular to î ˆj kˆ
x −1 y+2 z−3 47. n = 1 −1 2 = – 3 î + 5 ĵ + 4 k̂
= =
cos θ sin θ 0
3 1 1
∴ d.r.s of normal to plane are cos θ, sin θ, 0
∴ the equation of required plane is ∴ the d.r.s. of line are – 3, 5, 4
x cos θ + y sin θ = 0 ∴ The equation of the line passing through
⇒ x + y tan θ = 0 (1, 2, 3) and having d.r.s. −3, 5, 4 is
x −1 y−2 z−3
42. = =
n −3 5 4
( a, b, c )
48. (2, –1, 0) lies on the plane 9x − 2y − 3z = k
∴ 9(2) – 2(–1) – 3(0) = k
⇒ k = 20
49. Since, the point (1, 0, z1) lies on the plane
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 ( )
r. −î + 3kˆ =2
= =
1 3 2 i.e. − x + 3z = 2
î ˆj kˆ ⇒ z1 = 1
n = 1 3 2 = î – ĵ + k̂ 50. (3, 2, –1) lies on the plane 5x + 3y − 2z = λ
2 7 5 ∴ 5 (3) + 3 (2) – 2 (– 1) = λ
∴ the d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 1, –1, 1 ⇒ λ = 23
∴ the equation of plane passing through the point 51. The equation of the plane passing through the
(1, 2, 3)
1(x – 1) – 1(y – 2) + 1(z – 3) = 0 intersection of the planes r ⋅ a = p and r ⋅ b = q
⇒x–y+z=2 is
r ⋅ ( a + λ b ) = p + λq …(i)
43. Equation of any plane through ( x1 , y1 ,z1 ) is
Since, the plane passes through the origin,
a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 …(i) p + λq = 0
it contains the line
−p
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 ⇒λ=
= = =0 q
d1 d2 d3
i.e. it passes through (x2, y2, z2) Substituting the value of λ in (i), we get
∴ a (x2 – x1) + b (y2 – y1) + c (z2 – z1) = 0 …(ii)  p   −p 
r ⋅  a − b  = p +   (q)
Also, ad1 + bd2 + cd3 = 0 …(iii)  q   q 
Eliminating a, b, c from (i) , (ii), (iii), we get the
equation of the required plane as ( )
⇒ r ⋅ aq − bp = pq – pq
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 ⇒ r ⋅ ( qa − pb ) = 0
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0
d1 d2 d3 52. The line of intersection of the planes
r . (3 î − ĵ + k̂ ) = 1 and r . ( î + 4 ĵ − 2 k̂ ) = 2 is
44. Vector perpendicular to plane is
perpendicular to each of the normal vectors
n = 6 î − 3 ĵ + 5 k̂
n1 = 3 î − ĵ + k̂ and n 2 = î + 4 ĵ − 2 k̂ .
Thus, the line perpendicular to the given line
will be parallel to n ∴ The line is parallel to the vector n1 × n 2
∴ The equation of line which passes through î ˆj kˆ
a = 2 î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ and parallel to n is ∴ n1 × n 2 = 3 −1 1
r = a + λn 1 4 −2
⇒ r = (2 î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ ) + λ(6 î − 3 ĵ + 5 k̂ ) = −2 î + 7 ĵ + 13 k̂
45. The d.r.s. of the line are 3, − 4, 5 and it passes
53. The equation of the required plane is
through is 3, − 5, 7
∴ The equation of line is x + 2y + 3z – 4 + λ(2x + y – z + 5) = 0
⇒ (1 + 2λ)x + (2 + λ)y + (3 – λ)z – 4 + 5λ = 0
(
r= 3iˆ − 5jˆ + 7kˆ + λ 3iˆ − 4ˆj + 5kˆ ) …(i)
137
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Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the required plane 58. Consider plane OPQ
∴ From equation (i), a = 1 + 2λ; b = 2 + λ; the eq uation of plane is
c=3–λ ax + by + cz = 0
The required plane is perpendicular to The plane passes through P(1, 2, 1) and
5x + 3y – 6z + 8 = 0 Q(2, 3, 0)
∴ 5a + 3b – 6c = 0 ∴ a + 2b + c = 0 and …(i)
⇒ 5(1 + 2λ) + 3(2 + λ) – 6(3 – λ) = 0 2a + 3b = 0 …(ii)
⇒ 5 + 10λ + 6 + 3λ – 18 + 6λ = 0 On solving (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ – 7 + 19λ = 0 a b c
= =
7 −3 2 −1
⇒λ= ∴ The equation of plane OPQ is
19
Substituting the value of λ in equation (i), we get −3x + 2y − z = 0 …(iii)
The equation of plane PQR is
 7  7  7
1 + 2 ×  x + 2+  y + 3 −  z a1 (x − 1) + b1 (y − 2) + c1 (z − 1) = 0
 19   19   19  On solving for a1, b1, c1, we get
7 a1 = −3, b1 = 3, c1 = 0
– 4 + 5   =0
 19  ∴ The equation of PQR is
33 45 50 41 x−y+1=0 …(iv)
⇒ x+ y+ z− =0
19 19 19 19 ∴ The angle between the planes represented by
⇒ 33x + 45y + 50z – 41 = 0 equations (iii) and (iv) is
(−3)(1) + 2(−1) −5
54. The equation of the plane passing through the cos θ = =
origin is ax + by + cz = 0. 9 + 4 + 1. 1 + 1 14 . 2
The required plane is perpendicular to the line  5 
x = 2y = 3z ⇒ θ = cos−1  
 28 
x y z
i.e., = = 59. The equation of the plane is
6 3 2
ax + by + cz + d = 0
∴ the d.r.s. of the line are 6, 3, 2
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are a, b, c
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 6, 3 and 2. Since the given line is parallel to the plane,
∴ the equation of the required plane is ∴ al + bm + cn = 0
6x + 3y + 2z = 0
60. The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 3, −1
55. Here, n1= ( xî + ˆj − kˆ ) , and The d.r.s. of X-axis are 1, 0, 0
∴ the angle between the plane and X-axis is
n2 = ( î + xˆj − kˆ )
aa1 + bb1 + cc1
sin θ =
n1.n 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a12 + b12 + c12
∴ cos θ =
n1 n 2 2(1) + 0 + 0
⇒ sin θ =
4 + 9 + 1. 1
⇒ cos
π
=
( xî + ˆj − kˆ ).( î + xˆj + kˆ ) ⇒ sin θ =
2
3 x 2 + 1 + 1. 1 + x 2 + 1 14
 2 
1  x + x −1  ⇒ θ = sin−1  
⇒ = ± 2   14 
2  x +2 
2x −1 1 61. Here a = 1, b = k, c = 4 and
⇒ 2 = ...(considering positive value)
x +2 2 a1 = 1, b1 = −3, c1 = 2
⇒ x2 + 2 − 4x + 2 = 0 The angle between the line and plane is
⇒ (x − 2)2 = 0 aa1 + bb1 + cc1
sin θ =
⇒x=2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a12 + b12 + c12
56. For perpendicular planes, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0  3  3

Now, θ = sin−1   ⇒ sin θ =
⇒ 2(1) + 1(2) – 2(k) = 0 7 6 7 6
⇒k=2 ∴
3
=
1 − 3k + 8
7 6 1 + k 2 + 16 . 1 + 9 + 4
57. Since, the planes are perpendicular to each other.
∴ 3(4) + (−2)(3) + 2 × (− k) = 0 ⇒ k2 + 21k − 46 = 0
⇒k=3 ⇒ k = 2 or −23
138


x −1 y z−3 66. Since both the given lines pass through the point
62. Equation of the line L: = = and
2 3 2 with position vector î + ˆj , the required plane
equation of the plane P: 4x − 2y − z = 1. also passes through î + ˆj , and normal to the
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 2, and
plane is perpendicular to the vectors
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are
î + 2 ĵ – k̂ and – î + ĵ – 2 k̂ .
4, −2, −1.
Now consider Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the normal to the
plane.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 8 − 6 −2 = 0
î ˆj kˆ
∴ Line L and plane P are parallel.
Since the point (1, 0, 3), which lies on the line L ∴ n = 1 2 −1
also satisfies the equation of the plane, −1 1 −2
∴ The line L lies in the plane P. ⇒ n = – 3 î + 3 ĵ + 3 k̂
63. Equation of the line i.e. n = – î + ĵ + k̂
x+3 y−4 z+5 ∴ Vector equation of the plane passing through
L: = =
2 3 1 î + ĵ and containing the given lines is
and equation of the plane
r .(– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = ( î + ĵ ).(– î + ĵ + k̂ )
P : 2x − 3y + 5z = 1.
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 1 ⇒ r . (– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 2, −3, 5.
67. The plane passes through
Now consider
(0, 2, −3) and (2, 6, 3)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 4 – 9 + 5 = 0 The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
∴ Line L is parallel to the plane P. option (A)
x−3 y−4 z−5
64. Since, the line = = lies in the Alternate Method:
2 3 4
The equation of the plane is
plane 4x + 4y – cz – d = 0,
x−a y −b z − γ
∴ aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
a1 b1 c1 = 0
⇒ 2(4) + 3(4) + 4(–c) = 0
a2 b2 c2
⇒ 20 – 4c = 0
⇒c=5 x y−2 z+3
Also, the plane passes through (3, 4, 5) ⇒ 1 2 3 =0
∴ 4(3) + 4(4) – 5(5) − d = 0 2 3 4
⇒d=3 ⇒ – x – (y – 2)(– 2) + (z + 3)(– 1) = 0
⇒ – x + 2y – 4 – z – 3 = 0
65. Given equation of plane ⇒ x – 2y + z + 7 = 0
x −1 y −1 z + 2
= = 68. The plane passes through
2 3 2
∴ The line passes through (1, 1, −2) (5, 7, −3) and (8, 4, 5)
The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
The above point lies on the plane
option (A)
x + By − 3z + D = 0
∴ 1+B+6+D=0
⇒ B + D = −7 …(i) 69. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the normal to the plane
Also the given line is perpendicular to the î ˆj kˆ
normal to the plane ∴ n = 3 5 7 = î – 2 ĵ + k̂
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 1 4 7
⇒ 2(1) + 3(B) + 2(−3) = 0 Since, the plane passes through (– 1, – 3, – 5)
4 ∴ 1(x + 1) – 2(y + 3) + 1(z + 5) = 0
⇒B=
3 ⇒ x – 2y + z = 0
Substituting value of B is equation (i), we get From the given options only (0, 0, 0) satisfies
D=
−25 the equation of the plane.
3 ∴ The plane passes through (0, 0, 0).
139


70. Here x1, y1, z1 = − l, −3, −5 and x2, y2, z2 = 2, 4, 6 74. Let d1 be the distance of the point (1, 2, −1)
a1, b1, c1 = 3, 5, 7 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 5 from the plane 2x − 3y + z + k = 0
Since the given lines are coplanar
2 (1) − 3 ( 2 ) + ( −1) + k −5 + k
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 ∴ d1 = =
2
2 + ( −3) + 12
2 4 + 9 +1
∴ a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2 k −5
=
−l − 2 −3 − 4 −5 − 6 14
⇒ 3 5 7 =0 Let d2 be the distance of the point (1, 2, −1)
1 3 5 from the plane x + 2y + 3z = 0
⇒ (− l− 2)(25 − 21) − (−3−4)(15 − 7) (1) + 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( −1) 2
∴ d2 = =
+ (−5 −6)(9 − 5) = 0 2
1 +2 +3 2 2
14
⇒ 12 = 4(l + 2) Given that d1.d2 = 1.
⇒ l = 1.
k −5 2
71. The lines are coplanar
∴ =1
14 14
−1 − 2 −3 − 4 −5 − 6
⇒ (k − 5) 2 = 14
∴ 1 4 k =0
⇒k−5=7
3 5 k
⇒ k = 12
⇒ −3(4k − 5k) + 7(k − 3k) −11(−7) = 0
⇒k=7 3(2) − 6(3) + 2(4) + 11
75. P1 = =1
72. Since the given lines are coplanar, then 32 + (−6) 2 + (2) 2
3 −1 1− 2 3 −1
3(1) − 6(1) + 2(4) + 11 16
∴ 1 2 −λ = 0 P2 = =
2
3 + (−6) + (2) 2 2 7
λ 3 4
2 −1 2 the equation P1 and P2 satisfies
⇒ 1 2 −λ = 0 7P2 − 23P + 16 = 0.
λ 3 4 ∴ P1 and P2 are the roots of the equation (B).
2
⇒ λ + 2λ + 26 = 0 76. Equation of plane parallel to x − 2y + 2z = 5 is x
∆ = 4 − 4(1)(26) < 0 − 2y + 2z + k = 0 …(i)
∴ Roots are imaginary distance of the above plane from (1, 2, 3) is 1.
So no real value of λ exists. 1− 4 + 6 + k
∴ = 1
x y−2 z+3 9
73. = = and
1 2 3 i.e. k + 3 = ± 3
x−2 y−6 z−3 ⇒ k = 0 or – 6
= =
2 3 4 77. Let x, y, z be any point
The d.r.s. of the first line are 1, 2, 3 and
The d.r.s. of the second line are 2, 3, 4 d12 + d 22 + d 32 =
36
Ratio of the d.r.s. are not same x−z
2
x − 2y + z
2
x+ y+z
2
2 3 4 ∴ + + = 36
i.e. ≠ ≠ 2 6 3
1 2 3
1
∴ The lines are not parallel. ⇒ [3x2 – 6xz + 3z2 + x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy
6
Sum of the products of the d.r.s. is not equal
to 0 i.e., 2(1) + 2(3) + 3(4) ≠ 0 – 4yz + 2xz + 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2
∴ The lines are not perpendicular. + 4xy + 4yz + 4xz] = 36
0 + 2 −2 + 6 3 + 3 2 4 6 ∴ ⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 = 36
Consider 1 2 3 = 1 2 3 78. Since all the planes are parallel,
2 3 4 2 3 4 |2−6| 4
∴ p1 = =
1 2 3 2
2 + (−3) + 4 2 2
29
= 2 1 2 3 = 0 ( the two rows are same) Equation of the plane 4x − 6y + 8z + 3 = 0 can
2 3 4 3
be written as 2x − 3y + 4z + =0
∴ The two lines are coplanar. 2
140


3 3 12 13
2− Now, y = 5 – 4λ = 5 – 4   = 5 − =
2 1 5 5 5
∴ p2 = =
2 2
2 + (−3) + 4 2
2 29 3
z = −7 + 15λ = −7 + 15   = 2
|2+6| 8 5
and p3 = =
22 + (−3) 2 + 42 29  13 
∴ The required point is  0, ,2 
Now consider p1 + 8p2 − p3  5 
4 4 8 84. Let A ≡ (a, 0, 0), B ≡ (0, b, 0) and c ≡ (0, 0, c)
= + −
29 29 29 The equation of the plane in intercept form is
=0 x y z
+ + =1
79. Let a, b, c = −3, 2, 6 a b c
∴ the equation of plane is Since, centroid is (3, 3, 3)
x1 + x2 + x3 a +0+0
∴ −3x + 2y + 6z + d = 0 …(i) ∴ 3= = =3
Now, the perpendicular distance (D) from origin 3 3
is ⇒a=9
0+b+0
d Similarly = 3 ⇒ b = 9, and
D= 3
(−3) 2 + 22 + 62 0+0+c
=3 ⇒c=9
d 3
⇒7= ⇒ d = ± 49
7 x y z
∴ The equation of plane is + + = 1
∴ The equation of plane is 9 9 9
−3x + 2y + 6z + 49 = 0 ⇒x+y+z=9
or −3x + 2y + 6z − 49 = 0 85. Let A ≡ (a, 0, 0), B ≡ (0, b, 0) and C ≡ (0, 0, c).
80. Let the components of the line vector be a, b, c. Since, centroid is (α, b, γ)
a2 + b2 + c2 = (63)2 …(i) ∴ a = 3α, b = 3b, c = 3γ
a b c x y z
= = = λ(say) ∴ the equation of the plane is + + =1
3 −2 6 a b c
⇒ a = 3λ, b = −2λ, c = 6λ x
+
y
+
z
1
=
∴ 9λ2 + 4λ2 + 36λ2 = (63)2 …[From (i)] 3α 3β 3γ
2 2 63 x y z
∴ 49λ = (63) ⇒ λ = ± = ± 9 ⇒ + + =3
7 α β γ
Since, as the line makes an obtuse angle with
86. The given equation of plane is 6x – 3y + 2z = 18
X-axis, a = 3λ < 0, λ = − 9
x y z
∴ The required components are − 27, 18, − 54. i.e. + + =1
3 −6 9
81. The direction ratios are same. Also both lines If a, b, c are intercepts made by the plane, then
pass through origin. a +0+0 0+b+0 0+0+c
Centroid ≡  , , 
∴ Given lines are coinciding lines.  3 3 3 
3+ 0+ 0 0−6+ 0 9+ 0+ 0 
82. r = (3 î + 4 ĵ + ) + t ( 2 – 3 + 5) ∴ G ≡  , , 
 3 3 3 
= (3 + 2t) + (4 – 3t) + (1 + 5t)
⇒ G ≡ (1, −2, 3)
When the line crosses XY plane ⇒ z = 0
−1 87. The given equations of plane is ax + by + cz = 1
∴ 1 + 5t = 0 ⇒ t = x y z
5 i.e. + + =1
1 1 1
83. The equation of the line joining the points a b c
(3, 5, – 7) and (– 2, 1, 8) is 1 1 1
x−3 y −5 z − ( −7 ) ∴ The intercepts made by the plane are , ,
= = a b c
−2 − 3 1− 5 8 − ( −7 ) 1 1 1
∴ A ≡  ,0,0  ; B ≡  0, ,0  ; C ≡  0,0, 
x−3 y −5 z+7 a   b   c
Let = = =λ
−5 −4 15 1 1 1
⇒ x = 3 – 5λ, y = 5 – 4λ, z = −7 + 15λ  a +0+0 0+ b +0 0+0+ c 
∴ centroid ≡  , , 
For YZ plane, x = 0  3 3 3 
3 1 1 1
∴ 3 – 5λ = 0 ⇒ λ = ⇒ G ≡  , , 
5  3a 3b 3c 
141


88. Let equation of plane be lx + my + nz = p ∴ Substituting value of λ in equation (i), we get
x y z 7 21 42 49
i.e., + + =1 – x– y– z+ =0
p p p 2 2 2 2
l m n ∴ x + 3y + 6z = 7
p   p   p Comparing with x + 3y + 6z = k, we get
∴ A ≡  ,0,0  , B ≡  0, ,0  , C ≡  0,0, 
l   m   n k=7
If centroid of ∆ABC is (x1, y1, z1), then 92. The equation of the plane through the line of
p p p intersection of the planes,
x1 = , y1 = , z1 =
3l 3m 3n 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0 and 5x + 3y + 10z = 25
Now, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 is (4x + 7y + 4z + 81) + λ(5x + 3y + 10z – 25) = 0
p2 p2 p2 ⇒(4+ 5λ) x +(7+ 3λ) y + (4 +10λ)z + 81– 25λ =0
∴ 2
+ 2+ 2=1
9 x1 9 y1 9z1 …(i)
1 1 1 9 k,
It is parallel to x − 4 y + 6z =
⇒ + + =
x12 y12 z12 p 2 4 + 5λ 7 + 3λ 4 + 10λ
∴ = =
89. The equation of line perpendicular to given plane 1 −4 6
passing through (2, 2, 2) is ⇒λ=−1
x−2 y−2 z−2 Substituting value of λ in equation (i), we get
= = = λ (say)
1 1 1 – x + 4y – 6z + 106 = 0
Any general point on it is P ≡ (λ + 2, λ + 2, λ + 2) ⇒ x – 4y + 6z = 106
Since, P lies the plane x + y + z = 0 Hence k = 106
∴ λ+2+λ+2+λ+2=9⇒λ=1
93. The equations of the planes bisecting the angle
∴ The foot of perpendicular is (3, 3, 3). between the given planes are
90. The required plane is perpendicular to the line a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 a 2 x + b2 y + c2z + d 2
=±
x−2 y−4 z−5 2
a +b +c 2 2
a 22 + b 22 + c 22
= = = λ (say) 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 x − y + 2z + 3 3x − 2 y + 6z + 8
the d.r.s of normal to the plane are proportional ⇒ 2
=±
to 1, 2, 2 2 + ( −1) + 2
2 2
32 + (−2) 2 + 62
∴ Equation of the plane is ⇒ 7 (2x − y + 2z + 3) = ± 3(3x − 2y + 6z + 8)
x + 2y + 2z + d = 0 ...(i) ⇒ 7(2x – y + 2z + 3) = 3 (3x – 2y + 6z + 8)
Since it passes through the point (5, 1, 2), we or 7(2x – y + 2z + 3) = – 3 (3x – 2y + 6z + 8)
have ⇒ 5x − y − 4z − 3 = 0 or 23x − 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
(5) + 2(1) + 2(2) + d = 0
⇒ d = – 11 94. The point (3, –2, 1) satisfies both the equations
∴ The equation (i) becomes x + 2y + 2z – 11 = 0 so it is the point of intersection
Any general point on the given line is given by Alternate method:
λ + 2, 2λ + 4, 2λ + 5. x + 3 y − 2 z +1
Line is = = = λ (say)
This point lies in the required plane 3 −2 1
∴ λ + 2 + 2(2λ + 4) + 2(2λ + 5) – 11 = 0 x = 3λ − 3; y = −2λ + 2; z = λ − 1
⇒ λ + 2 + 4λ + 8 + 4λ + 10 – 11 = 0 Line intersects plane,
⇒ 9λ + 9 = 0 ⇒ λ = – 1 4x + 5y + 3z −5 = 0
∴ The point of intersection is ∴ 4(3λ − 3) + 5(−2λ + 2) + 3(λ − 1) − 5 = 0
[(–1) + 2, 2(–1) + 4, 2(–1)+5] ⇒ λ = 2.
⇒ (1, 2, 3) ∴ The point of intersection is (3, −2, 1)
91. The equation of plane passing through the 95. The point (1, –2, 7) satisfies the given equation
intersection of the given planes is of plane. So it is the point of intersection.
(2x − 5y + z − 3) + λ(x + y + 4z − 5) = 0 Alternate method:
⇒ (2 + λ)x + (−5 + λ)y The d.r.s ratios of the line joining the points
+ (1 + 4λ) z − 3 − 5λ = 0 …(i) (2, –3, 1) and (3, –4, –5) are 1, –1, –6
This plane is parallel to the plane x + 3y + 6z = 1 ∴ The equation of line is
2+λ −5 + λ 1 + 4λ x−2 y+3 z −1
∴ = = = = = λ(say)
1 3 6 1 −1 −6
−11 Any general point on the line is
⇒λ=
2 ( λ + 2, – λ – 3, – 6λ + 1)
142


The above point lies on the plane 98. Let π1 : x + 2y + 3z = 5
be two given planes
2x + y + z = 7 π2 : x + 2y + 3z = 7
∴ 2(λ + 2) + (– λ – 3) + (– 6λ + 1) = 7 Any plane parallel to the given planes and
⇒ – 5λ + 2 = 7 equidistant from these is given by
d1 + d 2 5+7
⇒λ=–1 x + 2y + 3z = =
2 2
∴ The point is (1, –2, 7)
i.e. x + 2y + 3z = 6
96. The equations of line is 99. Given planes are parallel,
x−3 y−4 z−5 ∴ the required plane is also parallel to them
= = = λ(say)
1 2 2 Let 3x + 4y + 5z + λ = 0 be the required plane
Any point on the line is (λ + 3, 2λ + 4, 2λ + 5) d1 + d 2 −6 + 6
=λ = = 0
Since the point lies on the plane x + y + z = 17 2 2
∴ λ + 3 + 2λ + 4 + 2λ + 5 = 17 ⇒ λ = 1 ∴ the equation of required plane is
∴ The point is (4, 6, 7). 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
Hence, the required distance is
(3 − 4) + ( 4 − 6) + (5 − 7 )
2 2 2
1. Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the line.

= 12 + 22 + 22 =
3 ∴ a − b + c = 0 and …(i)
x y z a − 3b = 0 …(ii)
97. The d.r.s ratios of the line = = are a b c
2 3 −6 ∴ = =
2, 3, − 6. 3 1 −2
∴ the direction ratios of the line are 3, 1, −2.
∴ The d.r.s of any line parallel to it are also
2, 3, −6. 2. Let the d.r.s of the given line be a, b, c
∴ The equation of the line passing through Then, according to given condition of
P(1, −2, 3) and parallel to the given line is perpendicularity,
x −1 y+2 z−3 −1.a + 2.b + 2.c = 0 …(i)
= = = λ(say) …(i) 0.a + 2.b + 1.c = 0 …(ii)
2 3 −6
On solving (i) and (ii), we get
x y z P(1, −2, 3) a = 2, b = −1 and c = 2
= =
2 3 −6
x + 2 2y − 5
3. = , z = −1
2 3
5
Q x+2 y− 2
∴ = , z = −1
2 3
2
Any point on the line is 5
x+2 y 2
Q ≡ (2λ + 1, 3λ − 2, −6λ + 3) −
∴ = , z = −1
The point Q lies on the plane x − y + z = 5. 4 3
∴ (2λ + 1) − (3λ − 2) + (−6λ + 3) = 5 ∴ d.r.s of given line are 4, 3, 0
⇒ −7λ = −1 ∴ d.c.s of the line are
1 4 3 4 3
⇒λ= , ,0 i.e., , ,0
7 4 +32 2
4 +3 2 2 5 5
9 −11 15 
∴ Q ≡  , ,  4. Given equation of line x = 4z + 3, y = 2 – 3z
7 7 7 x− 3 y−2
⇒z= ,z=
∴ Required distance = l(PQ) = d 4 −3
2 2 2 x− 3 y−2 z −0
 9   −11   15  ∴ Equation of line is = =
∴ d=  − 1 +  + 2  +  − 3 4 −3 1
7   7  7 
d.r.s of line are 4, –3, 1
2 2 2
 2   3   −6  4 4
=   +  +  ∴ cos α = = ,
7 7  7  2
4 + (−3) + 1 2 2
26
4 9 36 49 −3 1
= + + = =1 cos b = , cos γ =
49 49 49 49 26 26
143


4 3 1 11. Equation of line AB in vector form is
∴ cos α + cos b + cos γ = – +
26 26 26 (
r = 6a − 4b + 4c + λ −4c − {6a − 4b + 4c} )
2
=
26
⇒ r = 6a − 4b + 4c + λ −6a + 4b − 8c ( ) …(i)
Equation of line CD in vector form is
5. The given equation is
x − 3 y − 2 z −1
3
=
1
=
0
(
r′ =a + 2b − 5c + λ′ −a − 2b − 3c − {a + 2b − 5c} )
The direction ratios of the above line are 3, 1, 0 (
⇒ r′ = a + 2b − 5c + λ′ −2a − 4b + 2c ) …(ii)
⇒ n = cos γ = 0 ⇒ γ = 90° The point of intersection of AB and CD will
∴ The given straight line is perpendicular to satisfy
Z-axis. r = r′
6. The line passes through (1, −2, −1) ⇒ 6a − 4b + 4c + λ (−6a + 4b − 8c)
Let other point be (x2, y2, z2) = a + 2b − 5c + λ′ (−2a − 4b + 2c)
Direction ratio are 0, 6, − 1
Comparing the coefficients of a and b , we get
∴ x2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 1
6λ − 2λ′ = 5 …(iii)
y2 − (− 2) = 6 ⇒ y2 = 4 2λ + 2λ′ = 3 …(iv)
z2 − (− 1) = − 1 ⇒ z2 = − 2 1
⇒ λ = 1 and λ′ =
2
7. Putting r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ in the given
Substituting value of λ in equation (i), we get
equation, the point of intersection
( ) (
x î + y ĵ + z k̂ = î + ˆj + kˆ + λ ˆj + kˆ ) ∴ Point of intersection r = − 4c i.e. point B.
∴ x î + y ĵ + z k̂ = î + (1 + λ) ĵ + (1 + λ) k̂ 12. Given equations of line are

∴ x = 1, y = 1 + λ, z = 1 + λ r = (iˆ + 2ˆj − k)
ˆ + λ(3iˆ − 4k)
ˆ …(i)
∴ x = 1, y = z and r = (1 − t) (4iˆ − ˆj) + t(2iˆ + ˆj − 3k)
ˆ
8. The equation of line passing through (a, b, c) and i.e., r = (4iˆ − ˆj) + t(−2iˆ + 2ˆj − 3k)
ˆ …(ii)
x−a y − b z−c Now, d.r.s. of line (i) and (ii) are
having d.r.s. 0, 0, 1 is = =
0 0 1 a1, b1, c1 = 3, 0, −4
and a2, b2, c2 = −2, 2, −3
9. If a line is equally inclined to axes, then
1 3(−2) + 0(2) + (−4)(−3)
l=m=n=± cos θ =
3 9 + 0 + 16 4 + 4 + 9
∴ d.r.s. of the line are 1, 1, 1 6
⇒ cos θ =
Given that the line passes through the point 5 17
(– 3, 2, – 5)  6 
⇒ θ = cos−1  
x+3 y−2 z+5  5 17 
∴ The equation of line is = =
1 1 1
13. The d.r.s. of the lines are 2, 5, −3 and −1, 8, 4
10. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the required line
∴ cos θ = 2(−1) + 5(8) + (−3)(4)
d.r.s. of the given lines are 2, –2, 1 and 1, –2, 2.
2 + 52 + (−3) 2 (−1) 2 + 82 + 42
2
∴ 2a – 2b + c = 0 …(i)
a – 2b + 2c = 0 …(ii) ⇒ cos θ = 26
a −b c 9 38
∴ = =
−4+2 4 −1 −4+2 ⇒ θ = cos−1  26 
a b c  9 38 
⇒ = =
−2 −3 −2
14. The d.r.s. of the lines are 1, 0, −1 and 3, 4, 5
1(3) + 0(4) + (−1)(5) −2
x − 3 y +1 z − 2 ∴ cos θ = =
= = 2 2
1 + 0 + (−1) 2 2 2
3 +4 +5 2 10
−2 −3 −2
x−3 y +1 z − 2 1
⇒ = = ∴ θ = cos−1  
2 3 2 5
144

2(1) + 2(2) + (−1)(2) 4 4 Given point A ≡ (1, 8, 4)

15. cosθ = = =
4 + 4 +1 1+ 4 + 4 9. 9 9 ∴ d.r.s of AD are 2λ – 1, 8λ – 11 – 8, –3λ + 4 – 4
= 2λ – 1, 8λ – 19, –3λ
4
⇒ θ = cos−1   Since AD ⊥ BC,
9  
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
16. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (2) (1) + (5) (2) + (4) (−3) ⇒ 2(2λ – 1) + 8(8λ – 19) – 3(–3λ) = 0
=0 ⇒ 4λ – 2 + 64λ – 152 + 9λ = 0
∴ Lines are perpendicular ⇒ 77λ = 154
∴ θ = 90° ⇒λ=2
17. The equation of given lines are ∴ D ≡ (4, 5, –2)
x y z x y z
= = and= = 22. Given equation of line is
3 2 −6 2 −12 −3
r= ( 3 + t ) î + (1 − t ) ˆj + ( − 2 − 2t ) kˆ
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 3(2) + 2(−12) + (−6) (−3)
=0 ( )
⇒ r = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ + î − ˆj − 2kˆ t , where t ∈ R
∴ Lines are perpendicular
∴ The line passes through (3, 1, –2) and is parallel
∴ θ = 90°
to the vector î − ˆj − 2 kˆ .
18. The first line is parallel to Z-axis and the second Equation of second line is
line is parallel to X-axis.
x = 4 + k, y = – k, z = – 4 – 2k,
∴ The angle between them is 90°.
x −4 y z +4
⇒ = = = k, where k ∈ R
19. a1,b1, c1, = −3, 2k, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3k, 1, −5 1 −1 −2
Since the lines are perpendicular to each other, ∴ d.r.s. of the line are 1, –1, –2. Also, it passes
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 through (3, 1, – 2).
∴ (– 3)(3k) + (2k)(1) + (2)(– 5) = 0 ∴ Both lines are coincident
⇒ −9k + 2k − 10 = 0
−10 23. Consider option (A)
⇒k=
7  5 10 
point  21, ,  satisfies both the equations of
 3 3
20. Given equations of lines are
line
x = ay + b, z = cy + d
x−b y z−d y
∴ option (A) is correct answer
⇒= =, Alternate method:
a 1 c 1
⇒ x−b y z−d Let x − 5 = y − 7 = z + 2 = λ
= = 3 −1 1
a 1 c
and x = a′y + b′, z = c′y + d′ and x + 3 = y − 3 = z − 6 = µ
x − b′ y z − d′ y −36 2 4
⇒= =,
a′ 1 c′ 1 ∴ x = 3λ + 5, y = − λ + 7, z = λ − 2 and
′ ′ x = −36µ − 3, y = 2µ + 3, z = 4µ + 6
⇒ x − b= y= z − d
a′ 1 c′ On solving, we get x = 21, y = 5 , z = 10
Since the lines are perpendicular to each other, 3 3
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
⇒ aa′ + 1(1) + cc′ = 0
Point (−2, −4, −5) satisfies both the equations of
⇒ aa′ + cc′ = −1 the line.
21. Equation of line BC is ∴ Option (B) is the correct answer.
x− 0 y + 11 z− 4
= = 25. Consider option (B)
2−0 −3 +11 1− 4
point (−11, −4, 5) satisfies both the equations of
x y + 11 z− 4 line
⇒ = =
2 8 −3
∴ option (B) is correct answer
x y + 11 z− 4
Let = = =λ
2 8 −3 26. Consider option (B),
Any point D on the line is point (2, 3, 4) satisfies both the equations of line
≡ (2λ, 8λ – 11, –3λ + 4) ∴ option (B) is correct answer
145

15. Let a =−2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and b =î − 2ˆj + 5kˆ 21. a1, b1, c1 = 3, −2, 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 3, 4
∴ b − a = 3iˆ − 3jˆ + 2kˆ 3 × 2 + (−2) × 3 + 0 × 4
⇒ cos θ =
The vector equation of the line is 3 + (−2) 2 + 0. 22 + 32 + 42
2
(
r= a + λ b − a ) r = −2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ(3iˆ − 3jˆ + 2k)
ˆ ⇒ cos θ = 0
π
⇒θ=
16. The equation of line passing through 2
(x1, y1, z1 ) and (x2, y2, z2)
22. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 2, −2
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 1(2) + 2(2) + 3(–2) = 0
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
∴ The lines are at right angles.
∴ The equation of line passing through
(4, −5, −2) and (−1, 5, 3) is 23. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = –5, 1, 1
x−4 y+5 z+2 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1) (−5) + (2)(1) + (3)(1)
= = =0
−1 − 4 5 + 5 3 + 2
x−4 y+5 z+2 ∴ Lines are at right angle.
⇒ = =
1 −2 −1 24. The given equation of line is,
x−2 y −3
17. The required equation of line which passes = ;z=4
through the points (1, 2, 3) and (0, 0, 0) is 3 4
x −1 y−2 z−3 ∴ The line is perpendicular to Z-axis.
= = Hence parallel to XY-plane.
0 −1 0−2 0−3
x −1 y −2 z−3 25. Line L1: r = (2 ĵ − 3 k̂ ) + λ( î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
⇒ = =
1 2 3
Line L2: r = (2 î + 6 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + µ(2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ )
18. 2x + z − 4 = 0 L1 and L2 can be written in cartesian form as
⇒ 2x + z = 4 x y−2 z+3
L1: = = and
⇒ z = 4 − 2x ...(i) 1 2 3
2y + z = 0 x−2 y−6 z−3
L2: = =
⇒ z = −2y ...(ii) 2 3 4
∴ 4 − 2x = −2y = z ...[From (i) and (ii)] The point (2, 6, 3) satisfies both the equations.
⇒ −2 (x − 2) = −2y = z ∴ it is the point of intersection.
z Alternate method:
⇒x−2=y=
−2 x y−2 z+3
L1: = = =λ
z 1 2 3
⇒x−2+2=y+2= +2
−2 ⇒ x = λ, y = 2λ + 2, z = 3λ − 3.
x y+2 z−4 x−2 y−6 z−3
⇒ = = L2: = = =µ
1 1 −2 2 3 4
⇒ x = 2 µ + 2, y = 3 µ + 6, z = 4 µ + 3
19. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 2, 6 Co-ordinates of a point on the line L1 are
1× 3 + 2 × 2 + 2 × 6 ( λ, 2λ + 2, 3λ − 3)
∴ cos θ =
1 + 22 + 22 32 + 22 + 62
2
Co-ordinates of a point on the line L2 are
19 19 (2µ + 2, 3µ + 6, 4µ + 3)
= =
3× 7 21 They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates
must be same.
20. a1, b1, c1 = 2, 2, −1 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 2, 2 ∴ λ = 2µ + 2, 2λ + 2 = 3µ + 6, 3λ − 3 = 4µ + 3
2 × 1 + 2 × 2 + (−1) × 2 ⇒ λ − 2µ = 2 …(i)
cos θ =
22 + 22 + (−1) 2 12 + 22 + 22 2λ − 3µ = 4 …(ii)
3λ − 4µ = 6 … (iii)
2+4−2 4
= = Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
3× 3 9
λ = 2, µ = 0.
4 Equation (i) holds true for these values.
⇒ θ = cos−1  
9 ∴ Intersection is (2, 6, 3).
123


26. The point (−1, −1, −1) satisfies both the 34. ( )
Let p α = 2i + j + kˆ
equations so it is the point of intersection
Comparing the equation of line with
Alternate method:
x −1 y− 2 z−3 r = a + λ b , we get
Let = = =λ
2 3 4 a =−i + 2j + 2k , b= 3i + k
⇒ x = 1 + 2 λ, y = 2 + 3λ, z = 3 + 4λ. Now,
x−4 y−1 z a − a= 3i − j − k
Let = = =µ
5 2 1
a − a= 32 + (−1) 2 + (−1) 2
⇒ x = 4 + 5 µ, y = 1 + 2 µ, z = µ
Co-ordinates of a point on the first line are = 11
(1 + 2 λ, 2 + 3λ, 3 + 4λ)
Co-ordinates of a point on the second line are
( )   + k)
a − a .b = (3i − j − k).(3i 
(4 + 5µ, 1 + 2µ, µ) =9–1

They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates =8
must be same. ∴ The distance of point from the line is
1 + 2λ = 4 + 5µ, 2 + 3λ = 1 + 2 µ, 3 + 4λ = µ ( )
2
∴  a − a .b 
2
⇒ 2λ − 5µ = 3 …(i) d= a−a − 
 b 
3λ − 2µ = − 1 …(ii)  
4λ − µ = − 3 …(iii) 8×8 46 23
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get = 11 − = =
10 10 5
λ = − 1, µ = −1.
Equation (i) holds true for these values. 35. Let A ≡ (2, 4, – 1)
∴ Intersection is (− 1, − 1, − 1). x+5 y+3 z−6
Let = = =λ
1 4 −9
27. The point (4, 0, −1) satisfies both equations. Any point on the line is
∴ The two lines intersect at (4, 0, −1) P ≡ (λ – 5, 4λ – 3, – 9 λ + 6)
Alternate method: The d.r.s. of the line AP are
x −1 y −1 2 – λ + 5, 4 – 4λ + 3, – 1 + 9λ – 6
Let = = λ; z = −1
3 −1 Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
⇒ general point on this line is 1(2 − λ + 5) + 4(4 − 4λ + 3) − 9(−1 + 9λ − 6) = 0
(3λ + 1, − λ + 1, − 1) ∴ 2 – λ + 5 + 16 – 16λ + 12 + 9 – 81λ + 54 = 0
x−4 z +1 ∴ 98 – 98λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 1
Also, = = µ; y = 0
2 3 The point P is (1 – 5, 4 – 3, –9 + 6) ≡ (−4, 1, −3)
⇒ general point on this line is AP = ( 2 − ( −4 ) ) + ( 4 − 1) + ( −1 + 3)
2 2 2
(2µ + 4, 0, 3µ − 1)
= 36 + 9 + 4 = 7
For λ = 1 and µ = 0, they have a common point
Alternate method:
on them. i.e., (4, 0, −1)
Since the point is (2, 4, −1)
28. Co-ordinate of any point on Y-axis is ∴ a = 2, b = 4, c = −1
x = 0, z = 0 i.e. (0, y, 0) Given equation of line is
∴ The foot of perpendicular from the point x+5 y+3 z−6
= =
(α, b, γ) on Y-axis is (0, b, 0) 1 4 −9
Comparing with
29. Any point on Z-axis is (0, 0, z)
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
∴ The foot of perpendicular from the point = = ,
a b c
(a, b, c) on Z-axis is (0, 0, c)
x1 = −5, y1 = −3, z1 = 6
30. Distance from X-axis = y +z =
2 2 2
b +c 2 d.r.s. are 1, 4, −9
1 4 −9
∴ d.c.s. are , ,
31. Distance = 2
y +z 2
= 9 + 16 = 5 98 98 98
∴ Perpendicular distance of point from the line is
32. Distance from Z-axis = x +y =5
2 2
(a − x1 ) 2 + (b − y1 ) 2 + (c − z1 ) 2 
− [ (a − x1 )l + (b − y1 )m + (c − z1 )n ]
2
33. Distance from Y-axis = 1 + 9 = 10
124

(2 + 5) 2 + (4 + 3) 2 + (−1 − 6) 2 
∴ Shortest distance (d) =
( −3i + 2k ).( 2i − j)
=  1 4 −9 
2
4 +1+ 0
− (2 + 5) + (4 + 3) + (−1 − 6) 
 98 98 98 
6
98 × 98 = −
= 49 + 49 + 49 − = 49 = 7 5
98
6
=
x y −1 z−2 5
36. = =
1 2 3
Any point on the line is P (λ, 2λ + 1, 3λ + 2) 39. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, −1, 0)
Given point is A (1, 6, 3) (x2, y2, z2) = (2, −1, 0)
∴ the d.r.s of the line AP are (a1, b1, c1) = (2, 0, 1)
λ – 1, 2λ + 1 – 6, 3λ + 2 – 3 (a2, b2, c2) = (1, −1, −1)
⇒ λ – 1, 2λ – 5, 3λ – 1 2 − 1 −1 + 1 0 − 0
Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
2 0 1
(1)(λ – 1) + (2)(2λ – 5) + (3)(3λ – 1 ) = 0
1 −1 −1
⇒ λ − 1 + 4 λ − 10 + 9λ − 3 = 0 d=
⇒ 14λ − 14 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 ( 0 + 1)2 + (1 + 2 )2 + ( −2 − 0 )2
∴ P ≡ (1, 3, 5) 1( 0 + 1)
=
∴ AP = (1 − 1) 2 + (6 − 3) 2 + (3 − 5) 2 = 13 14
38. First line passes through 1

=
(x1, y1, z1) = (4, −1, 0) and has d.r.s 14
a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, −3
Second line passes through 40. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 5, 7)
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, −1, 2) and has d.r.s (x2, y2, z2) = (−1, −1, −1)
a2, b2, c2 = 2, 4, −5 (a1, b1, c1) = (1, −2, 1)
∴ Shortest distance between them is (a2, b2, c2) = (7, −6, 1)
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 −4 −6 −8
a1 b1 c1 1 −2 1
a2 b2 c2 7 −6 1
d= d=
( b1c2 − b 2c1 ) + ( c1a 2 − c 2a1 ) + ( a1b 2 − a 2 b1 )
2 2 2
( −2 + 6 ) + ( 7 − 1) + ( −6 + 14 )
2 2 2
1 − 4 −1 + 1 2 − 0 −16 − 36 − 64
1 2 −3 =
2 29
2 4 −5
⇒d= 116
=
( −10 + 12 ) + ( −6 + 5 ) + (4 − 4) 2
2 2
2 29
−3 ( 2 ) + 0 + 2 ( 0 ) 6 = 2 29
= =
5 5
41. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 3)
Alternate method:
Shortest distance between the lines (x2, y2, z2) = (2, 4, 5)
r1 = a1 + λ b1 and r 2 = a 2 + µ b 2 is given by
(a1, b1, c1) = (2, 3, 4)
(a2, b2, c2) = (3, 4, 5)
d=
(a 2 )(
− a1 ⋅ b1 × b 2 ) 2 −1 4 − 2 5−3
b1 × b 2 2 3 4
Here a1 = 4 î – ĵ , a 2 = î – ĵ + 2 k̂ 3 4 5
d=
b1 = î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ , b 2 = 2 î + 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ (15 − 16 ) 2
+ (12 − 10 ) + ( 8 − 9 )
2 2
Now a 2 – a1 = – 3 î + 2 k̂ 1(−1) − 2(−2) + 2(−1)

=
î ˆj kˆ (−1) 2 + (2) 2 + (−1) 2
b1 × b 2 = 1 2 −3 = 2 î – ĵ 1
2 4 −5 =
6
125


42. The given equation of lines are 45. Here, n =i − 2j + 3k and p = 1
x + a =2 y =−12z and x =y + 2a =6z − 6a
n i − 2j + 3kˆ i − 2j + 3k
x+a y z x y + 2a z−a n
= = =
i.e., = = and = = n 1+ 4 + 9 14
−12 −6 1 6 6 1
−a 2a −a ∴ The vector equation of the plane is
−12 −6 1 r.n = p
6 6 1  i − 2j + 3k 
d= ⇒ r.
2
(−6 − 6) + (6 + 12) + (−72 + 36)2 2  =1
 14 
− a ( −12 ) − 2a ( −12 − 6 ) − a ( −72 + 36 )
=
122 + 182 + 362
(
⇒ r. i − 2j + 3k =14 )
12a + 36a + 36a 84a 46. The given vector equation is
= = = 2a
1764 42
(
r. 3i − 2j + 2k =
12) …(i)
43. Since, the line intersect each other,
r.n = 12 , where n = 3i − 2j + 2k
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
∴ a1 b1 c1 n 3i − 2j + 2k 3i − 2j + 2k
n
= = =
a2 b2 c2 n 9+4+4 17
2 − 1 2 − k −1 + 1 3  2  2 
⇒ n = i− j+ k
⇒ 3 6 −2 = 0 17 17 17
−1 4 −1 ∴ Normal form is
⇒ 1 (−6 + 8) − (2 − k) (−3 − 2) + 0 = 0  3 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 12
⇒ 2 + (2 − k) 5 = 0 r.  i− j+ k =
 17 17 17  17
⇒ 12 − 5k = 0
12 47. Given equation of plane is
⇒k=
5
( )
r. 2i − 3j + k + 9 =0
44. Comparing the given equations with r= a1 + λ b1
and (
⇒ r. 2i − 3j + k =−9 ) …(i)
r= a 2 + λ b 2 we get n = 2i − 3j + k

a1 =− i + 3j + k , and a 2= 3i + j 2i − 3j + k 2i − 3j + k
∴
= n =
b1 = b 2 = b = 5i + j + 4k 4 + 9 +1 14
∴ The lines are parallel ∴ The d.c.s. of normal to the plane are
a 2 − a1 = 4i − 2j − k 2 −3 1
, ,
14 14 14
i j k
( )
a 2 − a1 × b = 4 −2 −1 48. Given that lx + my + nz = p is the equation of
5 1 4 the plane in normal form.
∴ l, m, n are the direction cosines.
= i ( −8 + 1) − j(16 + 5 ) + k ( 4 + 10 ) Also l2 + m2 + n2 = 1,
=−7i − 21j + 14k Since, p is the distance from the origin, p should
be greater than zero.
∴ The distance between the parallel lines is
∴ All the statements are true,
d=
(a 2 − a1 × b) ∴ correct answer is option (D)
b
50. Equation of XY plane is z = 0,
−7i − 21j + 14k ∴ d.c.s. of its normal are 0, 0, 1
∴ d=
25 + 1 + 16
x y z
49 + 441 + 196 51. + + =1
= 7 7 7
42 a
7 7
= For equal intercepts, =7 ⇒a=1
3 a
126


52. Equation of plane in intercept form is 59. The plane passes through (2, 4, −3)
x y z This point satisfies the equation of plane in
+ + =1
a b c option (C)
Here, a = b = c and point (1, −1, 2) lies in the plane, Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 4, −3.
1 −1 2 ∴ option (C) is correct answer.
∴ + + =1⇒a=2
a a a 60. The plane passes through (1, −1, 1)
∴ the required equation of a plane is x + y + z = 2. This point satisfies the equation of plane in
53. Here, a = i + j + 2k and n = 3i − 2j + 3k option (D)
î ˆj kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is
r.n = a.n Also, it has d.r.s = b × c = 2 1 1
0 1 2
( ) ( )(
⇒ r. 3i − 2j + 3kˆ = i + j + 2k . 3i − 2j + 3k )
= î(2 − 1) − ˆj(4 − 0) + k(2
ˆ − 0)
⇒ r.( 3i − 2j + 3k ) =
7
= î − 4ˆj + 2kˆ
54. Let a = j − 3k and n =i + 2j + 4k i.e., 1, −4, 2
The vector equation of plane is ∴ option (D) is correct answer.
Alternate Method
( ) ( )(
r. i + 2j + 4k = j − 3k . i + 2j + 4k ) Let a = î − ˆj + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and c = ˆj + 2kˆ
⇒ r.(i + 2j + 4k ) = − 10
55. The plane passes through (2, −1, 1) ∴ the vector equation of required plane is
This point satisfies the equation of plane in ( ) (
r. b × c = a. b × c )
option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 1, −2. ⇒ r.( î − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ = (iˆ − ˆj + k).(i
ˆ ˆ − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ
∴ option (D) is correct answer. ⇒ r.( î − 4ˆj + 2k)
ˆ =7
Alternate method:
Let A ≡ (2, −1, 1) 61. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (0, 1, 2),
The d.r.s. of line joining the points (2, 3, −1) a1, b1, c1 = 3, 1, 1 and
and (1, 2, 1) are 1, 1, −2 a2, b2, c2 = −1, 2, −5
∴ the equation of the required plane is ∴ the equation of required plane is
1(x – 2) + 1(y + 1) – 2(z – 1) = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
⇒ x + y − 2z + 1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 = 0
56. The plane passes through (3, 2, −1) a2 b2 c2
This point satisfies the equation of plane in x−0 y −1 z − 2
option (C). ⇒ 3 1 1 =0
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 2, −3 −1 2 −5
∴ option (C) is correct answer.
⇒ −7x + 14y − 14 + 7z − 14 = 0
57. The plane passes through (−10, 5, 4) ⇒ x − 2y − z + 4 = 0
option (B) 62. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, −1),
Also, it has d.r.s. 7, −3, −1 a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2
∴ option (B) is correct answer. ∴ the equation of required plane is
x −1 y − 2 z +1
58. The plane passes through (1, 2, −3)
This point satisfies the equation of plane in 2 1 3 =0
option (A) 4 1 1
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, −3. ⇒ (x − 1)(−2) + (y − 2)(10) + (z + 1)(−2) = 0
∴ option (A) is correct answer. ⇒ −2x + 2 + 10y − 20 − 2z − 2 = 0
Alternate method: ⇒ x − 5y + z + 10 = 0
Let M (1, 2, –3) be the foot of perpendicular
from the origin O (0, 0, 0) to the plane D. r. s of 63. Required plane passes through point
normal are 1, 2, –3 (x1, y1, z1) ≡ (1, −3, −2) and is perpendicular to
∴ the equation of the required plane is planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + 3y + 2z = 8
1 (x – 1) + 2 (y – 2) – 3 (z + 3) = 0 ∴ their normals are parallel to the required plane
⇒ x + 2y – 3z = 14 ∴ a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 3, 2
127


∴ the equation of required plane is 67. Consider option (B)
x −1 y + 3 z + 2 r .(9 + 3 – ) = 14
1 2 2 =0 Its Cartesian form is
3 3 2 9x + 3y − z = 14
Since, given points (1, 1, −2), (2, −1, 1) and
⇒ 2x − 4y + 3z − 8 = 0 (1, 2, 1) satisfy the above plane,
64. The equation r = a + λ b + µc represents a plane
passing through vector a and parallel to b and
2x + 2y − 5z = 0
c
Since, the given points (4, 1, 2), (1, −1, 0) and
∴ a= 3iˆ + ˆj , b =−ˆj + kˆ , c =î + 2ˆj + 3kˆ (0, 0, 0) satisfy the above plane,
î ˆj ∴ correct answer is option (D)
kˆ
Now, b × c = 0 −1 1 69. Consider option (C)
1 2 3 3x – 4z + l = 0
Since, the given points (1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1) and
= −5iˆ + ˆj + kˆ (–7, –3, –5) satisfy the above plane,
∴ correct answer is option (C)
∴ the equation of required plane is
r.(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = (3iˆ + ˆj).(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ 70. Here n1 = i − j + 2k and n 2 = 3i − j − k
⇒ r.(−5iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = −14 The vector equation of plane passing through
intersection of r.n1 = p1 and r.n 2 = p2 is
( )
r. n1 + λ n 2 = p1 + λp2
( )
r. î + 11ˆj + 3kˆ = 14
Its Cartesian form is
( )
⇒ r. i − j + 2k + λ 3i − j − k  = 3 + λ(4)

x + 11y + 3z = 14 ⇒ r. (1 + 3λ ) i − (1 + λ ) ˆj + ( 2 − λ ) k  = 3 + 4λ
Since, the given points (1, 2, −3), (3, 1, 0) and
(0, 1, 1) satisfiy the above plane, 71. Consider option (B)
∴ correct answer is option (B) r ⋅(10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
Alternate method: Its Cartesian form is
Equation of a plane passing through three points 10x + 11y + 12z = 33
is Since, the given point (1, 1, 1) is satisfies the
above plane
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0 Alternate method:
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z 3 − z1 The equation of plane through the intersection
x −1 y − 2 z + 3 of given planes is
(x + y + z − 4) + λ(x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
⇒ 2 −1 3 =0
Since, it passes through (1, 1, 1)
−1 −1 4 1
∴ (1 + 1 + 1 − 4) + λ(1 + 2 + 3 + 3) = 0 ⇒ λ =
⇒ (x − 1)(−1) − (y − 2)(11) + (z + 3)(−3) = 0 9
⇒ −x − 11y − 3z + 14 = 0 1
⇒ (x + y + z − 4) + (x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
⇒ x + 11y + 3z = 14 9
Its vector form is ⇒ 10x + 11y + 12z – 33 = 0
∴ the equation of plane in vector form is
( )
r. î + 11ˆj + 3kˆ = 14
r ⋅(10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
66. Consider option (B) 72. Consider option (D)
r .(3 î + ĵ – k̂ ) + 4 = 0 ( )
r. 11i + 3j − 5k =
22
Its Cartesian form is Its Cartesian form is
3x + y − z = −4 11x + 3y − 5z = 22
Since the given points A(1, –2, 5), B(0, –5, –1) Since, the given point (1, 2, −1) is satisfies the
and C(–3, 5, 0) satisfy the above plane, above plane,
∴ correct answer is option (B). ∴ correct answer is option (D)
128


73. Equation of plane passing through intersection 81. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
of given planes is, ∴ d.r.s. of the line are a, b, c
(x + y + z − 1) + λ(2x + 3y − z + 4) = 0 It passes through (α, b, γ)
(1 + 2λ)x + (1 + 3λ)y + (1 − λ)z + 4λ − 1 = 0 ∴ equation of perpendicular is
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, x−α y −β z−γ
= =
1 a b c
∴ (1 + 2λ) = 0 ⇒ λ = −
2 82. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Hence, the equation of required plane is ∴ d.r.s. of the line are 2, −3, 1
y − 3z + 6 = 0 It passes through (1, 1, 1)
74. Plane passes through (1, 2, 3) ∴ the equation of required line is
The point (1, 2, 3) satisfies the equation of plane x −1 y −1 z −1
= =
represented by option (B) 2 −3 1
∴ option (B) is correct 83. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Alternate method: ∴ d.r.s. of the line are 1, −2, −3
Any plane parallel to 2x + 4y + 2z = 5 is It passes through (1, 1, −1)
2x + 4y + 2z = k ∴ the equation of required line is
It passes through (1, 2, 3) ⇒ k = 16 x −1 y −1 z +1
∴ Equation of plane is x + 2y + z = 8 = =
1 −2 −3
75. Plane passes through (0, 0, 0) 84. D.r.s of line perpendicular to YZ-plane are
The point (0, 0, 0) satisfies the equation of plane 1, 0, 0
represented by option (A) It passes through (1, 2, 3)
∴ option (A) is correct. ∴ equation of required line is
76. Equation of plane parallel to ZX-plane is y = b. x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= =
It is passes through (0, 2, 0) 1 0 0
∴ its equation is y = 2. 85. D.r.s of the normal to the XZ plane are a, 0, c
77. Equation of plane parallel to YZ-plane is x = a The required line passes through (1, 2, 3)
Since, it is passes through (–1, 3, 4) ∴ The equation of required line is
∴ equation of required plane is x = −1 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= =
i.e., x + 1 = 0 a 0 c
78. Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, 86. Equation of line passing through point (1, 1, 1)
is
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 0, b, c
x −1 y −1 z −1
∴ The equation of required plane is by + cz + d = 0 = =
a b c
79. Since, the plane is parallel to ax + by + cz = 0, Also, the line is parallel to the plane
their d.r.s will be same and 2x + 3y + z + 5 = 0
It passes through (α, b, γ) ∴ 2a + 3b + c = 0
∴ The equation of the plane is The above equation is satisfied by −1, 1, −1
a(x − α) + b(y − b) + c(z − γ) = 0 ∴ correct answer is option (A)
⇒ ax + by + cz = aα + bb + cγ
x−4 y−2 z−k
80. Equation of the plane through the origin is 87. The line = = lies in the plane
1 1 2
ax + by + cz = 0 2x – 4y + z = 7.
The required plane passes through the line ∴ the point (4, 2, k) lies on the line and hence lies
x −1 y−2 z−3 in the plane
= =
5 4 5 ∴ 2(4) – 4(2) + k = 7
∴ 5a + 4b + 5c = 0 …(i) ⇒k=7
The plane passes through the point (1, 2, 3)
88. n1 = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and n 2 = î + ˆj + 2kˆ
∴ a + 2b + 3c = 0 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get n1 .n 2
a b c ∴ cosθ =
∴ = = n1 n 2
12 − 10 5 − 15 10 − 4
a b c 2 (1) − 1(1) + 1( 2 ) 1
⇒ = = = =
1 −5 3 4 +1+1 1+1+ 4 2
∴ The equation of the required plane is π
⇒θ =
x – 5y + 3z = 0 3
129


89. Let a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, −3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2 98. The d.r.s. of line and plane are a, b, c
∴ The angle between the planes is a a + b b + cc
∴ sin θ =
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 a + b2 + c2 ⋅ a 2 + b2 + c2
2
cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 . a 22 + b 22 + c 22 a + b2 + c2
2
= =1
a 2 + b2 + c2
1(4) + 2(1) + (−3)(2) ⇒ θ = 90°
= =0
1 + 4 + 9 . 16 + 1 + 4
99. Given equation of line is 6x = 4y = 3z
π x y z
⇒θ= i.e. = =
2 2 3 4
92. The d.r.s. of normal to first plane are a, b, c and ∴ the d.r.s. of line are 2, 3, 4
the d.r.s. of normal to second plane are a′, b′, c′ the d.r.s. of plane are 3, 2, −3
Since the two planes are perpendicular, 2(3) + 3(2) + 4( −3)
∴ sin θ = =0
∴ aa′ + bb′ + cc′ = 0 4 + 9 + 16 . 9 + 4 + 9
93. The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 0, 2, 3. ⇒ θ = 90°

The d.r.s of X axis are 1, 0, 0 101. Since the line r = î + λ (2 î − m ĵ − 3 k̂ ) is
Now, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0(1) + 2(0) + 3(0)
=0 parallel to the plane r .(m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
∴ The plane 2y + 3z = 0 passes through X-axis. ∴ b.n = 0
94. Comparing the equations of line and plane with ⇒ (2 î – m ĵ – 3 k̂ ) . (m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0

r = a + λ b and r.n = p , we get ⇒ 2(m) − m(3) − 3(1) = 0
b =î + 2ˆj − kˆ and n = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ⇒−m=3
⇒ m = −3
∴ The angle between the line and plane is
x −1 y +1 z
b.n 1(2) + 2(−1) − 1(1) 1 102. The line = = lie on the
sin θ = = = 2 3 4
b.n 1+ 4 +1 4 +1+1 6 plane 4x + 4y – kz = 0
1 Since the given line lies on the plane, it is
⇒ θ = sin −1   parallel to the plane
6
∴ aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
95. Here, b = î − ˆj + kˆ and n= 3iˆ − 4kˆ ⇒ 4(2) + 4(3) – k(4) = 0
∴ Angle between the line and plane is ⇒ 4k = 20 ⇒ k = 5
(iˆ − ˆj + k).(3i
ˆ ˆ − 4k)
ˆ −1 103. The equation of plane is
sin θ = = 3x − 2y + 6z − 5 = 0 and the point is (2, 3, 4)
1 + 1 + 1 . 9 + 16 5 3
∴ The distance of point from the plane is
 1 
⇒ θ = sin−1   ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
5 3 d=
a 2 + b2 + c2
96. Let a, b, c = 2, 3, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 3, 2, −3 2 ( 3) + 3 ( −2 ) + 4 ( 6 ) − 5 19
aa1 + bb1 + cc1
= =
∴ sin θ =
2
3 +2 +6 2 2 7
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a12 + b12 + c12 Alternate method:
=
2(3) + 3(2) + 4(−3) ()
Let A a = ( 2,3,4 )
22 + 32 + 42 (3) 2 + (2) 2 + (−3) 2 Given equation of plane is
⇒ sin θ = 0
⇒ θ = 0°
(
r. 3iˆ − 2ˆj + 6kˆ =
5 )
∴ a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ , and n =3iˆ − 2ˆj + 6kˆ
97. Let a, b, c = 3, 2, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, −3
∴ The distance of point from plane is
6 + 2 − 12
∴ sin θ =
9 + 4 + 16 4 + 1 + 9
d=
( a.n ) − p = 2(3) + 3(−2) + 4(6) − 5
=
19
−4 −4 n 2
3 +2 +6 2 2 7
⇒ sin θ = =
29 × 14 406 104. Here, a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, d = −3 and x = y = z = 0
−1  −4  −3
⇒ θ = sin   ∴ d= = 3
 406  1 +12 + 12
2
130


105. Here, a = 3, b = −6, c = 2, z = 11 and x = 2, 110. Given line passes through (1, −2, 1) and the
y = 3, z = 4 d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 2, −1
3(2) + (−6)(3) + 2(4) + 11 2(1) + 2(−2) − 1(1) − 6
∴ d= =1 ∴ d=
32 + (−6) 2 + 22 22 + 22 + (−1) 2
106. Let the intercepts made by the plane 9

= =3
a, b, c = 2, 1, −2 9
∴ The distance of plane from origin is
111. Given planes are parallel and can be written as
1
d= 5
1 1 1 2x – 2y + z + 3 = 0 and 2x – 2y + z + =0
+ + 2
a 2 b2 c2
1 2
= = d1 − d 2
1 1 6 d=
+1+ a + b2 + c2
2
4 4
Alternate method: 5 1
3−   1
The equation of plane is 2
= 2 =  =
x y z 4 + 4 +1 3 6
+ + 1
=
2 1 −2
i.e. x + 2y − z − 2 = 0
112. Given planes are parallel, and can be written as
∴ distance of plane from the origin is
7
−2 x + 2y + 3z + 7 = 0 and x + 2y + 3z + =0
d= 2
1+ 4 +1
2
d= 7
6 7− 7
d= 2 =
107. Let a, b, c = −6, 3, 4 1+ 4 + 9 2 2
∴ The length of perpendicular from origin is
1 1 12
=d = = 113. The plane passes through points (1, –2, 3) and
1 1 1 29 29 (4, 0, –1)
+ +
(−6) 2 32 42 144 This points satisfies the equation of plane in
option (A)
108. The distance of (1,1,1) from the origin is
d = (1) 2 + (1) 2 + (1) 2 = 3
Distance of (1,1,1) from 114. The plane passes through (1, 2, −1)
x + y + z + k = 0 is This point satisfies the equation of plane in
option (A)
(1) + (1) + (1) + k
d1 = î ˆj kˆ
(1) 2 + (1) 2 + (1) 2
Also, it has d.r.s = b × c = 1 2 −1
k +3
=± 1 1 3
3
1 k +3 = 7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂
Now, 3 =± …(given)
2  3  i.e., 7, −4, −1
⇒ 6 = ± (k + 3) ∴ option (A) is correct answer.
⇒ k = 3, −9 Alternate Method
109. Since, the points (1, 1, k) and (−3, 0 , 1) are Let a = î − ˆj + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and c = ˆj + 2kˆ
equidistance from the given plane
3 + 4 − 12k + 13 −9 − 12 + 13
∴ = ∴ the vector equation of required plane is
9 + 16 + 144 9 + 16 + 144
⇒ |3 + 4 − 12k + 13| = |−9 − 12 + 13| ( ) (
r. b × c = a. b × c )
⇒ 20 − 12k = ± 8 ⇒ r (7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = (iˆ − 2ˆj − k).(7i
ˆ ˆ − 4ˆj − k)
ˆ
5
⇒ k = 1, ⇒ r .(7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = 0
7
131


x −1 y − 2 z +1
⇒ = =
Critical Thinking −2 −2 2
x −1 y − 2 z +1
1. d.r.s. of given line are 1, 1, 1 ⇒ = = …(i)
1 1 −1
1 1 1
∴ d.c.s. are , , Comparing (i) with given equation, we get
3 3 3
l = 1, m = 1, n = −1
2. The d.r.s. of line are 3, 2, −8 and its passes
through (5, 2, −4) 8. Let A ≡ (−1, 3, −2) and B ≡ (−5, 3, −6)
∴ the vector equation of line is Midpoint of AB = (−3, 3,−4)
r = 5 î + 2 ĵ − 4 k̂ + λ(3 î + 2 ĵ − 8 k̂ )
Since the line is equally inclined to the axis
∴ d.r.s. are 1, 1, 1.
The cartesian equation of the line is
x−5 y−2 z+4 ∴ equation of the line is
= = x+3 y −3 z+ 4
3 2 −8 = =
1 1 1
3. The line passes through (2, − 3, 4) and has ⇒x+3=y−3=z+4
direction ratios proportional to 3, 4, −5.
∴ the cartesian equation of the line is 9. Co-ordinates of G ≡ (1, 1, 1)
x−2 y+3 z−4 D.r.s of OG are 1, 1, 1 and it passes through
= =
3 4 −5 (0, 0, 0)
∴ 4x − 8 = 3y + 9 and −5y − 15 = 4z − 16 ∴ equation of line OG is
i.e., 4x − 3y = 17 and 5y + 4z = 1 x−0 y−0 z−0
= =
1 1 1
4. Line  Z-axis
⇒x=y=z
∴ d.r.s. are 0, 0, 1
∴ Required equation is 10. The equation of the line joining the points
r = 2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ + λ ( 0. î + 0. ĵ + 1 k̂ ) (2, 2, 1) and (5, 1, – 2) is
⇒ r = (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂) + λ k̂ x−2 y−2 z −1
= =
5−2 1− 2 −2 − 1
5. Let a, b, c, be the direction ratios of the required x−2 y−2 z −1
line. ⇒ = = …(i)
3 −1 −3
Since, the line is perpendicular to the lines with Since, x co-ordinate is 4
d.r.s 3, −16, 7 and 3, 8, −5
∴ It satisfies (i)
∴ 3a − 16b + 7c = 0 …i)
4 − 2 y − 2 z −1
and 3a + 8b − 5c = 0 …(ii) ∴ = =
3 −1 −3
a b c
⇒ = = ..[From (i) and (ii)] z −1 2
2 3 6 ∴ =
−3 3
x −1 y − 2 z + 4 ∴ 3z − 3 = −6
= = ∴ z = −1
2 3 6
6. Here, (x1, y1, z1) ≡ (a, b, c) 11. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, −6, 10) and | r | = 17
and (x2, y2, z2) ≡ (a − b, b − c, c − a) 2
Required equation of line is x2 = x1 + lr = 3 −
17
( )
17 = 1
x−a y−b z−c
= = 3
a −b−a b−c−b c−a −c y2 = y1 + mr = −6 +
17
( 17 = −3)
x−a y−b z−c
i.e., = = 2
b c a z2 = z1 + nr = 10 −
17
( )
17 = 8
x −1 y−2 z +1
7. Given equation is = =
l m n 12. The d.r.s. of the line joining the points (2, 1, −3)
The equation of line passing through and (−3, 1, 7) are −5, 0, 10
(1, 2, −1) and (−1, 0, 1) is The d.r.s. of the line parallel to line
x −1 y − 2 z +1 x −1 y z + 3
= = = = are 3, 4, 5
−1 − 1 0 − 2 1 + 1 3 4 5
132


∴ The angle between the lines having d.r.s. x y −1 z −1
18. Let = = =λ
–5, 0, 10 and 3, 4, 5 is 2 3 3
− 5(3) + 0(4) + 10(5) ∴ Any general point on this line is
cos θ =
25 + 0 + 100 9 + 16 + 25 Q (2λ, 3λ+1, 3λ+1)
35 Let P ≡ (1, 2, 3).
⇒ cos θ =
25 10 ∴ D.r.s. of PQ are 2λ − 1, 3λ − 1, 3λ − 2
 7  P(1, 2, 3)
⇒ θ =cos −1  
 5 10 
13. The d.r.s. of the two lines are 2, −1, 1 and x y −1 z −1

= =
4, −1, λ 2 3 3
Q
Since, the lines are perpendicular (2λ, 3λ + 1, 3λ + 1)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
⇒ 2(4) + (–1) (–1) + (1) (λ) = 0
⇒λ+9=0
Since, PQ is perpendicular to given line
⇒λ=–9
∴ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
14. a1, b1, c1 = 2, p, 5 and ∴ (2λ − 1)2 + (3λ − 1)3 + (3λ − 2)3 = 0
a2, b2, c2 = 3, −p, p 1
Since, the given lines are perpendicular. ∴ λ=
2
∴ (2)(3) + p(−p) + (5)(p) = 0  5 5
⇒ 6 − p2 + 5p = 0 ∴ Q ≡ 1, , 
 2 2
⇒ p2 − 5p − 6 = 0
⇒ (p − 6) (p + 1) = 0 x y−2 z−3
19. Let = = =λ
⇒ p = 6 or p = − 1 2 3 4
15. a1, b1, c1 = 2, λ, 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 1
P ≡ (2λ, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3)
Since, the lines are perpendicular.
Given point is A (3, – 1, 11)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
∴ The d.r.s. of AP are
∴ 2 (1) + λ (3) + 0 (1) = 0
2λ −3, 3λ + 3, 4λ − 8
∴ 2+3λ=0
Since, the line AP is perpendicular to the given
−2
∴ λ= line
3 ∴ 2(2λ − 3) + 3(3λ + 3) + 4(4λ − 8) = 0
16. Given lines pass through common point (1, 2, 3) ⇒ 29 λ − 29 = 0
Also, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2(3) + 3(4) + 4(5) ≠ 0 ⇒λ=1
∴ lines are intersecting ∴ P ≡ (2, 5, 7)
17. Let r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , then x+3 y −1 z+4

20. Let = = =λ
5 2 3
r × a = b × a ⇒ (r − b ) × a = 0
∴ Any general point on this line is
î ˆj kˆ Q (5λ −3, 2λ + 1, 3λ − 4)
∴ x − 2 y z +1 = 0 Let P ≡ (0, 2, 3).
1 1 0 ∴ The d.r.s. of PQ are 5λ − 3, 2λ − 1, 3λ − 7
Since PQ is perpendicular to given line,
⇒ (−z −1) î − (− z −1) ĵ + (x − y − 2) k̂ = 0
5(5λ − 3) + 2(2λ − 1) + 3(3λ − 7) = 0
⇒ z = − 1, x − y = 2 …(i) ⇒λ=1
Now, r × b = a × b ⇒ ( r − a ) × b = 0 ∴ Q ≡ (2, 3, −1)
î ˆj kˆ 21. Let P (x, y, z) be any point
∴ x −1 y −1 z = 0 Now by the given condition, we get
2 0 −1 2 2 2
 ( x 2 + y 2 )  +  ( y 2 + z 2 )  +  (z 2 + x 2 )  = 36
     
⇒ (1 − y) î − (1 − x − 2z) ĵ + (2 − 2y) k̂ = 0
i.e., x2 + y2 + z2 = 18
⇒ y = 1, x + 2z = 1 …(ii) ∴ The distance from origin
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 18 = 3 2
x = 3, y = 1, z = −1
133

22. Distance of point P α from the ( ) 24. Let

x − 11
=
y + 2 z+8
= =λ
10 −4 −11
line r = a + λ b is Any point on the line is
P(10λ + 11, – 4 λ – 2, – 11λ – 8)
( )
2
2
 a − a .b 
a−a −  Let A ≡ (2, – 1, 5)
 b  The d.r.s. of the line AP are
 
10λ + 11 – 2, – 4λ – 2 – (– 1), – 11λ – 8 – 5
( )
Given, P α ≡ (0,0,0) and
i.e., 10λ + 9, − 4λ − 1, −11λ − 13
(
t = 4i + 2j + 4k + λ 3i + 4j − 5k ) Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line
∴ 10(10λ + 9) – 4(– 4λ – 1) – 11(– 11λ – 13) = 0
∴ a = 4i + 2j + 4k and ⇒ 100λ + 90 + 16λ + 4 + 121λ + 143 = 0
b = 3i + 4j − 5k ⇒ 237λ + 237 = 0 ⇒ λ = – 1
∴ Distance of point ∴ P ≡ (1, 2, 3)
AP = ( 2 − 1) + ( −1 − 2 ) + ( 5 − 3)
2 2 2
 −4(3) − 2(4) − 4( −5) 
2 ∴
= (−4) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−4) 2  −   = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
 32 + 42 + ( −5) 2 
= 16 + 4 + 16 25. The given equation of line is

x −1 y +1
=6 = = z
Alternate method: 2 −3
The co-ordinates of any point on the given line
AO = 4iˆ + 2ˆj + 4kˆ
are (2λ + 1, − 3λ − 1, λ)
∴ OA = 16 + 4 + 16 =6 The distance of this point from the point
O (0, 0, 0) (1, − 1, 0) is 4 14 .
∴ (2λ)2 + (− 3λ)2 + (λ)2 = (4 14) 2 ⇒ λ = ± 4
d
∴ The co-ordinates of the required point are
(9, − 13, 4) or (− 7, 11, − 4)
A 3iˆ + 4ˆj − 5kˆ
M L The point nearer to the origin is (−7, 11, −4).
(4,2,4)
26. The equation of the line joining the points
AM = Projection of OA on AL A(2, – 3, – 1) and B(8, – 1, 2) is
12 + 8 − 20 x−2 y+3 z +1
= =0 = =
9 + 16 + 25 8−2 −1 + 3 2 +1
In right angled ∆OAM, d2 = OA2 − AM2 x−2 y+3 z +1
⇒ = = =λ
⇒ d2 = 62 − 0 ⇒ d = 6 6 2 3
x −1 y z (6λ + 2, 2λ – 3, 3λ – 1)
23. Any point on the line = = = λ is
2 9 5 The distance of this point from the point
P (2λ +1, 9λ, 5λ) A(2, – 3, – 1) is 14 units.
Let A ≡ (5, 4, – 1) ∴ (6λ)2 + (2λ)2 + (3λ)2 = (14)2
The d.r.s. of the line AP are ∴ 49λ2 = 196
2λ + 1 – 5, 9λ – 4, 5λ – (– 1) ∴ λ2 = 4 ⇒ λ = ± 2
⇒ 2λ – 4, 9λ – 4, 5λ + 1 ∴ The points are (14, 1, 5) and (– 10, – 7, – 7)
Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line ∴ The point nearer to the origin is (−10, −7, −7).
∴ 2 (2λ – 4) + 9 (9λ – 4) + 5 (5λ + 1) = 0 27. Any point on the line
⇒ 4λ – 8 + 81λ – 36 + 25λ + 5 = 0 x+5 y+3 z−6
39 = = = λ is given by P
⇒λ= 1 4 −9
110 (2, 4, −1)
M ≡ (λ − 5, 4λ − 3, − 9λ + 6).
 188 351 195 
∴ P≡  , , 
 110 110 110 
2 2 2
 188   351   195 
∴ AP =  5 −  +4−  +  −1 − 
110 110
 110   
1 2109 The d.r.s. of PM are A B
= 131044 + 7921 + 93025 = (−5, −3, 6) M
110 2 110 λ − 7, 4λ − 7, −9λ + 7
134


Since, PM is perpendicular to AM, 30. Since, the plane contains the X-axis, it passes
∴ 1(λ − 7) + 4 (4λ − 7) − 9( −9λ + 7) = 0 through the origin
⇒ 98λ − 98 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 ∴ d=0
∴ M = (− 4, 1, − 3) ∴ The equation of the plane is
Now, Equation of perpendicular passing through ax + by + cz = 0 …(i)
P(2, 4, −1) and M(−4, 1, −3) is Also, plane passes through (1, 1, 1)
x−2 y−4 z +1 ∴ a+b+c=0 …(ii)
= =
−4 − 2 1− 4 −3 + 1 x y z
The equation of the X-axis is = =
x−2 y−4 z +1 1 0 0
⇒ = = As the plane contains the X-axis, the d.r.s of the
6 3 2
normal to the plane are perpendicular to X-axis
28. The lines can be rewritten as ∴ a(1) + b(0) + c(0) = 0
r = ( î − 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + t(− î + ĵ − k̂ ) and ⇒a=0
r = ( î − ĵ − k̂ ) + s( î + 2 ĵ − 2 k̂ ) Substituting value of a in (ii) we get
b+c=0⇒b=–c
Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, −2, 3)
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, −1, −1)
by – bz = 0
(a1, b1, c1) = (−1, 1, −1)
⇒y–z=0
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, −2)
∴ Shortest distance (d) 31. The plane passes through (1, −1, 3) and
1 − 1 −1 + 2 −1 − 3 (2, 3 −4)
−1 1 −1 The points satisfies the equation of plane in
1 2 −2
option (B)
d= ∴ option (B) is correct answer.
( −2 + 2 )2 + ( −1 − 2 )2 + ( −2 − 1)2
Alternate method:
0 − 1( 3) − 4 ( −3) 9 3 Let ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the equation of the
= = =
3 2 3 2 2 required plane.
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis,
29. The given equation of lines are ∴ a=0
x −1 y +1 z −1 The points (1, –1, 3) and (2, 3, – 4) lie in the
= = and
k 3 4 plane,
x − 3 2y − 9 z ∴ – b + 3c + d = 0, and …(i)
= =
1 2k 1 3b – 4c + d = 0 …(ii)
9 Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get
x−3 y − 2 z
i.e. = = b
=
c
=
d
1 k 1
3 − (−4) 3 +1 4−9
Since the line intersect,
b c d
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 ⇒ = =
7 4 −5
a1 b1 c1 = 0
∴ Equation of the required plane is 7y + 4z – 5 = 0
a2 b2 c2
11 32. The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
2 −1 This point satisfies the equation of plane in
2
∴ k 3 4 =0
option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, 4.
1 k 1
∴ 2(3 − 4k) − (k − 4) −1(k2 − 3) = 0
2 The equation of the required plane parallel to
11 the plane x + 2y + 4z = 5 is
∴ 6 − 8k − k + 22 − k2 + 3 = 0
2 x + 2y + 4z + k = 0
∴ 2 k2 + 27 k − 62 = 0 The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
∴ 2 k2 − 4 k + 31 k − 62 = 0 ∴ 2 + 2(3) + 4(4) + k = 0
∴ 2 k(k − 2) + 31 (k − 2) = 0 ⇒ k = −24
−31 ∴ the equation of the required plane is
∴ k = 2 or k =
2 x + 2y + 4z = 24
135


33. The plane passes through (1, 2, 3) Alternate method:
This point satisfies the equation of plane in The required plane bisects the line segment
option (D) perpendicularly.
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 3, −4. ∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are
∴ option (D) is correct answer. 3 − (−1), − 5 − 2, 6 − 3
i.e. 4, −7, 3
34. The plane x – 3y + 5z = d passes through
3 9
(1, 2, 4). Since, the mid-point 1, − ,  lies in the plane,
∴ d = 15  2 2
∴ the equation of plane becomes x – 3y + 5z = 15 ∴ The equation of the plane is
3 9
⇒
x
+
y z
+ =1 4(x − 1) − 7  y +  + 3  z −  = 0
15 −5 3  2  2
∴ length of intercept cut by plane on the X, Y, Z ⇒ 4x − 7y + 3z = 28
axes are 15, –5, 3 respectively.
39.
35. Here, a = b = c = 1
P
x y z
∴ the equation of the required plane is + + =1
1 1 1
⇒x+y+z=1 (–1, 3, 4)
36.
A ( a ) =î + 2ˆj + 4kˆ
Q
M ( m=
) 2ˆj − kˆ
Mid-point of line joining P(1, 2, 3) and
Q(−3, 4, 5) is (–1, 3, 4)
It lies on the plane
B ( b ) =−î + 2ˆj − 6kˆ
The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are −4, 2, 2
i.e. –2, 1, 1
(1 − 1) î + ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( 4 − 6 ) kˆ ∴ The equation of the plane is
∴ M m = ( ) 2 2 2 –2(x + 1) + 1(y – 3) + 1(z – 4) = 0
= 2 j − kˆ
ˆ ⇒ 2x – y – z = –9
x y z
∴ equation of plane passing through the vector ⇒ + + =1
−9 9 9
2 ˆj − kˆ and perpendicular to AB =−2iˆ − 10kˆ is 2
( ) ( 2ˆj − kˆ ).( −2iˆ − 10kˆ )

r. −2iˆ − 10kˆ = ∴ Intercepts are
−9
2
, 9, 9
⇒ r.( î + 5kˆ ) =
−10 40. The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
37. P be the point (a, b, c). option (A)
∴ The d.r.s of OP are a, b, c. Also, it has d.r.s. 3 − 2 , 4 + 1, −1 −5
∴ Equation of the plane passing through the point i.e. 1, 5, −6.
(a, b, c) is ∴ option (A) is correct answer.
a( x − a) + b( y − b) + c(z − c) = 0 Alternate method:
The d.r.s. of the line joining the points
⇒ ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2 (3, 4, −1) and (2, −1, 5) are 1, 5, −6.
38. Mid-point of the line segment joining the points The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
(−1, 2, 3) and (3, − 5, 6) is ∴ the equation of required plane is
−1 + 3 2 − 5 3 + 6 
1(x – 2) + 5(y + 3) – 6(z – 1) = 0
M ≡  , ,  ⇒ x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0
 2 2 2 
−3 9 41. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the required plane.
M ≡ 1, , 
 2 2 Since, the plane passes through Z-axis,
The plane passes through point M ∴ a(0) + b(0) + c(1) = 0
It satisfies option (C) ⇒c=0
136


Given that the required plane is perpendicular to î ˆj kˆ
x −1 y+2 z−3 47. n = 1 −1 2 = – 3 î + 5 ĵ + 4 k̂
= =
cos θ sin θ 0
3 1 1
∴ d.r.s of normal to plane are cos θ, sin θ, 0
∴ the equation of required plane is ∴ the d.r.s. of line are – 3, 5, 4
x cos θ + y sin θ = 0 ∴ The equation of the line passing through
⇒ x + y tan θ = 0 (1, 2, 3) and having d.r.s. −3, 5, 4 is
x −1 y−2 z−3
42. = =
n −3 5 4
( a, b, c )
48. (2, –1, 0) lies on the plane 9x − 2y − 3z = k
∴ 9(2) – 2(–1) – 3(0) = k
⇒ k = 20
49. Since, the point (1, 0, z1) lies on the plane
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 ( )
r. −î + 3kˆ =2
= =
1 3 2 i.e. − x + 3z = 2
î ˆj kˆ ⇒ z1 = 1
n = 1 3 2 = î – ĵ + k̂ 50. (3, 2, –1) lies on the plane 5x + 3y − 2z = λ
2 7 5 ∴ 5 (3) + 3 (2) – 2 (– 1) = λ
∴ the d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 1, –1, 1 ⇒ λ = 23
∴ the equation of plane passing through the point 51. The equation of the plane passing through the
(1, 2, 3)
1(x – 1) – 1(y – 2) + 1(z – 3) = 0 intersection of the planes r ⋅ a = p and r ⋅ b = q
⇒x–y+z=2 is
r ⋅ ( a + λ b ) = p + λq …(i)
43. Equation of any plane through ( x1 , y1 ,z1 ) is
Since, the plane passes through the origin,
a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 …(i) p + λq = 0
it contains the line
−p
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 ⇒λ=
= = =0 q
d1 d2 d3
i.e. it passes through (x2, y2, z2) Substituting the value of λ in (i), we get
∴ a (x2 – x1) + b (y2 – y1) + c (z2 – z1) = 0 …(ii)  p   −p 
r ⋅  a − b  = p +   (q)
Also, ad1 + bd2 + cd3 = 0 …(iii)  q   q 
Eliminating a, b, c from (i) , (ii), (iii), we get the
equation of the required plane as ( )
⇒ r ⋅ aq − bp = pq – pq
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 ⇒ r ⋅ ( qa − pb ) = 0
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0
d1 d2 d3 52. The line of intersection of the planes
r . (3 î − ĵ + k̂ ) = 1 and r . ( î + 4 ĵ − 2 k̂ ) = 2 is
44. Vector perpendicular to plane is
perpendicular to each of the normal vectors
n = 6 î − 3 ĵ + 5 k̂
n1 = 3 î − ĵ + k̂ and n 2 = î + 4 ĵ − 2 k̂ .
Thus, the line perpendicular to the given line
will be parallel to n ∴ The line is parallel to the vector n1 × n 2
∴ The equation of line which passes through î ˆj kˆ
a = 2 î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ and parallel to n is ∴ n1 × n 2 = 3 −1 1
r = a + λn 1 4 −2
⇒ r = (2 î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ ) + λ(6 î − 3 ĵ + 5 k̂ ) = −2 î + 7 ĵ + 13 k̂
45. The d.r.s. of the line are 3, − 4, 5 and it passes
through is 3, − 5, 7
∴ The equation of line is x + 2y + 3z – 4 + λ(2x + y – z + 5) = 0
⇒ (1 + 2λ)x + (2 + λ)y + (3 – λ)z – 4 + 5λ = 0
(
r= 3iˆ − 5jˆ + 7kˆ + λ 3iˆ − 4ˆj + 5kˆ ) …(i)
137


Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the required plane 58. Consider plane OPQ
∴ From equation (i), a = 1 + 2λ; b = 2 + λ; the eq uation of plane is
c=3–λ ax + by + cz = 0
The required plane is perpendicular to The plane passes through P(1, 2, 1) and
5x + 3y – 6z + 8 = 0 Q(2, 3, 0)
∴ 5a + 3b – 6c = 0 ∴ a + 2b + c = 0 and …(i)
⇒ 5(1 + 2λ) + 3(2 + λ) – 6(3 – λ) = 0 2a + 3b = 0 …(ii)
⇒ 5 + 10λ + 6 + 3λ – 18 + 6λ = 0 On solving (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ – 7 + 19λ = 0 a b c
= =
7 −3 2 −1
⇒λ= ∴ The equation of plane OPQ is
19
Substituting the value of λ in equation (i), we get −3x + 2y − z = 0 …(iii)
The equation of plane PQR is
 7  7  7
1 + 2 ×  x + 2+  y + 3 −  z a1 (x − 1) + b1 (y − 2) + c1 (z − 1) = 0
 19   19   19  On solving for a1, b1, c1, we get
7 a1 = −3, b1 = 3, c1 = 0
– 4 + 5   =0
 19  ∴ The equation of PQR is
33 45 50 41 x−y+1=0 …(iv)
⇒ x+ y+ z− =0
19 19 19 19 ∴ The angle between the planes represented by
⇒ 33x + 45y + 50z – 41 = 0 equations (iii) and (iv) is
(−3)(1) + 2(−1) −5
54. The equation of the plane passing through the cos θ = =
origin is ax + by + cz = 0. 9 + 4 + 1. 1 + 1 14 . 2
The required plane is perpendicular to the line  5 
x = 2y = 3z ⇒ θ = cos−1  
 28 
x y z
i.e., = = 59. The equation of the plane is
6 3 2
ax + by + cz + d = 0
∴ the d.r.s. of the line are 6, 3, 2
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are a, b, c
∴ the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 6, 3 and 2. Since the given line is parallel to the plane,
∴ the equation of the required plane is ∴ al + bm + cn = 0
6x + 3y + 2z = 0
60. The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 3, −1
55. Here, n1= ( xî + ˆj − kˆ ) , and The d.r.s. of X-axis are 1, 0, 0
∴ the angle between the plane and X-axis is
n2 = ( î + xˆj − kˆ )
aa1 + bb1 + cc1
sin θ =
n1.n 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a12 + b12 + c12
∴ cos θ =
n1 n 2 2(1) + 0 + 0
⇒ sin θ =
4 + 9 + 1. 1
⇒ cos
π
=
( xî + ˆj − kˆ ).( î + xˆj + kˆ ) ⇒ sin θ =
2
3 x 2 + 1 + 1. 1 + x 2 + 1 14
 2 
1  x + x −1  ⇒ θ = sin−1  
⇒ = ± 2   14 
2  x +2 
2x −1 1 61. Here a = 1, b = k, c = 4 and
⇒ 2 = ...(considering positive value)
x +2 2 a1 = 1, b1 = −3, c1 = 2
⇒ x2 + 2 − 4x + 2 = 0 The angle between the line and plane is
⇒ (x − 2)2 = 0 aa1 + bb1 + cc1
sin θ =
⇒x=2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a12 + b12 + c12
56. For perpendicular planes, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0  3  3

Now, θ = sin−1   ⇒ sin θ =
⇒ 2(1) + 1(2) – 2(k) = 0 7 6 7 6
⇒k=2 ∴
3
=
1 − 3k + 8
7 6 1 + k 2 + 16 . 1 + 9 + 4
57. Since, the planes are perpendicular to each other.
∴ 3(4) + (−2)(3) + 2 × (− k) = 0 ⇒ k2 + 21k − 46 = 0
⇒k=3 ⇒ k = 2 or −23
138


x −1 y z−3 66. Since both the given lines pass through the point
62. Equation of the line L: = = and
2 3 2 with position vector î + ˆj , the required plane
equation of the plane P: 4x − 2y − z = 1. also passes through î + ˆj , and normal to the
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 2, and
plane is perpendicular to the vectors
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are
î + 2 ĵ – k̂ and – î + ĵ – 2 k̂ .
4, −2, −1.
Now consider Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the normal to the
plane.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 8 − 6 −2 = 0
î ˆj kˆ
∴ Line L and plane P are parallel.
Since the point (1, 0, 3), which lies on the line L ∴ n = 1 2 −1
also satisfies the equation of the plane, −1 1 −2
∴ The line L lies in the plane P. ⇒ n = – 3 î + 3 ĵ + 3 k̂
63. Equation of the line i.e. n = – î + ĵ + k̂
x+3 y−4 z+5 ∴ Vector equation of the plane passing through
L: = =
2 3 1 î + ĵ and containing the given lines is
and equation of the plane
r .(– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = ( î + ĵ ).(– î + ĵ + k̂ )
P : 2x − 3y + 5z = 1.
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 1 ⇒ r . (– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 2, −3, 5.
67. The plane passes through
Now consider
(0, 2, −3) and (2, 6, 3)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 4 – 9 + 5 = 0 The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
∴ Line L is parallel to the plane P. option (A)
x−3 y−4 z−5
64. Since, the line = = lies in the Alternate Method:
2 3 4
The equation of the plane is
plane 4x + 4y – cz – d = 0,
x−a y −b z − γ
∴ aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
a1 b1 c1 = 0
⇒ 2(4) + 3(4) + 4(–c) = 0
a2 b2 c2
⇒ 20 – 4c = 0
⇒c=5 x y−2 z+3
Also, the plane passes through (3, 4, 5) ⇒ 1 2 3 =0
∴ 4(3) + 4(4) – 5(5) − d = 0 2 3 4
⇒d=3 ⇒ – x – (y – 2)(– 2) + (z + 3)(– 1) = 0
⇒ – x + 2y – 4 – z – 3 = 0
65. Given equation of plane ⇒ x – 2y + z + 7 = 0
x −1 y −1 z + 2
= = 68. The plane passes through
2 3 2
∴ The line passes through (1, 1, −2) (5, 7, −3) and (8, 4, 5)
The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
The above point lies on the plane
option (A)
x + By − 3z + D = 0
∴ 1+B+6+D=0
⇒ B + D = −7 …(i) 69. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the normal to the plane
Also the given line is perpendicular to the î ˆj kˆ
normal to the plane ∴ n = 3 5 7 = î – 2 ĵ + k̂
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 1 4 7
⇒ 2(1) + 3(B) + 2(−3) = 0 Since, the plane passes through (– 1, – 3, – 5)
4 ∴ 1(x + 1) – 2(y + 3) + 1(z + 5) = 0
⇒B=
3 ⇒ x – 2y + z = 0
Substituting value of B is equation (i), we get From the given options only (0, 0, 0) satisfies
D=
−25 the equation of the plane.
3 ∴ The plane passes through (0, 0, 0).
139
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70. Here x1, y1, z1 = − l, −3, −5 and x2, y2, z2 = 2, 4, 6 74. Let d1 be the distance of the point (1, 2, −1)
a1, b1, c1 = 3, 5, 7 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 5 from the plane 2x − 3y + z + k = 0
Since the given lines are coplanar
2 (1) − 3 ( 2 ) + ( −1) + k −5 + k
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 ∴ d1 = =
2
2 + ( −3) + 12
2 4 + 9 +1
∴ a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2 k −5
=
−l − 2 −3 − 4 −5 − 6 14
⇒ 3 5 7 =0 Let d2 be the distance of the point (1, 2, −1)
1 3 5 from the plane x + 2y + 3z = 0
⇒ (− l− 2)(25 − 21) − (−3−4)(15 − 7) (1) + 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( −1) 2
∴ d2 = =
+ (−5 −6)(9 − 5) = 0 2
1 +2 +3 2 2
14
⇒ 12 = 4(l + 2) Given that d1.d2 = 1.
⇒ l = 1.
k −5 2
71. The lines are coplanar
∴ =1
14 14
−1 − 2 −3 − 4 −5 − 6
⇒ (k − 5) 2 = 14
∴ 1 4 k =0
⇒k−5=7
3 5 k
⇒ k = 12
⇒ −3(4k − 5k) + 7(k − 3k) −11(−7) = 0
⇒k=7 3(2) − 6(3) + 2(4) + 11
75. P1 = =1
72. Since the given lines are coplanar, then 32 + (−6) 2 + (2) 2
3 −1 1− 2 3 −1
3(1) − 6(1) + 2(4) + 11 16
∴ 1 2 −λ = 0 P2 = =
2
3 + (−6) + (2) 2 2 7
λ 3 4
2 −1 2 the equation P1 and P2 satisfies
⇒ 1 2 −λ = 0 7P2 − 23P + 16 = 0.
λ 3 4 ∴ P1 and P2 are the roots of the equation (B).
2
⇒ λ + 2λ + 26 = 0 76. Equation of plane parallel to x − 2y + 2z = 5 is x
∆ = 4 − 4(1)(26) < 0 − 2y + 2z + k = 0 …(i)
∴ Roots are imaginary distance of the above plane from (1, 2, 3) is 1.
So no real value of λ exists. 1− 4 + 6 + k
∴ = 1
x y−2 z+3 9
73. = = and
1 2 3 i.e. k + 3 = ± 3
x−2 y−6 z−3 ⇒ k = 0 or – 6
= =
2 3 4 77. Let x, y, z be any point
The d.r.s. of the first line are 1, 2, 3 and
The d.r.s. of the second line are 2, 3, 4 d12 + d 22 + d 32 =
36
Ratio of the d.r.s. are not same x−z
2
x − 2y + z
2
x+ y+z
2
2 3 4 ∴ + + = 36
i.e. ≠ ≠ 2 6 3
1 2 3
1
∴ The lines are not parallel. ⇒ [3x2 – 6xz + 3z2 + x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy
6
Sum of the products of the d.r.s. is not equal
to 0 i.e., 2(1) + 2(3) + 3(4) ≠ 0 – 4yz + 2xz + 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2
∴ The lines are not perpendicular. + 4xy + 4yz + 4xz] = 36
0 + 2 −2 + 6 3 + 3 2 4 6 ∴ ⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 = 36
Consider 1 2 3 = 1 2 3 78. Since all the planes are parallel,
2 3 4 2 3 4 |2−6| 4
∴ p1 = =
1 2 3 2
2 + (−3) + 4 2 2
29
= 2 1 2 3 = 0 ( the two rows are same) Equation of the plane 4x − 6y + 8z + 3 = 0 can
2 3 4 3
be written as 2x − 3y + 4z + =0
∴ The two lines are coplanar. 2
140


24. The corner points of feasible region are O(0, 0), A(25, 0), B(16, 16) and C(0, 24)
At O(0, 0), z = 0
At A(25, 0), z = 4(25) + 3(0) = 100
At B (16, 16), z = 4(16) + 3(16) = 112
At C(0, 24), z = 4(0) + 3(24) = 72
∴ Maximum value of z is 112.
25. The corner points of feasible region are O (0,0), A (52, 0), E (44, 16) and D (0, 38).
∴ At A(52, 0), z = 3(52) + 4(0) = 156
At E(44, 16), z = 3(44) + 4(16) = 196
At D(0, 38), z = 3(0) + 4(38) = 152
∴ Maximum value of z is 196
26. At A (50, 50), P = 5 (50) + 3 (50) + 410 = 610

2 2
5 3
At B (10, 50), P = (10) + (50) + 410 = 510
2 2
5 3
At C (60, 0), P = (60) + (0) + 410 = 560
2 2
At D (60, 40), P = (60) + 3 (40) + 410 = 620
5
2 2
∴ Minimum value of P is 510 at B (10, 50)
27. The corner points of given feasible region are A(12, 0), B(4, 2), C(1, 5) and D(0, 10)
At A(12, 0), z = 3(12) + 2(0) = 36
At B(4, 2), z = 3(4) + 2(2) = 16
At C(1, 5), z = 3(1) + 2(5) = 13
At D(0, 10), z = 3(0) + 2(10) = 20
Minimum value of z is 13
28. The corner points of feasible region are (0, 3), (0, 5) and (3, 2)
∴ At (0, 3), z = 11(0) + 7(3) = 21
At (0, 5), z = 11(0) + 7(5) = 35
At (3, 2), z = 11(3) + 7(2) = 47
∴ Minimum value of z is 21
29. The feasible region lies on origin side of x + y = 2 Y

The corner points of feasible region are
A (2, 0), B (0, 2) and O (0, 0). B(0,2)
At (2, 0), z = 3(2) + 2(0) = 6 x+y = 2
At (0, 2), z = 3(0) + 2(2) = 4
∴ The maximum value of z is 6 at (2, 0).
X′ O X
A(2,0)
Y′
 3 24  3  24  51
30. At P  ,  , z = + 2  = = 3.923
 13 13  13  13  13
 3 15  3  15 
At Q  , , z = + 2  = 9
 2 4  2  4
7 3 7 3
At R  ,  , z = + 2   = 5
2 4 2 4
 18 2 18 2 22
At S  , , z = + 2  = = 3.143
7 7 7 7
  7
22
∴ Maximum value of z is 9, and Minimum value of z is .
7
164

Chapter 07: Linear Programming

31. The corner points of the feasible region are Y
35
O (0, 0), E (12, 0), H (18, 2), G (5, 15), D  0, 
 2
∴ The maximum value of 4x + 5y is at G (5, 15) x + y = 20
∴ Maximum 4x + 5y = 4 (5) + 5 (15) = 95 B(0,20)
 35  G(5,15)
 0, 
D 2 
x – 3y = 12
H(18,2)
X′ C(35,0)
O X
E(12,0) A(20,0)
x + 2y = 35
F(0,–4)
Y′
32. Assume that x and y take arbitrary large values. So the objective function can be made as large as we want.
Hence, the problem has unbounded solution.
33. The feasible region is unbounded. x and y can take arbitrary large values.
Hence, the problem has unbounded solution.
34. Since there are two disjoint feasible regions, the LPP has no solution.
35. The feasible region is disjoint.
∴ There is no solution.
Critical Thinking
3. xy ≥ 0 ⇒ (x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0) or (x ≤ 0 and y ≤ 0)
Now x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the first quadrant and x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0 represents the third quadrant.
4. This line passes through origin and it represents the half plane that contains the positive X-axis.
Y
X′ X
O
Y′
Y
5. Consider the equation, 2x − y = 1
x y 1 
∴ + =1  ,0
(1 / 2 ) −1 2 
1
The line 2x − y = 1 makes intercepts of and −1 on the axes.
2 X′ X
O 0
1
Thus, the line meets X-axis at  ,0  and Y-axis at (0, −1). (0, −1)
2 
Consider (0, 0). Clearly (0, 0) does not satisfy the given inequation.
∴ The solution set of the given inequation is open half plane not containing the origin. Y′
165


6. The inequality is 3x + 4y ≤ 12
x y
∴ + ≤1
4 3
∴ The half plane containing the origin and the points of the line 3x + 4y = 12 is the required solution set
Y
B(0, 3)
X′ X
O A(4, 0)
3x + 4y = 12
Y′
7. The graph of given inequalities is common to the graphs of x ≥ − 2, x ≤ 2, y ≥ − 2, y ≤ 2.
Y
x=2
x = −2
y=2
X′ X
O
y=2
Y′
8. From the given table the constraints are 2x + 3y ≤ 36; 5x + 2y ≤ 50; 2x + 6y ≤ 60

Also, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 …[ number of magazines cannot be negative]
∴ The number of constraints are 5.
9. Repersenting the given information in table form, we get
Shirt (x) Pants (y) Total availability
Work time on machine (hours) 2 3 70
Man labour (hours) 3 2 75
Linear constraints are 2x + 3y ≤ 70, 3x + 2y ≤ 75.
Also, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 …[ number of shirts and pants cannot be negative]
10. Let the factory owner purchase x units of machine A and y units of machine B for his factory.
∴ x≥0,y≥0 …[ number of machines cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in tabular form, we get
Machine A(x) Machine B(y) Total Availability
Machine Area (m2) 1000 1200 7600
Skilled men 12 8 72
Daily output (no. of units) 50 40 z
∴ 1000x + 1200y ≤ 7600
12x + 8y ≤ 72
166


11. Let, x = number of necklaces, and y = number of bracelets
∴ x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 …[ number of necklaces and bracelets cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in tabular form, we get
Necklace (x) Bracelet (y) Total availability
1
Time required (hrs) 1 16
2
Profit (`) 100 200 z
1
∴ x + y ≤ 16 ⇒ x + 2y ≤ 32
2
x + y ≤ 24
Total profit z = 100x + 300y
∴ Required LPP is formulated as
Maximize z = 100x + 300y, subject to
x + y ≤ 24, x + 2y ≤ 32, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
12. Let the consumption per day be, x grams of food X and Y grams of food Y.
∴ x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 …[ the quantities cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in table form, we get
Type of food Food X (x) Food Y (y) Minimum requirement
Vitamin A per gram (units) 4 6 90
Vitamin B per gram (units) 7 11 130
Cost per gram (paise) 15 22 z
∴ 4x + 6y ≥ 90,
7x + 11y ≥ 130, and z = 15 x + 22 y
∴ Required LLP is formulated as,
Minimize z = 15x + 22y , subject to constraints
4x + 6y ≥ 90, 7x + 11y ≥ 130, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
13. Suppose x kg of food A and y kg of food B are consumed to form a weekly diet.
∴ x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. …[Since quantity of food cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in table form, we get
Food A (x) Food B (y) Minimum requirement
Fats (units) 4 12 18
Carbohydrates (units) 16 4 24
Protein (units) 8 6 16
Cost (`) 6 5 z
∴ Required LPP is formulated as
Minimize z = 6x + 5y subject to constraints,
4x + 12y ≥ 18, 16x + 4y ≥ 24, 8x + 6y ≥ 24, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
14. Converting the given inequalities into equations, we get x + y = 4
The equation intersects the axes at (4 , 0) and (0 , 4)
The feasible region lies on origin side of lines y = 5 and x + y = 4 and
in first quadrant.
It is bounded in first quadrant.
15. Converting given inequalities into equations, we get Y y−x=1
x y
y − x = 1 i.e. + =1 …(i)
( −1) 1
x y
2x − 6y = 3 i.e. + 1
= …(ii)
3  −1  2x − 6y = 3
2  2  A(0, 1) 3 
B , 0
x = 0, y = 0 2 
X′ (−1, 0) O X
∴ Equation (i) intersects the axes at (−1, 0) and (0, 1)  −1 
 0, 
 2 
3   −1 
Equation (ii) intersects the axes at  ,0  and  0,  Y′
2   2 
167


57. Let the XY plane divides the line segment and 1.a + 5b + 4c = 0 …(iii)
joining the given points in the ratio k : 1 at the On solving (ii) and (iii), we get
point P (x, y, z). a = − 4, b = 4, c = − 4
ka + 2 − 2k + 3 ∴ equation of required plane is x − y + z = 1
∴ x= ,y=
k +1 k +1
63. Point (2, 1, −2) lies in the plane
− 3k − 5 x + 3y − αz + b = 0
z=
k +1 ∴ 2 + 3(1) − α(−2) + b = 0
Since P (x, y, z) lie on the XY plane, its z ⇒ 2α + b = −5 …(i)
co-ordinate will be zero. Also, the d.r.s of the normal are perpendicular
− 3k − 5 to the given plane.
∴ 0=
k +1 ∴ 3(1) + (−5)(3) + (2)(−α) = 0
⇒ – 3k – 5 = 0 ⇒ 3 − 15 − 2α = 0
5 ⇒ α = −6
⇒k= − Substituting value of α in equation (i), we get
3
b=7
58. r = (1 − p − q) a + p b + q c
64. The d.r.s. of the line are 1, 2, 3.
( )
⇒ r = a + p b − a + q c − a …(i)( ) The line is perpendicular to the plane
Comparing with r= A + λ B + µC , ∴ The d.r.s. of plane are 1, 2, 3
the equation (i) represents a plane passing ∴ The equation of plane passing through (2, 3, 4) is
a(x – 2) + b(y – 3) + c(z – 4) = 0 …(i)
through a point having position vector a and
⇒ 1(x – 2) + 2(y – 3) + 3(z – 4) = 0
parallel to the vectors b − a and c − a . ⇒ x + 2y + 3z = 20
59. The equation of plane passing through 65. The plane passes through (1, 1, 1) and
(1, 2, −3) and (2, −2, 1) and parallel to X-axis is (1, −1, −1)
x −1 y − 2 z + 3 The above points satisfies the equation of plane
2 − 1 −2 − 2 1 + 3 = 0 in option (B)
1 0 0 ∴ option (B) is correct answer.
⇒ (y − 2)(4) + (z + 3)(4) = 0 66. The plane passes through A(−2, 2, 2) and
⇒y+z+1=0 B(2, −2, −2)
60. The plane passes through (2, 3, 4) The above points satisfies the equation of plane
This point satisfies the equation of plane in in option (A)
option (B) ∴ option (A) is correct answer.
Also, it has d.r.s. 5, –6, 7. 67. The plane passes through (0, 1, 2) and
∴ option (B) is correct answer. (–1, 0, 3)
61. Normal vector of plane is The above points satisfies the equation of plane
î ˆj in option (D)
kˆ
2 3 4 = −28iˆ + 16ˆj + 2kˆ
1 + 1 2 + 2 −3 − 1 68. The d.r.s. of the line joining the points
(4, −1, 2) and (−3, 2, 3) are 7, −3, −1
Direction ratios of the normal to plane will be The plane passes through (−10, 5, 4)
(14, –8, –1)
∴ The equation of required plane is
62. The plane passes through the line 7 (x + 10) − 3 (y −5) −1 (z − 4) = 0
x−3 y −6 z−4 ⇒ 7x + 70 − 3y + 15 − z + 4 = 0
= = i.e. through (3, 6, 4)
1 5 4 ⇒ 7x − 3y − z + 89 = 0
The points (3, 2, 0) and (3, 6, 4) satisfies option
69. The equation of the plane is
(A)
b(x – 1) + c(y – 1) + a(z – 1) = 0 …(i)
Now, 2001 = 3 × 23 × 29
Alternate method:
Since, a < b < c
The equation of plane passing through (3, 2, 0) is
∴ a = 3, b = 23 and c = 29
a(x − 3) + b(y − 2) + c(z − 0) = 0 …(i)
Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i),
∴ a(3 − 3) + b(6 − 2) + c(4 − 0) = 0 we get
⇒ 0.a + 4b + 4c = 0 …(ii) 23x + 29y + 3z = 55
150


70. The equation of plane passing through (2, –1, –3) is 74. Equation of plane passing through
a(x − 2) + b(y + 1) + c(z + 3) = 0 (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2) is
Also, as the plane is parallel is the given two lines, x −1 y − 2 z − 3
∴ 3a + 2b − 4c = 0 and 2a − 3b + 2c = 0 2 −1 3 − 2 1 − 3 =
0
⇒ a = −8, b = −14, c = −13 3 −1 1− 2 2 − 3
−8(x − 2) − 14(y + 1) − 13(z + 3) = 0 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
⇒ 8x + 14y + 13z + 37 = 0 ⇒ 1 1 −2 = 0
2 −1 −1
71. The vector equation of the plane passing
⇒ (x – 1) (–3) – (y – 2) (3) + (z – 3) (–3) = 0
( )
through the point A a and parallel to the non-
⇒ –3x + 3 – 3y + 6 – 3z + 9 = 0
zero vectors b and c is ⇒ x + y +z = 6
( )
r ⋅ b × c = a ⋅ b× c ( ) Comparing the above equation with
ax + by + cz = d, we get
Here, a = – î + 2ˆj − 5kˆ , b = 4iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ ,
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
c = î + ˆj − kˆ Now, a + 2b + 3c = (1) + 2(1) + 3(1) = 6
î ˆj kˆ
∴ b × c = 4 −1 3 (x + 2y + 3z + 4) + λ(4x + 3y + 2z + 1) = 0
1 1 −1 …(i)
= −2iˆ + 7ˆj + 5kˆ The plane passes through origin i.e., (0, 0, 0)
∴ 4+λ=0⇒λ=–4
∴ ( ) ( ) (
a ⋅ b × c = −î + 2ˆj − 5kˆ ⋅ −2iˆ + 7ˆj + 5kˆ ) Substituting value of λ in equation (i), we get
= (–1) (–2) + 2 (7) + (–5) (5) – 15x – 10y – 5z = 0
= –9 ⇒ 3x + 2y + z = 0
∴ The vector equation of the plane is
( )
r ⋅ −2iˆ + 7ˆj + 5kˆ = –9 76. The plane passes through (2, 1, 0)
It satisfies option (C)
72. Equation of plane passing through (1, 0, 2), The equation of the required plane is
(–1, 1, 2) and (5, 0, 3) is (x − 2y + 3z − 4) + λ(x − y + z − 3) = 0
x − 1 y−0 z − 2 …(i)
−1−1 1 − 0 2 − 2 = 0 The plane passes through (2, 1, 0).
5 −1 0 − 0 3 − 2 ∴ (2 – 2 + 0 – 4) + λ (2 – 1 + 0 – 3) = 0
x −1 y z− 2 ⇒λ=–2
⇒ −2 1 0 =0 Substituting value of λ in (i), we get
4 0 1
−x+z+2=0
⇒x−z=2
⇒ (x – 1) – y (–2) + (z – 2) (–4) = 0
⇒ x – 1 + 2y – 4z + 8 = 0 77. The equation of the required plane is given by
⇒ x + 2y – 4z + 7 = 0 2x – y – 4 + λ (y + 2z – 4) = 0 …(i)
73. Equation of plane passing through (1, 2, 3), This plane passes through (1, 1, 0)
(−1, 4, 2) and (3, 1, 1) is ∴ 2(1) – 1 – 4 + λ(1 + 0 – 4) = 0
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 ⇒ λ = –1
−1 − 1 4 − 2 2 − 3 =0 Substitution λ = –1 in (i), we get
3 −1 1− 2 1− 3 2x – y – 4 – 1 (y + 2z – 4) = 0
⇒ x – y –z = 0
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
⇒ −2 2 −1 = 0 78. The d.r.s of normal to the given planes are
2 −1 −2 1, 2, 2 and –5, 3, 4
⇒ (x − 1) (−4 –1) − (y − 2) (4 + 2) (1)(−5) + (2)(3) + (2)(4) 3 2
∴ cos θ = =
+ (z − 3) (2 − 4) = 0 2
1 +2 +22 2 2 2
(−5) + 3 + 4 2 10
⇒ −5x + 5 − 6y + 12 − 2z + 6 = 0 3 2 
⇒ −5x − 6y − 2z + 23 = 0 ⇒ θ = cos−1  
⇒ 5x + 6y + 2z = 23  10 
151

79. ( ) (
r ⋅ miˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ + 3 = 0 ⇒ r ⋅ miˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ = −3 ) 82. The equation of plane passing through
(4, 4, 0) is a(x – 4) + b(y – 4) + c(z – 0) = 0
r ⋅ ( 2iˆ − mjˆ − kˆ ) − 5 =0 ⇒ r ⋅ ( 2iˆ − mjˆ − kˆ ) = 5 ⇒ a(x – 4) + b (y – 4) + cz = 0 …(i)
Since plane (i) is perpendicular to the planes,
Here, n1 = miˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ and n 2 = 2iˆ − mjˆ − kˆ
2x + y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x + 3y + 2z – 8 = 0
n1 ⋅ n 2 ∴ 2a + b + 2c = 0, and …(ii)
∴ cos θ = 3a + 3b + 2c = 0 …(iii)
n1 n 2
⇒ cos
π
=
( miˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ ) ⋅ ( 2iˆ − mjˆ − kˆ ) a = –4, b = 2, c = 3
Substituting the values of a, b, c in (i), we get
3 m2 + 1 + 4 4 + m2 + 1 –4(x – 4) + 2(y – 4) + 3z = 0
1 2m + m − 2 ⇒ –4x + 16 + 2y – 8 + 3z = 0
⇒ = …(Cosidering positive value)
2 m2 + 5 ⇒ 4x – 2y – 3z = 8
⇒ m2 + 5 = 6m − 4
⇒ m2 − 6m + 9 = 0
83. sin θ =
( 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 6kˆ ) ⋅ (10iˆ + 2ˆj − 11kˆ )
⇒ (m − 3)2 = 0 4 + 9 + 36. 100 + 4 + 121
⇒m=3
80. Here, n 1 = pi − j + 2k andn 2 = 2i − pj − k 20 + 6 − 66 −8
= =
7.15 21
n1 . n 2
∴ cosθ =
n1 n 2  8 
⇒ θ = sin–1  
 21 
π
⇒ cos =
( pi − j + 2k ) ( 2i − pj − k )
3 p2 + 1 + 4 4 + p2 + 1 84. The d.r.s. of line are 3, 4, 5 and
the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, −2, 1
1  2p + p − 2  ∴ The angle between line and plane is
⇒ =±  2 
2  p +5  aa1 + bb1 + cc1
sin θ =
1 3p − 2 a + b 2 + c 2 ⋅ a12 + b12 + c12
2
⇒ = 2 ...(considering positive value)
2 p +5
(2)(3) + (−2)(4) + (1)(5)
⇒ p2 + 5 = 6p − 4 =
22 + (−2) 2 + (1) 2 ⋅ 32 + 42 + 52
⇒ p2 − 6P + 9 = 0
⇒ (p − 3)2 = 0 3 1 2
= = =
⇒p=3 9 50 5 2 10
81. Let the d.r.s of the normal to the plane be
85. The d.r.s. of line are 2, 2, 1 and
proportional to a, b, c.
It passes through (1, 0, 0) the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, −2, 1
∴ the equation of the plane is ∴ The angle between line and plane is
a(x − 1) + b(y − 0) + c(z − 0) = 0 …(i) 4 − 4 +1 1
sin θ = =
Also, the plane passses through (0, 1, 0). 4 + 4 +1 4 + 4 +1 9
∴ a(−1) + b(1) + c(0) = 0 1 1
⇒ θ = sin–1 = tan –1
⇒a= b …(ii) 9 4 5
Now, the angle between the required plane and
π 86. The d.r.s. of line are 2, –1, 1 and
the plane x + y = 3 is . the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are –3, 4, 1
4
π a(1) + b(1) + c(0) ∴ The angle between line and plane is
∴ cos = −6 − 4 + 1 −9 9
4 a 2 + b2 + c2 1 + 1 sin θ = = =
4 + 1 + 1 9 + 16 + 1 156 156
1 a+b
⇒ =  9 
2 a + b2 + c2 2
2
⇒ θ = sin–1  
 156 
Squaring both sides, we get
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab  9 
= sin–1  
⇒ c2 = 2ab …(iii)  2 39 
From (ii) and (iii), we get  5 
= cos–1  
a : b : c = a : a : 2a = 1 : 1 : 2  2 13 
152


32. The feasible region lies on the origin side of both the lines.
The corner points of feasible region are Y
O (0, 0), A (30, 0), B (0, 40) and P (30, 40)
∴ At O (0, 0), z = 4(0) + 5(0) = 0 B (0, 40) P (30, 40)
At A (30, 0), z = 4(30) + 5(0) = 120 y = 40
At B (0, 40), z = 4(0) + 5(40) = 200
At P (30, 40), z = 4(30) + 5(40) = 320
∴ The minimum value of z is 0
X
X' O A (30, 0)
Y'
x = 30
33. The feasible region lies on origin side of line 2x + 3y = 6 Y

and non-origin side of line x + y = 1
A (3, 0), B (0, 2), C (1, 0) and D (0, 1) B (0, 2)
∴ z = 3x + y will be minimum at C or D.
D (0, 1)
∴ At C (1, 0), z = 3 (1) + (0) = 3 A(3,0)
X′ X
At D (0, 1), z = 3 (0) + 1 = 1 O C(1,0)
Y′
34. Feasible region lies on origin side of lines 5x + 8y = 40 and 3x + y = 6 and above line y = 2, in first quadrant.
The corner points of the feasible region Y
4   8 90 
A(0, 2), B  ,2  , C  ,  and D(0, 5) (0, 6)
3   19 19 
At A (0, 2), z = 14 D(0, 5)
4 
At B  ,2  , z = 22
3   8 90 
C , 
 19 19 
 8 90  678
At C  ,  , z = A(0,2) 4 
B  ,2 
 19 19  19
3 
At D (0, 5), z = 35 X′ X
O 5x + 8y = 40
∴ Minimum value of z is 14 3x + y = 6
Y′
36. The corner points of feasible region are
Y
A(1, 0), B(10, 0), C (2, 4), D(0, 4) and E (0, 1)
At A (1, 0), z = 1 + 0 = 1 = 1 (0, 5)
At B (10, 0), z = 10 + 0 = 10 D(0 ,4) C(2,4)
y=4
At C (2, 4), z = 2 + 4 = 6
E(0, 1)
At D (0, 4), z = 0 + 4 = 4
At E (0, 1), z = 0 + 1 = 1 X′ X
O A(1, 0) B(10, 0)
z has minimum value at both A (1, 0) and E (0, 1).
x + 2y = 10
∴ z has infinite solutions on seg AE. Y′
x+y=1
171


37. Feasible region lies on origin side of line x1 + x2 = 1 and non-origin side of line 3x1 + x2 = 3 in first quadrant.
∴ There is no feasible region.
X2
B(0,3)
x1+x2=1
A(0,1)
C(1,0)
X1
O
3x1+x2=3
38. Y
x + y = 10
(0, 10)
2x + 3y = 18
(0, 6)
y=2
(0, 2) (6, 2) (8, 2)
X′ O X
(9, 0) (10, 0)
Y′
The feasible regions are is disjoint. Hence, there is no point in common.
∴ There is no optimum value of the objective function.
5. In linear programming problem, concave region is not used. Convex region is used in linear programming.
6. Y
(0, 1)
X′ O X
(3, 0) 3y + x = 3
Y′
Feasible region is on non-origin side of 3y + x = 3 and in first quadrant.
Hence, it is unbounded.
7. Feasible region lies on non-origin side of both lines and is true for positive values of x and both positive and
negative values of y.
Y
3x − y = 3
X′ X
O (1,0)
(0,–3)
(0,–4)
4x − y = 4
Y′
172


x − 2 y +1 z − 2 x y z
126. Let = = =λ 129. The d.r.s. of the line = = are 1, 4, 5
3 4 12 1 4 5
∴ the co-ordinates of any point on the line are ∴ The d.r.s. of any line parallel to it are also
P ≡ (3λ + 2, 4λ − 1, 12λ + 2) 1, 4, 5
This point lies on the plane x − y + z = 16 The equation of the line passing through
∴ 3λ + 2 − 4λ + 1 + 12λ + 2 = 16 Q (1, −2, 3)
⇒ 11λ = 11 ⇒ λ = 1 x −1 y + 2 z − 3
= = = λ(say) …(i)
1 4 5
∴ P ≡ (5, 3, 14)
∴ Let Q ≡ (1, 0, 2) x y z
= =
Q(1, −2, 3)
1 4 5
∴ distance PQ is given by
d= (5 − 1) 2 + (3 − 0) 2 + (14 − 2) 2 =
13
127. Given planes are p

2x + y + 2z – 8 = 0
4x + 2y + 4z – 16 = 0 …(i)
and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 …(ii)
P ≡ (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3)
The distance between two parallel planes is
The point P lies on the plane
d1 − d 2 −16 − 5 21 7 2x + 3y − 4z + 22 = 0
d= = = =
2
a +b +c 2 2 2 2
4 +2 +4 2 6 2
∴ 2(λ + 1) + 3(4λ − 2) − 4 (5λ + 3) + 22 = 0
P (1, –2, 1) ⇒ 6λ = 6
128.
⇒λ=1
∴ P = (2, 2, 8)
∴ Required distance = l(PQ) = d
x + 2y – 2z = α
M d= (2 − 1) 2 + (2 + 2) 2 + (8 − 3) 2
= 1 + 16 + 25
Distance of point P (1, –2, 1) from the ∴ d= 42 units
x + 2y – 2z = α plane is 5 x y z
130. Since line PQ is parallel to line = =
1− 4 − 2 − α 1 4 5
∴ =5
1+ 4 + 4 ∴ d.r.s. of PQ are 1, 4, 5
⇒ | α + 5| = 15 ∴ Equation of line PQ passing through P(1, −2, 3)
⇒ α + 5 = ± 15 is
x −1 y +2 z−3
⇒ α = 10, – 20 = =
1 4 5
⇒ α = 10 ...( α > 0) x −1 y +2 z−3
Let = = =λ
The equation of line PM whose d.r.s. are 1, 2, –2 is 1 4 5
x −1 y + 2 z −1 Any point R on PQ ≡ (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3)
= = = λ(say) Since point R lies in the plane
1 2 −2
The co-ordinates of M are (λ + 1, 2λ – 2, –2λ + 1) 2x + 3y − 4z + 22 = 0
Since, M lies on the plane ∴ 2(λ + 1) + 3(4λ − 2) − 4(5λ + 3) + 22 = 0
⇒ −6y + 6 = 0
x + 2y – 2z = 10
⇒λ=1
∴ λ + 1 + 4λ – 4 + 4λ – 2 = 10
∴ R ≡ (2, 2, 8)
5
⇒ 9λ = 15 ⇒ λ = PQ = 2PR
3
= 2 (2 − 1) 2 + (2 + 2) 2 + (8 − 3) 2
 8 4 −7 
Hence, the co-ordinates of M are  , ,  .
3 3 3  = 2 42 units
157


131. Let A = (5, –1, 4), B = (4, –1, 3) 132. The line of intersection of first two planes is
AB = −î − kˆ ⇒ AB = 2 8
B x−5 y z+3
= =
0 −3 −5a
A
It must lie on third plane.
∴ 3b(0) + (−3) (1) + (−3) (−5a) = 0
90° − θ B′
A′ θ  −8 
and 3b(5) + 0(1) + (−3)  = 0
 3 
1
⇒a= and 15b + 8 = 0
x+y+z=7 5
Projection of AB in the plane x + y + z = 7 1 8

⇒a= and b = −
is AB cos θ = A′ B′ cos θ 5 15
Direction ratios of normal to the given plane is  

133. Let a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and b =iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
1, 1, 1.
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1( −1) + 1( 0 ) + 1( −1)  
cos (90° – θ) = a × b = 1 1 1 = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
1 + 12 + 12 12 + 02 + 12
2
1 2 3
 
2 4 1 Projection of vector 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ on a × b
⇒ sin θ = ⇒ cos θ = 1− =
6 6 3
=
( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ ) . (iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
Required projection = AB cos θ 1+ 4 + 1
2 − 6 +1 3 3
1 2 = = =
= 2 × = 6 6 2
3 3
Evaluation Test
1. The given equation of line is 2. Let the components of the line vector be a, b, c.
x = 4y + 5, z = 3y − 6. ∴ a2 + b2 + c2 = (63)2 …(i)
It can be written as a b c
Also, = = = k , say
x−5 z+6 3 −2 6
=y = = r, say
4 3 ∴ a = 3k, b = −2k, c = 6k
∴ co-ordinates of the any point on the line are Substituting value of a, b and c in equation (i),
(4r + 5, r, 3r − 6). we get
This point is at a distance of 3 26 from the point 9k2 + 4k2 + 36k2 = 632
(5, 0, −6) ∴ 49k2 = 63 × 63
( )
2
∴ (4r + 5 − 5)2 + (r − 0)2 + (3r − 6 + 6)2 = 3 26 63× 63
∴ k2 = = 81
49
⇒ 16r2 + r2 + 9r2 = 234
∴ k=±9
⇒ 26r2 = 234
Since, the line makes obtuse angle with X-axis
⇒ r2 = 9 component along X-axis is negative.
⇒ r = ±3 ∴ k = −9
If r = 3, then the point is ∴ The components of the line vector are 3k, −2k, 6k
(4 × 3 + 5, 3, 3 × 3 − 6) ≡ (17, 3, 3) i.e., −27, 18, −54
158


3. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn 6. Let S be the foot of perpendicular drawn from
from the point P(3, −1, 11) to the given line. P(1, 0, 3) to the join of points A(4, 7, 1) and
x y −2 z−3 B(3, 5, 3) P (1, 0, 3)
Let = = =λ
2 3 4
⇒ x = 2λ, y = 3λ + 2, z = 4λ + 3
∴ M ≡ (2λ, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3)
d.r.s. of PM are 2λ − 3, 3λ + 3, 4λ − 8
λ 1
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line,
(2λ − 3)(2) + (3λ + 3)(3) + (4λ − 8)(4) = 0 A(4,7,1) S B(3,5,3)
⇒ 4λ − 6 + 9λ + 9 + 16λ − 32 = 0
Let S divide AB in the ratio λ : 1
⇒λ=1
∴ M ≡ (2, 5, 7)  3λ + 4 5λ + 7 3λ + 1 
∴ S≡  , ,  …(i)
∴ length of perpendicular (PM)  λ +1 λ +1 λ +1 
= (3 − 2) 2 + (−1 − 5) 2 + (11 − 7) 2 Now, d.r.s. of PS are
3λ + 4 5λ + 7 3λ + 1
= 1 + 36 + 16 −1 , −0 , −3
λ +1 λ +1 λ +1
= 53 2λ + 3 5λ + 7 −2
i.e., , ,
4. When square is folded co-ordinates will be λ +1 λ +1 λ +1
D(0, 0, a), C(a, 0, 0), A(– a, 0, 0), B(0, – a, 0). i.e., 2λ + 3, 5λ + 7, −2
Y Also, d.r.s. of AB are −1, −2, 2
Since, PS ⊥ AB
D ∴ (2λ + 3)(−1) + (5λ + 7)(−2) + (−2)(2) = 0
a ⇒ − 2λ − 3 − 10λ − 14 − 4 = 0
7
a a ⇒λ=−
X′ X 4
A C Substituting the value of λ in (i), we get
a
 5 7 17 
S=  , , 
B 3 3 3 
Y′ 7. Equation of the line passing through the points

x+a y z (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) is
Equation AB is, = =
a −a 0 x − 3 y − b z −1
= = ...(i)
x y z−a 5 − 3 1− b a −1
and equation of DC is = =
a 0 −a  17 −13 
The line passes through the point  0, , 
∴ shortest distance  2 2 
−a 0 −a 17 −13
−3 −b −1
a −a 0 ∴ = 2 = 2 ...[From (i)]
a 0 −a 2 1− b a −1
= −15
(a 2 − 0) 2 + (0 + a 2 ) 2 + (0 + a 2 ) 2
∴ a–1= 2 =5
−3
2
−a(a 2 ) − a(a 2 ) −2a 3 2a ∴ a=5+1=6
= = =
4
a +a +a 4 4
3a 4
3 and −3 + 3b = 17 – 2b
∴ 5b = 20 ⇒ b = 4
5. d.r.s. of L1 are 3, 1, 2 and d.r.s. of L2 are 1, 2, 3
∴ a = 6, b = 4
î ˆj kˆ
∴ vector perpendicular to L1 and L2 = 3 1 2 8. Given planes are
x − cy − bz = 0 ...(i)
1 2 3
cx − y + az = 0 ...(ii)
= î(3 − 4) − ˆj(9 − 2) + k(6
ˆ − 1) bx + ay − z = 0 ...(iii)
= −î − 7ˆj + 5kˆ Equation of a plane passing through the line of
intersection of planes (i) and (ii) is
−î − 7ˆj + 5kˆ −î − 7ˆj + 5kˆ x − cy − bz + k(cx − y + az) = 0
∴ unit vector = =
1 + 49 + 25 5 3 ⇒ (1 + ck)x − (c + k)y − (b − ak)z = 0 ...(iv)
159


Now, planes (iii) and (iv) are same for some The equation of the given plane is
value of k, x + 2y + 6z = 10
1 + ck c+k −(b − ak) ∴ d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 1, 2, 6
∴ = − =
b a −1
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
1 + ck c+k ∴ p=
⇒ = − a 2 + b2 + c2
b a
⇒ a + ack = −bc – bk  1
1(2) + 2(1) + 6  −  − 10
⇒ k(b + ac) = −(a + bc) =  2
 a + bc  12 + 22 + 62
⇒k=−  
 b + ac 
c+k 2 + 2 − 3 − 10 9
Also, − = b − ak = =
a 1 + 4 + 36 41
 a + bc 
 c − b + ac  λ 9
 a + bc  ∴ =
⇒ − = b + a  µ 41
 a   b + ac 
  ⇒ λ = 9, µ = 41
−bc − ac 2 + a + bc ∴ 5λ − µ = 5(9) − 41 = 45 – 41 = 4
⇒ = b2 + abc + a2 + abc
a
⇒ 1 – c2 = a2 + b2 + 2abc 12. Let a be the vector along the line of intersection
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1 of the planes 3x − 7y − 5z = 1 and 8x – 11y + 2z
= 0. the d.r.s of the normals to the planes are
9. Let a, b, c be the intercepts form by the plane on
co-ordinate axes. 3, −7, −5 and 8, −11, 2.
1 1 1 1 î ˆj kˆ
Since,+ + =
a b c 2 ∴ a = 3 −7 −5
2 2 2 8 −11 2
∴ + + = 1
a b c
∴ The point (2, 2, 2) satisfies the equation of the = î(−14 − 55) − ˆj(6 + 40) + k(
ˆ −33 + 56)
x y z
plane + + =1. = −69iˆ − 46ˆj + 23kˆ
a b c
∴ the required point is (2, 2, 2). Similarly, let b the vector along the line of
intersection of the planes 5x − 13y + 3z + 2 = 0
10. Given euation of line and plane are and 8x – 11y + 2z = 0
( )
r = î + ˆj + λ 2iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ , and the d.r.s of the normals to the planes are
r.( î + 2ˆj − kˆ ) =
3 5, −13, 3 and 8, −11, 2
î ˆj kˆ
∴ b = 2iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ and
∴ b = 5 −13 3
n =î + 2ˆj − kˆ 8 −11 2
( )(
Consider b ⋅ n = 2iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ ⋅ î + 2ˆj − kˆ ) = î(−26 + 33) − ˆj(10 − 24) + k(
ˆ −55 + 104)
=2+2–4
=0 = 7iˆ + 14ˆj + 49kˆ
∴ the line lies in the plane. Consider,
11. The equation of the given line is ( )(
a . b = −69iˆ − 46ˆj + 23kˆ . 7iˆ + 14ˆj + 49kˆ )
1 1
x = 2 + t, y = 1 + t, z = − − t = −69 × 7 + (−46) × 14 + 23 × 49
2 2
1 = −483 − 644 + 1127
x − 2 y −1 z + 2 = − 1127 + 1127
⇒ = =
1 1 1
− =0
2
∴ The given line passes through the point ∴ a and b are perpendicular
 1 1 ⇒ θ = 90°
 2,1, −  and it’s d. r.s are 1, 1, −
 2 2 ∴ sinθ = sin 90° = 1
160


32. The corner points of the feasible region are X2
A(3.5, 0), B(7.5, 0), C(3, 3) and D(2, 3)
At A(3.5, 0), z = 4(3.5) + 5(0) = 14 (0, 7)
At B(7.5, 0), z = 4(7.5) + 5(0) = 30
At C(3, 3), z = 4(3) + 5(3) = 27
At D(2, 3), z = 4(2) + 5(3) = 23 (0, 5)
∴ z is minimum at A(3.5, 0).
C(3, 3) x2 = 3
D(2, 3)
X1
A(3.5, 0) B(7.5, 0)
2x1+ 3x2 = 15
2x1 + x2 = 7
33. The corner points of feasible region are Y

A (6, 0), B (6, 4), C (3, 7) and D (0, 5)
∴ At A (6, 0), z = 6 + 0 = 6 C (3, 7)
At B (6, 4), z = 6 + 4 = 10
At C (3, 7), z = 3 + 7 = 10
D (0, 5)
B (6, 4)
−2x + 3y = 15
X
O A (6, 0)
x + y = 10
x=6

 3 x+y = 8
A(8,0), B(0, 8), F(0, 3), G 1,  and C(4, 0)
 2 B(0,8)
At F(0,3), z = 30(0) + 20(3) = 60
At G(1,3/2), z = 30(1) + 20(3/2) = 30 + 30 = 60
At A (8, 0), z = 30 (8) + 0 = 240 F(0,3)
At A (0, 8), z = 0 + 20 (8) = 160 D(0,2) G(1,3/2)
At C (4, 0), z = 30 (4) + 0 = 120
X′ X
 3 O C(4,0) A(8,0)
∴ z has minimum value at F (0, 3) and G 1, 
 2
6x+4y = 12
∴ z has infinite solution on seg FG. Y′
x+2y = 4
35. The feasible region lies on the origin side of the line x + 2y = 2 and on non-origin side of x + 2y = 8.
∴ There is no feasible solution.
8
6
x + 2y = 2 4
2 4 6 8 10
x + 2y = 8
177


∴ there is no point common to all inequations. Y
∴ There is no maximum value of z. x + y = 10
D(0,10)
B(0,6)
C(10,0)
X
X′ O A(9,0)
Y′
2x+3y = 18
Evaluation Test
2. For (1, 3), 3x + 2y = 3 + 6 > 0,

for (5, 0), 3 × 5 + 0 > 0,
and for (−1, 2), −3 + 4 > 0
Similarly, other inequalities satisfy the given points.
∴ Option (D) is the correct answer.
3. The feasible region lies on origin side of the lines −x1 + x2 = 1 and −x1 + 3x2 = 9, in first quadrant.
It is unbounded.
X2
−x1 + x2 = 1
−x1 + 3x2 = 9
(0,3)
(–9,0) (0,1)
X1
(–1,0) O

3 + 2(4) ≥ 11
3(3) + 4(4) ≤ 30
2(3) + 5(4) ≤ 30
∴ All the above three in-equalities hold for point (3, 4).
∴ Option (C) is the correct answer.
5. Let the manufacturer produce x and y bottles of medicines A and B.
3x y
He must have + ≤ 66, x + y ≤ 45000, x ≤ 20000, y ≤ 40,000, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
1000 1000
∴ The number of constraints is 6.
6. Let the company produce x telephones of A type and y telephones of B type.
∴ Objective function is maximize z = 300x + 400y
∴ Constraints are 2x + 4y ≤ 800 ⇒ x + 2y ≤ 400, x + y ≤ 300
Maximize z = 300x + 400y
178


Y
(0, 300)
(0, 200)
x + 2y = 400
(400, 0)
X′ X
O (300,0)
Y′ x + y = 300
∴ The feasible region of the LPP is bounded.

7. Given that 4x + 2y ≤ 8, 2x + 5y ≤ 10
∴ The feasible region lies on origin side of 4x + 2y = 8 and 2x + 5y = 10.
Also, x, y ≥ 0
∴ The feasible region lies in first quadrant.
∴ option (C) is correct.
8. Since shaded region lies on origin side of lines x + y = 20 and 2x + 5y = 80 and is in first quadrant
∴ x + y ≤ 20 , 2x + 5y ≤ 8, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
9. Objective function z = x1 + x2 X2
2 7
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 1), C  ,  and D(0, 1)
3 3
2 7
2 7  , 
At B(2, 1) and C  ,  , z is maximum. Max z = 3 C3 3
3 3
∴ Infinite number of solutions exists along BC. B(2, 1)
D(0,1)
X1′ X1
O A(2,0)
−2x1 + x2 = 1 x1 + x2 = 3
X ′2 x1 = 2
10. Y
(0,1500)
(0,1000)
B(800,600) x2 = 600
A(0,600) C(1000,500)
(2000,0)
X′ X
O D(1500,0)
x1 + 2x2 = 2000
Y′ x1 + x2 = 1500
OABCD is the feasible region
∴ O(0, 0), A(0, 600), B(800, 600), C(1000, 500), D(1500, 0)
z = x1 + x2
At point C and D, z is maximum. Max z = 1500
∴ Infinite optimal solutions exist along CD.
179


11. Objective function P = 2x + 3y Y
(0,30) x = 20
B(12, 12), C(3,3), D(20, 3), E(20, 10), F(18, 12)
At B, PB = 2 (12) + 3 (12) = 60 x−y=0
At C, PC = 2 (3) + 3 (3) = 15
At D, PD = 2 (20) + 3 (3) = 49 B(12,12) F(18,12)
y = 12
At E, PE = 2 (20) + 3 (10) = 70 E(20,10)
At F, PF = 2 (18) + 3 (12) = 72 C(3,3) D(20,3) y=3
∴ P is maximum at F(18, 12). X′ O X
(30, 0) x + y = 30
Y′
12. The feasible region is unbounded.
Y
∴ Maximum value does not exist.
(0, 100)
3x+2y = 160
(20, 50)
(0, 40)
(40, 20)
(80,0)
X′ X
x+2y=80
Y′ 5x+2y = 200
13. Objective function z = 3x + 2y

y − 5x = 0
1 5 1 5 5 7 (0,6) x=3
A  ,  , B  ,  , C(1, 0), D(3, 0), E(3, 3), F  , 
4 4 6 6 2 2
1 5
At A = zA = 3  + 2   = 3.25 F(5/2, 7/2)
4
  4
 
E(3,3)
1 5
At B = zB = 3  + 2   = 2.167
6 6
A(1/4, 5/4)
At C = zC = 3(1) + 2(0) = 3
B(1/6,5/6)
At D = zD = 3(3) + 2(0) = 9 D(3,0) (6,0)
X′ O C(1,0) X
At E = zE = 3(3) + 2(3) = 15 x − y = −1 x+y=6
x+y=1
5 7
At F = zF = 3  + 2   = 14.5 Y′
2
  2
 
∴ Maximum value of z at (3,3) is 15.
14. Let no. of model M1 = x and no. of model M2 = y
∴ x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 Y
Constraints are 4x + 2y ≤ 80 ⇒ 2x + y ≤ 40, 2x + 5y ≤ 180
(0, 40)
The corner points of feasible region are O(0, 0), A(20, 0),
B(2.5, 35), C(0, 36) C(0, 36)
∴ At A (20, 0), z = 3(20) + 0 = 60 B(2.5, 35)
At B (2.5,35), z = 3(2.5) + 4(35) = 147.5 2x + 5y = 180
At C (0, 36), z = 0 + 4(36) = 144 (90,0)
∴ z is maximum at B(2.5, 35). X′ X
O A(20, 0)
2x+y=40
Y′
180
01 Differentiation
Hints
Classical Thinking 11. y = log ( tan x )

dy 1 d
1.
d
[sin (2x + 3)] = cos(2x + 3).
d
(2x + 3) ∴ = . ( tan x )
dx dx dx tan x dx
= 2 cos (2x + 3) =
1
. sec2 x .
1
tan x 2 x
dy d dy e x
2. y= e x⇒ = e x . ( x) ⇒ = sec 2 x
dx dx dx 2 x =
2 x tan x
d x3 3 d 3
3. (e ) = e x . ( x3 ) = 3x 2 .e x 12. y = log(sec x + tan x)
dx dx
4 dy 1 d
4. Let y = (log x) ∴ = ⋅ ( sec x + tan x )
dx sec x + tan x dx
dy d
∴ = 4(log x)3⋅ (log x) sec x tan x + sec 2 x
dx dx =
sec x + tan x
4(log x)3
= = sec x
x
13. y = log(log(log x3))
d 1 d
5. [log(log x)] = . (log x) dy 1 d
dx log x dx ∴ = . log(log x3 ) 
dx log(log x3 ) dx
1 1 −1
= . = (x log x) 1 1 d
log x x = . . (log x3 )
3 3
log(log x ) log x dx
log e | x |
6. y = log10 | x | = 1 1 1
log e 10 = 3
. . 3 .3x 2
log(log x ) 3log x x
dy 1 1 |x| 1
∴ = . . = 1
dx log e 10 | x | x x log e 10 =
x log x log(log x3 )
7. y = f (ax2 + b)
14. Derivative exists if 1 − x2 > 0 i.e., 1 > x2
dy d
∴ = f ′ (ax2 + b). (ax 2 + b) = 2ax f ′(ax2 + b) i.e., x2 < 1 i.e., | x | < 1 i.e., − 1 < x < 1
dx dx
d  −1 1 1 1
8. y = (4x3 − 5x2 + 1)4 15.  tan ( x )  = . =
dx 1+ ( x) 2
2 x 2 x (1 + x)
dy d
∴ = 4(4x3 − 5x2 + 1)3⋅ (4x3 − 5x2 + 1)
dx dx 1
16. y = cos−1  3 
= 4(4x3 − 5x2 + 1)3 (12x2 − 10x) x 
d( 2 4 d ∴ y = sec−1 (x3)
9. x + cos x ) =4( x 2 + cos x)3 . ( x 2 + cos x)
dx dx dy 1 3
∴ = .3x2 =
dx
4( x 2 cos x)3 (2 x − sin x)
=+ x3 (x )3 2
−1 x x6 − 1
dy dy du
10. = . 17. Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1x
dx du dx
sin θ −1  sin θ 
2 1 ∴ y = tan −1  
 = tan  cos θ 
= 2
⋅  1 − sin θ 
2
 
(u + 1) 2 x
1 = tan−1 (tan θ) = θ = sin−1 x
= dy 1
( )
2
x 1+ x ∴ =
dx 1 − x2
181


 1 − x2  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
18. Let y = cos−1  2  1 dy 1
1+ x  ⋅ = x ⋅ + log x . 1
y dx x
Put x = tanθ ⇒ θ = tan−1 x
dy
 1 − tan 2 θ  ∴ = xx(1 + log x)
∴ y = cos−1   dx
 1 + tan 2 θ 
= xx (log e + log x) = xx log (ex)
⇒ y = cos−1 (cos2θ) = 2θ = 2 tan−1 x
dy 2 24. y = x log x
∴ =
dx 1+ x 2 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = log x log x
 1 + x2  = (log x)2
19. Let y = cosec−1  
 2x  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 2x  1 dy 1
= sin −1  ⋅ = 2 log x .
2  y d x x
1+ x 
Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x dy 2y
⇒ = log x
 2 tan θ  dx x
∴ y = sin −1  2  dy x log x
 1 + tan θ  ⇒ =2 . log x = 2xlog x − 1 . log x
= sin–1 (sin 2θ) dx x
= 2θ = 2 tan–1 x
dy 2 25. y = x2 + x log x
∴ = dy d
dx 1+ x 2 ∴ = 2x + (x log x)
dx dx
20. Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x dy 2
⇒ = 2x + log x (xlog x)
 1 − tan 2 θ  dx x
∴ y = sin−1  −1
 = sin (cos 2θ)
 1 + tan 2 θ  2 2 2
 π  26. a3
x3 + y3 =
= sin−1  sin  − 2θ  
  2   Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
π π 2 32 −1 2 32 −1 dy
x + y ⋅ = 0
= − 2θ = − 2 tan−1 x 3 3 dx
2 2
dy 2 2 −1 2 −1 dy
∴ =− ⇒ x3 + y3 ⋅ = 0
dx 1+ x 2 3 3 dx
1
−1 −1
dy dy y 3
21. Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos−1x ⇒ y3 ⋅ −x 3 ⇒
= = −  
dx dx x
 1 
∴ y = sec–1  
 2cos 2
θ − 1  27. x3 + y3 – 3 axy = 0
 1  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= sec–1   dy  dy 
 cos 2θ  3x2 + 3y2. – 3a  x + y  = 0
dx  d x 
= sec–1 (sec 2θ)
= 2θ = 2 cos–1 x 2 dy 2
⇒ 3(x – ay) + 3 (y – ax) = 0
dy 2 dx
∴ =– ,x≠±1 dy ay − x 2
dx 1− x 2 ⇒ = 2
dx y − ax
22. Let y = ex sin x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get 28. x3 + 8xy + y3 = 64
log y = x sin x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get  dy  2 dy
3x2 + 8  y + x  + 3y =0
1 dy  dx  dx
⋅ = sin x + x cos x
y dx dy 3x 2 + 8 y
dy ⇒ =–
∴ = ex sin x (sin x + x cos x) dx 8x + 3 y 2
dx
29. y = cos (x + y)
23. Let y = xx
dy  dy 
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get ∴ = −sin (x + y) . 1 + 
log y = x log x dx  dx 
182

Chapter 01: Differentiation

dy 36. Let y = sin x2 and z = x2
⇒ [1 + sin (x + y)] = − sin (x + y)
dx dy
∴ = cos x2.(2x) = 2x cos x2
dy − sin( x + y ) dx
⇒ =
dx 1 + sin( x + y ) dz
and = 2x
dx
30. sin2 x + 2 cos y + xy = 0 dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy
∴ = dx = cos x2
dy dy dz dz
2 sin x cos x – 2 sin y +y+x =0
dx dx dx
dy 3
⇒ ( x − 2sin y ) = − y − sin 2x 37. Let y = e x and z = log x
dx
dy 3 3 dz 1
dy y + sin 2 x ∴ = e=
x
.3x 2 3x 2e x and =
⇒ = dx dx x
dx 2sin y − x
dy 3
31. 2 2
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 dy dx 3x 2e x 3
∴ = = = 3 x 3e x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dz dz 1
dx  
 dy  dy dy x
2ax + 2h  y + x  + 2by + 2g + 2f =0
 dx  dx dx 38. Let y = a sin
−1 x
and z = sin−1 x
dy ∴ y = az
⇒ (2hx + 2by + 2f) = – (2ax + 2hy + 2g)
dx dy −1
dy
∴ = az log a = a sin x log a
ax + hy + g dz
⇒ =–
dx hx + by + f 39. x = a sec2 θ and y = b tan2 θ
dx
32. x + y =1 ∴ = 2a sec2 θ . tan θ
dθ
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get dy
dy y and = 2b tan θ . sec2 θ
=– dθ
dx x dy
 dy  dy d b
∴   = –1 ∴ = θ =
 dx  1 , 1  dx dx a
4 4 dθ
33. x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ 40. x = a2 (sin θ + cosec θ) …(i)
dx dy y = a2(sin θ − cosec θ) …(ii)
∴ = − a sin θ and = b cos θ Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get
dθ dθ
dy x2 − y2 = 4a4
dy bcos θ  b Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
∴ = dθ = =  −  cot θ dy dy x
dx d x −a sin θ  a  2x − 2y =0 ⇒ =
dθ dx dx y
34. Let y = 5x and z = log5 x 41. y = log(ax + b)

dy dz dy 1
1 ∴ = ×a
∴ = 5x log 5 and = dx ax + b
dx dx x log 5
d2 y −a 2
dy ∴ =
dy 5 x log 5 dx 2 (ax + b) 2
∴ = dx = = x.5x (log 5)2
dz dz 1
42. y = log(sin x)
dx x log 5
dy 1
∴ = ⋅ cos x = cot x
1 dx sin x
35. x= and y = 1 + t2 d2 y
1 − t2 ∴ = – cosec2 x
dx 2t dy dx 2
∴ = and = 2t
dt (1 − t ) 2 2
dt
43. xy = 1
dy
dy 2t ⇒ xy = 1
∴ = dt = = (1 − t2)2 1
dx d x 2t
⇒y=
dt (1 − t 2 ) 2 x
183


dy −1
∴ = 2
dx x Critical Thinking
2
d y 2
∴ 2
= 3 1. Let y = x +1
dx x
dy 1 d
44. y = sin mx ….(i) ∴
dx
=
2
.
x + 1 dx
( x +1 )
dy
∴ = m cos mx 1
dx =
4 x. x +1
d2 y
∴ = −m2sin mx 1
dx 2 =
⇒
d2 y
+ m2y = 0 ….[From (i)]
4 x ( x +1 )
2
dx
πx
45. y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x 2. As x° = radian.
180
dy dy π
∴ = 2 cos x − 3 sin x ∴ = sec x° tan x°
dx dx 180
d2 y
∴ = −2 sin x − 3 cos x d 
dx 2 3. 10− x tan x  (10 x tan x ) 
 dx 
d2 y
∴ y+ = 2 sin x + 3 cos x− 2 sin x − 3 cos x d
dx 2 = 10−x tanx. 10x tan x. log10 . ( x tan x )
dx
d2 y
⇒y+ =0 = log 10 (tan x + x sec2 x)
dx 2
x2
46. x = a cos nt − b sin nt ….(i) 1+ x 2
4. y= e
dx
∴ = – na sin nt – nb cos nt dy
x2
d  x2 
dt ∴ = e1+ x2 ⋅  
d2 x dx dx  1 + x 2 
∴ 2
= – n2 a cos nt + n2 b sin nt x2
dt  (1 + x 2 ).(2 x) − x 2 .(0 + 2 x) 
1+ x 2
2
= – n (a cos nt – b sin nt) =e . 
 (1 + x 2 ) 2 
= – n2 x …[From (i)] x2
1+ x 2
47. y = a sin (mx) + b cos (mx) ….(i) 2x e
=
(1 + x 2 ) 2
dy
∴ = am cos (mx) − bm sin (mx)
dx
dy dy du dv
5. = × ×
d2 y 2 2 dx du dv dx
∴ = − am sin (mx) − bm cos (mx)
dx 2 1
= × ( 3 − 4v ) × 2 x
= − m2 [a sin (mx) + b cos (mx)] 2 u
= − m2y ….[From (i)] =
1
× ( 3 − 4v ) × x
( 3 − 2v ) v
48. y = a + bx2
1
dy = × (3 − 4x2 ) × x
∴ = 2bx …(i) (3 − 2x2 ) x2
dx
d2 y 3 − 4x2
∴ = 2b =
dx 2 3 − 2x2
d2 y dy 6. y = (cos x2)2
⇒x = 2bx = …[From (i)]
dx 2 dx
dy d
∴ = 2 cos x2. ( cos x 2 )
49. ax
f(x) = be + ae bx dx dx
f ′( x) = abeax + abebx d 2
∴ = 2 cos x2.(−sin x2).
dx
(x )
∴ f ′′( x) = a2beax + ab2ebx
= 2 cos x2.(−sin x2).2x
2 2
∴ f ′′(0) = a b + ab = ab(a + b) = −2x (2 sin x2 cos x2) = −2x sin 2x2
184


d 2 2 d 1 d
7. [cos(1 − x 2 ) 2 ] = –sin (1 – x ) ⋅ (1 − x 2 ) 2 = ex log sin 2x + ex ⋅ ⋅ cos 2x (2x)
dx dx sin 2x dx
d = ex log sin 2x + ex cot 2x ⋅ 2
= –sin (1 – x2)2⋅ 2 (1 – x2)⋅ (1 − x 2 )
dx
= ex (log sin 2x + 2 cot 2x)
= – sin (1 – x2)2 ⋅ 2 (1 – x2) ⋅ (–2x)
= 4x (1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2
1
13.
d
dx
e( 1− x 2
.tan x )
tan x +
8.
= y =
tan x + cot x
tan x − cot x tan x − 1
tan x = e 1 − x2
⋅ sec2 x + tan x . e 1 − x2
.
d
dx
( 1 − x2 )
tan x 1
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 + tan 2 x = e ⋅ sec2 x + tan x . e . ⋅ (–2x)
= − = − sec 2 x 2 1 − x2
1 − tan 2 x
dy d 1− x 2  2 x tan x 
∴ = − sec 2 x tan 2 x. (2 x) = e sec x − 
dx dx  1 − x2 
= −2sec 2 x tan 2 x
2)
14. y = log x.e(tan x + x
9. y = log ( x + x−a )
dy 1 d
= e(tan x + x ) ⋅ + log x ⋅ e(tan x + x ) ⋅ (tan x + x2)
2 2
dy 1 d ∴
∴ = . ( x + x−a) dx x dx
dx x + x − a dx
1
+ log x ⋅ e(tan x + x ) (sec2 x + 2x)
2 2
1  1 1  = e(tan x + x ) ⋅
=  +  x
x + x−a 2 x 2 x−a 
2 1 
1  1 1  = e(tan x + x )  + (sec2 x + 2 x)log x 
=  +  x 
2 ( x + x−a )  x x−a 
 x−a + x  e 2 x + e −2 x
1 15. y=
=   e 2 x − e −2 x
2 ( x + x−a )  x x−a 
dy 1
1 ∴ = [(e2x – e–2x) ⋅ 2(e2x – e–2x)
=
2 x x−a
dx ( e 2 x
− e )
−2 x 2
– (e2x + e–2x) . 2 (e2x + e–2x)]

10.
d  

dx  
 d 1
  dx  2

log  sin e x   =  log sin e x 

( ) =
−8
(e 2 x − e −2 x ) 2
=
1
⋅
1
2 sin e x dx
⋅
d
(
sin e x ) d eax 
16.  
1 1 d dx  sin(bx + c) 
= ⋅ .cos e x . ( e x )
2 sin e x dx d d
sin (bx + c).eax . (ax) − eax .cos(bx + c). (bx + c)
1 1 1  x x
= dx dx
= =cot e x . .e x e cot  e 
2 2
{sin(bx + c)}
2
2 2 e x 4  
sin(bx + c).eax .a − eax cos(bx + c).b
d x =
11. e log(1 + x 2 )  = {sin(bx + c)}2
dx
1 d eax [a sin(bx + c) − bcos(bx + c)]
= log (1 + x2) . ex + ex ⋅ ⋅ (1 + x2) =
1+ x 2
dx sin 2 (bx + c)
ex
= ex log (1 + x2) + ⋅ 2x
1 + x2 17.
= y sin ( sin x + cos x )
 2x  dy d
= e x log(1 + x 2 ) +
 1 + x 2 
∴
dx
= (
cos sin x + cos x . ( sin x + cos x )
dx
)
1 d
d x = cos ( sin x + cos x ) . ⋅ ( sin x + cos x )
12.
dx
( e logsin 2 x ) 2 sin x + cos x dx
= log sin 2x ⋅ex + ex ⋅

1
⋅
d
(sin 2x)
=
cos sin x + cos x (
.(cos x − sin x)
)
sin 2 x dx 2 sin x + cos x
185

d   1 1  1
18. d
dx
( sec 2 x + cosec 2=
x)   2
+ 2 
dx   cos x sin x  
=
x x
2sin cos
2 2
d 1  d 4 
=   =   1
2 2
dx  cos x sin x  dx  sin 2 2 x  =
sin x
d d = cosec x
= ( 2cosec 2 x ) = −2cosec 2 x cot 2 x. ( 2 x )
dx dx
= −4cosec 2 x cot 2 x 1
23. f(x) =
3 x + a + x2 + b2
2 2
19. y = ( x cot 3 x ) 2
1 x2 + a 2 − x2 + b2
dy 3 ( 1
d = ×
∴ = x cot 3 x ) 2 . ( x cot 3 x) 2
x +a + x +b 2 2 2
x2 + a 2 − x2 + b2
dx 2 dx
3( 1
 d  1  2
= x cot x ) 2 cot x.1 + x.3cot 2 x. (cot x) 
3 3
= x + a 2 − x2 + b2 
2  dx  a 2 − b2  
1
3 1  1 1 
= ( x cot 3 x ) 2 [cot3 x+3x cot2 x(–cosec2 x)] ∴ f ′( x) = 2 
⋅ 2x − ⋅ 2x
2 2
a − b 2 x + a
2 2 2
2 x +b 2

1
3
= ( x cot 3 x ) 2 (cot3 x – 3x cot2 x cosec2 x) x  1 1 
2 = 22 
− 
a −b  x +a
2 2 2 2
x +b 
1+ tan x π 
20. y= = tan  + x 
1− tan x 4   1 + sin x  1  1 + sin x 
dy 1 d  π  24. y = log   = log  
∴ = ⋅  tan  4 + x    1 − sin x  2  1 − sin x 
dx π  dx   
2 tan  + x  1 1
4  = log(1 + sin x) − log(1 − sin x)
2 2
1 1− tan x π 
= . sec2  + x  dy 1 1 1 1
2 1+ tan x 4  ∴ = . .cos x − . .(− cos x)
dx 2 1 + sin x 2 1 − sin x
 π x 
21. y = log  tan  +   =
1  1
cos x  +
1 
 4 2
  
2  1 + sin x 1 − sin x 
dy 1 d   π x 
∴ = . tan  +  1  2  2cos x
dx  π x  dx   4 2   = cos x  =
tan  +  2 2 2
 1 − sin x  2cos x
 4 2
1 π x 1 1
= . sec2  +  . = = sec x
π x  4 2 2 cos x
tan  + 
 4 2
=
π x
1
π x
=
1
π
25. y
=
x 2
2
a2
a + x 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2
2
( )
     
2sin  +  cos  +  sin  + x 
 4 2  4 2 2  dy 1  2 1 
∴ = 2
 a + x + x⋅ .2 x 
1 dx 2  2
2 a +x 2

= = sec x
cos x  
a2 1 1

+ ⋅ 1 + .2 x 
x  2 x + x2 + a 2 2
 2 x +a
2

 1 − cos x   2sin 2   
2 
22. log   =  log 1
 1 + cos x   2 x 
= (a 2
+ x2 + x2 )


2cos   
2  2 ( 2
a +x 2
)
 x a2 1 x2 + a 2 + x
= log  tan  + ⋅ ⋅
 2 2 x + x2 + a 2 x2 + a 2
dy 1 d x
∴ = ⋅  tan  1
dx x = (a 2
+ 2x2 + a 2 )
tan dx 
2
2
2 ( 2
a +x 2
)
1 x 1
= .sec 2 . 2( a 2 + x2 )
x 2 2 = = a 2 + x2
tan
2 2 a 2 + x2
186


32. The feasible region lies on the origin side of both the lines.
O (0, 0), A (30, 0), B (0, 40) and P (30, 40)
∴ At O (0, 0), z = 4(0) + 5(0) = 0 B (0, 40) P (30, 40)
At A (30, 0), z = 4(30) + 5(0) = 120 y = 40
At B (0, 40), z = 4(0) + 5(40) = 200
At P (30, 40), z = 4(30) + 5(40) = 320
∴ The minimum value of z is 0
X
X' O A (30, 0)
Y'
x = 30
33. The feasible region lies on origin side of line 2x + 3y = 6 Y

and non-origin side of line x + y = 1
A (3, 0), B (0, 2), C (1, 0) and D (0, 1) B (0, 2)
∴ z = 3x + y will be minimum at C or D.
D (0, 1)
∴ At C (1, 0), z = 3 (1) + (0) = 3 A(3,0)
X′ X
At D (0, 1), z = 3 (0) + 1 = 1 O C(1,0)
Y′
34. Feasible region lies on origin side of lines 5x + 8y = 40 and 3x + y = 6 and above line y = 2, in first quadrant.
The corner points of the feasible region Y
4   8 90 
A(0, 2), B  ,2  , C  ,  and D(0, 5) (0, 6)
3   19 19 
At A (0, 2), z = 14 D(0, 5)
4 
At B  ,2  , z = 22
3   8 90 
C , 
 19 19 
 8 90  678
At C  ,  , z = A(0,2) 4 
B  ,2 
 19 19  19
3 
At D (0, 5), z = 35 X′ X
O 5x + 8y = 40
∴ Minimum value of z is 14 3x + y = 6
Y′
36. The corner points of feasible region are
Y
A(1, 0), B(10, 0), C (2, 4), D(0, 4) and E (0, 1)
At A (1, 0), z = 1 + 0 = 1 = 1 (0, 5)
At B (10, 0), z = 10 + 0 = 10 D(0 ,4) C(2,4)
y=4
At C (2, 4), z = 2 + 4 = 6
E(0, 1)
At D (0, 4), z = 0 + 4 = 4
At E (0, 1), z = 0 + 1 = 1 X′ X
O A(1, 0) B(10, 0)
z has minimum value at both A (1, 0) and E (0, 1).
x + 2y = 10
∴ z has infinite solutions on seg AE. Y′
x+y=1
171


37. Feasible region lies on origin side of line x1 + x2 = 1 and non-origin side of line 3x1 + x2 = 3 in first quadrant.
∴ There is no feasible region.
X2
B(0,3)
x1+x2=1
A(0,1)
C(1,0)
X1
O
3x1+x2=3
38. Y
x + y = 10
(0, 10)
2x + 3y = 18
(0, 6)
y=2
(0, 2) (6, 2) (8, 2)
X′ O X
(9, 0) (10, 0)
Y′
The feasible regions are is disjoint. Hence, there is no point in common.
∴ There is no optimum value of the objective function.
5. In linear programming problem, concave region is not used. Convex region is used in linear programming.
6. Y
(0, 1)
X′ O X
(3, 0) 3y + x = 3
Y′
Feasible region is on non-origin side of 3y + x = 3 and in first quadrant.
Hence, it is unbounded.
7. Feasible region lies on non-origin side of both lines and is true for positive values of x and both positive and
negative values of y.
Y
3x − y = 3
X′ X
O (1,0)
(0,–3)
(0,–4)
4x − y = 4
Y′
172


5 4 = 2θ + 2θ = 4θ = 4 tan−1x
44. Put cos α = , sin α =
41 41 dy 4
–1 ∴ =
∴ y = sin [sin (x + α)] = x + α dx 1+ x 2
dy
∴ =1 1
dx 50. Put x = cos 2θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x
2
45. Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x  1− x   1 − cos 2θ 
1 + tan θ  ∴ sin–1   = sin–1  
∴ y = tan 
−1
  2   2 
 1 − tan θ 
−1  π  π
= tan  tan  + θ   = + θ
= sin–1 ( )
sin 2 θ = θ
 4  4 1
= cos–1 x
π 2
= + tan–1 x
4 d  −1  1 − x   d 1 −1 
∴ sin   =  cos x 
dy 1 dx   2   dx  2 
∴ =
dx 1+ x 2 −1
=
2 2x 
2 1 − x2
46. Let y = tan  −1  = tan −1 
−1

 x −x  1 − x2  51. Put e2x = cot θ ⇒ θ = cot−1 (e 2x)
−1
Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan x  cot θ + 1  −1  1 + tan θ 
 2 tan θ 
∴ y = tan−1   = tan  
∴ −1
y = tan    cot θ − 1   1 − tan θ 
 1 − tan 2 θ 
 π 
= tan−1(tan 2θ) = 2θ = 2tan−1 x = tan−1  tan  + θ  
 4 
dy 2
∴ = π π
dx 1+ x 2 = + θ = + cot−1 (e2x)
4 4
 x − x −1  –1  x − 1 
2
dy 1
47. Let y = cos−1   = cos   ∴ =0− . e2x.2
( )
−1 2
x+ x   x +1
2
dx 1 + e2 x
Put x = cotθ ⇒ θ = cot −1 x dy 2e 2x
 cot 2 θ − 1  ∴ =−
−1  1 − tan θ 
2
∴ y = cos  2
−1 dx 1 + e4 x
 = cos  
 cot θ + 1   1 + tan 2 θ 
 1+ x − 1− x 
= cos−1 (cos 2θ) = 2θ = 2 cot−1 x 52. Let y = sin −1  
dy −2  2 
∴ =
dx 1 + x2 1
Put x = cos 2θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x
2
  x
48. Let y = tan−1    2 2 
2
 a −x 
2
∴ y = sin −1  cos θ− sin θ 
 2 2 
x
Put x = a sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1   1 1
a = sin–1  cos θ − 
sin θ 
 2 2 
 
a sin θ
∴ y = tan−1    π π 
2 2
 a − a sin θ 
2 = sin−1  sin cos θ− cos sin θ 
 4 4 
 a sin θ 
= tan−1  −1
 = tan (tan θ) = θ  π  π 1
 a cos θ  = sin−1  sin  − θ   = − cos−1 x
 4  4 2
 x
= sin−1   dy 1
a   ∴ =
dx 2 (1− x 2 )
dy 1 1 1
∴ = ⋅ =
dx a  x
2
a − x2
2
1−    1+ x − 1− x 
a
53. Let y = tan–1  
 1+ x + 1− x 
49. Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x Put x = cos 2θ ⇒ θ =
1
cos−1 x
 2 tan θ   1 + tan 2 θ  2
∴ y = sin  1 + tan 2 θ  + sec  1 − tan 2 θ 
−1   −1
 1 + cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ 
−1 −1
∴ y = tan–1  
= sin (sin 2θ) + sec (sec2θ)  1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ 
189


 2 cos 2 θ − 2sin 2 θ   π x 
= tan −1   = tan–1  tan  +  
 2cos 2 θ + 2sin 2 θ    4 2 
 
π x
 cos θ − sin θ  –1  1 − tan θ 
∴ f (x) = +
= tan–1   = tan   4 2
 cos θ + sin θ   1 + tan θ  1
∴ f ′(x) =
 π  2
= tan–1  tan  − θ  
  4    1
π
∴ f ′  =
π π 1 6 2
∴ y = – θ = – cos–1 x
4 4 2
57. Put log x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1 (log x)
dy 1 1   1 − tan 2 θ 
∴ =  
∴ f(x) = cos −1 
dx 2  1 − x2  
   1 + tan 2 θ 
  1 − x   = cos−1 (cos 2θ)
54. Let y = sin cot −1 
2
  = 2θ = 2 tan−1(log x)
  1 + x   1 1
Put x = cos θ ∴ f ′(x) = 2. .
1 + (log x) 2 x
  1 − cos θ   2 1 2 1 1
∴ y = sin2 cot −1    ∴ f ′(e) = = . = .
  1 + cos θ   1 + (log e) 2 e 1 + 12 e e
  2 θ
 58. y = (xx)x
  2sin  
= sin 2 cot −1  2  Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
  θ log y = x log xx = x2 log x
 2cos  
2
  2   Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

  θ  1 dy 1
= sin 2 cot −1  tan   . = x 2 . + 2x log x = x(1 + 2 log x)
  2  y dx x
   π θ   dy
= sin 2 cot −1  cot  −    ⇒ = xy(1 + 2 log x)
  2 2   dx

π θ 59. y = xx
2
= sin 2  − 
 2 2 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
θ 1 + cos θ 1 + x log y = x2 log x
∴ y ==cos 2 =
2 2 2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x. we get
dy 1 1 dy 1
∴ = ⋅ = x2. + log x . (2x)
dx 2 y dx x
55. f (x) = cot–1 (cos 2x)1/2 dy
∴ = y (x + 2x log x)
∴ f (x) = cot –1
( cos 2x ) dx
2 2
+1
−1  −2sin 2 x  = x x (x + 2x log x) = x x (1 + 2 log x)
∴ f ′(x) =  
1 + cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  3
60. Let y = x 4 x
sin 2 x Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
=
(1 + cos 2 x) cos 2 x log y = 4x3 . log x
3 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
π 2 2 1 dy
⋅ = 4x2 + 12x2 log x
∴ f ′  = =
 6   1  1  3 y dx
 1 +  
 2  2  dy 3
∴ = x 4 x . 4x2 (1 + 3 log x)
2 dx
 θ θ 3 +2
56. Since 1 + sin θ =  sin + cos  = 4x4 x (1 + 3log x)
2 2 
2
 θ θ 1+ x
and 1 – sin θ =  sin − cos  61. y=
2 2  1− x
x  x  x Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
cos + sin 
–1 
2 2 −1  1 + tan 2  1 1
∴ f (x) = tan   = tan   log y = log(1 + x) − log(1 − x)
x x
 cos − sin   1 − tan x  2 2
 2 2  2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
190


8. Shaded region lies on origin side of x + 2y = 8 and x − y = 1, and on non-origin side of 2x + y = 2.
∴ x + 2y ≤ 8, x − y ≤ 1, 2x + y ≥ 2
9. Take a test point (2, 1) which lies within the feasible region.
Since 2 – 1 = 1 ≥ 0, 2 ≤ 5, 1 ≤ 3 and 2,1 ≥ 0
∴ x, y ≥ 0, x − y ≥ 0, x ≤ 5, y ≤ 3.
10. Shaded region lies on origin side of 3x + 10y = 30
and x = 6, and on non-origin side of 4x + 5y = 20.
∴ 4x + 5y ≥ 20, 3x + 10y ≤ 30, x ≤ 6, x, y ≥ 0
11. Shaded region lies on non-origin side of 5x + 4y = 20, and on origin side of the lines x = 6 and y = 3
∴ 5x + 4y ≥ 20, x ≤ 6, y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
14. At (10, 0), z = 60 × 10 + 10 × 0 = 600
At (2, 4), z = 60 × 2 + 10 × 4 = 160
At (1, 5), z = 60 × 1 + 10 × 5 = 110
At (0, 8), z = 60 × 0 + 10 × 8 = 80
15. The feasible region lies on the origin side of x + y = 40 and x + 2y = 60, in first quadrant.
O(0, 0), A(0, 30), B(20, 20) and C(40, 0)
x+y = 40
∴ At A(0, 30), P = 0 + 4 (30) = 120 (0,40)
At B(20, 20), P = 3(20) + 4(20) = 140 A(0,30) B(20,20)
At C(40, 0), P = 3(40) + 0 = 120
∴ Maximum value of P is 140. (60,0)
X′ X
O C(40,0)
x+2y = 60
Y′
16. The feasible region lies on origin side of 4x + 5y = 20, Y

non-origin side of x + y = 3 and in first quadrant.
B(0,4)
∴ The corner points of feasible region are
D(0,3)
A(5, 0), B(0, 4), C(3, 0) and D(0, 3)
∴ Maximum 2x + 3y is at B (0, 4)
∴ Maximum 2x + 3y = 2 (0) + 4 (3) = 12 A(5,0)
X′ C(3,0)
X
O 4x+5y = 20
x+y=3
Y′
17. Feasible region lies on origin side of x + y = 7 Y
and x + 2y = 10, and in first quadrant. B(0,7)

D(0,5)
O(0, 0), A(7, 0), E(4, 3) and D(0, 5)
∴ Maximum z = 5x + 2y is at A (7, 0) E(4,3)
∴ Maximum, z = 5 (7) + 2 (0) = 35
X′ X
O A(7,0) C(10,0)
x+y = 7 x+2y = 10
Y′
173


18. Corner points of the feasible region are Y
9 5  26 
(0, 0) (6, 0),  ,  and  0 , 
2 2  5  10
At (0, 0), z = 2(0) + 0 = 0 3x + 5y = 26
8
At (6, 0), z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
9 5 9 5 6
At  , =  26 
 , z 2   + = 11.5  0, 
2 2 2 2  5  4 9 5
 26  26  , 
At  0 ,  , z = 2(0) + = 5.2 2 2
 5  5 2
∴ Maximum value of z is 12 at (6, 0). (6, 0)
X′ X
O 2 4 6 8 10
Y′
5x + 3y = 30
19. The feasible region lies on origin side of all the lines and in first quadrant.
∴ The corner points of feasible region are Y
2 7 −2x+y =1
O (0, 0), A (2, 0), B (2, 1), C  ,  and D (0, 1)
3 3
(0, 3)
Maximum value of z = 3x + 2y is at B (2, 1) 2 7
C , 
∴ Maximum z = 3 (2) + 2 (1) = 8 3 3
D(0,1) B(2,1)
X′ A(2,0) (3,0) X
O
x=2 x+y = 3
Y′

A(4, 2), B (4, 6) and C (0, 6).
At A (4, 2), z = 10
At B (4, 6), z = 14 C (0, 6) B (4, 6)
y=6
At C (0, 6), z = 6
A (4, 2)
X
(6, 0)
x=4 x+y=6
21. The feasible region lies on the origin side of the lines
6x + 4y = 120 and 3x + 10y = 180
O (0, 0), A (20, 0), E (10, 15) and D (0, 18) 6x+4y = 120
∴ The maximum value of 45x + 55y is at E (10, 15) B(0,30)
3x+10y = 180
Max (45x + 55y) = 45(10) + 55(15)
D(0, 18) E(10,15)
= 1275
C(60,0)
X′ O A(20,0) X
Y′
174


22. Feasible region lies on origin side of all lines and in first quadrant. Y
 7 5  7  2x+2y = 9
O (0, 0), A (0, 4), B 1,  , C  ,2  , D  ,0 
 2 2  2 
Substituting the above points in P = 2x + 3y, we get A (0,4) B(1,3.5)
 7 C(2.5,2)
Max P = 12.5 at B 1, 
 2 X
X′ O D(3.5,0)
∴ B ≡ (1, 3.5) x+2y = 8
Y′ 2x+y = 7
A(4, 0), B (18, 0), C (3.6, 8), D(0, 8) and E(0, 4).
At A (4, 0), z = 24
At B (18, 0), z = 108
At C (3.6, 8), z = 37.6
At D (0, 8), z = 16 D (0, 8) C(3.6, 8) y=8
At E (0, 4), z = 8
∴ Minimum value of z occurs at (0, 4). 5x + 9y = 90
E (0, 4)
X
A (4, 0) B (18, 0)
x+y=4
24. At (15, 15), z = 15p + 15q
At (0, 20), z = 20q
Since maximum occurs at (15, 15) and (0, 20),
15p + 15q = 20q
⇒ 15p + 15q = 20q
⇒ 15p = 5q ⇒ 3p = q
25. z = px + qy
At (25, 20), z = 25p + 20q
At (0, 30), z = 0 + 30q = 30q
Since maximum z occurs at both the points,
25p + 20q = 30q
⇒ 25p = 10q ⇒ 5p = 2q
26. At (5, 5), z = 3(5) + 9(5) = 60 Y
At (0, 10), z = 3(0) + 9(10) = 90

(0, 20)
At (0, 20), z = 3(0) + 9(20) = 180
At (15, 15), z = 3(15) + 9(15) = 180
(15, 15)
∴ Minimum value of z is 60 at (5, 5).
(0, 10)
(5, 5)
X′ 0 X
Y′
175


27. The feasible region lies on non-origin side of all the lines, X2
in first quadrant
A(11, 0), B(4, 2), C(1, 5) and D(0, 10). D(0, 10)
∴ At A(11,0), z = 2(11) + 0 = 22
At B(4, 2), z = 2(4) + 3(2) = 14
At C(1, 5), z = 2(1) + 3(5) = 17 (0, 6) C(1, 5)
At D(0, 1), z = 0 + 3(10) = 30
 22  B(4, 2)
∴ Minimum value of z is 14.  0, 
 7 
X1
X1′ O (2, 0) (6, 0) A(11, 0)
2x1+7x2= 22
X′2 5x1+x2=10 x1+x2= 6
5 5 Y
28. The feasible region is unbounded whose vertex is  ,  .
4 4
 
5 5 x – y=0
∴ Minimum z = 2x + 10y is at  , 
4 4
 
x – 5y = –5
5 5
∴ z = 2   + 10   = 15 (0,1) 5 5
4 4  , 
4 4
X′ O X
Y′
29. The feasible region region lies on the non-origin side Y
x+y = 8
of 2x + 3y = 6 and y = 1 and on origin side of x + y = 8
The corner points of feasible region are D(0, 8)
3 
A  , 1 , B(0, 2), C(7, 1) and D(0, 8).
2 
Substituting above points in z = 4x + 6y, we get
3 
Min. z = 12 at A  ,1 and B (0, 2). C(7, 1)
2  B(0, 2) A(3/2, 1) y=1
X′ X
O
Y′ 2x + 3y = 6
30. The feasible region lies on origin side of line Y
x + y − 20 = 0 and above the line y = 5.
The corner points of feasible region are B(0, 20)
B (0, 20), C (0, 5) and D (15, 5)
∴ The minimum value of z = 7x − 8y is at B (0, 20)
z = 7 (0) − 8 (20) = − 160 C(0, 5) D(15, 5) y=5
X′ X
O A(20, 0)
Y′ x + y − 20 = 0
Y
31. Corner points of the feasible region are (60, 0), (120, 0),
(60, 30), (40, 20).
At (60, 0), z = 5(60) + 10(0) = 300
x – 2y = 0
At (120, 0), z = 5(120) + 10(0) = 600
At (60, 30), z = 5(60) + 10(30) = 600 (60, 30)
(40, 20)
At (40, 20), z = 5(40) + 10(20) = 400
∴ Minimum value of z is 300 at (60, 0). X′ X
(60, 0) (120, 0)
x + 2y = 120
Y′ x + y = 60
176


Putting x = 0 in (i), we get
y=1
104. Let y = sin−1x and z = cos−1 ( 1 − x2 )
1− 0 − 2 dy 1
∴ y′(0) = =1 ∴ =
0 + 0 −1 dx 1 − x2
99. Let y = excos x and z = e−x sin x =z cos −1 ( 2

1 − x= )
cos −1 ( )
1 − sin 2=
y sin −1 x
dy dz
∴ = ex (cos x − sin x) and ∴ = 1
dx dx 1 − x2
dz
= e−x (cos x − sin x) dy
dx
dy dx
dy ∴ = =1
dy dz dz
∴ = dx = e2x dx
dz dz
dx 1− x 
105. Let y = sin −1   and z = x
1+ x 
100. Let y = cos −1 ( x ) and =z 1− x
dy 1(1 + x)(−1) − (1 − x)(1)
∴ = .
dy −1 1 dz −1 dx 1− x  (1 + x) 2
2
∴ =⋅ and = 1− 
dx 1− x 2 x d x 2 1− x 
1+ x 
dy −1
dy dx 1 =
∴ = = x (1 + x)
dz dz x
dx dz 1
and dx = 2 x
et + e− t et − e− t dy
101. x = and y =
2 2 d y dx −2
∴ = =
dx e t − e − t dy e t + e− t dz dz 1+ x
∴ = and = dx
dt 2 dt 2
dy e t + e − t 106. Let y = asec x and z = atan x
dy dt 2= x
∴ = = dy
dx dx e t − e − t y ∴ = asec x log a sec x tan x
dt 2 dx
dz
102. x = a(t cos t − sin t) and y = a(t sin t + cos t) and = atan x log a sec2 x
dx
dx dy
∴ = a(− t sint + cos t − cos t) = − at sin t
dt dy dx a sec x log a sec x tan x
∴ = =
dy dz dz a tan x log a sec 2 x
and = a(t cos t + sin t − sin t) = at cos t dx
dt
sin x
dy = a sec x − tan x . = sin x asec x − tan x
1
dy dt at cos t cos x.
∴ = = = − cot t cos x
dx d x −at sin t
dt
 1
−1
107. x = eθ  θ + 
103. y = log (1 + θ), x = sin θ θ
 
dy 1 dx 1 dx  1  1
∴ = , = ∴ = eθ 1 − 2  + eθ  θ + 
dθ 1 + θ dθ 1 − θ2 dθ  θ   θ
dy  1 1
= eθ 1 + θ + − 
dy dθ 1 − θ2  θ θ2 
∴ = =
dx d x 1+ θ  θ2 + θ3 + θ − 1 
dθ = eθ  
 θ2 
(1 + θ )(1 − θ ) 1− θ  1
= = y = e−θ  θ − 
(1 + θ )
2
1+ θ θ
 
195


dy  1  1 2x  –1  1 − x 
2
∴ = e–θ 1 + 2  – e–θ  θ −  111. Let y = sin–1  2 
and z = cos  2 
dθ  θ   θ 1+ x  1+ x 
−1 −1

= e–θ 1 +
1 1
−θ+ 
∴ y = 2tan x and z = 2 tan x
 θ2 θ dy
dy
 θ2 + 1 − θ3 + θ  ∴ = dx = 1
= e–θ   dz dz
 θ2  dx
dy
dy e –2θ (1 + θ2 − θ3 + θ)  1 − x2   1 − 3x 2 
∴ = dθ = 112. Let y = cos–1  2 
and z = cot–1  3 
dx dx θ2 − 1 + θ3 + θ 1+ x   3x − x 
dθ ∴ y = 2 tan–1 x and z = 3 tan–1 x
dy 2
 
dx  1  dy d x 1 + x2 = 2
2 t 1 ∴ = =
108. =a  − sin t + ⋅ sec ⋅  dz dz 3 3
dt  t 2 2
tan dx 1 + x2
 2 
  113. Put t = sin θ
 1  ∴ x = sin–1 (3 sin θ – 4 sin 3θ)
=a  − sin t + 
 t t = sin–1 (sin 3θ) = 3θ
2sin cos 
2 2
( )

y = cos–1 1 − sin 2 θ = cos
–1
(cos θ) = θ
 1   cos 2 t 
= a  − sin t +  = a  
 sin t   sin t  ∴ x = 3y
= a cos t cot t 1
⇒y= x
dy 3
and = a cos t
dt dy 1
∴ =
dy dx 3
dy dt 1
∴ = = = tan t t
dx dx cot t 114. sin y =
dt 1 + t2
Put t = tan θ
1
109. x = a(sin 2θ + sin 4θ), tan θ
2 ∴ sin y = = sin θ
sec θ
 1 
y = b cos 2θ − (1 + cos 4θ)  ∴ y=θ
 2  dy
dx
∴ =1
∴ = 2a(cos 2θ + cos 4θ) = 2a(2cos 3θ cosθ) dθ
dθ 1 1
dy cos x = = = cos θ
and = 2b(sin 4θ – sin 2θ) = 2b(2cos 3θ sinθ) 1+ t 2 secθ
dθ
∴ x=θ
dy dx
dy d b ∴ =1
∴ = θ = tan θ dθ
dx dx a
dy
dθ
dy d
∴ = θ =1
dx dx
2x  2x 
110. Let y = tan  −1
2 
and z = sin −1  2  dθ
1− x  1+ x 
Put x = tan θ  1 − x2
 −1 2
115. Let y = tan−1   and z = cos (x )
 2 tan θ   1 + x2

∴ y = tan−1  = tan−1 (tan 2θ) = 2θ 

2 
 1 − tan θ  2 1
Put x = cos 2θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x 2
2 tan θ  2
and z = sin−1  −1
 = sin (sin 2θ) = 2θ
2
 1 + tan θ   2sin θ 
2
∴ y = tan−1  =  tan −1 (tan θ) = θ
∴ y=z  2cos 2 θ 
 
dy 1
∴ =1 ⇒ y = cos −1 ( x 2 )
dz 2
196


32. The corner points of the feasible region are X2
A(3.5, 0), B(7.5, 0), C(3, 3) and D(2, 3)
At A(3.5, 0), z = 4(3.5) + 5(0) = 14 (0, 7)
At B(7.5, 0), z = 4(7.5) + 5(0) = 30
At C(3, 3), z = 4(3) + 5(3) = 27
At D(2, 3), z = 4(2) + 5(3) = 23 (0, 5)
∴ z is minimum at A(3.5, 0).
C(3, 3) x2 = 3
D(2, 3)
X1
A(3.5, 0) B(7.5, 0)
2x1+ 3x2 = 15
2x1 + x2 = 7

A (6, 0), B (6, 4), C (3, 7) and D (0, 5)
∴ At A (6, 0), z = 6 + 0 = 6 C (3, 7)
At B (6, 4), z = 6 + 4 = 10
At C (3, 7), z = 3 + 7 = 10
D (0, 5)
B (6, 4)
−2x + 3y = 15
X
O A (6, 0)
x + y = 10
x=6

 3 x+y = 8
A(8,0), B(0, 8), F(0, 3), G 1,  and C(4, 0)
 2 B(0,8)
At F(0,3), z = 30(0) + 20(3) = 60
At G(1,3/2), z = 30(1) + 20(3/2) = 30 + 30 = 60
At A (8, 0), z = 30 (8) + 0 = 240 F(0,3)
At A (0, 8), z = 0 + 20 (8) = 160 D(0,2) G(1,3/2)
At C (4, 0), z = 30 (4) + 0 = 120
X′ X
 3 O C(4,0) A(8,0)
∴ z has minimum value at F (0, 3) and G 1, 
 2
6x+4y = 12
∴ z has infinite solution on seg FG. Y′
x+2y = 4
35. The feasible region lies on the origin side of the line x + 2y = 2 and on non-origin side of x + 2y = 8.
∴ There is no feasible solution.
8
6
x + 2y = 2 4
2 4 6 8 10
x + 2y = 8
177


∴ there is no point common to all inequations. Y
∴ There is no maximum value of z. x + y = 10
D(0,10)
B(0,6)
C(10,0)
X
X′ O A(9,0)
Y′
2x+3y = 18
Evaluation Test
2. For (1, 3), 3x + 2y = 3 + 6 > 0,

for (5, 0), 3 × 5 + 0 > 0,
and for (−1, 2), −3 + 4 > 0
Similarly, other inequalities satisfy the given points.
∴ Option (D) is the correct answer.
3. The feasible region lies on origin side of the lines −x1 + x2 = 1 and −x1 + 3x2 = 9, in first quadrant.
It is unbounded.
X2
−x1 + x2 = 1
−x1 + 3x2 = 9
(0,3)
(–9,0) (0,1)
X1
(–1,0) O

3 + 2(4) ≥ 11
3(3) + 4(4) ≤ 30
2(3) + 5(4) ≤ 30
∴ All the above three in-equalities hold for point (3, 4).
∴ Option (C) is the correct answer.
5. Let the manufacturer produce x and y bottles of medicines A and B.
3x y
He must have + ≤ 66, x + y ≤ 45000, x ≤ 20000, y ≤ 40,000, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
1000 1000
∴ The number of constraints is 6.
6. Let the company produce x telephones of A type and y telephones of B type.
∴ Objective function is maximize z = 300x + 400y
∴ Constraints are 2x + 4y ≤ 800 ⇒ x + 2y ≤ 400, x + y ≤ 300
178


Y
(0, 300)
(0, 200)
x + 2y = 400
(400, 0)
X′ X
O (300,0)
Y′ x + y = 300
∴ The feasible region of the LPP is bounded.

7. Given that 4x + 2y ≤ 8, 2x + 5y ≤ 10
∴ The feasible region lies on origin side of 4x + 2y = 8 and 2x + 5y = 10.
Also, x, y ≥ 0
∴ The feasible region lies in first quadrant.
∴ option (C) is correct.
8. Since shaded region lies on origin side of lines x + y = 20 and 2x + 5y = 80 and is in first quadrant
∴ x + y ≤ 20 , 2x + 5y ≤ 8, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
9. Objective function z = x1 + x2 X2
2 7
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 1), C  ,  and D(0, 1)
3 3
2 7
2 7  , 
At B(2, 1) and C  ,  , z is maximum. Max z = 3 C3 3
3 3
∴ Infinite number of solutions exists along BC. B(2, 1)
D(0,1)
X1′ X1
O A(2,0)
−2x1 + x2 = 1 x1 + x2 = 3
X ′2 x1 = 2
10. Y
(0,1500)
(0,1000)
B(800,600) x2 = 600
A(0,600) C(1000,500)
(2000,0)
X′ X
O D(1500,0)
x1 + 2x2 = 2000
Y′ x1 + x2 = 1500
OABCD is the feasible region
∴ O(0, 0), A(0, 600), B(800, 600), C(1000, 500), D(1500, 0)
z = x1 + x2
At point C and D, z is maximum. Max z = 1500
∴ Infinite optimal solutions exist along CD.
179


140. Let y = 2 cos x cos 3x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ y = cos 4x + cos 2x d 2 y dy 1
x 2
+ .1 = − cos(log x).
dy dx dx x
∴ = – 4 sin 4x – 2 sin 2x 2
dx 2 d y dy
⇒x 2 +x = −y ...[From (i)]
d2 y dx dx
∴ = –16 cos 4x – 4 cos 2x
dx 2 d2 y dy
⇒ x2 2 + x + y = 0
= – 4(cos 2x + 4cos 4x) dx dx
= –22 (cos 2x + 22 cos 4x) 145. y = etan x
dx dy
−1 ⇒ log y = tan x
141. =   Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy  dx 
1 dy dy y
⋅ = sec2x ⇒ =
d  dy  
−1
d  dx  y dx dx cos 2 x
∴   =   
dy  dy  dy  dx   dy
⇒ cos2x =y
dx
d 2 x d  dy   dx
−1
⇒ =    Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 2 dx  dx   dy d2 y dy dy
−2 cos2 x − 2 cos x sin x =
2
d x  dy  d  d y  dx dx 2 dx dx
⇒ = −   .  . 2
dy 2  dx  dx  dx  dy 2 d y dy
⇒ cos x 2 = (1 + sin 2x)
−3 dx dx
 dy   d y 
2
d2 x
⇒ = −   2 
 dx   dx 
2
dy 146. y = em cos ...(i)
−1
x
dy −1
= em cos x .m.
−1
cos x − sin x 1 − tan x ∴

142. y = = dx 1 − x2
cos x + sin x 1 + tan x
dy
π  ⇒ 1 − x2 = −my ...[From (i)]
⇒ y = tan  − x  ...(i) dx
4  dy
2
⇒ (1 − x2)   = m2y2
dy π   dx 
∴ = − sec2  − x 
dx  4  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
2
d2 y π  π  dy d 2 y  dy  2 dy
∴ = 2 sec2  − x  . tan  − x  (1 − x2) .2 . +   .(0 − 2 x) = 2m y
4 4
2
dx   dx dx 2  dx  dx
d2 y d2 y dy
⇒ (1 − x2) −x = m2y
∴ dx 2 = −2 tan  π − x  = − 2y ...[From (i)] dx 2 dx
dy  
4  ⇒ (1 − x2) y2 − xy1 − m2y = 0
dx
dy 2sin −1 x 2cos −1 x
 
147. = −
dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
−1  log ex  −1  8 − log x 
143. y = tan  + tan
e
 log 

1+8log x 

⇒
dy
=
(
2 sin −1 x − cos −1 x )
 x dx 1 − x2
1 + log x   8 − log x  dy
⇒ y = tan−1  −1
 + tan   ⇒ 1 − x2 = 2 (sin−1x − cos − 1 x)
 1 − log x  1+8log x  dx
⇒ y = tan−11+ tan−1(log x) + tan−1 8 –tan−1(log x) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ y = tan−11 + tan−1 8 d 2 y dy 1
1 − x2 ⋅ 2
+ ⋅ ⋅ (−2 x)
dy dx dx 2 1 − x 2
∴ =0
dx  
1 ( −1) 4
d2 y =2  −  =
∴ =0  1− x 2
1 − x 2
1 − x2
dx 2 
d2 y dy
144. y = cos (log x) ...(i) ∴ (1 − x2) −x =4
dx 2 dx
dy 1
∴ = − sin (log x). 148. y = cos (m sin−1x) ….(i)
dx x
dy −1 m
⇒x = −sin (log x) ∴ y1 = −sin (m sin x) ⋅
dx 1 − x2
200

⇒ 1 − x 2 y1 = −m sin(m sin−1x) dy
2cos 2
θ
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy dθ a(1 + cos θ) 2= cot θ
∴ = = =
dx dx a sin θ θ
2sin cos
θ 2
xy1 m
1 − x 2 y2 − = −m cos (m sin−1 x) ⋅ dθ 2 2
1 − x2 1 − x2
d2 y θ 1 dθ
⇒ (1 − x2) y2 − xy1 = −m2y …[From (i)] ∴ = − cosec2 . .
dx 2
2 2 dx
⇒ (1 − x2) y2 − xy1 + m2y = 0 1 θ 1
= − cos ec2 .
2 2 a sin θ
149. y2 = ax2 + bx + c
 d2 y  1 1 1
( )
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get ∴  2 =
− 2 . =
−
dy  dx θ = π 2 a(1) a
2y = 2ax + b …(i) 2
dx
153. Let y = a sin3t and x = a cos3 t
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dy
d2 y dy dy ∴ = 3a sin2t cos t
2y 2 + .2 = 2a dt
dx dx dx dx
Multiplying both the sides by y2, we get and = –3a cos2t sin t …(i)
dt
2
d2 y dy dy dy / dt
y3 = ay2 –  y  ∴ = = −tan t
dx 2  dx  dx dx / dt
2 d2 y dt
b
= a(ax2 + bx + c) –  ax +  …[From (i)] ∴ = −sec2 t.
2 dx 2 dx

1
b2 = − sec2t. …[From (i)]
= a2x2 + abx + ac – a2x2 – − abx −3a cos 2 t sin t
4 1
b2 =
= ac – = a constant 3a cos 4 t sin t
4  d2 y  1
∴  2 =
150. y = x3 log loge(1 + x)  d x t = π  π  π
4 3a cos 4   sin  
x3 1
  4
4
∴ y′ = 3x2 log loge (1 + x) + ⋅ 1 4 2
log e (1 + x ) 1 + x = =
5
 1  3a
3x 2 1 3a  
∴ y′′ = 6x log loge (1 + x) + ⋅  2
log e (1 + x ) 1 + x
+ 154. ey + xy = e
 Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
3 1 
 (1 + x ) log e (1 + x ) . 3x − x (1 + x ) . + log e (1 + x )  
2
dy dy
  1 + x  ey +y+x =0 …(i)
dx dx
 (1 + x ) log e (1 + x ) 
2 2 
    Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
  d2 y y  dy 
2
dy d2 y
ey + e   + 2 + x = 0 …(ii)
∴ y′′(0) = 0 dx 2  dx  dx dx 2
Putting x = 0 in ey + xy = e, we get y = 1
151. x = sin t and y = sin3 t
Putting x = 0, y = 1 in (i), we get
∴ y = x3 dy 1
dy =−
∴ = 3x2 dx e
dx dy 1
Putting x = 0, y = 1,
= − in (ii), we get
d2 y dx e
∴ = 6x
dx 2 2
d y 1 2 d2 y 1
e 2 + e. 2 − + 0 = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2
π π dx e e dx e
At t = , x = sin =1
2 2
156. f (–x) = – f(x) …[ f ( x) is an odd function]
 d2 y   d2 y 
∴  2 =  2  = 6(1) = 6 ∴ f (x) = – f (–x)
 dx  t
=
π
=  dx  x 1 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
2
f ′ (x) = −[−f ′(−x)]
152. x = a (1 − cos θ) and y = a(θ + sin θ) ⇒ f ′ (x) = f ′ (−x)
dx dy ⇒ f ′ (3) = f ′ (−3)
∴ = a sin θ and = a (1 + cos θ) ⇒ f ′ (−3) = 2
dθ dθ
201

y x ⇒ f ′[g(x)].g′(x) = 1
157.   +   = 2
x  y ⇒ 1 
.g′(x) = 1…  f ′ ( x ) = 1 
( given )
2 2 1 + g ( x ) 
3
1 + x3
⇒ y + x = 2xy  
⇒ (x − y)2 = 0 ⇒ g′(x) = 1 + [g(x)]3
⇒x−y=0
⇒x=y
dy
∴ =1 Competitive Thinking
dx
158. y = ex. e2x.e3x….enx 1. y = cos (2x + 45)
⇒y= e (
x 1+ 2+3+.............+ n ) dy d
∴ = −sin (2x + 45) ⋅ (2x + 45)
 n (n +1) 
x
dx dx

⇒y= e  2 
= −2 sin (2x + 45)
n(n + 1) 
⇒ log y = x  
 2  2. y= sin x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 d
1 dy
.
y dx
=
n(n + 1)
2
∴
dx
= ⋅
2 sin x xd
sin x ( )
dy n(n + 1) y
⇒ = 1 1
dx 2 = ⋅ cos x ⋅
2 sin x 2 x
−1 x
a cos z
159. y = −1 x
and z = a cos−1 x
⇒y= cos x
1+ z
1 + a cos =
4 x sin x
= (
1 + z ) 1 − z (1) 1
∴ dy
= 1 2 =
(1 + z ) (1 + a )
2
dz (1 + z )
2
cos−1 x
d d 1 
1 + ex
3. log|x|e =  
160. y= ⇒ y2 =
1 + ex dx dx  log x 
1− e x
1 − ex
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get −1 1 −1
= × =
x ( log x )
2 2
dy (1 − e )e + (1 + e )e 2e x x x x x log x x
=2y = x 2
dx (1 − e ) (1 − e x ) 2
dy ex 1 − ex 4. f(x) = log x
∴ = x 2
dx (1 − e ) 1 + e x
∴ f[log x] = log ( log x )
ex  1 − e x  1 − e x 
=    1 d
( log x )
x 2
(1 − e )  1 + e x  1 − e x  ∴ f ′[log x] = .
log x dx
e x
=
(1 − e ) 1 − e 2 x
x 1
=
x log x
 1+ x
161. Let f(x) = cos–1  sin  + xx
 2 
5. y = log2 (log2x)
–1  π 1 + x  x
= cos cos  −  +x  log x 
  2 2   log  
=  log 2 
π 1+ x
= − + xx log 2
2 2
1 1
∴ f ′(x) = − ⋅ + xx (1 + log x) =
log(log x) − log(log 2)
2 2 1+ x
log 2
∴ f ′(1) = − 1 + 1 = 3
4 4 dy 1  1 1 
∴
=  . − 0
162. Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x). dx log 2  log x x 
∴ fog(x) = x 1
d d =
⇒ [fog(x)] = (x) ( x log x)log 2
dx dx
202

 1 − x2  10. H(x) = G[F(x)]

6. y = log  2 
x
1+ x  = e−e
x
∴ H′(x) = –ex ⋅ e− e
∴
dy
=
1
⋅
(1 + x 2
) ( 0 − 2 x ) − (1 − x ) ( 0 + 2 x )
2
0
∴ H′(0) = –e0 . e− e
dx  1 − x 2 
 2 
(1 + x ) 2 2
= − e−1
1 + x 
1
1 −2 x − 2 x3 − 2 x + 2x3
= −
= ⋅ e
(1 − x )
2
(1 + x 2 ) 11. y = f (x2 + 2)
dy −4 x dy
∴ = ∴ = f ′(x2 + 2).(2x)
dx 1 − x 4 dx
 dy 
7. At x = 1, f(x) is not defined. ∴   = f ′(12 + 2).(2 ×1)
 dx  x = 1
For x ∈ R −{1},
= f ′(3).2 = 5.2 = 10
 
  1   1  12. g (x) = [f (2f (x) + 2)]2
g(x) = f [f {f (x)}] = f f   = f  
  1 − x  1 − 1  ∴ g′(x) = 2 [f (2f (x) + 2)] . [f (2f (x) + 2)]′
 1 − x 
 = 2 [(2f (x) + 2] f ′[2f (x) + 2] . 2f ′(x)
x − 1 1 ∴ g′(0) = 2 [f (–2 + 2)] f ′[–2 + 2] . 2(1)
= f   = =x
 x  1−
x−1 = 2 [ f (0)] [f ′(0)] 2
x = 2 (–1)(1)2
∴ g′(x) = 1 for all x ∈ R − {1} =–4
d   log ( log x )
8.  log  x + x 2 + a 2   13. f (x) = logx (log x) =
dx    log x
  1 d 1
1 1 2x log x . . ( log x ) − log ( log x ) .
= × × 1 +  log x dx x
x+ x2 + a 2 2 x+ x2 + a 2
 2 2 
2 x +a  ∴ f ′(x) =
 ( log x )
2
=
( x2 + a 2 + x ) 1 1
− log ( log x )
= x x
(
2 x2 + a 2 x + x2 + a 2 ) ( log x )
2
1 1
= −0 1
f ′(e) = e 2 =
2 2
2 x +a ∴
(1) e
d  π  3 π 
9.  3cos  + x°  − 4cos  + x°   14. f(x) = 1 + cos 2 ( x 2 )
dx  6  6 
d   3 π  π   1
=  −  4cos  + x°  − 3cos  + x°    ∴ f ′(x) = .(2 cos x2).(– sin x2).(2x)
dx   6  6   2 1 + cos 2 ( x 2 )
d  π 
=  − cos 3  + x°   − x sin 2 x 2
dx  6  ∴ f ′(x) = 1 + cos 2 ( x 2 )
…[ cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ]
π 2π π
d  π   π − ⋅ sin ⋅1 π
=  − cos  + 3x°   f ′  2 4 = − 2
dx   2  ∴  = =–
 2  π 3 6
1 + cos 2
d  π  4 2
=  sin 3x × 
dx  180 
3π sin 2 x cos 2 x
= ( cos 3x ) 15. f(x) = +
180 1 + cot x 1 + tan x
π sin 2 x ( sin x ) cos 2 x ( cos x )
= cos 3x° = +
60 sin x + cos x cos x + sin x
203


sin 3 x + cos3 x d 1− x  d
= 20. tan–1   = [tan–1(1) – tan–1(x)]
sin x + cos x dx 1+ x  dx
= sin2 x – sin x cos x + cos2 x 1 −1
=0– 2
=
1+ x 1 + x2
…[ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
 sin x + cos x   1 + tan x
1 21. y = tan–1   = tan
–1
 
= (sin2 x + cos2 x) – (2 sin x cos x)  cos x − sin x   1 − tan x
2
 π  π
1 = tan–1  tan  + x   = +x
=1− .sin 2x  4  4
2
dy
π π ∴ =1
∴ f ′(x) = − cos 2x ⇒ f ′   = − cos   = 0 dx
4 2
a cos x − bsin x 
22. y = tan−1  
16. h(x) = f(g(x))  bcos x + a sin x 
−1 x
⇒ h(x) = f(sin−1 x) = esin  a 
...(i) –1  b − tan x 
= tan  
−1 x d −1 1 a
∴ h′(x) = esin . (sin–1 x) = esin x ⋅  1 + tan x 
dx 1 − x2  b 
a
h′( x) 1 = tan–1   – tan–1 (tan x)
∴ = ...[From (i)] b  
h( x) 1− x 2
a
∴ y = tan–1   – x
m sin −1 x b  
17. y= e …(i)
dy
dy −1 m ∴ = –1
∴ = em sin x . dx
dx 1 − x2
 
dy  3 
⇒ 1− x 2
= my …[From (i)]  6x x   6x 2 
dx 23. Let y = tan−1   = tan
−1

1 − 9 x 3  3 2
dy
2   1 −  3 x 2  
⇒ (1 − x2 )   = m2 y2    
 dx     
∴ A=m 2  
 3 
−1  2 × 3 x 
2
 x2 + 1  –1  x − 1 
2 = tan 
3 2
18. y = cosec–1  2  + cos  2  1 −  3 x 2  
 x − 1  x + 1    
   
 x2 − 1  –1  x − 1 
2
= sin–1   + cos  2 
3
2
 x + 1  x + 1 = 2 tan−1 3x 2
1
dy 2 3 9
 1  ∴ = ⋅3× × x2 = x
...  cosec−1 x = sin −1    dx  3
2
2 1 + 9 x3
  x  1 +  3x 2 
π π  
= ... sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
2  2 Comparing with x g(x), we get
dy 9
∴ =0 g(x) =
dx 1+ 9 x 3
24. Putting x = sin A and x = sin B, we get

19. y = sec(tan−1 x)
∴
dy
= sec(tan−1 x) tan(tan−1 x).
1 y = sin –1
(sin A 1 − sin B + sin B 1 − sin )
2 2
dx 1 + x2 = sin–1 (sin A cos B + sin B cos A)

x = sin–1 [sin(A + B)] = A + B = sin–1x + sin–1 x
= 1 + x2 .
1+ x 2 dy 1 1 1
∴ = + ⋅
dx 1 − x2
( x) 2 x
−1 −1 2
…[ tan x = sec 1+ x ] 2
1−
x 1 1
= 2
= +
1+ x 1− x 2
2 x − x2
204

 x   1− x  27. Put xx = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1 (xx)

25. y = tan −1   + sin  2 tan −1
   tan 2 θ − 1 
 1+ 1− x 2   1 + x  ∴ f(x) = cot−1 
  
Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos–1 x  2 tan θ 
 
= cot−1 (−cot 2θ)
–1  cos θ  −1 1 − cos θ
∴ y = tan   + sin  2 tan  = π − cot−1(cot 2θ)
 1 + sin θ   1 + cos θ 
∴ f(x) = π − 2θ = π − 2tan−1(xx)
 θ  θ  −2
 1 − tan  2sin 2  ∴ f ′(x) = . xx(1 + log x)
= tan –1 2  + sin
 2 tan −1 2  1 + x2 x
 θ   2 θ 
 1 + tan 2cos  −2
 2  2 ∴ f ′(1) = ⋅ 1 (1 + 0) = –1
 1 + 12
  π θ   −1  θ 
= tan–1  tan  4 − 2   + sin  2 tan  tan 2  
       x −x
π θ
28. y = tan–1 
 3
 , = tan–1

( x ) – tan–1 (x)
= − + sin θ  1+ x2 
4 2
1 1 1
π cos −1 x ∴ y′ = ⋅ –
= − + sin(cos–1 x) 1+ x 2 x 1 + x2
4 2
1 1 1 −1
π
= −
4
cos −1 x
2
(
+ sin sin −1 1 − x 2 ) ∴ y′(1) = ⋅ − =
2 2 2 4
π cos −1 x  1 + x2 − 1 
= − + 1 − x2 29. y = tan−1  
4 2  x 
 
∴
dy
=
1 ( −2 x )
+ Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x
dx 2 1 − x2 2 1 − x2
 1 + tan 2 θ − 1   sec θ − 1 
1 − 2x ∴ y = tan−1   = tan−1  
=  tan θ   tan θ 
2 1 − x2  
 1 − cos θ 
  3 cos x + sin x  
2
= tan−1  
26. 2y =  cot −1     sin θ 

  cos x − 3 sin x    2 θ 
2  2sin 2 
  3 + tan x   = tan −1
 
=  cot −1     2 sin θ cos θ 

  1 − 3 tan x    2 2
2
  π   θ θ 1
 −1  tan 3 + tan x   = tan−1  tan  = = tan–1 x
=  cot   2  2 2

  1 − tan π tan x   1
  3  ∴ y′ =
2
2 (1 + x 2 )
  π 
= cot −1  tan  + x    1 1
 3    ∴ y′(1) = =
 2 (1 + 12 ) 4
2
π  π 
=  − tan −1  tan  + x   
2 3     30. xy = ex−y
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
 π π  π
2
  − − x , 0 < x < y log x = x − y

 2 3  6 x
=  2 ⇒y=
  π 2π  π π 1 + log x
  + − x , < x <
  2 3  6 2 1
dy
(1 + log x ) ⋅ 1 − x  0 + 
 π 
2
π  x
∴ =
  − x , 0 < x < dx (1 + log x )
2
  6  6
∴ 2y =  2 log x
  7π  π π =
  − x , < x < (1 + log x) 2
  6  6 2
 π
x − , 0< x <
π 31. y = {f(x)}f(x)
dy  6 6 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
∴ = 
dx  7π π π log y = f (x) log {f(x)}
x− , <x<
 6 6 2 ⇒ y = ef(x) log f(x)
205


dy d Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
∴ = ef(x) log f(x)⋅ [f (x) log f(x)]
dx dx dy dy
2(y2 – x)  2 y 
− 1 = 2
 f ′( x )   dx  dx
= ef(x) log f(x) f ( x) . + log f ( x ) . f′ ( x ) 
 f ( x)  dy y2 − x
∴ =
dx 2 y − 2 xy − 1
3
32. y = 1 + x ey …(i)
dy dy
∴ = ey.1+ x. ey. 38. If y = x + x + x + ...∞
dx dx
y dy If y = f ( x) + f ( x) + f ( x) + ...∞ ,
⇒ (1 – x e ) = ey
dx dy f '( x)
dy then =
⇒ (2 − y) = ey …[From (i)] dx 2 y − 1
dx
dy 1
dy ey ∴ =
⇒ = dx 2 y −1
dx 2− y
39. xpyq = (x + y)p+q
33. xy = 1 + log y
p log x + q log y = (p + q)log(x + y)
dy 1 dy
x. + y.1 = ⋅ Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dx y dx
p q dy p+q  dy 
dy + ⋅ = 1 + 
⇒ (xy – 1) + y2 = 0 x y dx x+ y  dx 
dx dy y
∴ k = xy – 1 ⇒ =
dx x
34. tan−1 (x2 + y2) = α
( x + y)
5
⇒ x2 + y2 = tan α 40. 3 y x = 6

( )
6
( )
6
( x + y)
5
⇒ 3 y x = 6
dy dy −x
2x + 2y =0⇒ =
dx dx y ⇒ y2 x3 = (x + y)5
5
x
2 3  5
 1  ⇒ y x = y  + 1
35. y = esin
−1 (t 2 −1)
and x = e
sec−1 
 2 
 t −1 
= e
( )
cos −1 t 2 − 1
 y 
3 5
x x 
π ⇒   =  + 1
π y y
∴ xy = e 2 …  sin −1 x + cos −1 x =     
 2 5
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get x x 3

⇒ =  + 1
dy y y 
x +y.1=0 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
dx
dy −y  dy  2  dy 
⇒ =  y − x dx  5 x 3  y − x dx 
dx x   =  + 1  
 y2  3 y   y2 
36. 2x2 − 3xy + y2 + x + 2y − 8 = 0    
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2
5 x 3
dy
  dy dy ⇒  + 1 = 1
4x – 3  x ⋅ + y  + 2y +1+2 =0 3 y 
dx
  dx dx
dy x 3 3
⇒ (−3x + 2y + 2) + 4x − 3y + 1 = 0 ⇒ = –1
dx y 5 5
dy 3y − 4x −1 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
⇒ = dy
dx 2 y − 3x + 2 y−x
dx = 0
2
y
37. y= x+ y+ x+ y + ...∞
dy y
∴ =
dx x
⇒y= x+ y + y
2
ALTERNATE METHOD :
⇒ (y – x) = 2y dy y
If xpyq = (x + y)p+q, then = .
⇒ (y2 – x)2 = 2y dx x
206


41. yy = x sin y dy
⇒ 4xy2 − 4x2y =0
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get dx
y log y = log x + log (sin y) dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ 4xy2 = 4x2y
dx
1 dy dy 1 1 dy dy y
y. ⋅ + log y . = + ⋅ cos y . ⇒ =
y dx dx x sin y dx dx x
dy 1 45. sin y = x sin(a + y)
⇒ (1 + log y – cot y) =
dx x sin y
⇒x=
dy 1 sin ( a + y )
⇒ =
dx x(1 + log y − cot y ) Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy
 x2 − y 2  sin ( a + y ) . cos y − sin y . cos ( a + y )
42. log10  2 =2 1 = dx dx
2 
x +y  sin 2 ( a + y )
x2 − y 2 dy
⇒ 2 2
= 102 . sin ( a + y − y )
x +y ⇒ 1 = dx 2
⇒ x2 − y2 = 100 x2 + 100 y2 sin ( a + y )
⇒ 99x2 + 101y2 = 0 dy sin 2 ( a + y )
⇒ =
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx sin a
 dy  46. cos y = x cos(a + y)
99(2x) + 101  2 y  = 0
 dx  cos y
⇒x=
dy 99 x cos ( a + y )
⇒ = −
dx 101y Differetiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 x3 − y 3 
43. log10  3 3 
=2 − cos ( a + y ) sin y
dy
+ cos y sin ( a + y )
dy
 x +y  dx dx
1=
x3 − y 3 cos 2 ( a + y )
⇒ = 102
x3 + y 3 dy
sin ( a + y − y )
⇒ x3 – y3 = 100 x3 + 100y3 ⇒ 1 = dx 2
⇒ 99x3 = –101y3 ...(i) cos ( a + y )
Differentating w.r.t. x, we get dy cos 2 ( a + y )
dy ⇒ =
99(3x2) = –101 (3y2) dx sin a
dx
47. 2x + 2y = 2x+y
dy −99 x 2
⇒ = Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dx 101y 2
dy dy
dy  101y 3  1
2x(log2) + 2y(log2) = 2(x + y).(log2) 1 + 
= dx  dx 
⇒  × ...[From (i)]
dx  x  101y 2
d y d y
⇒ 2x + 2y = 2x + y + 2 x + y  
dy y dx  dx 
⇒ =
dx x dy
⇒ (2y – 2 x + y) = 2 x + y – 2x
 x2 − y 2  dx
44. cos−1  2 2 
= log a dy 2x + y − 2x
x +y  ⇒ = y x+ y
dx 2 −2
x2 − y 2
∴ = cos (log a)  dy  22 − 2 2
x2 + y 2 ∴   = 2
= = –1
 dx =x 2−2 −2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get y= 1
48. sin y + e−xcos y = e

( x 2 + y 2 )  2 x − 2 y ddyx  − ( x 2 − y 2 )  2 x + 2y ddyx  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
=0
( x2 + y 2 ) dy dy 
2
  
cos y + e–x cos y − ( x )  − sin y  + cos y ( −1) 
dx   d 
x 
dy
⇒ (x2 + y2)  2 x − 2 y  =0
 dx 
dy dy
 dy  ⇒ cos y + x sin y e–x cos y – cos y e–x cos y
– (x2 – y2)  2 x + 2 y  =0 dx dx
 dx  =0
207


dy cos y e − x cos y 54. Let y = cos3 x and z = sin3 x
⇒ = dy dz
dx cos y + x sin y e − x cos y ∴ = −3 cos2 x sin x and = 3 sin2 x cos x
cos πe − cos π
( −1) e = e dx dx
 dy 
∴   = − cos π
= dy
 dx (1, π) cos π + sin π e −1 + 0
dy − cos x
∴ = dx = = − cot x
dz dz sin x
49. x2x − 2xx cot y − 1 = 0 ....(i)
Putting x = l in (i), we get dx
1 − 2cot y − 1 = 0 ⇒ cot y = 0 ⇒ y =
π 55. Let y = log10 x and z = x2
2 dy 1 dz
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get ∴ = and = 2x
dx x log e10 dx
2x2x (1 + logx) − 2xx(1 + log x) cot y dy
dy dy 1 1
+ 2xx cosec2 y. =0 ∴ = dx = 2 = 2 log10e
dx dz dz 2 x log e 10 2x
π dx
, we get
Putting x = 1 and y =
2
dy dy 56. Let y = log10 x and z = logx10
2−0+2 =0⇒ = −1 dy 1
dx dx ∴ =
dx x log10
50. y 1− x 2 = k – x 1− y 2 
dz 1 1 log10
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get and = log 10 ⋅ − ⋅  =–
 ( log x ) x  x ( log x )
2 2
dx
− xy dy xy dy
+ 1− x 2 = − 1 − y2 1
1− x 2 dx 1− y d2x dy
( log x ) = –(log x)2
2
dy x log 10
1 1 ∴ = dx = =– 10
y  = − dz dz log10 ( log 10 )
2
−
2
  4 dx x ( log x )
2
1 −1
Putting x = and y = , we get 57. x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ
2 4
1 1 dx
− ∴ = − 3a cos2 θ.sin θ
8 + 3 d y dy 15 dθ
= 8 −
3 2 dx 15 dx 4 dy
and = 3a sin2 θ.cos θ
2 4 dθ
dy 5 dy
∴ =– ∴ = − tan θ
dx 2 dx
2
dy
51. Let y = x6 and z = x3 ∴ 1 +   = 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
dy dz  dx 
∴ = 6x5 and = 3x2
dx dx 58. x = log (1 + t2) and y = t − tan−1 t
dy dx dy t2
2t 1
dy 6 x5 ∴ = and = 1 − =
∴ = dx = 2 = 2x3 dt 1 + t 2 dt 1 + t2 1 + t2
dz dz 3x
dx dy
dy t
52. Let y = sin x and z = cos x ∴ = dt =
dx dx 2
dy dz dt
∴ = cos x and = − sin x
dx dx Since x = log (1 + t2)
dy ∴ t = (ex – 1)1/2
dy cos x
= dx = ( e x − 1)
1/ 2
∴ = –cot x dy
dz dz − sin x ∴ =
dx dx 2
53. Let y = sin2 x and z = cos2 x 59. x = a(t − sin t) and y = a(1− cos t)
dy dz dx dy
∴ = sin 2x and = – sin 2x ∴ = a(1 − cos t) and = a sin t
dx dx dt dt
dy dy t t
2a sin cos
dy dy a sin t 2 = cot t
∴ = dx = – 1 ∴ = dt = = 2
dz dz dx dx a (1 − cos t ) 2a sin 2 t 2
dx dt 2
208


60. x = 2 cos θ − cos 2θ and y = 2 sin θ − sin 2θ  sin θ 
dx
∴ y = tan−1  
∴ = −2 sin θ + 2 sin 2θ and  1 + cos θ 
dθ
θ θ
dy = tan−1  tan  =
= 2 cos θ − 2 cos 2θ  2 2 
dθ
dy sin −1 x
=
dy cos θ − cos 2θ 2
∴ = dθ =
dx d x sin 2θ − sin θ dy 1 dz 1
∴ = and =
dθ dx 2 1− x 2 dx 1− x 2
3θ θ
2sin sin dy
= 2 2 dy 1
3θ θ ∴ = dx =
2cos sin dz dz 2
2 2
dx
3θ
= tan
2 64. Let u = cos−1 (2x2 – 1) and v = cos−1 x
Putting x = cos θ in both equations, we get
61. Let y = (logx)x and z = logx
u = cos−1 (2 cos2 θ – 1)
∴ log y = x log(log x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get u = cos−1 (cos 2θ)
1 dy 1 = 2θ
⋅ = log(log x) + v = cos−1 (cos θ)
y dx log x
=θ
dy  1 
⇒ = (log x)x log ( log x ) +  du dv
dx  log x  ∴ = 2 and =1
dθ dθ
z = logx  du 
dz 1 du  
∴ = dθ
dx x ∴ =  =2
dv  dv 
dy  
 dθ 
dy  1 
∴ = dx = x(log x)x log ( log x ) + 
dz dz
dx
 log x 65. (
Let y = sin−1 2 x 1 − x 2 )
−1 3
and z = sin (3x − 4x )
2t 2t
62. sin x = 2
, tan y = Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1 x
1+ t 1 − t2
Putting t = tan θ in both equations, we get ∴ (
y = sin−1 2sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) and
sin x =
2 tan θ z = sin–1 (3 sin θ – 4 sin3 θ)
1 + tan 2 θ ⇒ y = sin–1 (sin 2θ) and z = sin–1 (sin 3θ)
⇒ sin x = sin 2θ ⇒ y = 2θ = 2 sin−1x and z = 3θ = 3sin−1x
⇒ x = 2θ dy 2 dz 3
∴ = and =
dx dx 1− x 2 dx 1 − x2
∴ =2
dθ
dy
2 tan θ dy 2
tan y = ∴ = dx =
1 − tan 2 θ dz dz 3
⇒ tan y = tan 2θ dx
⇒ y = 2θ
 
x
dy 66. Let y = tan−1  
∴ =2  1 − x2 
dθ  
 dy  and z = sin−1 (3x − 4x3)
dy  
dθ Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1 x
=  =1
dx  dx   
  sin θ
 dθ  ∴ y = tan−1  
 1 − sin θ  2
 
 x  −1 = tan−1 (tan θ) = θ = sin−1 x and
63. Let y = tan −1   and z = sin x
z = sin−1 (3sin θ − 4 sin3 θ)
2
1+ 1− x 
Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1x = sin−1 (sin 3θ) = 3θ = 3 sin−1 x
209

dy 1 y = eθ(sinθ + cosθ)
dy 1 − x2 1 dy
∴ = dx = = ∴ = eθ(cosθ – sinθ) + eθ(sinθ + cosθ)
dz dz 3 3 dθ
dx 1 − x2 = 2eθ cosθ
−1
dy
67. f(x) = x tan x dy 2eθ cos θ
= dθ = θ = cotθ
∴ log f(x) = tan–1x log x dx dx 2e sin θ
1 log x tan −1 x dθ
∴ f ′(x) = +
f ( x) 1 + x2 x  dy 
∴   π =1
−1 x  log x tan x 
−1  dx  θ =
⇒ f ′(x) = x tan  2
+ 
4
1 + x x 
71. Let y = log (sec θ + tan θ) and z = sec θ
–1  1 
g(x) = sec  2  dy 1
 2x − 1  ∴ = ⋅ (sec θ tan θ + sec2 θ) = sec θ
dθ sec θ + tan θ
∴ g(x) = cos–1(2x2 – 1) dz
Put x = cosθ ⇒ θ = cos–1x and = sec θ tan θ
dθ
∴ g(x) = cos–1(2cos2θ – 1)
dy
= cos–1(cos2θ) dy sec θ 1
= 2θ ∴ = dθ = = = cot θ
dz dz sec θ tan θ tan θ
∴ g(x) = 2cos–1x dθ
−2
∴ g′(x) =  dy  π
1 − x2 ∴   π = cot =1
dz
 θ = 4
Now, 4
−1 x  log x tan −1 x   1 
x tan 1 + x 2 + x  72. Let y = sec–1 
f ′( x )   2  and z = 1− x 2
=  2 x − 1
g′ ( x ) −2
∴ y = cos−1 (2x2 − 1)
1 − x2
Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos−1x
1 −1  log x tan −1 x  ∴ y = cos−1( 2 cos2θ − 1)
=– 1 − x 2 x tan x  2
+ 
2 1 + x x  = cos−1(cos2θ) = 2θ = 2cos−1 x
c dy −2
68. x = ct and y = ∴ =
t dx 1 − x2
dx dy −c dz −2 x −x
∴ = c and = 2 and = =
dt dt t dx 2 1 − x2 1 − x2
−c
dy 2 −1 dy
∴ = t = 2 dy 2
dx c t ∴ = dx =
dz dz x
 dy  −1 −1
∴   = 2 = dx
 dx  ( t = 2 ) 2 4
 dy 
3 3 ∴   1  = 4
69. y = a sin θ and x = a cos θ  dz  x = 
 2
dy dx
∴ = 3a sin2 θ cos θ and = −3a cos2 θ sin θ
dθ dθ 73. Let y = f(tan x) and z = g (sec x)
dy dy
dy − sin θ ∴ = f ′(tan x) . sec2 x
∴ = dθ = = − tan θ dx
dx dx cos θ dz
dθ and = g′(sec x).sec x tan x
dx
 dy  π
∴   π = − tan =− 3 dy
 dx  θ = 3 dy f ′ ( tan x )
3 ∴ = dx = ⋅ cosec x
θ dz dz g′ ( sec x )
70. x = e (sinθ – cosθ) dx
dx
∴ = eθ(cosθ + sinθ) + eθ(sinθ – cosθ)  dy  f ′ (1) 2 2 1
dθ ∴   π  = . 2 = =
= 2e sinθ θ dz
  x =  g′ 2
 4
( ) 4 2
210


74. y = A sin 5x …(i) 2  a−b x
dy 79. y= tan-1  tan 
 a+b 2
2 2
∴ = 5 A cos 5x a −b
dx
dy 2 1
d2 y ∴ =
∴ = −25 A sin 5x dx a 2 − b 2 1 +  a − b  tan 2 x
dx 2  
a + b 2
d2 y
⇒ = −25 y …[From (i)] a−b x1
dx 2 × sec2  
a+b 2 2
75. x = A cos 4t + B sin 4t x
dx 1 sec 2
∴ = –4A sin4t + 4B cos4t = × 2
dt a+b a − b 2 x
1+   tan
d2 x a + b 2
∴ = –16A cos 4t – 16B sin 4t
dt 2 x
= –16 (A cos 4t + B sin 4t) dy sec 2
⇒ = 2
= –16x dx x
( a + b ) ( a − b ) tan 2
2
76. y = log (log x)
dy 1
∴ =  2 x  x x x
dx x log x ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) tan 2   sec 2 sec 2 tan 2 
d2 y −1 x x x
∴ = [1 + log x] − sec 2 ( a − b ) tan sec 2 
( x log x )
2
dx d2 y 2 2 2
∴ = 2
dx 2  2 x
ex + 1 1 ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) tan 2 
77. Let y = = 1 + x = 1 + e−x
ex e
∴
dy
= −e−x (a + b + a − b)( 2 × 2 ×1 )
dx
( 2 ) ( a − b ) ( 2 ) 
2 2
d2 y 1 −
∴ = e−x = x  d2 y 
dx 2 e  2 =
(a + b + a − b)
2
 dx  θ = π 
 4
x2 y 2
78. + =1 4a − 4 ( a − b )
a 2 b2 =
4a 2
⇒ b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 …(i) 4b b
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get = 2 = 2
4a a
dy
2b2x + 2a2y =0
dx dx dy
80. Here, = 1, =2 ...(i)
dy ds ds
⇒ 2a2y = –2b2x
dx d2 x d2 y
and 2 = 0, 2 = 0 ...(ii)
dy −b 2  x  ds ds
⇒ = 2   …(ii) Now, u = x2 + y2
dx a  y
du dx dy
 dy  ∴ = 2x. + 2y.
ds ds ds
d2 y −b 2  y − x dx 
⇒ 2 = 2   d 2u dx  d2 x 
2
dy  d2 y 
2
dx a  y2  ∴ 2
= 2   + 2x  2  + 2   + 2y  2 
  ds  ds   ds   ds   ds 
−b 2   −b 2 x   From (i) and (ii), we get
= 2 2 
y − x  2   …[From (ii)] d 2u
a y   a y  = 2(1) + 0 + 2(4) + 0 = 10
ds 2
−b 2  a 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 
=   81. x = at2
a2 y2  a2 y 
dx
−b 2 a 2b2 ∴ = 2at
= 2 2 × 2 …[From (i)] dt
a y a y y = 2at
−b 4 dy
= 2 3 ∴ = 2a ...(i)
a y dt
211


dx 2at dx d2 y
∴ = ⇒ =t ⇒ (1 − x2) = 2 [1 + x⋅ sin–1 x . (1 – x2)–1/2]
dy 2a dy dx 2
2
d  dx  d 2 d y dy
∴   = (t) ⇒ (1 − x ) 2 − x =2 …[From (i)]
dy  dy  dy dx dx
d2 x dt
( sin x )
−1 2
∴ = dy sin −1 x
dy 2
dy 86. y= ∴ =
2 dx 1 − x2
d2 x 1
∴ = ...[From (i)] dy
dy 2 2a ⇒ 1 − x2 = sin–1x
dx
82. x = a sec2 θ, y = a tan2 θ d2 y dy  − x  1
⇒ 1 − x2 +  =
dx dx 2
dx  1 − x 2 
∴ = 2a sec2 θ tan θ   1 − x2
dθ
⇒ (1 – x2)y2 – xy1 = 1
dy
and = 2a tan θ sec2 θ −1 −1 2
dθ 87. y = cos x ⇒ y = (cos x)
dy −1
dy 2a tan θ sec 2 θ dy 2cos x
∴ d
= θ = =1 ∴ =−
dx dx 2asec 2θ tan θ dx 1 − x2
dθ
2 x cos −1 x
2
d y 2−
∴ =0 d2 y 1 − x2
dx 2 ⇒ =
dx 2 1 − x2
83. x = f (t) and y = g (t) dy
dx dy 2+ x
∴ = f ′(t) and = g′(t) d2 y dx
dt dt
⇒ 2 =
dx 1 − x2
dy d2 y dy
dy g′ ( t ) ⇒ (1 − x2) −x =2
∴ = dt = dx 2 dx
dx d x f ′( t ) θ (cot α) 2 2θ (cot α)
dt 88. r = ae ⇒r= a ⋅e
d2 y f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t ) dt dr 2 2θ (cot α)
∴ = ⋅ ∴ =a .e . 2 cot α
2 2 dθ
dx f ′ ( t )  dx
dr
f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t )
⇒ = 2a2 cot α.e2θ (cot α)
1 dθ
= ⋅
2
f ′( x )
f ′ ( t )  ∴
d 2r
= 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α)
f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t ) dθ2
= d 2r
− 4r cot2 α
3
f ′ ( t )  ∴
dθ2
84. y = (tan–1 x)2 = 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α) − 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α) = 0
dy 2 tan −1 x
∴ = 89. y = (x + 1 + x 2 )n …(i)
dx 1 + x2
dy n–1
 x 
dy ∴ = n(x + 1 + x2 ) . 1 + 
⇒ (1 + x2) = 2tan–1 x dx  1 + x 2 
dx 
dy d2 y 2
( )
n
∴ (2x) + (1 + x2) 2 = dy n x + 1 + x2
dx dx 1 + x2 ⇒ =
dx 1 + x2
d2 y dy
⇒ (x2 + 1)2 + 2x(x2 + 1) =2
( ) ddyx = n(x +
2
dx dx ⇒ 1 + x2 1 + x2 )
n
85. y = (sin−1 x)2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 2sin −1 x
∴ = …(i) d 2 y dy  x 
dx 1 − x2 1 + x2 ⋅ + ⋅  
dx 2
dx  1 + x 2 
1 + x . sin -1 x . (1- x 2 )-1/ 2 
d2 y    x 
∴ = 2 = n2 (x + 1 + x 2 )n – 1 1 + 
dx 2  1- x 2  
   1 + x 2 
212

d2 y dy dy −5 1 − y 2
⇒ (1 + x2) 2
+x = n2(x + 1 + x 2 )n ⇒ = …(i)
dx dx dx 1 − x2
2
2 d y dy
⇒ (1 + x ) 2 + x = n2y …[From (i)]  −2 y  dy  −2 x 
dx dx −5 1 − x 2   + 5 1 − y2  
d2 y  2 1 − y2  dx  2 1 − x2 
90. x2y3 = (x + y)5 ∴ 2=    
( )
2
Taking logarithm on both sides,we get dx 1 − x2
2logx + 3logy = 5log (x + y)
2 3 dy 5  dy  d 2 y 5 y 1 − x 2 dy 5 x 1 − y 2
+ ⋅ = 1 +  ⇒ (1 – x2) = ⋅ –
x y dx x + y dx  dx 2 1 − y2 dx 1 − x2
dy  3 5  5 2 d2 y dy
⇒  −  = – ⇒ (1 – x2) = –25y + x …[From (i)]
dx  y x + y  x+y x dx 2
dx
dy y d2 y dy
⇒ = …(i) ⇒ (1 – x2) –x = –25y
dx x dx 2
dx
dy
x −y
d2 y 93. y= e x
+ e− x
∴ 2
= dx 2
dx x
dy e x e− x
 y ∴ = −
2 x  − y dx 2 x 2 x
d y
⇒ 2 =  x 2 …[From (i)] dy 1
dx x ⇒
dx
=
2 x
e x − e− ( x
)
d2 y
⇒ 2 =0
dx
∴
d2 y
=
1  e x
 +
e− x 
 +
e x − e− ( x
) −1 
 3/ 2 
91. x = sin t and y = sin pt dx 2 2 x  2 x 2 x  2 2
 x 
dx
∴ = cos t d2 y e x + e− x
e x − e− x
dt ⇒ 2
= –
dx 4x 4x x
dy
and = p cos pt d 2 y 1 dy  e x + e− x
e x − e− x 
dt ∴ x + ⋅ = x  − 
2
dy dx 2 dx  4x 4x x 
dy pcos pt
∴ = dt = 1  e x − e− x 
dx dx cos t +  
dt 2  2 x 
dy p 1 − y2 e x + e− x
e x − e− x
e x − e− x
∴ = …(i) = – +
dx 1 − x2 4 4 x 4 x
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get e x + e− x
=
 −2 y  dy  −2 x  4
p 1 − x2   − p 1 − y2   2
d y 1 dy 1
2
d y  2 1 − y2  dx  2 1 − x2  ∴ x 2+ ⋅ = y ...[From (i)]
=    
dx 2 dx 4
( )
2
dx 2 1 − x2
94. g(x) = f ′(x) …(i)
2
2
d y 1− x dy 1 − y2 ∴ g′ (x) = f ″ (x) = – f (x) …(ii)
⇒ (1 – x2) = –py ⋅ + px
dx 2 1 − y2 dx 1 − x2 Given that h (x) = (f (x))2 + (g (x))2
d2 y dy ∴ h′(x) = 2f(x) f ′(x) + 2g(x) g′(x)
⇒ (1 – x2) = –p2y + x …[From (i)] = 2 f(x) f ′(x) + 2 f ′(x) [–f(x)]
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy
…[From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ (1 – x2) 2 – x + p2y = 0 =0
dx dx
⇒ h(x) is a constant function.
92. x = cos θ and y = sin 5θ
dx dy
∴ = −sinθ and = 5 cos 5θ h(1) = 2 ⇒ h(x) = 2
dθ dθ
∴ h(2) = 2
dy
∴
dy d
= θ =−
5cos5θ 95. x = 2at2 and y = at4
dx d x sin θ dx dy
dθ ∴ = 4at and = 4at3
dt dt
213


dy = −2
⋅ 1
dy ( cos t + sin t )
2
e t ( sin t + cos t )
∴ = dt = t2
dx dx −2 1 −2 1
= ⋅ = ⋅
dt ( e sin t + e cos t ) ( cos t + sin t )
t t 2
x+ y ( cos t + sin t )
2
d2 y dt 1 1
∴ = 2t. = 2t. =  d2 y  −2 1
= −1
dx 2
dx 4at 2a ∴  2  = 1+1 ⋅
d
2
 x (1,1)  π π  2
 d2 y  1  cos + sin 
4 4  
∴  2 =
 dx  ( t = 2 ) 2a 3 
99. At  2, 2 2 
2 
96. x = a sin θ and y = b cos θ 1 1
dx dy cos t = and sin t =
∴ = a cos θ and = − b sin θ 2 2
dθ dθ π
dy ∴ tan t = 1 ⇒ t =
4
dy −b
∴ = dθ = tan θ Now, x = 3cos t and y = 4sin t
dx dx a dx dy
dθ ∴ = –3sin t and = 4cos t
2
dt dt
d y −b dθ −b
∴ = sec2 θ . = 2 sec3 θ dy
dx 2 a dx a dy
∴ = dt = – 4 cot t
d y2
−b π b dx dx 3
∴  2 = 2 sec3 = −2 2 2
 d x  θ=
 π  a 4 a dt
 
 4
d2 y dt
∴ = 4 cosec2t = 4 cosec2t × – 1
97. x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1 – cos t) dx 2 3 dx 3 3 sin t
dx dy  d2 y 
∴ = a (1 + cos t) and = a sin t ∴  2 = 4
cosec2(π/4) × −1
dt dt 3 sin ( π / 4 )
 dx  3 
2, 2 2 
3
dy t t 2 
2a sin cos t
dy dt a sin t 2 2 −8 2
∴ = = = = tan =
dt d x a (1 + cos t ) 2a cos 2
t 2 9
dt 2 x 2 − ax + 1
d2 y 1 t dt 100. f(x) =
x 2 + ax + 1
∴ = sec2 .
dx 2 2 2 dx (x 2
+ ax + 1) ( 2 x − a ) − ( x 2 − ax + 1) ( 2 x + a )
t ∴ f ′(x) =
sec 2 (x + ax + 1)
2 2
= 2
2a (1 + cos t ) 2a ( x − 1) 2
⇒ f ′(x) = ( x + ax + 1) 2 2
π
4ax ( x 2 + ax + 1) − 4a ( x 2 − 1) ( 2 x + a ) ( x 2 + ax + 1)
2
 d2 y  sec 2
3 4 ∴
∴  2 = = f ″(x) = (x 2
+ ax + 1)
4
 dx 
 t =  2a 1 + cos
 2 π  2 π  a
3   
3  4a  x ( x 2 + ax + 1) − ( x 2 −1) ( 2 x + a ) 


⇒ f ″(x) =
( x 2 + ax + 1)
3
98. At (1, 1), 1 = et sin t and 1 = et cos t
π 4a
∴ tan t = 1 ⇒ t = ∴ f ′(1) = 0, f ″(1) = and f ″(–1)= – 4a 2
(2 + a ) (2 + a )
2
4
Now, x = et sin t and y = et cos t ∴ 2 2
(2 + a) f ″(1) + (2 – a) f ″(–1) = 0
dx dy
∴ = et (sin t + cos t) and = et (cos t – sin t) 101. f −1 (x) = g(x)
dt dt
⇒ x = f [g (x)]
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy cos t − sin t
∴ = dt = f′ [g (x)] ⋅ g′(x) = 1
dx d x cos t + sin t
dt 1  1 
⇒ ⋅ g′ (x) = 1 …  f ′ ( x ) = 
1 + [ g( x) ]
4
2
d y d  cos t − sin t  dt 1 + x4  
∴ =  
dx 2
dt  cos t + sin t  dx ⇒ g′(x) = 1 + [g (x)]4
= 102. According to the given condition,
 ( cos t + sin t )( − sin t − cos t ) − ( cos t − sin t )( − sin t + cos t )  dt h (f (x)) = x
  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
( cos t + sin t )
2
  dx
h′ (f (x)) × f ′(x) = 1
214


1 f (h)
⇒ f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(0) = lim …(i)
h' ( f ( x ) ) h →0 h
⇒ f ′(x) = 1 + log (f(x)) f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h
103. f(x) = tan−1x
f ( x ) + f (h ) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = 1 = lim
1 + x2 h →0 h
−1 f (h)
∴ f ″(x) = ⋅ 2x ⇒ f′(x) = lim = f′(0) ...[From (i)]
(1 + x 2 )
2 h →0 h
⇒ f(x) = xf ′(0) + c
Since f ′(x) + f ″(x) = 0
But, f(0) = 0
1 2x
∴ − =0 ∴ c=0
1 + x2 (1 + x ) 2 2
Hence, f(x) = xf ′(0) for all x ∈ R

⇒ 1 + x2 − 2x = 0 Clearly, f(x) is everywhere continuous and
⇒x=1 differentiable and f ′(x) is constant for all x ∈ R.
104. x = t log t and y = tt Hence, option (D) is incorrect.
∴ x = log tt = log y 108. x2 + y2 = t + 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get t
1 dy Squaring on both sides, we get
1= . 4
y dx x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 = t2 + +4
t2
dy ⇒  2 4
+ 2x2y2 = t2 + 4
+4
⇒ = y = tt t + 2 
 t  t2
dx
Since x = t log t, ⇒ x2y2 = 2 ...(i)
x = log tt Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy
⇒ ex = tt x2.2y + y2.2x = 0
dx
dy
∴ = ex ⇒ x2 y dy
= −xy2
dx dx
dy
105. x = a  t − 1  ...(i) ⇒ x3 y = −x2 y2
dx
 t
dy
 1 ⇒ x3y = −2 ...[From (i)]
and y = a t +  ...(ii) dx
 t
Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get d d fn − 1( x )
109. fn(x) = e
dx dx
x2 – y2 = a2(– 4) ⇒ y2 – x2 = 4a2
Let n = 3
d d f2 ( x )
dy dy x ∴ f3(x) = e
2y – 2x = 0 ⇒ = dx dx
dx dx y
d
= ef2 ( x ) f2(x)
106. 2y = sin−1(x + 5y) dx
⇒ sin 2y = x + 5y = d
ef2 ( x ) ef1( x )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dx
d
2 cos 2y  dy 
= 1 + 5  dy  = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) f1 ( x )
  dx
 dx   dx 
d
⇒ dy
(2 cos 2y − 5) = 1 = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) e x
dx
dx
dy 1 = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) e x
⇒ = d
dx 2 cos 2 y − 5 f3(x) = f3(x) f2(x) f1(x)
dx
dx 1
Now, = Similarly,
dy ( dy / dx )
d
dx fn(x) = fn(x) fn – 1(x) ... f1(x)
⇒ = 2 cos 2y − 5 dx
dy
110. f (x) = f (–x) …[ f(x) is an even function]
107. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y ∈ R
Putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get ∴ f ′(x) = – f ′(–x)
f(0) = f(0) + f(0) ⇒ f(0) = 0 ∴ f ′(0) = – f ′(0)
f (0 + h) − f (0) ∴ 2f ′(0) = 0
Now, f ′(0) = lim ∴ f ′(0) = 0
h →0 h
215

Evaluation Test
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + …
3 5 7
 12 − 5π 
1. y= + + = (1)2  
4 12 20 28  16 
1  ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ....
3 5 7
12 − 5π
= ( x − 1) +  =
4  3 5 7  16
2 3 4
x x x 4. y = |cos x| + |sin x|
Now, log(1 + x) = x – + – + ….
2 3 4 d x
x 2 x3 x 4 x5 Since |x| =
∴ log(1 – x) = – x − – − − – …. dx x
2 3 4 5 dy cos x d sin x d
1+ x  ∴ = ⋅ (cos x) + ⋅ (sin x)
∴ log   = log(1 + x) – log(1 – x) dx cos x dx sin x dx
1− x  cos x sin x
 x3 x5  = (–sin x) + cos x
= 2 x + + + .... cos x sin x
 3 5  2π 2π −1 1
When x = , cos x = cos = , |cos x| =
( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ….
3 5 7
3 3 2 2
∴ x–1+
3 5 7 2π 3 3
and sin x = sin = , |sin x| =
1  1 + x −1  3 2 2
= log  
2 1 − ( x − 1)   dy  − 3  −1 
∴   2 π = –1   + 1  
1  x   dx  x =  2   2 
= log   3
2 2− x
3 −1
1  x  =
∴ y= log   2
8 2− x
dy 1  2 − x   ( 2 − x )(1) − x ( −1)   1  2  n
∴ =  5. y = 1 +  1 +  …. 1 + 
    x  x  x
(2 − x)
2
dx 8  x   
dy  1   2  3  n
1 2− x 2 − x + x 1 ∴ =  − 2  1 +  1 +  …. 1 + 
=    2 
= dx  x   x  x  x
8  x   ( 2 − x )  4x ( 2 − x)
 1  2  3  n
+ 1 +   − 2  1 +  …. 1 + 
2. y = (cos x + i sin x) (cos 3x + i sin 3x)  x  x   x  x
…(cos(2n – 1)x + i sin(2n – 1)x)
 1  2  3  n
Since cos θ + i sin θ = eiθ + 1 +  1 +   − 2  …. 1 +  + ….
 x  x  x   x
∴ y = eix ⋅ ei3x ⋅ ei5x …. ei(2n – 1)x
= eix[1 + 3 + 5 + …. + (2n – 1)] 1 1
When x = –1, 1 + = 1 + =1–1=0
2x x ( −1)
= ein
dy 2 ∴ Except 1st term all terms are 0.
∴ = in 2 ein x
dx  dy 
∴   = (–1) (–1) (–2) …. (1 – n)
d2 y 2  dx ( x = −1)
∴ = i 2 n 4 ein x = – n4y
= (–1)n (n – 1)!
2
dx
 3x + π 
3. y = f   x
 5x + 4  1 + x , x ≥ 0
dy  3x + π  d  3x + π 
6. f (x) = 
∴ = f ′ ⋅    x , x<0
dx  5 x + 4  dx  5 x + 4  1 − x
 3x + π   ( 5 x + 4 ) 3 − 5 ( 3x + π )  x
= f ′    −0
f ( x) − f (0)
(5x + 4) = lim 1 − x
2
 5x + 4    ∴ Lf ′(0) = lim− =1
x →0 x−0 x →0 x
 dy   π  12 − 5π 
∴   = f ′    x
−0
 dx  x = 0  4   16  1 + x
Rf ′(0) = lim+ =1
 π   12 − 5π  x−0
= tan2   
x →0

 4   16  ∴ f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and f ′(0) = 1.
216


7. f(x) = sin(log x) 1  sin x ⋅ 32cos32 x − sin 32 x cos x 
∴ f ′(x) =
∴ f ′(x) = cos(log x)⋅
1 32  sin 2 x 

x  1 
 2x + 3  ⋅ 32 (1) − 0 
y = f π 1  2 
 ∴ f ′  =
 3 − 2x   4  32  1 
2
dy  2x + 3  d  2x + 3   
∴ = f ′  2
⋅  
dx  3 − 2 x  dx  3 − 2 x  1 1 2
= × × 32 × 2 = = 2
 2x + 3   32
= cos  log  
2 2
  3 − 2x  
10. 1 + x4 + x8 = 1 + 2x4 + x8 – x4
 ( 3 − 2 x )( 2 ) − ( −2 )( 2 x + 3)   3 − 2 x  = (1 + x4)2 – x4
. ⋅  = (1 + x4 + x2) (1 + x4 – x2)
(3 − 2x )
2
   2 x + 3 
1 + x 4 + x8
  2x + 3    6 − 4x + 4x + 6  ∴ = 1 – x2 + x4
= cos  log     1 + x2 + x4
  3 − 2x    3 − 2x 
d  1 + x 4 + x8  d
1 ∴   = (1 – x2 + x4)
⋅ dx  1 + x 2 + x 4  dx
2x + 3
= 4x3 – 2x = ax3 + bx
12   2 x + 3 
= cos log   ∴ a = 4, b = –2
9 − 4x2   3 − 2 x 
1 1
−
d  1
11. 2x = y 5 + y 5
 x − 1 
8. a tan −1 x + blog   = 4
dx 
1
 x + 1  x −1 Let y 5 = a
 x −1  1
1
∴ a tan–1 x + b log   ∴ y
−
5
= ,
 x +1 a
1 1
=∫ ∴ a+ = 2x
x4 − 1 a
=∫
1 ∴ a2 – 2ax + 1 = 0
(x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 1) 2x + 4x2 − 4
∴ a=
1  1 1  2
= ∫  2 − 2  dx
2  x −1 x +1
1
∴ y 5 = x + x2 − 1
1 1  x −1  1
tan–1 x
( )
5
= ⋅ log  – ∴ y = x + x2 − 1
2 2  x +1 2
1 1 dy
( )  1 
4
∴ a=– ,b= ∴ = 5 x + x2 − 1 1 + 2x 
2 4 dx 2
 2 x −1 
1 1 1 1
∴ a – 2b = – – 2   = – – = –1 dy
( ) (x + )
4
2 4 2 2 ∴ x2 − 1 = 5 x + x2 − 1 x2 − 1
dx
9. f(x) = cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 16x = 5y
2
dy
=
1
×
16
(2 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x ∴ (x2 – 1)   = 25y2
32 sin x  dx 
cos 8x cos 16x) 2dy d 2 y  dy  dy
2
1 16
∴ (x2 − 1) × ⋅ +   (2x) = 25 × 2y
= × (sin 2x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x dx dx 2  d x  dx
32 sin x dy
cos 16x) Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
dx
1 8
= × (sin 4x cos 4x cos 8x 2
d y dy
32 sin x (x2 − 1) 2 + x = 25y
dx dx
cos 16x)
∴ k = 25
1 4
= × (sin 8x cos 8x cos 16x)  y
32 sin x tan −1  
1 2
12. x 2 + y 2 = ae …(i)  x
= × sin 16x cos 16x Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get

32 sin x
sin 32 x  1 dy 
=  2x + 2 y 
32sin x 2 x +y  2 dx  2
217


 dy  = sin[cos−1(cos(sin−1x)]
 y x −y
tan −1   1  dx = sin(sin−1 x) = x
= ae x
.  
y2 x2  dy
1+ 2   ∴ =1
x   dx
 dy   dy 
1  dy   x dx − y  ∴   1=1
∴ x+ y  = 2
x +y  2 2
2   dx  x =
2  dx 
x +y   x + y 
2
2
 
1
 tan −1
y
 16. 8 f(x) + 6f   = x + 5 …(i)
…  ae =x
x2 + y 2  x  
 
1
dy dy Replacing x by , we get
∴ x+y =x −y …(ii) x
dx dx
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 1 1
8f   + 6f(x) = + 5
dy
2
dy dy x
  x
d2 y d2 y
1+y +   = x 2 + −
dx 2
 dx  dx dx dx 1 1
∴ 6f(x) + 8f   = + 5 …(ii)
d2 y dy d2 y
2 x x
∴ 1 + y 2 +   = x 2 (i) × 8 − (ii) × 6 gives
dx  dx  dx
6
d2 y   dy  2  64 f(x) − 36 f(x) = 8x + 40 − − 30
∴ (y − x) = − 1 +    x
dx 2   dx   6
π ∴ 28 f(x) = 8x − + 10
From (i), when x = 0, y = ae 2 x
x2  6 
From (ii), when x = 0,
dy
= −1 Given, y = x2f(x) =  8 x − + 10 
28  x 
dx
π
d2 y 1
∴ ae 2 2 = −2 ∴ y= (8x3 − 6x + 10x2)
dx 28
dy 1
d y (24x2 − 6 + 20x)
2
2 −π ∴ =
∴  2 =− e 2 dx 28
 dx  x = 0 a
 dy  1 2 1
f g h ∴   = (24 − 6 − 20) = − =−
 dx  x = −1 28 28 14
13. f(x) = f ′ g′ h′
f ′′ g′′ h′′ 17. f(x3) = x5
f ′ g′ h ′ f g h
f ′(x3) . 3x2 = 5x4
∴ f ′(x) = f ′ g′ h′ + f ′′ g′′ h′′ 5 2
f ′′ g′′ h′′ f ′′ g′′ h′′ ∴ f ′(x3) = x
3
f g h 5
∴ f ′(27) = f ′ (33) = (3)2 = 15
+ f′ g′ h ′ 3
f ′′′ g′′′ h′′′ 18. Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x).
=0+0+0 ∴ f[g(x)] = x
…[ f, g, h are polynomials of 2nd degree, ⇒ f ′ ( g( x) ) g′( x) = 1
f ′′′ = g′′′ = h′′′ = 0] ⇒ f ′ ( g(1) ) g′(1) = 1
=0
1
⇒ g′(1) = …(i)
y y1 y2 cosax − a sin ax − a 2 cosax ′
f (g(1))
14. y3 y4 y5 = a 3 sin ax a 4 cosax − a 5 sin ax f(x) = x3 + ex/2
y6 y7 y8 − a 6 cosax a 7 sin ax a 8 cosax ∴ f(0) = 1
=−a ×0 2
…[ C1 ≡ C3] ⇒ 0 = f−1(1)
=0 ⇒ g(1) = 0 …[ g(x) = f−1(x)(given)]
From (i), we get
15. y = sin cos −1{sin(cos −1 x)}
1
g′(1) =
  π   f ′(0)
= sin cos −1 sin  − sin −1 x  
  2   Now, f(x) = x3 + ex/2
218


1 x/2 dy n(sec n θ + cos n θ)
⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 + e =
2 dx sec θ + cos θ
1 dy
2
n 2 (sec n θ + cos n θ) 2
⇒ f ′(0) =
2 ⇒   = 2
 dx  (sec θ + cos θ)
1
∴ g′(1) = =2 n [(sec θ − cos n θ) 2 + 4sec n θ cos n θ]
2 n
1/ 2 =
(sec θ − cos θ) 2 + 4sec θ.cos θ
19. y = f(x3) n 2 ( y 2 + 4)
dy =
∴ = f ′(x3).3x2 = 3x2 tan(x3) x2 + 4
dx 2
dy 
z = g(x5) ∴ (x2 + 4)  2 2
 = n (y + 4)
d
 x
dz
∴ = g ′(x5).5x4 = 5x4 sec(x5)
dx x sin x cos x
dy
23. f(x) = x 2 tan x − x3
dy 3x 2 tan x3 3tan x3
∴ = dx = 4 = 2 2 x sin 2 x 5 x
dz dz 5 x sec x 5
5 x sec x5
dx 1 sin x cos x
3 3 3 ∴ f ′(x) = 2 x tan x − x 3
20. 1 − x 6 + 1 − y 6 = a (x − y )
3 3 2 sin 2 x 5 x
Put x = sin α and y = sin β
3 x cos x cos x x sin x − sin x
∴ 1 − sin 2 α + 1 − sin 2 β = a (sin α − sin β)
+ x 2 2
sec x − x + x 2 tan x −3x 2
3
∴ cos α + cos β = a3(sin α − sin β)

2 x 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 x sin 2 x 5
 α +β  α −β
∴ 2 cos   cos   1
sin x cos x
 2   2 
f ′( x) tan x
 a −β  a +β ∴ = 2 − x2
= a 3 .2sin   cos   x x
 2   2 
2 sin 2 x 5 x
 α −β 3
∴ cot  =a 1 cos x cos x 1 sin x − sin x
 2 
−1 3 +x sec 2 x − x 3 + x tan x −3 x 2
∴ α − β = 2 cot a
∴ sin−1 x3 − sin−1 y3 = constant 2 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 sin 2 x 5
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
3x 2 f ′( x)
3y2
dy ∴ lim = 2 1 0+ 0 1 0+ 0 0 0
− ⋅ =0 x →0 x
6 6 dx
1− x 1− y 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 5
dy x2 1 − y6 = − 2 − 2 + 0 = −4
∴ = 2
dx y 1 − x6 24. Since g is the inverse of f.
21. 2
Let f(x) = px + qx + r ∴ f[g(x)] = x
∴ f(1) = f(−1) ⇒ p + q + r = p − q + r ⇒ q = 0 Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
∴ f(x) = px2 + r f ′(g(x)) g′(x) = 1
⇒ f ′(x) = 2px 1
∴ g′(x) = = 1 + [g(x)]5
⇒ f ′(a) = 2ap, f ′(b) = 2bp and f ′(c) = 2cp f ′(g( x))
Since a, b, c are in A.P.
sin x sin x sin x
∴ 2ap, 2bp, 2cp are in A.P. 25. y= + + ... +
sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3x sin nx sin(n +1) x
⇒ f ′(a), f ′(b), f ′(c) are in A.P.
sin(2 x − x) sin(3x − 2 x) sin((n +1) x − nx)
dx = + + ... +
22. = sec θ tan θ + sin θ sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3 x sin nx sin(n +1) x
dθ
sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x sin x sin 3x cos 2 x
dy = − +
and
= n sec n −1 θ.sec θ tan θ − n cos n −1 θ.(− sin θ) sin x sin 2 x sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3 x
dθ
cos3 x sin 2 x sin(n + 1) x cos nx cos(n + 1) x sin nx
= n secn θ tan θ + n cos n −1 θ sin θ − + .... + −
dy sin 2 x sin 3 x sin nx sin (n + 1) x sin nx sin (n + 1) x
dy dθ n sec n θ tan θ + n cos n −1 θ sin θ = cot x − cot 2x + cot 2x − cot 3x
∴ = =
dx dx sec θ tan θ + sin θ + …. + cot nx − cot(n+ 1) x
dθ ∴ y = cot x − cot(n + 1)x
219


dy f ′(1) n(1) n −1
∴ = − cosec2x − [− cosec2(n + 1)x] (n + 1) = = n = nC1
dx 1! 1
= (n + 1) cosec2(n + 1)x − cosec2x f ′′(1) n(n − 1)(1) n − 2 n(n − 1) n
= = = C2
2! 2! 2!
a
26. If |r| < 1, a + ar + ar2 + …. + ∞ = f ′′′(1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(1) n − 3 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n
1− r = = = C3
2 3! 3! 3!
sin x
∴ sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + …. = f ′(1) f ′′(1) f ′′′(1) f n (1)
1− sin 2 x ∴ f(1) − + − + ….+(−1)n
2
1! 2! 3! n!
sin x = nC0 − nC1 + nC2 − nC3 + …. + (−1)n nCn
= = tan2x
cos 2 x =0
2x
∴ y = e tan
30. p = a2cos2θ + b2sin2θ
dy 2 2
∴ = e tan x .2 tan x sec2x = 2e tan x tan x sec2x dp
dx ∴ = a2.2 cos θ (− sin θ) + b2.2 sin θ cos θ
dθ
1 1 = (b2 − a2) sin 2θ
27. y = tan−1 + tan−1 2
1+ x + x 2
x + 3x + 3 d 2p
∴ = 2(b2 − a2) cos 2θ
−1 1 dθ2
+ tan 2 + …. to n terms
x + 5x + 7 = 2(b2 − a2) (cos2θ − sin2 θ)
1 1 d 2p
= tan−1 + tan−1 ∴ 4p + = 4a2 cos2θ + 4b2 sin2 θ
1+ (1 + x) x 1+ ( x+ 2)( x+1) dθ2
1 + 2(b2 − a2) (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
+ tan−1 + …. to n terms = cos θ(4a + 2b − 2a2)
2 2 2
1+ ( x+3)( x+ 2)
+ sin2 θ(4b2 − 2b2 + 2a2)
 ( x + 1) − x  −1  ( x + 2) − ( x + 1) 
= tan−1   + tan   = cos θ(2a + 2b ) + sin2 θ(2a2 + 2b2)
2 2 2
1 + ( x + 1) x  1 + ( x + 2)( x +1)  = (2a2 + 2b2) (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)

 ( x + 3) − ( x + 2)  = 2a2 + 2b2
+ tan−1   + …. to n terms = 2(a2 + b2)
1 + ( x + 3)( x + 2) 
= tan−1(x + 1) − tan−1 x + tan−1(x + 2) = 2c2 …[ a2 + b2 = c2 (given)]
− tan−1(x + 1) + tan−1(x + 3) − tan−1(x + 2)
+ …. + tan−1(x + n) − tan−1(x + (n − 1))
∴ y = tan (x + n) − tan−1 x
−1
dy 1 1
∴ = −
dx 1 + ( x + n) 2 1+ x 2
 dy  1 1 −1 − n2 n2
∴   = 2
−1 = =−
 dx  x = 0 1+ n 2
1+ n 1 + n2
28. y = a sin(bx + c)
π 
∴ y1 = a cos(bx + c).b = ab sin  + bx + c 
2 
∴ y2 = − ab sin(bx + c).b = ab2 sin(π + bx + c)
 3π 
y3 = − ab2 cos(bx + c).b = ab3 sin  + bx + c 
 2 
y4 = − ab3(− sin(bx + c).b) = ab4 sin(2π + bx + c)
 4π 
= ab4 sin  + bx + c 
 2 
 nπ 
In general, yn = abn sin  + bx + c 
 2 
29. f(x) = xn
f ′(x) = nxn−1
f ′′(x) = n(n − 1) xn−2
f ′′′( x) = n(n − 1) (n − 2)xn−3
∴ f(1) = 1n = 1 = nC0
220
02 Applications of Derivatives
Hints
Classical Thinking dy −x
⇒ =
2 3 dx 2
1. x = 3t + 1, y = t – 1
∴ m = Slope of the tangent at (−4, −4)
dx dy
∴ = 6t, = 3t2 dy
dt dt =   =2
dy  dx ( −4, − 4)
dy 3t 2 t
∴ = dt = = ∴ equation of the tangent at (−4, −4) is
dx d x 6t 2
y − y1 = m (x − x1)
dt
⇒ y + 4 = 2(x + 4)
 dy  1
∴   = ⇒ 2x − y + 4 = 0
 dx  t =1 2
2. y = x3 − x 7. x + y =a
dy Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
∴ = 3x2 − 1
dx 1 1 dy
+ =0 ⋅
 dy  2 x 2 y dx
∴   = 3 (2)2 − 1 = 11
 dx  x = 2
1 1 dy y
∴ slope of normal at x = 2 = − =
− ⇒ =−
 dy  11 dx
  x
 dx  x = 2
a2
3. If the tangent is perpendicular to X-axis, then  a 2 a 2  dy 4 = −1
At  ,  , =−
θ = 90°  4 4  dx a2
∴ cot θ = 0 4
1 dx  a2 a2 
⇒ =0⇒ =0 ∴ Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
tan θ dy  4 4
dy a2  a2 
4. y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 5 ⇒ = 3x2 − 6x −9 y− = −1  x − 
dx 4  4
dy a2
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, =0 ⇒ x+y=
dx 2
⇒ 3x2 − 6x − 9 = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 3
8. y = x2 – 2x + 1
5. x = t2 – 1, y = t2 – t
dy
dy ∴ = 2x – 2
dy 2t − 1 dx
∴ = dt = ∴ m = slope of the normal at (0,1)
dx dx 2t
dt −1 −1 1
= = =
Since the tangent is perpendicular to X-axis,  dy  2(0) − 2 2
 
dx 2t  dx (0,1)
=0⇒ =0⇒t=0
dy 2t − 1 ∴ Equation of the normal at (0,1) is
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
6. x2 = −4y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1
⇒y–1= (x – 0)
dy 2
2x = −4 ⇒ x – 2y + 2 = 0
dx
221


πx dy π πx dy π π
9. y = sin ⇒ = cos ⇒   = 0 ∴ Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
2 dx 2 2  dx (1, 1) 2 2
∴ Equation of the normal at (1,1) is x = 1 π  π
y− =2 x− 
10. 2
At t = 1, x = (1) = 1 and y = 2(1) = 2 2  2
dy π
⇒=
y 2x −
dy 2 1 2
= dt = =
dx d x 2t t π π 2π 3 3
dt 14. At x = , y = 2 sin + sin =
3 3 3 2
 dy 
∴   =1 y = 2 sin x + sin 2x
 dx  t =1 dy
∴ Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is ∴ = 2cos x + 2cos 2 x
dx
y – 2 = – 1(x – 1) ⇒ x + y – 3 = 0  dy  π 2π
∴   π =2cos + 2cos =0
π 2  dx  x= 3 3
11. At x = , y = = 2 3
4 2 π 3 3
y = 2 sin x ∴ Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
3 2 
dy
∴ = 2 cos x 3 3  π
dx y− =0  x −  ⇒ 2 y = 3 3
2  3
 dy 
∴   π = 2 π 2
 dx  x = 15. At x = ,y= = 2
4
4 2
π
∴ Equation of the tangent at  , 2  is y = 2 cos x
4   dy
∴ = −2 sin x
 π dx
y− 2 = 2 x− 
 4  dy 
∴   = − 2
 dx  x = π / 4
π
12. At x = , π
2 ∴ Equation of the normal at  , 2  is
4 
π 2
y = 4 + cos =4 1  π
2 y=
− 2 x − 
2 4
y = 4 + cos2 x
dy 16. s = 3t2 + 2t − 5
∴ = 2cos x(− sin x)
dx ds
∴ = 6t + 2
 dy  π π dt

∴   π = 2cos  − sin  = 0 d 2s
 dx  x = 2  2 ∴ Acceleration = =6
2
dt 2
π
∴ Equation of the tangent at  ,4  is 17. s = 2t2 − 3t + 1
2  ds
π
∴ v= = 4t − 3
y − 4 = 0  x −  dt
 2 d 2s
∴ =4
∴ y−4=0⇒y=4 dt 2
π b
13. At x = , 18. s = aet +
et
2
ds b
π π π π ∴ = velocity = aet – t
y= − sin cos = dt e
2 2 2 2 d 2s b
y = x − sin x cos x ∴ 2
= acceleration = aet + t = s
dt e
dy
∴ = 1 − cos x cos x − sin x (− sin x) ds 2
dx 19. = velocity = 45 + 22t − 3t
2 2 dt
= 1 − cos x + sin x When particle will come to rest, then v = 0
 dy  2 π π 5
∴   π = 1 − cos + sin2 = 2 ⇒ 3t2 − 22t − 45 = 0 ⇒ t = 9

...  t ≠ − 
 dx  x =
2
2 2  3
222

Chapter 02: Applications of Derivatives

20. Given, s = a sin t + b cos 2t x2
ds
27. V = 5x –
∴ = a cos t − 2b sin 2t 6
dt dV dx x dx
⇒ =5 – .
d 2s dt dt 3 dt
∴ = − a sin t − 4b cos 2t
dt 2 dV
dx
d 2s
At t = 0, 2 = −a sin 0o − 4b cos 0o = −4b ⇒ = dt
dt dt  x
5 − 
 3
21. s = 2t3 − 9t2 + 12t d x 5 15
 
ds ⇒  = = cm/sec
⇒ = 6t2 − 18t + 12  dt  x = 2 5−
2 13
dt 3
d 2s
⇒ = 12t − 18 = acceleration 28. Let f(x) = x
dt 2
When acceleration of the particle will be zero, 1
∴ f ′(x) =
12t − 18 = 0 2 x
3 Here, a = 25 and h = 0.2
⇒ t = sec
2 ∴ f (a) = f (25) = 25 = 5
Hence, the acceleration of the particle will be 1 1
and f ′(a) = f ′(25) = =
3 2 25 10
zero after sec.
2 ∴ f (a + h) ≈ f (a) + h f ′(a)
1
1 2 ds ds 2
≈ 5 + (0.2)  
22. s= gt ⇒ = gt ⇒ 2 = g  10 
2 dt dt
∴ The acceleration of the stone is uniform. ≈ 5 + 0.02
∴ 25.2 ≈ 5.02
23. Motion of a particle s = 15t − 2t2
1
ds 29. Let f(x) = x 3
∴ velocity = = 15 − 4t
dt 1 − 32 1
 ds   ds  ∴ f ′ (x) = x = 2
⇒   = 15 and   = 3 3
3x 3
 dt  t = 0  dt  t = 3
Here, a = 27 and h = 2
15 + 3
∴ average velocity = = 9 units ∴ f (a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f ′(a)
2 1
 1 
2 ≈ ( 27 ) 3 + 2  2
24. Velocity, v = 2 − 3x  3(27) 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
1
2v
dv
=−3
dx ≈ 3 + 2  
dt dt  27 
dv ≈ 3 + 0.07407
⇒ 2v = − 3v 1
dt ∴ ( 29 ) 3 ≈ 3.07407
dv 3
⇒ = − 30. f(x) = x3 − 3x + 5
dt 2
∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 − 3
Hence, the acceleration is uniform.
Here, a = 2 and h = − 0.01
dr ∴ f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + hf ′(a)
25. =3
dt ≈ 7 + (−0.01) (9)
dA dr ∴ f (1.99) ≈ 7 − 0.09 ≈ 6.91
A = πr2 ⇒ = 2πr
dt dt 1
dA 31. Let f(x) = x 4

⇒   = 2π × 10 × 3 = 60π cm2/sec 1 −43 1
 dt  r =10 ∴ f ′(x) = x = 3
4
26. A = s2 4x 4
dA ds
Here, a = 81 and h = −1
∴ =2s ∴ f (a + h) ≈ f (a) + h f ′(a)
dt dt
1
 1
 dA  2 ≈ ( 81) 4 + (−1)  
∴  = 2 × 10 × 0.5 = 2 × 5 = 10 cm /sec
3
  4(81) 
 dt s =10 4
223


1 40. f(x) = ax + b
≈ 3−
108 ∴ f ′(x) = a
≈ 3 − 0.009259 For f(x) to be decreasing,
1 f ′(x) < 0
∴ ( 80 ) 4 ≈ 2.9907
⇒a<0
32. If Rolle’s theorem is true for any function f(x) in
[a,b]. 41. f(x) = 5–x
Then f(a) = f(b) log e 5
∴ f ′(x) = – 5– x loge 5 = –
Only option (B) satisfies this condition. 5x
⇒ f ′(x) < 0 for all x
33. According to Lagrange’s mean value theorem, i.e., f(x) is decreasing for all x.
in interval [a, b] for f(x),
f (b) − f (a) 43. Let f(x) = x4 − 4x ⇒ f ′(x) = 4x3 − 4
f ′(c) = , where a < c < b
b−a For f(x) to be decreasing, f ′(x) < 0
∴ a < x1 < b ⇒ 4x3 − 4 < 0 ⇒ x3 < 1
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 1)
34. f(x) = cos x
∴
π
f(0) = 1, f   = 0 and f ′(x) = −sinx 44. f(x) = 4x4 − 2x + 1
2 ∴ f ′(x) = 16x3 − 2
By mean value theorem, For f(x) to be increasing,
f (b) − f (a) f ′(x) > 0
f ′(c) =
b−a ⇒ 16x3 − 2 > 0
π 1
f   − f (0) ⇒ x3 >
⇒ −sin c =  2 8
π 1
−0 ⇒x>
2 2
0 −1 2
⇒ −sin c = =− 45. f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20
π π
2 ∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 + 18x + 12
−2 −1
2 2 For f(x) to be increasing,
⇒ sin c = ⇒ c = sin−1  
π π f ′(x) > 0
⇒x2 + 3x + 2 > 0
35. f(x) = 2 − 3x
⇒(x + 2) (x + 1) > 0
∴ f ′(x) = − 3 < 0
∴ f(x) is a decreasing function. ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (−1, ∞)
36. f(x) = x2 ⇒ f ′(x) = 2x 46. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 12

For increasing function, ∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
f ′(x) > 0 For f(x) to be increasing,
⇒ 2x > 0 f ′(x) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (0, ∞) ⇒ x2 − x − 2 > 0
⇒ (x − 2) (x + 1) > 0 −1 2
37. Since f(x) = x3 ⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2, which is non- ⇒ x∈(– ∞, – 1) ∪ (2, ∞)
negative for all real values of x.
∴ Option (C) is the correct answer. 47. f(x) = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 3
∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 − 12x + 9
38. It is always increasing. 1
For f(x) to be decreasing, 3
Y
f ′(x) < 0
⇒ 3(x2 − 4x + 3) < 0
f(x) = x
⇒ (x − 3) (x − 1) < 0
X
⇒ x ∈ (1, 3)
48. Let f(x) = 2x3 − 6x + 5
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6
39. f(x) = x + cos x ⇒ f ′(x) = 1 − sin x For f(x) to be increasing, f ′(x) > 0
f ′(x) > 0 for all values of x. ⇒ 6x2 − 6 > 0 ⇒ (x − 1) (x + 1) > 0
∴ f(x) is always increasing. ⇒ x > 1 or x < −1
224


1 Now, f ′′(x) = 22 > 0
49. Let f(x) =
1+ x 2 10
∴ f(x) is minimum at x = .
2x 11
∴ f ′(x) = −
(1 + x 2 ) 2  10 
∴ [f ( x)]min = f 
For f(x) to be decreasing,  11 
2x 200 100 × 11 23
f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ − <0 =7− + =–
(1 + x 2 ) 2 11 121 11
⇒ x > 0 ⇒ x∈(0, ∞) 57. Let f(x) = 2x2 + x − 1
50. Let f(x) = log (sin x) ⇒ f ′(x) = cot x ∴ f ′(x) = 4x + 1
∴ The given function is increasing in the interval For maximum or minimum,
1
 π f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = −
 0,  . 4
 2
Now, f ′′(x) = 4 > 0
51. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 36x + 7 ∴ f(x) is minimum at x =
−1
.
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 36 4
For decreasing function, f ′(x) < 0   1  2 1 −9
∴ [f(x)]min = f  −   = − −1 =
⇒ x2 − x − 6 < 0   4  16 4 8
⇒ (x − 3)(x + 2) < 0
58. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 4
⇒ x ∈ (–2, 3)
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
52. Function is monotonically decreasing, when For maximum or minimum,
f ′(x) < 0 f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, −1
⇒ 6x2 − 18x + 12 < 0 Now, f ′′(x) = 12x − 6
⇒ x2 − 3x + 2 < 0 ∴ f ′′(2) = 18 > 0 and f ′′(−1) = −18 < 0
⇒ (x − 2)(x − 1) < 0 ∴ The given function has one maximum and one
⇒1<x<2 minimum.
53. f(x) = (x − 1)2 −1. Hence, decreasing in x < 1. 59. f(x) = x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 ….(i)
Y ∴ f ′(x) = 4x3 – 124x + a
For maximum or minimum, f ′(x) = 0
⇒ 4x3 – 124 x + a = 0
Since x = 1 is a root of (i),
(1,0)
X f ′(1) = 4 – 124 + a = 0
O
∴ a = 120
(1, –1) 60. y = 1 − cos x
Alternate Method: ∴ y′ = sin x
f ′(x) = 2x − 2 = 2(x − 1) For maximum or minimum,
To be decreasing, 2(x − 1) < 0 y′ = 0 ⇒ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π
⇒ ( x − 1) < 0 ⇒ x < 1 Now, y′′ = cos x
⇒ y′′ (0) = 1 > 0 and y′′ (π) = −1 < 0
54. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 5
∴ y is maximum when x = π.
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
For maximum or minimum,
f ′(x) = 0 Critical Thinking
⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0 1. xy = 15
⇒ (x − 2) (x + 1) = 0 15
⇒ x = 2, −1 ∴ y=
x
Now, f ″(x) = 12x – 6 15
∴ f ″(2) = 18 > 0 ∴ y′ = − 2
x
∴ f(x) is minimum at x = 2. 15
At (3, 5), y′ = −
56. f(x) = 7 − 20x + 11x2 9
∴ f ′(x) = −20 + 22x 9
∴ Slope of normal at (3,5) =
For maximum or minimum, 15
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ −20 + 22x = 0 9
∴ θ = tan−1  
⇒ x = 10/11  15 
225


sin 3 x + cos3 x d 1− x  d
= 20. tan–1   = [tan–1(1) – tan–1(x)]
sin x + cos x dx 1+ x  dx
= sin2 x – sin x cos x + cos2 x 1 −1
=0– 2
=
1+ x 1 + x2
…[ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
 sin x + cos x   1 + tan x
1 21. y = tan–1   = tan
–1
 
= (sin2 x + cos2 x) – (2 sin x cos x)  cos x − sin x   1 − tan x
2
 π  π
1 = tan–1  tan  + x   = +x
=1− .sin 2x  4  4
2
dy
π π ∴ =1
∴ f ′(x) = − cos 2x ⇒ f ′   = − cos   = 0 dx
4 2
a cos x − bsin x 
22. y = tan−1  
16. h(x) = f(g(x))  bcos x + a sin x 
−1 x
⇒ h(x) = f(sin−1 x) = esin  a 
...(i) –1  b − tan x 
= tan  
−1 x d −1 1 a
∴ h′(x) = esin . (sin–1 x) = esin x ⋅  1 + tan x 
dx 1 − x2  b 
a
h′( x) 1 = tan–1   – tan–1 (tan x)
∴ = ...[From (i)] b  
h( x) 1− x 2
a
∴ y = tan–1   – x
m sin −1 x b  
17. y= e …(i)
dy
dy −1 m ∴ = –1
∴ = em sin x . dx
dx 1 − x2
 
dy  3 
⇒ 1− x 2
= my …[From (i)]  6x x   6x 2 
dx 23. Let y = tan−1   = tan
−1

1 − 9 x 3  3 2
dy
2   1 −  3 x 2  
⇒ (1 − x2 )   = m2 y2    
 dx     
∴ A=m 2  
 3 
−1  2 × 3 x 
2
 x2 + 1  –1  x − 1 
2 = tan 
3 2
18. y = cosec–1  2  + cos  2  1 −  3 x 2  
 x − 1  x + 1    
   
 x2 − 1  –1  x − 1 
2
= sin–1   + cos  2 
3
2
 x + 1  x + 1 = 2 tan−1 3x 2
1
dy 2 3 9
 1  ∴ = ⋅3× × x2 = x
...  cosec−1 x = sin −1    dx  3
2
2 1 + 9 x3
  x  1 +  3x 2 
π π  
= ... sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
2  2 Comparing with x g(x), we get
dy 9
∴ =0 g(x) =
dx 1+ 9 x 3
24. Putting x = sin A and x = sin B, we get

19. y = sec(tan−1 x)
∴
dy
= sec(tan−1 x) tan(tan−1 x).
1 y = sin –1
(sin A 1 − sin B + sin B 1 − sin )
2 2
dx 1 + x2 = sin–1 (sin A cos B + sin B cos A)

x = sin–1 [sin(A + B)] = A + B = sin–1x + sin–1 x
= 1 + x2 .
1+ x 2 dy 1 1 1
∴ = + ⋅
dx 1 − x2
( x) 2 x
−1 −1 2
…[ tan x = sec 1+ x ] 2
1−
x 1 1
= 2
= +
1+ x 1− x 2
2 x − x2
204


10. x2 + y2 – 2x – 3 = 0 ….(i) 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 14. At t = 2, x =
2
dy
2x + 2y –2=0 1 3
dx and y = 2 − =
2 2
dy 1− x
∴ = dy 1
dx y 1+ 2 2
Now,
dy
= dt = t = t +1
dy dx dx −1 −1
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, =0
dx dt t2
1− x  dy 
⇒ =0 ⇒ x = 1 ∴ = −5
y  
 dx (t = 2)
From (i),
1 3
y=±2 ∴ Equation of the normal at  ,  is
2 2
11. y3 + 3x2 – 12y = 0 ….(i) y−
3 1 1
= x− 
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 2 5 2
dy 6x ∴ x − 5y + 7 = 0
=– 2
dx 3 y − 12
π
dx 15. At θ = ,
Since the tangent is parallel to Y-axis, =0 6
dy
π 2a π a
⇒3y2 – 12 = 0 x = a sec = and y = a tan =
6 3 6 3
⇒ y2 = 4 ⇒ y = ± 2
dy
∴ y=2 … [ y ≠ −2] dy dθ a sec 2 θ 1
= = = = cosec θ
From (i), dx dx a sec θ tan θ sin θ
4 dθ
x=± π
3  dy 
∴   π = cosec = 2
 dx θ= 6
y = ax2 + bx
6
12.
2a a
dy  dy  ∴ Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
∴ = 2ax + b ⇒   = 4a + b 3 3
 
dx  dx (2, −8)
a  2a 
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, y− = 2 x − 
3  3
 dy 
 dx  = 0 ⇒ b = −4a ….(i) ⇒ 2 x − y =3 a
 ( 2, −8)
Also, the point (2, –8) lies on the curve 16. y = x3 + 2x2 − 4x − 43
y = ax2 + bx.
dy
∴ −8 = 4a + 2b ….(ii) ∴ = 3x2 + 4x − 4
dx
From (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b = −8
 dy 
2
∴   = 3(−2)2 + 4(− 2) − 4 = 0
13. y = ax − 6x + b d x
 ( −2,5)
dy ∴ Equation of the tangent at (−2, 5) is
∴ = 2ax − 6
dx y − 5 = 0(x + 2)
 dy  i.e., y = 5 (parallel to X-axis)
∴   3  = 3a − 6
 dx  x = 
 2
Normal is perpendicular to X-axis and passes
through (−2, 5).
3
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis at x = , ∴ Equation of the normal is
2
x = – 2, i.e., x + 2 = 0
 dy 
  3  = 0
 dx  x = 
 2
17. y2 = 5x − 1
⇒ 3a − 6 = 0 ⇒ a = 2 dy 5
∴ =
Now, the given curve passes through (0, 2). dx 2 y
∴ 2=0−0+b  dy  −5
∴   =
⇒b=2  dx (1, − 2) 4
227


∴ Equation of the normal at (1, –2) is 21. y2 = 2(x − 3) ….(i)
4 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
y − (−2) = ( x − 1)
dy dy 1
5 2y =2 ⇒ =
∴ 4x − 5y − 14 = 0 ….(i) dx dx y
As the normal is of the form ax − 5y + b = 0, −1
∴ Slope of the normal = = −y
comparing this with (i), we get dy
a = 4 and b = −14 dx
Slope of the given line = 2.
2 2
2
Since the normal is parallel to the given line,
18. x + y = a
3 3 3
y = −2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get From (i), x = 5
−1 −1
2 3 2 3 dy ∴ The required point is (5, −2).
x + y =0
3 3 dx
1
22. 9y2 = x3 ….(i)
dy −y 3 Differentiating w.r.t. x, get
⇒ = 1
dx dy
x3 18y = 3x2
dx
At (a sin3θ, a cos3θ),
dy x2
dy cos θ ⇒ =
=− = − cot θ dx 6y
dx sin θ
6y
∴ slope of the normal is tanθ. ∴ slope of the normal = −
x2
∴ equation of the normal at (a sin3 θ, a cos3θ) is
Since the normal to the given curve makes equal
y − a cos3 θ = tan θ ( x − a sin3 θ) intercepts with the axis.
⇒ y cos θ − a cos4θ = x sin θ − a sin4 θ 6y
⇒ x sin θ − y cos θ = a sin4 θ − a cos4 θ ∴ − =±1
x2
4 x2 x2
19. Let (x1, y1) be a point on the curve y = x + . ⇒y=− or
x2 6 6
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, Putting these values in (i), we get
 4
 dy  8
= 0 ⇒ 1 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 2 9  x  = x3 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 4
   36 
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) x1
16 168 8
4 ∴ y = 0 or y = − or or=−
Now, y1 = x1 + 6 63 3
x12
 8  8
4 ∴ The required points are  4,  or  4, −  .
⇒ y1 = 2 +  3  3
22
⇒ y1 = 3 23. Since, the given curve crosses the Y-axis, x = 0
∴ equation of the tangent at (2, 3) is ∴ y = be0 ⇒ y = b
y−3=0⇒y=3 ∴ the given curve crosses the Y-axis at (0, b).
x
−
20. Since the given curve crosses the X-axis, y = 0 Now, y = be a
∴ 0=2−x⇒x=2 dy b −x
∴ = − e a
∴ The given curve crosses the X-axis at (2, 0). dx a
Now, (1 + x2)y = 2 − x  dy  b
∴   =−
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  dx (0, b) a
dy ∴ The equation of the tangent at (0, b) is
(1 + x2) + 2xy = −1
dx b
y − b = − (x − 0)
dy −1 − 2 xy a
∴ = x y
dx 1 + x2 ⇒ + =1
 dy  1 a b
∴   = −
 dx (2, 0) 5 24. y = e2x
∴ equation of the tangent at (2, 0) is dy
∴ = 2e 2 x
1 dx
y − 0 = − (x − 2)  dy 
5 ∴   =2
⇒ x + 5y = 2  dx (0,1)
228

 x   1− x  27. Put xx = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1 (xx)

25. y = tan −1   + sin  2 tan −1
   tan 2 θ − 1 
 1+ 1− x 2   1 + x  ∴ f(x) = cot−1 
  
Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos–1 x  2 tan θ 
 
= cot−1 (−cot 2θ)
–1  cos θ  −1 1 − cos θ
∴ y = tan   + sin  2 tan  = π − cot−1(cot 2θ)
 1 + sin θ   1 + cos θ 
∴ f(x) = π − 2θ = π − 2tan−1(xx)
 θ  θ  −2
 1 − tan  2sin 2  ∴ f ′(x) = . xx(1 + log x)
= tan –1 2  + sin
 2 tan −1 2  1 + x2 x
 θ   2 θ 
 1 + tan 2cos  −2
 2  2 ∴ f ′(1) = ⋅ 1 (1 + 0) = –1
 1 + 12
  π θ   −1  θ 
= tan–1  tan  4 − 2   + sin  2 tan  tan 2  
       x −x
π θ
28. y = tan–1 
 3
 , = tan–1

( x ) – tan–1 (x)
= − + sin θ  1+ x2 
4 2
1 1 1
π cos −1 x ∴ y′ = ⋅ –
= − + sin(cos–1 x) 1+ x 2 x 1 + x2
4 2
1 1 1 −1
π
= −
4
cos −1 x
2
(
+ sin sin −1 1 − x 2 ) ∴ y′(1) = ⋅ − =
2 2 2 4
π cos −1 x  1 + x2 − 1 
= − + 1 − x2 29. y = tan−1  
4 2  x 
 
∴
dy
=
1 ( −2 x )
+ Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1x
dx 2 1 − x2 2 1 − x2
 1 + tan 2 θ − 1   sec θ − 1 
1 − 2x ∴ y = tan−1   = tan−1  
=  tan θ   tan θ 
2 1 − x2  
 1 − cos θ 
  3 cos x + sin x  
2
= tan−1  
26. 2y =  cot −1     sin θ 

  cos x − 3 sin x    2 θ 
2  2sin 2 
  3 + tan x   = tan −1
 
=  cot −1     2 sin θ cos θ 

  1 − 3 tan x    2 2
2
  π   θ θ 1
 −1  tan 3 + tan x   = tan−1  tan  = = tan–1 x
=  cot   2  2 2

  1 − tan π tan x   1
  3  ∴ y′ =
2
2 (1 + x 2 )
  π 
= cot −1  tan  + x    1 1
 3    ∴ y′(1) = =
 2 (1 + 12 ) 4
2
π  π 
=  − tan −1  tan  + x   
2 3     30. xy = ex−y
 π π  π
2
  − − x , 0 < x < y log x = x − y

 2 3  6 x
=  2 ⇒y=
  π 2π  π π 1 + log x
  + − x , < x <
  2 3  6 2 1
dy
(1 + log x ) ⋅ 1 − x  0 + 
 π 
2
π  x
∴ =
  − x , 0 < x < dx (1 + log x )
2
  6  6
∴ 2y =  2 log x
  7π  π π =
  − x , < x < (1 + log x) 2
  6  6 2
 π
x − , 0< x <
π 31. y = {f(x)}f(x)
dy  6 6 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
∴ = 
dx  7π π π log y = f (x) log {f(x)}
x− , <x<
 6 6 2 ⇒ y = ef(x) log f(x)
205


dy d Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
∴ = ef(x) log f(x)⋅ [f (x) log f(x)]
dx dx dy dy
2(y2 – x)  2 y 
− 1 = 2
 f ′( x )   dx  dx
= ef(x) log f(x) f ( x) . + log f ( x ) . f′ ( x ) 
 f ( x)  dy y2 − x
∴ =
dx 2 y − 2 xy − 1
3
32. y = 1 + x ey …(i)
dy dy
∴ = ey.1+ x. ey. 38. If y = x + x + x + ...∞
dx dx
y dy If y = f ( x) + f ( x) + f ( x) + ...∞ ,
⇒ (1 – x e ) = ey
dx dy f '( x)
dy then =
⇒ (2 − y) = ey …[From (i)] dx 2 y − 1
dx
dy 1
dy ey ∴ =
⇒ = dx 2 y −1
dx 2− y
39. xpyq = (x + y)p+q
33. xy = 1 + log y
p log x + q log y = (p + q)log(x + y)
dy 1 dy
x. + y.1 = ⋅ Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dx y dx
p q dy p+q  dy 
dy + ⋅ = 1 + 
⇒ (xy – 1) + y2 = 0 x y dx x+ y  dx 
dx dy y
∴ k = xy – 1 ⇒ =
dx x
34. tan−1 (x2 + y2) = α
( x + y)
5
⇒ x2 + y2 = tan α 40. 3 y x = 6

( )
6
( )
6
( x + y)
5
⇒ 3 y x = 6
dy dy −x
2x + 2y =0⇒ =
dx dx y ⇒ y2 x3 = (x + y)5
5
x
2 3  5
 1  ⇒ y x = y  + 1
35. y = esin
−1 (t 2 −1)
and x = e
sec−1 
 2 
 t −1 
= e
( )
cos −1 t 2 − 1
 y 
3 5
x x 
π ⇒   =  + 1
π y y
∴ xy = e 2 …  sin −1 x + cos −1 x =     
 2 5
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get x x 3

⇒ =  + 1
dy y y 
x +y.1=0 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
dx
dy −y  dy  2  dy 
⇒ =  y − x dx  5 x 3  y − x dx 
dx x   =  + 1  
 y2  3 y   y2 
36. 2x2 − 3xy + y2 + x + 2y − 8 = 0    
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2
5 x 3
dy
  dy dy ⇒  + 1 = 1
4x – 3  x ⋅ + y  + 2y +1+2 =0 3 y 
dx
  dx dx
dy x 3 3
⇒ (−3x + 2y + 2) + 4x − 3y + 1 = 0 ⇒ = –1
dx y 5 5
dy 3y − 4x −1 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
⇒ = dy
dx 2 y − 3x + 2 y−x
dx = 0
2
y
37. y= x+ y+ x+ y + ...∞
dy y
∴ =
dx x
⇒y= x+ y + y
2
ALTERNATE METHOD :
⇒ (y – x) = 2y dy y
If xpyq = (x + y)p+q, then = .
⇒ (y2 – x)2 = 2y dx x
206


41. yy = x sin y dy
⇒ 4xy2 − 4x2y =0
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get dx
y log y = log x + log (sin y) dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ 4xy2 = 4x2y
dx
1 dy dy 1 1 dy dy y
y. ⋅ + log y . = + ⋅ cos y . ⇒ =
y dx dx x sin y dx dx x
dy 1 45. sin y = x sin(a + y)
⇒ (1 + log y – cot y) =
dx x sin y
⇒x=
dy 1 sin ( a + y )
⇒ =
dx x(1 + log y − cot y ) Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy
 x2 − y 2  sin ( a + y ) . cos y − sin y . cos ( a + y )
42. log10  2 =2 1 = dx dx
2 
x +y  sin 2 ( a + y )
x2 − y 2 dy
⇒ 2 2
= 102 . sin ( a + y − y )
x +y ⇒ 1 = dx 2
⇒ x2 − y2 = 100 x2 + 100 y2 sin ( a + y )
⇒ 99x2 + 101y2 = 0 dy sin 2 ( a + y )
⇒ =
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx sin a
 dy  46. cos y = x cos(a + y)
99(2x) + 101  2 y  = 0
 dx  cos y
⇒x=
dy 99 x cos ( a + y )
⇒ = −
dx 101y Differetiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 x3 − y 3 
43. log10  3 3 
=2 − cos ( a + y ) sin y
dy
+ cos y sin ( a + y )
dy
 x +y  dx dx
1=
x3 − y 3 cos 2 ( a + y )
⇒ = 102
x3 + y 3 dy
sin ( a + y − y )
⇒ x3 – y3 = 100 x3 + 100y3 ⇒ 1 = dx 2
⇒ 99x3 = –101y3 ...(i) cos ( a + y )
Differentating w.r.t. x, we get dy cos 2 ( a + y )
dy ⇒ =
99(3x2) = –101 (3y2) dx sin a
dx
47. 2x + 2y = 2x+y
dy −99 x 2
⇒ = Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dx 101y 2
dy dy
dy  101y 3  1
2x(log2) + 2y(log2) = 2(x + y).(log2) 1 + 
= dx  dx 
⇒  × ...[From (i)]
dx  x  101y 2
d y d y
⇒ 2x + 2y = 2x + y + 2 x + y  
dy y dx  dx 
⇒ =
dx x dy
⇒ (2y – 2 x + y) = 2 x + y – 2x
 x2 − y 2  dx
44. cos−1  2 2 
= log a dy 2x + y − 2x
x +y  ⇒ = y x+ y
dx 2 −2
x2 − y 2
∴ = cos (log a)  dy  22 − 2 2
x2 + y 2 ∴   = 2
= = –1
 dx =x 2−2 −2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get y= 1
48. sin y + e−xcos y = e

( x 2 + y 2 )  2 x − 2 y ddyx  − ( x 2 − y 2 )  2 x + 2y ddyx  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
=0
( x2 + y 2 ) dy dy 
2
  
cos y + e–x cos y − ( x )  − sin y  + cos y ( −1) 
dx   d 
x 
dy
⇒ (x2 + y2)  2 x − 2 y  =0
 dx 
dy dy
 dy  ⇒ cos y + x sin y e–x cos y – cos y e–x cos y
– (x2 – y2)  2 x + 2 y  =0 dx dx
 dx  =0
207


dy cos y e − x cos y 54. Let y = cos3 x and z = sin3 x
⇒ = dy dz
dx cos y + x sin y e − x cos y ∴ = −3 cos2 x sin x and = 3 sin2 x cos x
cos πe − cos π
( −1) e = e dx dx
 dy 
∴   = − cos π
= dy
 dx (1, π) cos π + sin π e −1 + 0
dy − cos x
∴ = dx = = − cot x
dz dz sin x
49. x2x − 2xx cot y − 1 = 0 ....(i)
Putting x = l in (i), we get dx
1 − 2cot y − 1 = 0 ⇒ cot y = 0 ⇒ y =
π 55. Let y = log10 x and z = x2
2 dy 1 dz
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get ∴ = and = 2x
dx x log e10 dx
2x2x (1 + logx) − 2xx(1 + log x) cot y dy
dy dy 1 1
+ 2xx cosec2 y. =0 ∴ = dx = 2 = 2 log10e
dx dz dz 2 x log e 10 2x
π dx
, we get
Putting x = 1 and y =
2
dy dy 56. Let y = log10 x and z = logx10
2−0+2 =0⇒ = −1 dy 1
dx dx ∴ =
dx x log10
50. y 1− x 2 = k – x 1− y 2 
dz 1 1 log10
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get and = log 10 ⋅ − ⋅  =–
 ( log x ) x  x ( log x )
2 2
dx
− xy dy xy dy
+ 1− x 2 = − 1 − y2 1
1− x 2 dx 1− y d2x dy
( log x ) = –(log x)2
2
dy x log 10
1 1 ∴ = dx = =– 10
y  = − dz dz log10 ( log 10 )
2
−
2
  4 dx x ( log x )
2
1 −1
Putting x = and y = , we get 57. x = a cos3 θ and y = a sin3 θ
2 4
1 1 dx
− ∴ = − 3a cos2 θ.sin θ
8 + 3 d y dy 15 dθ
= 8 −
3 2 dx 15 dx 4 dy
and = 3a sin2 θ.cos θ
2 4 dθ
dy 5 dy
∴ =– ∴ = − tan θ
dx 2 dx
2
dy
51. Let y = x6 and z = x3 ∴ 1 +   = 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
dy dz  dx 
∴ = 6x5 and = 3x2
dx dx 58. x = log (1 + t2) and y = t − tan−1 t
dy dx dy t2
2t 1
dy 6 x5 ∴ = and = 1 − =
∴ = dx = 2 = 2x3 dt 1 + t 2 dt 1 + t2 1 + t2
dz dz 3x
dx dy
dy t
52. Let y = sin x and z = cos x ∴ = dt =
dx dx 2
dy dz dt
∴ = cos x and = − sin x
dx dx Since x = log (1 + t2)
dy ∴ t = (ex – 1)1/2
dy cos x
= dx = ( e x − 1)
1/ 2
∴ = –cot x dy
dz dz − sin x ∴ =
dx dx 2
53. Let y = sin2 x and z = cos2 x 59. x = a(t − sin t) and y = a(1− cos t)
dy dz dx dy
∴ = sin 2x and = – sin 2x ∴ = a(1 − cos t) and = a sin t
dx dx dt dt
dy dy t t
2a sin cos
dy dy a sin t 2 = cot t
∴ = dx = – 1 ∴ = dt = = 2
dz dz dx dx a (1 − cos t ) 2a sin 2 t 2
dx dt 2
208


60. x = 2 cos θ − cos 2θ and y = 2 sin θ − sin 2θ  sin θ 
dx
∴ y = tan−1  
∴ = −2 sin θ + 2 sin 2θ and  1 + cos θ 
dθ
θ θ
dy = tan−1  tan  =
= 2 cos θ − 2 cos 2θ  2 2 
dθ
dy sin −1 x
=
dy cos θ − cos 2θ 2
∴ = dθ =
dx d x sin 2θ − sin θ dy 1 dz 1
∴ = and =
dθ dx 2 1− x 2 dx 1− x 2
3θ θ
2sin sin dy
= 2 2 dy 1
3θ θ ∴ = dx =
2cos sin dz dz 2
2 2
dx
3θ
= tan
2 64. Let u = cos−1 (2x2 – 1) and v = cos−1 x
Putting x = cos θ in both equations, we get
61. Let y = (logx)x and z = logx
u = cos−1 (2 cos2 θ – 1)
∴ log y = x log(log x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get u = cos−1 (cos 2θ)
1 dy 1 = 2θ
⋅ = log(log x) + v = cos−1 (cos θ)
y dx log x
=θ
dy  1 
⇒ = (log x)x log ( log x ) +  du dv
dx  log x  ∴ = 2 and =1
dθ dθ
z = logx  du 
dz 1 du  
∴ = dθ
dx x ∴ =  =2
dv  dv 
dy  
 dθ 
dy  1 
∴ = dx = x(log x)x log ( log x ) + 
dz dz
dx
 log x 65. (
Let y = sin−1 2 x 1 − x 2 )
−1 3
and z = sin (3x − 4x )
2t 2t
62. sin x = 2
, tan y = Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1 x
1+ t 1 − t2
Putting t = tan θ in both equations, we get ∴ (
y = sin−1 2sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) and
sin x =
2 tan θ z = sin–1 (3 sin θ – 4 sin3 θ)
1 + tan 2 θ ⇒ y = sin–1 (sin 2θ) and z = sin–1 (sin 3θ)
⇒ sin x = sin 2θ ⇒ y = 2θ = 2 sin−1x and z = 3θ = 3sin−1x
⇒ x = 2θ dy 2 dz 3
∴ = and =
dx dx 1− x 2 dx 1 − x2
∴ =2
dθ
dy
2 tan θ dy 2
tan y = ∴ = dx =
1 − tan 2 θ dz dz 3
⇒ tan y = tan 2θ dx
⇒ y = 2θ
 
x
dy 66. Let y = tan−1  
∴ =2  1 − x2 
dθ  
 dy  and z = sin−1 (3x − 4x3)
dy  
dθ Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1 x
=  =1
dx  dx   
  sin θ
 dθ  ∴ y = tan−1  
 1 − sin θ  2
 
 x  −1 = tan−1 (tan θ) = θ = sin−1 x and
63. Let y = tan −1   and z = sin x
z = sin−1 (3sin θ − 4 sin3 θ)
2
1+ 1− x 
Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1x = sin−1 (sin 3θ) = 3θ = 3 sin−1 x
209


74. y = A sin 5x …(i) 2  a−b x
dy 79. y= tan-1  tan 
 a+b 2
2 2
∴ = 5 A cos 5x a −b
dx
dy 2 1
d2 y ∴ =
∴ = −25 A sin 5x dx a 2 − b 2 1 +  a − b  tan 2 x
dx 2  
a + b 2
d2 y
⇒ = −25 y …[From (i)] a−b x1
dx 2 × sec2  
a+b 2 2
75. x = A cos 4t + B sin 4t x
dx 1 sec 2
∴ = –4A sin4t + 4B cos4t = × 2
dt a+b a − b 2 x
1+   tan
d2 x a + b 2
∴ = –16A cos 4t – 16B sin 4t
dt 2 x
= –16 (A cos 4t + B sin 4t) dy sec 2
⇒ = 2
= –16x dx x
( a + b ) ( a − b ) tan 2
2
76. y = log (log x)
dy 1
∴ =  2 x  x x x
dx x log x ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) tan 2   sec 2 sec 2 tan 2 
d2 y −1 x x x
∴ = [1 + log x] − sec 2 ( a − b ) tan sec 2 
( x log x )
2
dx d2 y 2 2 2
∴ = 2
dx 2  2 x
ex + 1 1 ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) tan 2 
77. Let y = = 1 + x = 1 + e−x
ex e
∴
dy
= −e−x (a + b + a − b)( 2 × 2 ×1 )
dx
( 2 ) ( a − b ) ( 2 ) 
2 2
d2 y 1 −
∴ = e−x = x  d2 y 
dx 2 e  2 =
(a + b + a − b)
2
 dx  θ = π 
 4
x2 y 2
78. + =1 4a − 4 ( a − b )
a 2 b2 =
4a 2
⇒ b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 …(i) 4b b
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get = 2 = 2
4a a
dy
2b2x + 2a2y =0
dx dx dy
80. Here, = 1, =2 ...(i)
dy ds ds
⇒ 2a2y = –2b2x
dx d2 x d2 y
and 2 = 0, 2 = 0 ...(ii)
dy −b 2  x  ds ds
⇒ = 2   …(ii) Now, u = x2 + y2
dx a  y
du dx dy
 dy  ∴ = 2x. + 2y.
ds ds ds
d2 y −b 2  y − x dx 
⇒ 2 = 2   d 2u dx  d2 x 
2
dy  d2 y 
2
dx a  y2  ∴ 2
= 2   + 2x  2  + 2   + 2y  2 
  ds  ds   ds   ds   ds 
−b 2   −b 2 x   From (i) and (ii), we get
= 2 2 
y − x  2   …[From (ii)] d 2u
a y   a y  = 2(1) + 0 + 2(4) + 0 = 10
ds 2
−b 2  a 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 
=   81. x = at2
a2 y2  a2 y 
dx
−b 2 a 2b2 ∴ = 2at
= 2 2 × 2 …[From (i)] dt
a y a y y = 2at
−b 4 dy
= 2 3 ∴ = 2a ...(i)
a y dt
211


dx 2at dx d2 y
∴ = ⇒ =t ⇒ (1 − x2) = 2 [1 + x⋅ sin–1 x . (1 – x2)–1/2]
dy 2a dy dx 2
2
d  dx  d 2 d y dy
∴   = (t) ⇒ (1 − x ) 2 − x =2 …[From (i)]
dy  dy  dy dx dx
d2 x dt
( sin x )
−1 2
∴ = dy sin −1 x
dy 2
dy 86. y= ∴ =
2 dx 1 − x2
d2 x 1
∴ = ...[From (i)] dy
dy 2 2a ⇒ 1 − x2 = sin–1x
dx
82. x = a sec2 θ, y = a tan2 θ d2 y dy  − x  1
⇒ 1 − x2 +  =
dx dx 2
dx  1 − x 2 
∴ = 2a sec2 θ tan θ   1 − x2
dθ
⇒ (1 – x2)y2 – xy1 = 1
dy
and = 2a tan θ sec2 θ −1 −1 2
dθ 87. y = cos x ⇒ y = (cos x)
dy −1
dy 2a tan θ sec 2 θ dy 2cos x
∴ d
= θ = =1 ∴ =−
dx dx 2asec 2θ tan θ dx 1 − x2
dθ
2 x cos −1 x
2
d y 2−
∴ =0 d2 y 1 − x2
dx 2 ⇒ =
dx 2 1 − x2
83. x = f (t) and y = g (t) dy
dx dy 2+ x
∴ = f ′(t) and = g′(t) d2 y dx
dt dt
⇒ 2 =
dx 1 − x2
dy d2 y dy
dy g′ ( t ) ⇒ (1 − x2) −x =2
∴ = dt = dx 2 dx
dx d x f ′( t ) θ (cot α) 2 2θ (cot α)
dt 88. r = ae ⇒r= a ⋅e
d2 y f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t ) dt dr 2 2θ (cot α)
∴ = ⋅ ∴ =a .e . 2 cot α
2 2 dθ
dx f ′ ( t )  dx
dr
f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t )
⇒ = 2a2 cot α.e2θ (cot α)
1 dθ
= ⋅
2
f ′( x )
f ′ ( t )  ∴
d 2r
= 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α)
f ′ ( t ) ⋅ g′′ ( t ) − g′ ( t ) ⋅ f ′′ ( t ) dθ2
= d 2r
− 4r cot2 α
3
f ′ ( t )  ∴
dθ2
84. y = (tan–1 x)2 = 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α) − 4a2 cot2 α.e2θ (cot α) = 0
dy 2 tan −1 x
∴ = 89. y = (x + 1 + x 2 )n …(i)
dx 1 + x2
dy n–1
 x 
dy ∴ = n(x + 1 + x2 ) . 1 + 
⇒ (1 + x2) = 2tan–1 x dx  1 + x 2 
dx 
dy d2 y 2
( )
n
∴ (2x) + (1 + x2) 2 = dy n x + 1 + x2
dx dx 1 + x2 ⇒ =
dx 1 + x2
d2 y dy
⇒ (x2 + 1)2 + 2x(x2 + 1) =2
( ) ddyx = n(x +
2
dx dx ⇒ 1 + x2 1 + x2 )
n
85. y = (sin−1 x)2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 2sin −1 x
∴ = …(i) d 2 y dy  x 
dx 1 − x2 1 + x2 ⋅ + ⋅  
dx 2
dx  1 + x 2 
1 + x . sin -1 x . (1- x 2 )-1/ 2 
d2 y    x 
∴ = 2 = n2 (x + 1 + x 2 )n – 1 1 + 
dx 2  1- x 2  
   1 + x 2 
212

d2 y dy dy −5 1 − y 2
⇒ (1 + x2) 2
+x = n2(x + 1 + x 2 )n ⇒ = …(i)
dx dx dx 1 − x2
2
2 d y dy
⇒ (1 + x ) 2 + x = n2y …[From (i)]  −2 y  dy  −2 x 
dx dx −5 1 − x 2   + 5 1 − y2  
d2 y  2 1 − y2  dx  2 1 − x2 
90. x2y3 = (x + y)5 ∴ 2=    
( )
2
Taking logarithm on both sides,we get dx 1 − x2
2logx + 3logy = 5log (x + y)
2 3 dy 5  dy  d 2 y 5 y 1 − x 2 dy 5 x 1 − y 2
+ ⋅ = 1 +  ⇒ (1 – x2) = ⋅ –
x y dx x + y dx  dx 2 1 − y2 dx 1 − x2
dy  3 5  5 2 d2 y dy
⇒  −  = – ⇒ (1 – x2) = –25y + x …[From (i)]
dx  y x + y  x+y x dx 2
dx
dy y d2 y dy
⇒ = …(i) ⇒ (1 – x2) –x = –25y
dx x dx 2
dx
dy
x −y
d2 y 93. y= e x
+ e− x
∴ 2
= dx 2
dx x
dy e x e− x
 y ∴ = −
2 x  − y dx 2 x 2 x
d y
⇒ 2 =  x 2 …[From (i)] dy 1
dx x ⇒
dx
=
2 x
e x − e− ( x
)
d2 y
⇒ 2 =0
dx
∴
d2 y
=
1  e x
 +
e− x 
 +
e x − e− ( x
) −1 
 3/ 2 
91. x = sin t and y = sin pt dx 2 2 x  2 x 2 x  2 2
 x 
dx
∴ = cos t d2 y e x + e− x
e x − e− x
dt ⇒ 2
= –
dx 4x 4x x
dy
and = p cos pt d 2 y 1 dy  e x + e− x
e x − e− x 
dt ∴ x + ⋅ = x  − 
2
dy dx 2 dx  4x 4x x 
dy pcos pt
∴ = dt = 1  e x − e− x 
dx dx cos t +  
dt 2  2 x 
dy p 1 − y2 e x + e− x
e x − e− x
e x − e− x
∴ = …(i) = – +
dx 1 − x2 4 4 x 4 x
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get e x + e− x
=
 −2 y  dy  −2 x  4
p 1 − x2   − p 1 − y2   2
d y 1 dy 1
2
d y  2 1 − y2  dx  2 1 − x2  ∴ x 2+ ⋅ = y ...[From (i)]
=    
dx 2 dx 4
( )
2
dx 2 1 − x2
94. g(x) = f ′(x) …(i)
2
2
d y 1− x dy 1 − y2 ∴ g′ (x) = f ″ (x) = – f (x) …(ii)
⇒ (1 – x2) = –py ⋅ + px
dx 2 1 − y2 dx 1 − x2 Given that h (x) = (f (x))2 + (g (x))2
d2 y dy ∴ h′(x) = 2f(x) f ′(x) + 2g(x) g′(x)
⇒ (1 – x2) = –p2y + x …[From (i)] = 2 f(x) f ′(x) + 2 f ′(x) [–f(x)]
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy
…[From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ (1 – x2) 2 – x + p2y = 0 =0
dx dx
⇒ h(x) is a constant function.
92. x = cos θ and y = sin 5θ
dx dy
∴ = −sinθ and = 5 cos 5θ h(1) = 2 ⇒ h(x) = 2
dθ dθ
∴ h(2) = 2
dy
∴
dy d
= θ =−
5cos5θ 95. x = 2at2 and y = at4
dx d x sin θ dx dy
dθ ∴ = 4at and = 4at3
dt dt
213


dy = −2
⋅ 1
dy ( cos t + sin t )
2
e t ( sin t + cos t )
∴ = dt = t2
dx dx −2 1 −2 1
= ⋅ = ⋅
dt ( e sin t + e cos t ) ( cos t + sin t )
t t 2
x+ y ( cos t + sin t )
2
d2 y dt 1 1
∴ = 2t. = 2t. =  d2 y  −2 1
= −1
dx 2
dx 4at 2a ∴  2  = 1+1 ⋅
d
2
 x (1,1)  π π  2
 d2 y  1  cos + sin 
4 4  
∴  2 =
 dx  ( t = 2 ) 2a 3 
99. At  2, 2 2 
2 
96. x = a sin θ and y = b cos θ 1 1
dx dy cos t = and sin t =
∴ = a cos θ and = − b sin θ 2 2
dθ dθ π
dy ∴ tan t = 1 ⇒ t =
4
dy −b
∴ = dθ = tan θ Now, x = 3cos t and y = 4sin t
dx dx a dx dy
dθ ∴ = –3sin t and = 4cos t
2
dt dt
d y −b dθ −b
∴ = sec2 θ . = 2 sec3 θ dy
dx 2 a dx a dy
∴ = dt = – 4 cot t
d y2
−b π b dx dx 3
∴  2 = 2 sec3 = −2 2 2
 d x  θ=
 π  a 4 a dt
 
 4
d2 y dt
∴ = 4 cosec2t = 4 cosec2t × – 1
97. x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1 – cos t) dx 2 3 dx 3 3 sin t
dx dy  d2 y 
∴ = a (1 + cos t) and = a sin t ∴  2 = 4
cosec2(π/4) × −1
dt dt 3 sin ( π / 4 )
 dx  3 
2, 2 2 
3
dy t t 2 
2a sin cos t
dy dt a sin t 2 2 −8 2
∴ = = = = tan =
dt d x a (1 + cos t ) 2a cos 2
t 2 9
dt 2 x 2 − ax + 1
d2 y 1 t dt 100. f(x) =
x 2 + ax + 1
∴ = sec2 .
dx 2 2 2 dx (x 2
+ ax + 1) ( 2 x − a ) − ( x 2 − ax + 1) ( 2 x + a )
t ∴ f ′(x) =
sec 2 (x + ax + 1)
2 2
= 2
2a (1 + cos t ) 2a ( x − 1) 2
⇒ f ′(x) = ( x + ax + 1) 2 2
π
4ax ( x 2 + ax + 1) − 4a ( x 2 − 1) ( 2 x + a ) ( x 2 + ax + 1)
2
 d2 y  sec 2
3 4 ∴
∴  2 = = f ″(x) = (x 2
+ ax + 1)
4
 dx 
 t =  2a 1 + cos
 2 π  2 π  a
3   
3  4a  x ( x 2 + ax + 1) − ( x 2 −1) ( 2 x + a ) 


⇒ f ″(x) =
( x 2 + ax + 1)
3
98. At (1, 1), 1 = et sin t and 1 = et cos t
π 4a
∴ tan t = 1 ⇒ t = ∴ f ′(1) = 0, f ″(1) = and f ″(–1)= – 4a 2
(2 + a ) (2 + a )
2
4
Now, x = et sin t and y = et cos t ∴ 2 2
(2 + a) f ″(1) + (2 – a) f ″(–1) = 0
dx dy
∴ = et (sin t + cos t) and = et (cos t – sin t) 101. f −1 (x) = g(x)
dt dt
⇒ x = f [g (x)]
dy
dy cos t − sin t
∴ = dt = f′ [g (x)] ⋅ g′(x) = 1
dx d x cos t + sin t
dt 1  1 
⇒ ⋅ g′ (x) = 1 …  f ′ ( x ) = 
1 + [ g( x) ]
4
2
d y d  cos t − sin t  dt 1 + x4  
∴ =  
dx 2
dt  cos t + sin t  dx ⇒ g′(x) = 1 + [g (x)]4
= 102. According to the given condition,
 ( cos t + sin t )( − sin t − cos t ) − ( cos t − sin t )( − sin t + cos t )  dt h (f (x)) = x
  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
( cos t + sin t )
2
  dx
h′ (f (x)) × f ′(x) = 1
214


1 f (h)
⇒ f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(0) = lim …(i)
h' ( f ( x ) ) h →0 h
⇒ f ′(x) = 1 + log (f(x)) f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h
103. f(x) = tan−1x
f ( x ) + f (h ) − f ( x)
∴ f ′(x) = 1 = lim
1 + x2 h →0 h
−1 f (h)
∴ f ″(x) = ⋅ 2x ⇒ f′(x) = lim = f′(0) ...[From (i)]
(1 + x 2 )
2 h →0 h
⇒ f(x) = xf ′(0) + c
Since f ′(x) + f ″(x) = 0
But, f(0) = 0
1 2x
∴ − =0 ∴ c=0
1 + x2 (1 + x ) 2 2
Hence, f(x) = xf ′(0) for all x ∈ R

⇒ 1 + x2 − 2x = 0 Clearly, f(x) is everywhere continuous and
⇒x=1 differentiable and f ′(x) is constant for all x ∈ R.
104. x = t log t and y = tt Hence, option (D) is incorrect.
∴ x = log tt = log y 108. x2 + y2 = t + 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get t
1 dy Squaring on both sides, we get
1= . 4
y dx x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 = t2 + +4
t2
dy ⇒  2 4
+ 2x2y2 = t2 + 4
+4
⇒ = y = tt t + 2 
 t  t2
dx
Since x = t log t, ⇒ x2y2 = 2 ...(i)
x = log tt Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy
⇒ ex = tt x2.2y + y2.2x = 0
dx
dy
∴ = ex ⇒ x2 y dy
= −xy2
dx dx
dy
105. x = a  t − 1  ...(i) ⇒ x3 y = −x2 y2
dx
 t
dy
 1 ⇒ x3y = −2 ...[From (i)]
and y = a t +  ...(ii) dx
 t
Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get d d fn − 1( x )
109. fn(x) = e
dx dx
x2 – y2 = a2(– 4) ⇒ y2 – x2 = 4a2
Let n = 3
d d f2 ( x )
dy dy x ∴ f3(x) = e
2y – 2x = 0 ⇒ = dx dx
dx dx y
d
= ef2 ( x ) f2(x)
106. 2y = sin−1(x + 5y) dx
⇒ sin 2y = x + 5y = d
ef2 ( x ) ef1( x )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dx
d
2 cos 2y  dy 
= 1 + 5  dy  = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) f1 ( x )
  dx
 dx   dx 
d
⇒ dy
(2 cos 2y − 5) = 1 = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) e x
dx
dx
dy 1 = ef2 ( x ) ef1( x ) e x
⇒ = d
dx 2 cos 2 y − 5 f3(x) = f3(x) f2(x) f1(x)
dx
dx 1
Now, = Similarly,
dy ( dy / dx )
d
dx fn(x) = fn(x) fn – 1(x) ... f1(x)
⇒ = 2 cos 2y − 5 dx
dy
110. f (x) = f (–x) …[ f(x) is an even function]
107. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y ∈ R
Putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get ∴ f ′(x) = – f ′(–x)
f(0) = f(0) + f(0) ⇒ f(0) = 0 ∴ f ′(0) = – f ′(0)
f (0 + h) − f (0) ∴ 2f ′(0) = 0
Now, f ′(0) = lim ∴ f ′(0) = 0
h →0 h
215

Evaluation Test
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + …
3 5 7
 12 − 5π 
1. y= + + = (1)2  
4 12 20 28  16 
1  ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ....
3 5 7
12 − 5π
= ( x − 1) +  =
4  3 5 7  16
2 3 4
x x x 4. y = |cos x| + |sin x|
Now, log(1 + x) = x – + – + ….
2 3 4 d x
x 2 x3 x 4 x5 Since |x| =
∴ log(1 – x) = – x − – − − – …. dx x
2 3 4 5 dy cos x d sin x d
1+ x  ∴ = ⋅ (cos x) + ⋅ (sin x)
∴ log   = log(1 + x) – log(1 – x) dx cos x dx sin x dx
1− x  cos x sin x
 x3 x5  = (–sin x) + cos x
= 2 x + + + .... cos x sin x
 3 5  2π 2π −1 1
When x = , cos x = cos = , |cos x| =
( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ….
3 5 7
3 3 2 2
∴ x–1+
3 5 7 2π 3 3
and sin x = sin = , |sin x| =
1  1 + x −1  3 2 2
= log  
2 1 − ( x − 1)   dy  − 3  −1 
∴   2 π = –1   + 1  
1  x   dx  x =  2   2 
= log   3
2 2− x
3 −1
1  x  =
∴ y= log   2
8 2− x
dy 1  2 − x   ( 2 − x )(1) − x ( −1)   1  2  n
∴ =  5. y = 1 +  1 +  …. 1 + 
    x  x  x
(2 − x)
2
dx 8  x   
dy  1   2  3  n
1 2− x 2 − x + x 1 ∴ =  − 2  1 +  1 +  …. 1 + 
=    2 
= dx  x   x  x  x
8  x   ( 2 − x )  4x ( 2 − x)
 1  2  3  n
+ 1 +   − 2  1 +  …. 1 + 
2. y = (cos x + i sin x) (cos 3x + i sin 3x)  x  x   x  x
…(cos(2n – 1)x + i sin(2n – 1)x)
 1  2  3  n
Since cos θ + i sin θ = eiθ + 1 +  1 +   − 2  …. 1 +  + ….
 x  x  x   x
∴ y = eix ⋅ ei3x ⋅ ei5x …. ei(2n – 1)x
= eix[1 + 3 + 5 + …. + (2n – 1)] 1 1
When x = –1, 1 + = 1 + =1–1=0
2x x ( −1)
= ein
dy 2 ∴ Except 1st term all terms are 0.
∴ = in 2 ein x
dx  dy 
∴   = (–1) (–1) (–2) …. (1 – n)
d2 y 2  dx ( x = −1)
∴ = i 2 n 4 ein x = – n4y
= (–1)n (n – 1)!
2
dx
 3x + π 
3. y = f   x
 5x + 4  1 + x , x ≥ 0
dy  3x + π  d  3x + π 
6. f (x) = 
∴ = f ′ ⋅    x , x<0
dx  5 x + 4  dx  5 x + 4  1 − x
 3x + π   ( 5 x + 4 ) 3 − 5 ( 3x + π )  x
= f ′    −0
f ( x) − f (0)
(5x + 4) = lim 1 − x
2
 5x + 4    ∴ Lf ′(0) = lim− =1
x →0 x−0 x →0 x
 dy   π  12 − 5π 
∴   = f ′    x
−0
 dx  x = 0  4   16  1 + x
Rf ′(0) = lim+ =1
 π   12 − 5π  x−0
= tan2   
x →0

 4   16  ∴ f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and f ′(0) = 1.
216


7. f(x) = sin(log x) 1  sin x ⋅ 32cos32 x − sin 32 x cos x 
∴ f ′(x) =
∴ f ′(x) = cos(log x)⋅
1 32  sin 2 x 

x  1 
 2x + 3  ⋅ 32 (1) − 0 
y = f π 1  2 
 ∴ f ′  =
 3 − 2x   4  32  1 
2
dy  2x + 3  d  2x + 3   
∴ = f ′  2
⋅  
dx  3 − 2 x  dx  3 − 2 x  1 1 2
= × × 32 × 2 = = 2
 2x + 3   32
= cos  log  
2 2
  3 − 2x  
10. 1 + x4 + x8 = 1 + 2x4 + x8 – x4
 ( 3 − 2 x )( 2 ) − ( −2 )( 2 x + 3)   3 − 2 x  = (1 + x4)2 – x4
. ⋅  = (1 + x4 + x2) (1 + x4 – x2)
(3 − 2x )
2
   2 x + 3 
1 + x 4 + x8
  2x + 3    6 − 4x + 4x + 6  ∴ = 1 – x2 + x4
= cos  log     1 + x2 + x4
  3 − 2x    3 − 2x 
d  1 + x 4 + x8  d
1 ∴   = (1 – x2 + x4)
⋅ dx  1 + x 2 + x 4  dx
2x + 3
= 4x3 – 2x = ax3 + bx
12   2 x + 3 
= cos log   ∴ a = 4, b = –2
9 − 4x2   3 − 2 x 
1 1
−
d  1
11. 2x = y 5 + y 5
 x − 1 
8. a tan −1 x + blog   = 4
dx 
1
 x + 1  x −1 Let y 5 = a
 x −1  1
1
∴ a tan–1 x + b log   ∴ y
−
5
= ,
 x +1 a
1 1
=∫ ∴ a+ = 2x
x4 − 1 a
=∫
1 ∴ a2 – 2ax + 1 = 0
(x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 1) 2x + 4x2 − 4
∴ a=
1  1 1  2
= ∫  2 − 2  dx
2  x −1 x +1
1
∴ y 5 = x + x2 − 1
1 1  x −1  1
tan–1 x
( )
5
= ⋅ log  – ∴ y = x + x2 − 1
2 2  x +1 2
1 1 dy
( )  1 
4
∴ a=– ,b= ∴ = 5 x + x2 − 1 1 + 2x 
2 4 dx 2
 2 x −1 
1 1 1 1
∴ a – 2b = – – 2   = – – = –1 dy
( ) (x + )
4
2 4 2 2 ∴ x2 − 1 = 5 x + x2 − 1 x2 − 1
dx
9. f(x) = cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 16x = 5y
2
dy
=
1
×
16
(2 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x ∴ (x2 – 1)   = 25y2
32 sin x  dx 
cos 8x cos 16x) 2dy d 2 y  dy  dy
2
1 16
∴ (x2 − 1) × ⋅ +   (2x) = 25 × 2y
= × (sin 2x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x dx dx 2  d x  dx
32 sin x dy
cos 16x) Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
dx
1 8
= × (sin 4x cos 4x cos 8x 2
d y dy
32 sin x (x2 − 1) 2 + x = 25y
dx dx
cos 16x)
∴ k = 25
1 4
= × (sin 8x cos 8x cos 16x)  y
32 sin x tan −1  
1 2
12. x 2 + y 2 = ae …(i)  x
= × sin 16x cos 16x Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get

32 sin x
sin 32 x  1 dy 
=  2x + 2 y 
32sin x 2 x +y  2 dx  2
217


 dy  = sin[cos−1(cos(sin−1x)]
 y x −y
tan −1   1  dx = sin(sin−1 x) = x
= ae x
.  
y2 x2  dy
1+ 2   ∴ =1
x   dx
 dy   dy 
1  dy   x dx − y  ∴   1=1
∴ x+ y  = 2
x +y  2 2
2   dx  x =
2  dx 
x +y   x + y 
2
2
 
1
 tan −1
y
 16. 8 f(x) + 6f   = x + 5 …(i)
…  ae =x
x2 + y 2  x  
 
1
dy dy Replacing x by , we get
∴ x+y =x −y …(ii) x
dx dx
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 1 1
8f   + 6f(x) = + 5
dy
2
dy dy x
  x
d2 y d2 y
1+y +   = x 2 + −
dx 2
 dx  dx dx dx 1 1
∴ 6f(x) + 8f   = + 5 …(ii)
d2 y dy d2 y
2 x x
∴ 1 + y 2 +   = x 2 (i) × 8 − (ii) × 6 gives
dx  dx  dx
6
d2 y   dy  2  64 f(x) − 36 f(x) = 8x + 40 − − 30
∴ (y − x) = − 1 +    x
dx 2   dx   6
π ∴ 28 f(x) = 8x − + 10
From (i), when x = 0, y = ae 2 x
x2  6 
From (ii), when x = 0,
dy
= −1 Given, y = x2f(x) =  8 x − + 10 
28  x 
dx
π
d2 y 1
∴ ae 2 2 = −2 ∴ y= (8x3 − 6x + 10x2)
dx 28
dy 1
d y (24x2 − 6 + 20x)
2
2 −π ∴ =
∴  2 =− e 2 dx 28
 dx  x = 0 a
 dy  1 2 1
f g h ∴   = (24 − 6 − 20) = − =−
 dx  x = −1 28 28 14
13. f(x) = f ′ g′ h′
f ′′ g′′ h′′ 17. f(x3) = x5
f ′ g′ h ′ f g h
f ′(x3) . 3x2 = 5x4
∴ f ′(x) = f ′ g′ h′ + f ′′ g′′ h′′ 5 2
f ′′ g′′ h′′ f ′′ g′′ h′′ ∴ f ′(x3) = x
3
f g h 5
∴ f ′(27) = f ′ (33) = (3)2 = 15
+ f′ g′ h ′ 3
f ′′′ g′′′ h′′′ 18. Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x).
=0+0+0 ∴ f[g(x)] = x
…[ f, g, h are polynomials of 2nd degree, ⇒ f ′ ( g( x) ) g′( x) = 1
f ′′′ = g′′′ = h′′′ = 0] ⇒ f ′ ( g(1) ) g′(1) = 1
=0
1
⇒ g′(1) = …(i)
y y1 y2 cosax − a sin ax − a 2 cosax ′
f (g(1))
14. y3 y4 y5 = a 3 sin ax a 4 cosax − a 5 sin ax f(x) = x3 + ex/2
y6 y7 y8 − a 6 cosax a 7 sin ax a 8 cosax ∴ f(0) = 1
=−a ×0 2
…[ C1 ≡ C3] ⇒ 0 = f−1(1)
=0 ⇒ g(1) = 0 …[ g(x) = f−1(x)(given)]
From (i), we get
15. y = sin cos −1{sin(cos −1 x)}
1
g′(1) =
  π   f ′(0)
= sin cos −1 sin  − sin −1 x  
  2   Now, f(x) = x3 + ex/2
218


1 x/2 dy n(sec n θ + cos n θ)
⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 + e =
2 dx sec θ + cos θ
1 dy
2
n 2 (sec n θ + cos n θ) 2
⇒ f ′(0) =
2 ⇒   = 2
 dx  (sec θ + cos θ)
1
∴ g′(1) = =2 n [(sec θ − cos n θ) 2 + 4sec n θ cos n θ]
2 n
1/ 2 =
(sec θ − cos θ) 2 + 4sec θ.cos θ
19. y = f(x3) n 2 ( y 2 + 4)
dy =
∴ = f ′(x3).3x2 = 3x2 tan(x3) x2 + 4
dx 2
dy 
z = g(x5) ∴ (x2 + 4)  2 2
 = n (y + 4)
d
 x
dz
∴ = g ′(x5).5x4 = 5x4 sec(x5)
dx x sin x cos x
dy
23. f(x) = x 2 tan x − x3
dy 3x 2 tan x3 3tan x3
∴ = dx = 4 = 2 2 x sin 2 x 5 x
dz dz 5 x sec x 5
5 x sec x5
dx 1 sin x cos x
3 3 3 ∴ f ′(x) = 2 x tan x − x 3
20. 1 − x 6 + 1 − y 6 = a (x − y )
3 3 2 sin 2 x 5 x
Put x = sin α and y = sin β
3 x cos x cos x x sin x − sin x
∴ 1 − sin 2 α + 1 − sin 2 β = a (sin α − sin β)
+ x 2 2
sec x − x + x 2 tan x −3x 2
3
∴ cos α + cos β = a3(sin α − sin β)

2 x 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 x sin 2 x 5
 α +β  α −β
∴ 2 cos   cos   1
sin x cos x
 2   2 
f ′( x) tan x
 a −β  a +β ∴ = 2 − x2
= a 3 .2sin   cos   x x
 2   2 
2 sin 2 x 5 x
 α −β 3
∴ cot  =a 1 cos x cos x 1 sin x − sin x
 2 
−1 3 +x sec 2 x − x 3 + x tan x −3 x 2
∴ α − β = 2 cot a
∴ sin−1 x3 − sin−1 y3 = constant 2 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 sin 2 x 5
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
3x 2 f ′( x)
3y2
dy ∴ lim = 2 1 0+ 0 1 0+ 0 0 0
− ⋅ =0 x →0 x
6 6 dx
1− x 1− y 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 5
dy x2 1 − y6 = − 2 − 2 + 0 = −4
∴ = 2
dx y 1 − x6 24. Since g is the inverse of f.
21. 2
Let f(x) = px + qx + r ∴ f[g(x)] = x
∴ f(1) = f(−1) ⇒ p + q + r = p − q + r ⇒ q = 0 Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
∴ f(x) = px2 + r f ′(g(x)) g′(x) = 1
⇒ f ′(x) = 2px 1
∴ g′(x) = = 1 + [g(x)]5
⇒ f ′(a) = 2ap, f ′(b) = 2bp and f ′(c) = 2cp f ′(g( x))
Since a, b, c are in A.P.
sin x sin x sin x
∴ 2ap, 2bp, 2cp are in A.P. 25. y= + + ... +
sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3x sin nx sin(n +1) x
⇒ f ′(a), f ′(b), f ′(c) are in A.P.
sin(2 x − x) sin(3x − 2 x) sin((n +1) x − nx)
dx = + + ... +
22. = sec θ tan θ + sin θ sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3 x sin nx sin(n +1) x
dθ
sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x sin x sin 3x cos 2 x
dy = − +
and
= n sec n −1 θ.sec θ tan θ − n cos n −1 θ.(− sin θ) sin x sin 2 x sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3 x
dθ
cos3 x sin 2 x sin(n + 1) x cos nx cos(n + 1) x sin nx
= n secn θ tan θ + n cos n −1 θ sin θ − + .... + −
dy sin 2 x sin 3 x sin nx sin (n + 1) x sin nx sin (n + 1) x
dy dθ n sec n θ tan θ + n cos n −1 θ sin θ = cot x − cot 2x + cot 2x − cot 3x
∴ = =
dx dx sec θ tan θ + sin θ + …. + cot nx − cot(n+ 1) x
dθ ∴ y = cot x − cot(n + 1)x
219


dy f ′(1) n(1) n −1
∴ = − cosec2x − [− cosec2(n + 1)x] (n + 1) = = n = nC1
dx 1! 1
= (n + 1) cosec2(n + 1)x − cosec2x f ′′(1) n(n − 1)(1) n − 2 n(n − 1) n
= = = C2
2! 2! 2!
a
26. If |r| < 1, a + ar + ar2 + …. + ∞ = f ′′′(1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(1) n − 3 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n
1− r = = = C3
2 3! 3! 3!
sin x
∴ sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + …. = f ′(1) f ′′(1) f ′′′(1) f n (1)
1− sin 2 x ∴ f(1) − + − + ….+(−1)n
2
1! 2! 3! n!
sin x = nC0 − nC1 + nC2 − nC3 + …. + (−1)n nCn
= = tan2x
cos 2 x =0
2x
∴ y = e tan
30. p = a2cos2θ + b2sin2θ
dy 2 2
∴ = e tan x .2 tan x sec2x = 2e tan x tan x sec2x dp
dx ∴ = a2.2 cos θ (− sin θ) + b2.2 sin θ cos θ
dθ
1 1 = (b2 − a2) sin 2θ
27. y = tan−1 + tan−1 2
1+ x + x 2
x + 3x + 3 d 2p
∴ = 2(b2 − a2) cos 2θ
−1 1 dθ2
+ tan 2 + …. to n terms
x + 5x + 7 = 2(b2 − a2) (cos2θ − sin2 θ)
1 1 d 2p
= tan−1 + tan−1 ∴ 4p + = 4a2 cos2θ + 4b2 sin2 θ
1+ (1 + x) x 1+ ( x+ 2)( x+1) dθ2
1 + 2(b2 − a2) (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
+ tan−1 + …. to n terms = cos θ(4a + 2b − 2a2)
2 2 2
1+ ( x+3)( x+ 2)
+ sin2 θ(4b2 − 2b2 + 2a2)
 ( x + 1) − x  −1  ( x + 2) − ( x + 1) 
= tan−1   + tan   = cos θ(2a + 2b ) + sin2 θ(2a2 + 2b2)
2 2 2
1 + ( x + 1) x  1 + ( x + 2)( x +1)  = (2a2 + 2b2) (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)

 ( x + 3) − ( x + 2)  = 2a2 + 2b2
+ tan−1   + …. to n terms = 2(a2 + b2)
1 + ( x + 3)( x + 2) 
= tan−1(x + 1) − tan−1 x + tan−1(x + 2) = 2c2 …[ a2 + b2 = c2 (given)]
− tan−1(x + 1) + tan−1(x + 3) − tan−1(x + 2)
+ …. + tan−1(x + n) − tan−1(x + (n − 1))
∴ y = tan (x + n) − tan−1 x
−1
dy 1 1
∴ = −
dx 1 + ( x + n) 2 1+ x 2
 dy  1 1 −1 − n2 n2
∴   = 2
−1 = =−
 dx  x = 0 1+ n 2
1+ n 1 + n2
28. y = a sin(bx + c)
π 
∴ y1 = a cos(bx + c).b = ab sin  + bx + c 
2 
∴ y2 = − ab sin(bx + c).b = ab2 sin(π + bx + c)
 3π 
y3 = − ab2 cos(bx + c).b = ab3 sin  + bx + c 
 2 
y4 = − ab3(− sin(bx + c).b) = ab4 sin(2π + bx + c)
 4π 
= ab4 sin  + bx + c 
 2 
 nπ 
In general, yn = abn sin  + bx + c 
 2 
29. f(x) = xn
f ′(x) = nxn−1
f ′′(x) = n(n − 1) xn−2
f ′′′( x) = n(n − 1) (n − 2)xn−3
∴ f(1) = 1n = 1 = nC0
220


Slope of y = −4x + b is −4. 1
∴ Slope of tangent (m1) =
−1 t
∴ = −4
x2 x2 − y2 = a2
1 dy
⇒x= ± ⇒ 2x − 2y =0
2 dx
From (i), y = ± 2 dy x
⇒ =
Putting the values of x and y in dx y
y = −4x + b, we get  dy  a sec θ
b=±4 ⇒  = = cosec θ
 dx ( a sec θ, a tan θ) a tan θ
12. x = a(1 + cos θ) and y = a sin θ ∴ Slope of normal (m2) = cosec θ
dx dy Now, m1⋅m2 = −1
∴ = − a sin θ and = a cos θ
dθ dθ 1
⇒   (cosec θ) =−1
dy t
dy d
∴ = θ = −cot θ ⇒ t = −cosec θ
dx dx
dθ 16. y = ex + e–x ...(i)
1 −1 dy
∴ slope of the normal = − = = tan θ ∴ = ex – e–x
dy − cot θ dx
dx dy
∴ equation of the normal at θ is The slope of the horizontal tangent is =0
dx
y − a sin θ = tan θ[x − a(1 + cosθ)]
∴ 0 = ex – e–x
Clearly, this line passes through (a, 0).
⇒ ex = e–x
13. y2 = 12x ....(i) ⇒ e2x = 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ⇒x=0
dy dy 6 Substituting x = 0 in (i), we get
2y = 12 ⇒ =
dx dx y y = e0 + e0 = 2
1 y 17. Given equation of curve is
∴ slope of the normal = − =−
dy 6 x2 – 4y2 = 1 ...(i)
dx Slope of tangent to the curve is
Slope of the line x + y = k is −1. dy x
=
y dx 4y
∴ − = −1 ⇒ y = 6
6 1
From (i), x = 3 Slope of line is x = 2y is
2
Putting the values of x and y in x + y = k, we get Since the tangent is parallel to the given line,
k=9 x 1
=
a 4y 2
14. Slope of given line = −
b ∴ x = 2y
4 dy 4 Substituting x = 2y in equation (i), we get
y= ⇒ =− 2 (2y)2 – 4y2 = 1 ⇒ 0 = 1, which is not possible.
x dx x
a 4 ∴ The tangent is parallel to curve at zero point.
⇒− =− 2
b x 18. y2(x – a) = x2(x + a) …(i)
a 4 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ = 2>0
b x dy
2y (x – a) + y2 = 3x2 + 2ax …(ii)
⇒ a < 0, b < 0 dx
dy
15. y2 = 4ax If tangent is parallel to X-axis, then =0
dx
dy
∴ 2y = 4a ⇒ y2 = 3x2 + 2ax …[From (ii)]
dx 2
x ( x + a)
dy 2a ∴ = 3x2 + 2ax …[From (i)]
⇒ = ( x − a)
dx y
∴ x2 – ax – a2 = 0
 dy  2a 1 Here, B2 – 4AC = a2 + 4a2 = 5a2 > 0
⇒  = =
d x
 ( at , 2 at )
2 2at t ∴ The number of tangents = 2
244


19. At x = 4, 1 3 
∴ equation of the tangent at  ,  is
42 = 8y ⇒ y = 2 2 2 2
 
Now, x2 = 8y 3 3 1 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y− = −  x − 
2 2 2 2
dy dy x
2x = 8 ⇒ = ⇒ 3x + 2y = 3 2
dx dx 4
 dy  23. At x = 0, y = e0 + 0 = 1
∴   =1
 dx (4, 2) y = e2x + x2
∴ equation of the normal at (4, 2) is dy
∴ = 2e2x + 2x
y − 2 = −1(x − 4) ⇒ x + y = 6 dx
20. Centre of circle is (1, −2) and point A(2,1) lie on  dy 

∴   =2
circle.  dx (0,1)
1+ 2  dx  1
∴ Equation of normal is y + 2 = (x − 1) Also, −   =−
2 −1  dy (0,1) 2
⇒ y + 2 = 3(x − 1) ⇒ y = 3x − 5 Equation of normal at (0, 1) is
x
n
 y
n −1
21. (y − 1) = (x − 0)
  +   =2 2
a b
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get ⇒ 2y − 2 = − x ⇒ x + 2y − 2 = 0
n −1 n−1 ∴ distance between origin and normal
x 1  y  1   dy 
n     +n       =0 0+0−2 2
a
  a
  b  b   dx  = =
n −1 n −1 1+ 4 5
n  y dy −n  x 
⇒   =
b b dx a  a  24. x2 + y2 – 13 = 0
n −1 n−1 dy
dy −b  x  b ∴ 2x + 2y =0
⇒ =   dx
dx a  a   y
dy −x
 dy  ⇒ =
Slope of tangent at (a, b) =   dx y
 dx ( a, b )
 dy 
−b  a   b 
n −1 n −1 ∴ Slope of tangent at (2, 3) =  
=  dx ( 2, 3)
a  a   b 
−2
−b ⇒m=
= 3
a Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 13
−b
Equation of tangent is (y – b) = (x – a) ∴ Centre of circle 0 = (0, 0), radius = 13 units
a
 −1   −2 3 
⇒ ay – ab = –bx + ab Given point M  m,  =  , 
 m  3 2
⇒ ay + bx = 2ab
x y = (–0.67, 1.5)
⇒ + =2 OM < radius
a b
∴ The point lies inside the circle
π
22. At θ = , 25. y = a(sinθ − θ cos θ) , x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ)
4
dy
π 1 π 3 ∴ = a(cos θ − cos θ + θ sin θ) = a θ sin θ and
x = 2 cos3 = and y = 3sin3 = dθ
4 2 4 2 2
dx
x = 2 cos3 θ and y = 3 sin3θ = a(− sin θ + sin θ + θ cos θ) = a θ cos θ
dθ
dx dy
∴ = −6 cos2θ sin θ and = 9 sin2θ cos θ dy
dθ dθ dy dθ aθ sin θ
dy ∴ = = = tan θ
dx dx aθ cos θ
dy dθ 3
∴ = = − tan θ dθ
dx dx 2 −1
dθ ∴ Slope of the normal = = − cot θ
tan θ
 dy  3
∴   π  = − ∴ Equation of the normal is
 dx  θ=  2
 4 y − a sin θ + a θ cos θ
245


cos θ 28. x+ y= a
=− (x − a cos θ − a θ sin θ)
sin θ
1 1 dy
⇒ y sin θ − a sin2 θ + aθ sin θ cos θ ∴ + ⋅ 0
=
2 x 2 y dx
= − x cos θ + a cos2 θ + aθ sin θ cos θ
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) dy y
∴ =−
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a dx x
−a ∴ Equation of the tangent at (x, y) is
∴ Distance from origin =
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2 y
Y−y=− (X – x)
= a = constant x
26. y = x2 – x + 1
∴ X y + Y x = xy ( x+ y )
dy ∴ X y + Y x = xy . a
⇒ = 2x – 1
dx X Y
 dy   dy  dy ∴ + =1
  = –1,   = –3,   =4 a x a y
 dx  ( x = 0 )  dx  ( x = −1)  dx  x = 5 
 2
Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and
Equation of normal at (0, 1) and having slope 1 a y.
is (y – 1) = x – 0
⇒x–y+1=0 ...(i) Sum of the intercepts
Equation of normal at (–1, 3) and having slope = a ( x + y = a. a = a )
1 1
is (y – 3) = (x + 1) 29. Let the coordinates of P be (x1, y1).
3 3
2 2 2
⇒ x – 3y + 10 = 0 ...(ii) ∴ a3
x13 + y13 = ....(i)
 5 19 
Equation of normal at  ,  and having slope 2 2 2
2 4  Now, x + y = a 3 3 3
−1 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

is
4 −
1
2 − 13 2 − 1 dy dy x 3
19 −1  5 5 x + y 3⋅ =0 ⇒ = − 1
y– =  x −  ⇒ 4y – 19 = –x + 3 3 dx dx −
4 4 2 2 y 3
1
⇒ 2x + 8y – 43 = 0 ...(iii) x 3
−
 dy 
Equation (i), (ii) and (iii) are passes through ∴   = − 11
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) −
7 9 y1 3
point  ,  .
2 2 ∴ equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
∴ they are concurrent. −
1
x1 3
y − y1 = − (x − x1)
Given, x2 + 2xy − 3y2 = 0
1
27. ….(i) y1
−
3
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 1 2 2

− −
 dy  dy ⇒ xx1 + yy1 3 3
=x1 3 + y1 3
2x + 2  x + y  − 6y = 0
 dx  dx −
1
−
1 2
⇒ x x1 3 + y y1 3 = a 3 ....[From (i)]
dy x+ y dy
⇒ = ⇒   = 1 This tangent meets the coordinate axes at
dx 3 y − x  dx (1,1)
 2 1   2 1
∴ equation of the normal at (1, 1) is A  a 3 x 3 ,0  and B  0, a 3 y 3  .
1 1
   
y − 1 = −1(x − 1)
⇒y=2–x
4 2 4 2 4
 2 2

∴ AB = a 3 x1 3 + a 3 y1 3 = a 3  x1 3 + y1 3 
Putting y = 2 – x in (i), we get  
x2 + 2x(2 – x) − 3(2 – x)2 = 0 4 2
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 = a3 ⋅a3 ….[From (i)]

⇒ x = 1, 3 =a
∴ The points of intersection are (1,1) and (3,–1). 30. y = x2 − 5x + 6
∴ The normal at (1, 1) meets the curve again at dy
∴ = 2x − 5
(3, −1) which lies in the fourth quadrant. dx
246

 dy  π
∴   = 2(2) − 5 = −1 = m1 (say) Slope of tangent to (i) at x = is given by
 dx (2, 0) 2
π2
dy  dy 
and   =  2 xe x  π = π e 4
2
= 2(3) − 5 = 1 = m2 (say)  
 dx (3, 0)  dx  x = π 2   x=
2
Here, m1 m2 = −1 π
π
Slope of tangent to (ii) at x = is given by
∴ The required angle is ⋅ 2
2 π2
 dy   2 xe x2 sin x + e x2 cos x  = π e 4
=
  
1 dy −1 dx
 x= π 2   x = π
31. xy = 1 ⇒ y = ⇒ = = m1 2
x dx x 2 Since both tangents have equal slopes, the angle
− x2 dy − x between them is zero.
x2 + 8y = 0 ⇒ y = ⇒ = = m2
8 dx 4
By comparing given two equations, we get 34. Let the given curves intersect each other at
P(x1, y1).
1 − x2
= ⇒ x3 = –8 ⇒ x = –2 y2 = 6x
x 8 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1
∴ y= − dy dy 3
2 2y = 6 ⇒   =
dx d x
 P y1
1 1
∴ At  −2, −  , m1 = − 9x2 + by2 = 16
 2 4
1 1
At  −2, −  , m2 = dy
18 x + 2by =0
 2 2 dx
Let θ be the angle between the given curves.  dy  9x
⇒  = − 1
m1 − m 2 6 d
 Px by1
∴ tan θ = =
1 + m1m 2 7 Since the given curves intersect each other at
 3   −9 x1 
π right angles,     = –1
32. If sin x = cos x, then x =  y1   by1 
4
Now, y = sin x 27 x1
⇒ =1
dy by12
∴ = cos x 9
dx ⇒b= …  y12 = 6 x1 
 dy  1 2
∴   π  = = m1 (say)
 dx   x = 

2
4
35. x = At2 + Bt + C
Also, y = cos x dx
∴ v= = 2At + B
dy dt
∴ = − sin x ⇒ v2 = 4A2t2 + 4ABt + B2 …(i)
dx
and 4Ax = 4A2t2 + 4ABt + 4AC …(ii)
 dy  1
∴   π  = − m 2 (say)
= From (i) – (ii), we get
 dx   x =  2
 4 v2 − 4Ax = B2 – 4AC
∴ angle between the curves is ⇒ 4Ax – v2 = 4AC – B2
1 1
+ d 2 t d  dt  d  1  1 dv
m − m2 2 2 36.
tan θ = 1 = =  =  = − 2.
1 + m1m 2  1  1  dx 2 dx  dx  dx  v  v dx
1+   − 
 2  2 dv dv f
Since v =f ⇒ =
⇒ tan θ = 2 2 dx dx v
2 2
dt 1 f 3 d t
⇒ θ = tan−1 ( 2 2 ) ∴ 2
= − 2 . ⇒ −v =f
dx v v dx 2
2
33. y = ex ….(i) 38. a + bv2 = x2
y = e sin x x2
….(ii) Differentiating both sides w.r.t.t, we get
From (i) and (ii), we get dv dx
0 + b  2v.  = 2x.
e x2
=e x2
sin x dt 
 dt
dv d x dv x dx
∴ sin x = 1 ⇒ x =
π ⇒ v.b = x. ⇒ = …  
= v
2 dt dt dt b  dt 
247


39. According to the figure, x2 + y2 = 400 ….(i) 2
44. h = 6 m, r = 4 m = h
Differentiate (i) w.r.t. t, we get 3
dx dy 1 2
2x + 2y =0 ….(ii) V= πr h
dt dt 3
Y
dy 1 4
Here x = 12 and =2 B
⇒ V = × × πh3
dt 3 9
20 m
From (i), 122 + y2 = 400 y
dV 4 2 dh
⇒ y = 16 ⇒ = πh
x X dt 9 dt
dx O A
From (ii), 2(12) + 2(16)(2) = 0 dV 3
dt But = 3 m /min and h = 3 m
dt
dx 8
⇒ =– 4 dh
dt 3 ∴ 3= π×9×
9 dt
dr dh 3
40. Surface area, S = 4πr2 and =2 ⇒ = m/min
dt dt 4π
dS dr
∴ = 4π × 2r = 8πr × 2 = 16πr 4 3
dt dt 45. V= πr
dS 3
⇒ ∝r 4 3
dt ⇒ 288 π = πr
3
41. If x is the length of each side of an equilateral
⇒ r = 6 cm
triangle and A is its area, then
4 3
3 2 dA 3 dx V= πr
A= x ⇒ = . 2x 3
4 dt 4 dt
dV dr
dx ∴ = 4πr2
Here, x = 10 cm and = 2 cm / sec dt dt
dt
dr
∴
dA
= 10 3 sq. unit/sec ⇒ 4π = 4πr2
dt dt
dr 1
42. A1 = x2, and A2 = y2 ⇒ = 2
dt r
dA1 dx dA 2 dy
⇒ = 2x , and = 2y Now, A = 4πr2
dt dt dt dt dA dr
dA 2 dy ∴ = 8πr
2y dt dt
dA 2 dt = y  dy 
∴ = dt =   1
dA1 dA dx x  dx  = 8πr ×
1
2x r2
dt dt
Given, y = x + x2 8π 8π 4π
= = = cm2/sec
dy r 6 3
∴ = 1 + 2x
dx 4 3
dA 2 y 46. Volume = V = πr
∴ = (1 + 2x) 3
dA1 x dV dr
x + x2
⇒ = 4πr2 . ,
= (1 + 2x) dt dt
x dV
= (1 + x) (1 + 2x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1 Here, r = 7 cm and = 35 cc/min
dt
43. Let x be the side, A be the area and θ be the dr dr 5
⇒ 35 = 4π(7)2 ⇒ =
angle of the rhombus. dt dt 28π
∴ A = x2 sin θ Surface area, S = 4πr2
dA dS dr 5 
∴ = 2x sin θ ∴ = 8πr = 8π(7)  2
 = 10 cm /min
dx dt dt  28 π 
2x sin θ = x 4 3
47. V= πr
1 3
∴ sin θ =
2 dV dr
∴ = 4πr2 ….(i)
π 5π dt dt
∴ θ = and
6 6 After 49 min, (4500 – 49 × 72)π = 972 πm3
248


4 3  8dx  2 dx
∴ 972 π = πr ⇒6   = 3x … [From (i)]
3  dt  dt
∴ r3 = 3 × 243 = 3 × 35 ⇒ 3x2 = 48 ⇒ x2 = 16 ⇒ x = ±4
∴ r=9 Putting x = 4 in (ii), we get
dV 6y = (4)3 + 2 = 64 + 2
Given, = 72π
dt ∴ y = 11
 dr  Putting x = − 4 in (ii), we get
∴ 72π = 4π × 9 × 9   ….[From (i)] y = − 64 + 2
 dt 
− 62 −31
dr 2 ∴ y= =
∴ = 6 3
dt 9
∴ The required points on the curve are (4, 11) and
4  −31 
48. Volume of sphere (V) = πr3  − 4, .
3  3 
Surface area of sphere (A) = 4πr2
dV
= 4πr2 and
dA
= 8πr 52. f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – 7x + 9
dr dr ∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 + 10x – 7
 dV  Here, a = 1 and h = 0.1
 dV    4πr 2 r ∴ f(a) = f(1) = 13 + 5(1)2 – 7(1) + 9 = 8
 dr 
∴   = dA = =
and f ′(a) = f ′(1) = 3(1)2 + 10(1) – 7 = 6
 dA    8πr 2
  ∴ f (a + h) ≈ f(a) + hf ′(a)
 dr 
 dV  4 ≈ 8 + 0.1 (6)
∴   = = 2 cm3/cm2 ≈ 8 + 0.6 ≈ 8.6
 dA r = 4 2
53. Let f(x) = x
10
49. y= 1
x ∴ f ′(x) =
2 x
dy −10 dx
∴ = 2 . …(i) Here, a = 25 and h = – 0.01
dt x dt
∴ f(a) = f(25) = 25 = 5
dx
Given that =1 1 1
dt and f ′(a) = f ′(25) = =
2 25 10
dy −10
⇒ = 2 ∴ f (a + h) ≈ f(a) + hf ′(a)
dt x
When the point passes through (5, 2),we have ≈ 5 – 0.001
x = 5. ≈ 4.999
dy −10 −2 1
∴ = = 54. Let f(x) = x = x3
3
dt 52 5 2
2 1 − 1
∴ The ordinate decreases at the rate of unit per ∴ f ′(x) = x 3 = 2
5 3
3x 3
second. Here, a = –1, and h = 0.01
f (a + h) ≈ f (a) + h f ′(a)
50. W = nw, n = 2t2 + 3 and w = t2 − t + 2 1
1
dW dn dw dn dW ≈ (−1) 3 + 0.01 ×
∴ w
= +n , where 4t,
= 2t − 1
= 2
dt dt dt dt dt 3 ( −1) 3
At t = 1, ≈ – 1 + 0.0033
dn dW ≈ – 0. 9967
n = 5, w = 2, = 4,= 1
dt dt 1/5
 dW  55. Let f(x) = 5
x =x
∴   = 2(4) + 5(1) = 13 1 –4/5 1
 dt (t =1) ∴ f ′ (x) = x = 4/5
5 5x
51. According to the given condition, Here, a = 243 and h = – 0.001
dy dx f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f ′ (a)
=8 …(i)
dt dt 1
= (243)1/5 – 0.001 ×
Given, 6y = x3 + 2 … (ii) 5 ( 243)
4/5
 dy  2 dx 0.001
⇒ 6  = 3x =3–
dt
  dt 5 × 81
249


1 ⇒ 2a + 8b = –26
=3–
405000 ⇒ a + 4b = –13
1214999 63. Since f(x) satisfies the Rolle’s theorem,
∴ f(242.999) =
405000 f(1) = f(3)
56. Let f(x) = 5x ∴ a + b + 5 = 27a + 9b + 27
∴ f ′(x) = 5x log 5 ∴ 26a + 8b + 22 = 0
Here, a = 2 and h = 0.01 ∴ 13a + 4b + 11 = 0 …(i)
∴ f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f ′ (a) 
Given that f ′  2 +
1 
=0
≈ f(2) + 0.01 f ′(2)  3
≈ 52 + 0.01 (52 × log 5) f ′(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + 11
≈ 25 + 0.01 (25 × 1.6095)  1   1 
2
 1 
≈ 25.4024 ∴ f ′ 2 +  = 3a  2 +  + 2b  2 +  + 11
 3   3   3
57. Let f(x) = cos x 2b
( )
2
= a 2 3 + 1 + 4b + + 11
∴ f ′ (x) = –sin x 3
Here, a = 30° and h = 1° = 0.0174 2b
∴ f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f ′ (a) = (13a + 4b + 11) + 4 3a +
3
3  −1  12a + 2b
≈ + 0.0174   = 0+ …[From (i)]
2  2  3
1.732 0.0174 12a + 2b
≈ – ∴ =0
2 2 3
≈ 0.8573 ∴ 6a + b = 0 …(ii)
58. x
f(x) = e (sin x – cos x) Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 1, b = – 6
∴ f ′(x) = ex (sin x –cos x) + ex (cos x + sin x) ∴ a + b = –5
∴ f ′(x) = 2ex sin x 64. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 8x + 11, x ∈ [0, 1]
Now, f ′(c) = 0 ∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 – 8x + 8
⇒ 2 ec sin c = 0 By LMVT,
⇒ sin c = 0 = sin π f (1) − f (0)
f ′(c) =
⇒c=π 1− 0
16 − 11
π  3π  ⇒ 3c2 – 8c + 8 =
59. Here, f   = e0 = 1 and f   = e0 = 1 1− 0
2  2  ⇒ 3c2 – 8c + 3 = 0
π  3π  4− 7
∴ f = f  ⇒c= ∈ (0, 1)
2  2  3
∴ Third condition of Rolle’s theorem is satisfied
by option (A) only. 65. Using LMVT,
f (e) − f (1)
60. (A) f(x) = | x | is not differentiable at x = 0. f ′(c) =
e −1
π 1 1− 0
(B) f(x) = tan x is discontinuous at x = . ⇒ =
2 c e −1
2
(C) f(x) = 1 + ( x − 2) 3 is not differentiable at ⇒c=e–1
x = 2. 66. f(x) = ex
(D) f(x) = x(x − 2)2 is a polynomial function. ∴ f(0) = e0 = 1, f(1) = e and f ′(x) = ex
∴ f(x) is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on By mean value theorem,
(0, 2). f (b) − f (a)
f ′(c) =
Also, f (0) = f (2) b−a
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is applicable. e b − ea
⇒ f ′(c) =
61. f(x) = | x | in [–2, 2] is not differentiable at x = 0. b−a
e − 1
62. f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax – 6 ⇒ ec =
1− 0
f(1) = 1 + b + a – 6 = a + b – 5 ⇒=c log(e − 1)
f(3) = 27 + 9b + 3a – 6 = 3a + 9b + 21
f(1) = f(3) 67. f (x) = x2
∴ a + b – 5 = 3a + 9b + 21 f (2) = 4, f (4) = 16
250


f ′(x) = 2x f ( x)
71. g(x) =
∴ By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, x +1
f (4) − f (2) f ( 0) f ( 6) −4
f ′(c) = ∴ g(0) = = 12 and f(6) = =
4−2 0 +1 6 +1 7
⇒ 2c =
16 − 4 By mean value theorem,
2 g ( 6) − g ( 0)
g′ (c) =
⇒c=3 6−0
−4
68. f(x) = x − 12
∴ f(a) = f(4) = 4 = 2, f(b) = f(9) = 9 = 3 and = 7
6
1 −4 − 84 44
f ′(x) = = = −
2 x 7×6 21
f (b) − f (a) 3− 2 1
Given, f ′(c) = = = 72. Consider option (A),
b−a 9−4 5
1 25 1 1
∴
1
= ⇒c= = 6.25 Lf ′   = −1 and Rf ′   = 0
2 c 5 4 2 2
69. f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) 1
So, it is not differentiable at x =
∈ (0, 1).
⇒ f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 2
f (0) = 2 Hence, Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not
1 3 applicable.
f   =
2 4 73. f(x) = ax + b ⇒ f ′(x) = a
f ′ (x) = 2x – 3 ∴ For strictly increasing, f ′(x) > 0
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, ⇒ a > 0 for all real x.
1
f   − f (0)
dy
f ′(c) =  2  74. y = tan x − x ⇒ = sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x ≥ 0
1 dx
−0
2
3 0 , x=0
−2 75. f(x) = 
⇒ 2c – 3 = 4 x − 3 , x > 0
1
0 , x = 0
2 ∴ f ′(x) = 
1 , x > 0
−5 1
⇒ 2c = +3⇒c= ∴ It is strictly increasing when x > 0.
2 4
2x + 3 76. f(x) = (2k + 1) x – 3 – ke–x + 2ex
70. f(x) = ∴ f ′(x) = (2k + 1) + ke–x + 2ex
4x −1
5 2e 2 x + (2k + 1)e x + k
f(1) = , f(2) = 1 =
3 ex
f ′ (x) =
( 4 x − 1)( 2 ) − ( 2 x + 3)( 4 ) =
−14 Since f(x) is monotonically increasing, f ′(x) ≥ 0
( 4 x − 1) ( 4 x − 1)
2 2
∴ By Lagrange's mean value theorem, 2e 2 x + 2ke x + e x + k

∴ ≥0
f ( 2 ) − f (1) ex
f ′ (c) = ∴ (2ex + 1) (ex + k) ≥ 0
2 −1
5 ∴ ex + k ≥ 0 …[ (2ex + 1) ≠ 0]
1−
−14 3
⇒ = ∴ k ≥ –ex
( 4c − 1)
2
1
∴ k = 0 is the least value.
−14
⇒ (4c – 1)2 =
−2 77. f(x) will be monotonically decreasing, if f ′(x) < 0.
3 ⇒ f ′(x) = − sin x − 2p < 0
⇒ 16c2 – 8c + 1 = 21 1
⇒ sin x + p > 0
⇒ 4c2 – 2c – 5 = 0 2
1 + 21 1
⇒c= ⇒p> ….[ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1]
4 2
251


1 Now, f ′′(x) = 22 > 0
49. Let f(x) =
1+ x 2 10
∴ f(x) is minimum at x = .
2x 11
∴ f ′(x) = −
(1 + x 2 ) 2  10 
∴ [f ( x)]min = f 
For f(x) to be decreasing,  11 
2x 200 100 × 11 23
f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ − <0 =7− + =–
(1 + x 2 ) 2 11 121 11
⇒ x > 0 ⇒ x∈(0, ∞) 57. Let f(x) = 2x2 + x − 1
50. Let f(x) = log (sin x) ⇒ f ′(x) = cot x ∴ f ′(x) = 4x + 1
∴ The given function is increasing in the interval For maximum or minimum,
1
 π f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = −
 0,  . 4
 2
Now, f ′′(x) = 4 > 0
51. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 36x + 7 ∴ f(x) is minimum at x =
−1
.
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 36 4
For decreasing function, f ′(x) < 0   1  2 1 −9
∴ [f(x)]min = f  −   = − −1 =
⇒ x2 − x − 6 < 0   4  16 4 8
⇒ (x − 3)(x + 2) < 0
58. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 4
⇒ x ∈ (–2, 3)
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
52. Function is monotonically decreasing, when For maximum or minimum,
f ′(x) < 0 f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, −1
⇒ 6x2 − 18x + 12 < 0 Now, f ′′(x) = 12x − 6
⇒ x2 − 3x + 2 < 0 ∴ f ′′(2) = 18 > 0 and f ′′(−1) = −18 < 0
⇒ (x − 2)(x − 1) < 0 ∴ The given function has one maximum and one
⇒1<x<2 minimum.
53. f(x) = (x − 1)2 −1. Hence, decreasing in x < 1. 59. f(x) = x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 ….(i)
Y ∴ f ′(x) = 4x3 – 124x + a
For maximum or minimum, f ′(x) = 0
⇒ 4x3 – 124 x + a = 0
Since x = 1 is a root of (i),
(1,0)
X f ′(1) = 4 – 124 + a = 0
O
∴ a = 120
(1, –1) 60. y = 1 − cos x
Alternate Method: ∴ y′ = sin x
f ′(x) = 2x − 2 = 2(x − 1) For maximum or minimum,
To be decreasing, 2(x − 1) < 0 y′ = 0 ⇒ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π
⇒ ( x − 1) < 0 ⇒ x < 1 Now, y′′ = cos x
⇒ y′′ (0) = 1 > 0 and y′′ (π) = −1 < 0
54. f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 5
∴ y is maximum when x = π.
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
f ′(x) = 0 Critical Thinking
⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0 1. xy = 15
⇒ (x − 2) (x + 1) = 0 15
⇒ x = 2, −1 ∴ y=
x
Now, f ″(x) = 12x – 6 15
∴ f ″(2) = 18 > 0 ∴ y′ = − 2
x
∴ f(x) is minimum at x = 2. 15
At (3, 5), y′ = −
56. f(x) = 7 − 20x + 11x2 9
∴ f ′(x) = −20 + 22x 9
∴ Slope of normal at (3,5) =
For maximum or minimum, 15
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ −20 + 22x = 0 9
∴ θ = tan−1  
⇒ x = 10/11  15 
225


88. f(x) = tan−1 (sin x + cos x) 92. f(x) = [x(x − 2)]2
1 ⇒ f(x) = x2 (x − 2)2
⇒ f ′(x) = × (cos x − sin x)
1 + (sin x + cos x) 2 ⇒f ′(x) = x2[2(x − 2)] + (x − 2)2 (2x)
 π = 2x(x − 2) [x + (x −2)]
2 cos  x +  = 2x(x − 2)(x − 1)
 4
= For f(x) to be increasing, f ′(x) > 0
1 + (sin x + cos x) 2
For f(x) to be increasing, f ′(x) > 0 ⇒ 2x(x − 1)(x − 2) > 0
⇒ x(x − 1)(x − 2) > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)
 π
⇒ 2 cos  x +  > 0
 4 93. y = {x(x – 3)}2
 π ⇒ y = x2 (x – 3)2
⇒ cos  x +  > 0 dy
  4 ∴ = 2x(x – 3)2 + 2(x – 3)x2
π π π dx
⇒− <x+ < = 2x(x – 3)[x – 3 + x]
2 4 2
= 2x(x – 3)(2x – 3)
3π π
⇒ − <x< dy
4 4 For y to be increasing, >0
dx
 π π ⇒ 2x(x – 3) (2x – 3) > 0
∴ f(x) is an increasing function in  − ,  .
2 4  
 3
⇒ x(x – 3)(2x – 3) > 0 ⇒ x ∈  0, 
89. f(x) = log(sin x + cos x)  2
cos x − sin x 1 − tan x π  94. f(x) = x3 – 3x
⇒ f ′(x) = = = tan  − x 
sin x + cos x 1 + tan x  4  ∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 – 3 and f ″(x) = 6x
For f(x) to be increasing, f ′(x) = 0
f ′(x) > 0 ⇒ 3x2 – 3 = 0
π  ⇒ 3(x2 – 1) = 0
⇒ tan  − x  > 0
 4  ⇒ x2 = 1
π π ⇒x=±1
⇒0< −x< For x = 1,
4 2
π π f ″ (1) = 6 > 0
⇒− <−x< For x = –1
4 4
f ″ (–1) = –6 < 0
π π
⇒− <x< ∴ f(x) attains minimum value at x = 1.
4 4
∴ a=1
 π π
⇒ x ∈ − , 
 4 4 95. f(a) = 2a2 – 3a + 10
⇒f ′(a) = 4a – 3 ⇒ f ′′(a) = 4 > 0
90. f(x) = ∫ e x ( x − 1)( x − 2)dx For minimum value of f (a),
3
⇒ f ′(x) = ex(x − 1) (x − 2) f ′(a) = 0 ⇒ a =
4
For f(x) to be decreasing, f ′(x) < 0
3
⇒ ex (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0 ∴ f(a) is minimum at a = .
4
⇒ (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0 2
3 3 3 71
⇒ x ∈ (1, 2) ∴ [f(a)]min = f   = 2   − 3  + 10 =
4 4 4 8
91. f(x) = sin x − cos x
1
⇒ f ′(x) = cos x + sin x = 2 cos  x − π   96. f(x) = a sin x +
3
sin 3x
  4 
1
For f(x) to be decreasing, f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ f ′(x) = a cos x + ⋅3 cos 3x
3
 π
⇒ 2 cos  x −  < 0 ⇒ f ′(x) = a cos x + cos 3x
 4
π
 π Now, f ′   = 0
⇒ cos  x −  < 0 3
 4 π a
⇒ a cos + cosπ = − 1 = 0
π π 3π 3π 7π 3 2
⇒ <x− < ⇒ < x<
2 4 2 4 4 ⇒a=2
253


97. Clearly, it has a maximum at x = 1. d2 y 1
For x = e, 2
= − 3 , which is −ve.
99. y = x3 – 3x2 + 5 dx e
f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5 ∴ y is maximum at x = e
f ′(x) = 3x2 – 6x and its maximum value =
log e 1
= .
f ″(x) = 6x − 6 e e
f ′(x) = 0 at x = 0, x = 2
105. x + y = 32 ⇒ y = 32 – x
f ′′ (0) < 0, f ′′(2) > 0
⇒ x2 + y2 = x2 + (32 – x)2
∴ f (x) is maximum at x = 0
Let z = x2 + (32 – x)2
100. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 4 ⇒ z′ = 2x + 2(32 – x) (–1) = 4x – 64
∴ f ′ (x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 0 at x = 3, 2 Now, z′′ = 4 > 0
∴ f ′′ (x) = 12x – 30 is –ve at x = 2 ∴ at x = 16 and y = 32 – x = 32 – 16 = 16
∴ Maximum value of f(x) attained at x = 2 x2 + y2 = 32 have minimum value
101. f ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 ∴ Minimum value = x2 + y2 = (16)2 + (16)2 = 512
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 2 1
Here, f(4) = 128 − 48 − 48 + 5 = 37 x2 +
2
106. h(x) = x
f(−1) = −2 − 3 + 12 + 5 = 12 1
x−
f(2) = 16 − 12 − 24 + 5 = −15 x
f(−2) = −16 − 12 + 24 + 5 = 1  1
2
∴ The maximum value of function is 37 at x = 4. x −  + 2

x
= 
250  1
102. Let f(x) = x 2 + x − 
x  x
250 1 2
⇒ f ′(x) = 2x – 2 =  x −  +
x  x  1
500 x − 
 x
⇒ f ′′(x) = 2 + 3
x 1 1 2

For maximum or minimum of f(x), When x – < 0,
x −  +  ≤ –2 2
x
 x 1
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 2x3 – 250 = 0  x − 
 x
⇒ x3 = 125 ⇒ x = 5
1 1 2
∴ f ′′(5) = 2 +
500
=6>0 When x – > 0,  x −  + ≥2 2
x  x  1
125  x − 
 x
∴ f has minimum at x = 5 and minimum value of f
at x = 5 is f(5) = 25 + 50 = 75 The local minimum value of h(x) is 2 2 .
103. f(x) = x log x 107. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2
f ′(x) = 1 + log x ∴ f ′(x) = 2x + 2
1 Consider f ′(x) = 0, we get
for minimum, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ log x = –1 ⇒ x =
e 2x + 2 = 0
1 i.e., x = –1
f ′′ (x) =
x f(x) has extreme value at x = –1.
1 ∴ Extreme value of f(x) = f(–1) = 1 = a
f ′′ (e) = > 0
e g(x) = –x2 + 2x – 1
1 ∴ g′(x) = –2x + 2
∴ f(x) is minimum at x =
e Consider g ′(x) = 0, we get
1 1 1 1 –2x + 2 = 0
∴ f   = log   = −
e e e e ∴ x=1
∴ g(x) has extreme value at x = 1.
log x 1 log x
104. Let f(x) = ⇒f ′(x) = 2 − 2 ∴ Extreme value of g(x) = g(1) = 0 = b
x x x
For maximum or minimum value of f(x), f f ( x) x2 + 2x + 2 x2 + 2x + 2
Now, =
( x) = =
f ′(x) = 0 g g( x) − x2 + 2x − 1 −( x − 1) 2
1 − log e x  f ( x) 
⇒ =0 d 
x2  g( x)  = −2( x − 1) ( x + 1) + 2( x − 1)( x + 2 x + 2)
2 2
∴
∴ loge x = 1 or x = e, which lie in (0, ∞). dx ( x − 1) 4
254

f  According to the given condition, p2 = q

d  ( x) 
g ∴ a2 = 2a
Consider,  =0
∴ a=2
dx
i.e., –x2 + 1 + x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 111. f(x) = 9x4 + 12x3 – 36x2 + 25
−3 ∴ f′ (x) = 36x3 + 36x2 – 72x
∴ x=
2 = 36x (x – 1) (x + 2)
f −3 f′
∴ ( x) has extreme value at x = . (− +) (+ −) (− +)
g 2 –2 0 1
f f −3 1 f′ changes sign from –ve to +ve in the
∴ Extreme value of ( x) =   = − = c neighbourhood of x = –2 and x = 1.
g g 2  5
∴ S1 = {–2, 1}
∴ a + 2b + 5c + 4 = 4
f′ changes sign from +ve to –ve in the
108. f(x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1 neighbourhood of x = 0.
⇒ f ′(x) = 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2 ∴ S2 = {0}
⇒ f ′′(x) = 12x – 18a 112. f (x) = x2 + ex
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f ′(x) = 0 f ′(x) = 2x + ex
⇒ 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2 = 0 f ″ (x) = 2 + ex
⇒ x2 – 3ax + 2a2 = 0 f ‴ (x) = ex
⇒ x = a or x = 2a f ′′′′( x) = ex
At x = a, f has maximum (5a3 + 1)
⇒ f3 = f4 ⇒ n = 3
and at x = 2a, f has minimum (4a3 + 1)
Since p3 = q , a3 = 2a ⇒ a = 2 or a = 0 113. Total length of wire = r + r + rθ
But a > 0 ⇒ 20 = 2r + rθ
∴ a= 2 20 − 2r θ
⇒θ= r
r
109. f(x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 1 2
f ′ (x) = 2x + 2b = 0, at x = –b A = rθ
2
f ′′ (x) = 2 > 0 1  20 − 2r  2
∴ f(x) is minimum at x = –b = r2   = 10r − r
2  r 
∴ f(–b) = b2 – 2b2 + 2c2 = 2c2 – b2
dA
g(x) = –x2 – 2cx + b2 ∴ = 10 − 2r
dr
g′(x) = –2x – 2c = 0 at x = – c
dA
g′′(x) = –2 < 0 For maximum area, =0
dr
∴ g(x) is maximum at x = – c
⇒ 0 = 10 − 2r ⇒ 10 = 2r ⇒ r = 5 m
∴ g(–c) = –c2 + 2c2 + b2 = b2 + c2
1
Given, minimum value of f(x) > maximum of ∴ Area = r (20 − 2r)
g(x) 2
⇒ 2c2 – b2 > b2 + c2 1
= × 5 × (20 − 10) = 25 sq.m.
⇒ c2 > 2b2 2
110. f(x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1 1000t

114. p(t) = 1000 +
∴ f ′(x) = 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2 100 + t 2
∴ f ″(x) = 12x – 18a dp (100 + t 2 )1000 − 1000t.2t
∴ =
Consider, f ′(x) = 0 dt (100 + t 2 ) 2
∴ 6(x2 – 3ax + 2a2) = 0 1000(100 − t 2 )
=
∴ (x – a) (x – 2a) = 0 (100 + t 2 ) 2
∴ x = a or x = 2a dp
So, f ″(a) = 12a – 18a For extremum, = 0 ⇒ t = 10
dt
= –6a < 0 …[ a > 0] dp dp
Now > 0 and <0
∴ f(x) has maximum value at x = a. dt t < 10 dt t > 10
∴ p=a dp
Also, f ″(2a) = 6a > 0 ∴ At t = 10, change from positive to negative.
dt
∴ f(x) has minimum value at x = 2a. It is a critical point.
∴ q = 2a ∴ p is maximum at t = 10.
255


∴ pmax = p(10) 1
x
119. Let f(x) =  

1000.10 x  
= 1000 + = 1050
100 + 102 ⇒ f(x) = x−x
115. f(x) = x + sin x ⇒ f ′(x) = 1 + cos x ⇒ f ′(x) = − x−x (1 + log x)
⇒ f ′′ (x) = x−x (1 + log x)2 − x−x−1
Now, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 1 + cos x = 0 ⇒ cos x = −1
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f ′(x) = 0
⇒x=π
⇒ −x−x (1 + log x) = 0
Now, f ′′ (x) = − sin x, f ′′ (π) = 0
⇒ 1 + log x = 0
f ′′′(x) = − cos x 1
∴ f ′′′(π) = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ log x = −1 = log
e
∴ Neither maximum nor minimum. 1
⇒x=
116. Let α, β be the roots of the equation e
−1 1
x2 − (a − 2)x − a + 1 = 0, 1 1 e  1 1
2 − −1
e
∴ f ′′   =   1 + log  −  
then α + β = a − 2, αβ = −a + 1 e e  e e
∴ z = α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ 1 1
+1
1
+1
= (a − 2)2 + 2(a − 1) = a2 − 2a + 2 = e e (1 − 1) 2 − e e = − ee < 0

dz 1
∴ = 2a − 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 ∴ f has maximum at x = and maximum value of
da e
1 1
d 2z
= 2 > 0, so z has minima at a = 1 f at x = is f   = (e)1/e
da 2 e e
So α2 + β2 has least value for a = 1. This is 120. Let r be the radius and h be the height, then
because we have only one stationary value at h
2
which we have minima. Hence, a = 1. from the figure, r2 +   = 32

2  
2
x − x +1
117. Let y = D C
x2 + x + 1
dy ( x 2 + x + 1)(2 x − 1) − ( x 2 − x + 1)(2 x + 1)
⇒ = O
dx ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 3
dy 2x2 − 2 θ
⇒ = 2 =0 B
dx ( x + x + 1) 2 A r
⇒ 2x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −1, + 1 ∴ h = 4(9 – r2)
2
36 – h 2
d 2 y 4(− x3 + 3x + 1)
= ⇒ r2 =
4
dx 2 x2 + x + 1
Now, V = πr2h
d2 y
At x = −1, < 0 the function will occupy  36 – h 2 
dx 2 ⇒ V = π h
maximum value,  4 
∴ f(−1) = 3 and dV 1
∴ = π (36 – 3h2)
d2 y dh 4
at x = 1, > 0 the function will occupy dV
dx 2 for max or min, =0
minimum value. dh
1 ⇒ (36 – 3h2) = 0 ⇒ h2 = 12 ⇒ h = 2 3
∴ f(1) =
3 121. Let diameter of sphere be AE = 2r
x
118. Let y = x ⇒ log y = x.log x, (x > 0) Let radius of cone be x and height be y.
A
dy
Differentiating, = xx (1 + log x);
dx
∴
dy
=0 y
dx
1
⇒ log x = −1 ⇒ x = e−1 =
e B x D C
1
∴ Stationary point is x =
e E
256


∴ AD = y p
Since BD2 = AD.DE, So, − is a point of local maximum. Similarly,
3
⇒ x2 = y(2r – y) p
1 1 x= is a point of local minimum.
Volume of cone V = πx2y = πy (2r – y)y 3
3 3
1 124. For any x ∈ [0, 1], we have x2 ≤ x ≤ 1
= π(2ry2 – y3) 2 2 2
3 ⇒ x2 e x ≤ x e x ≤ e x
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒
dV 1
= π(4ry – 3y2) ⇒ e − x + x2 e x ≤ e − x + x e x ≤ e –x + e x
dy 3 ⇒ h(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ f(x)
2 2
dV Now, f(x) = e x + e − x
Now =0
1
dy
( 2
⇒ f ′(x) = 2x e x − e− x > 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1]
2
)
⇒ π(4ry – 3y2) = 0 ⇒ y(4r – 3y) = 0 ⇒ f(x) is increasing on (0, 1]
3 ⇒ f(1) is the maximum value of f(x) on [0, 1]
4
⇒y= r, 0 ⇒ a = e + e−1
3 Also, f(1) = g(1) = h(1) = e + e−1
d 2V 1 ∴ a = b = c = e + e−1
Now 2 = π(4r – 6y)
dy 3
125. If f(x) has a local minimum at x = −1, then
 d 2V  1  4  lim f ( x) = lim f ( x)
⇒  2 = π  4r − 6 × r  < 0
 dy  y = 4 r 3  3  x →−1+ x →−1−
3
⇒ lim+ (2 x +=
3) lim (k − 2 x)
4 x →−1 − x →−1
So, volume of cone is maximum at y = r. ⇒−2+3=k+2⇒k=−1
3
Height of Cone y 2
∴ = = Y
Diameter of Sphere 2r 3
f(x) = k−2x
122. f(x) = 2x+3
Y
(a cosθ, b sinθ)
(–a cosθ, b sinθ)
A
(−1, 1)
B
X
C D (a cosθ, – b sinθ) X′ (−1, 0) O X
(–a cosθ, –b sinθ)
Area of rectangle ABCD

Y′
= (2a cos θ) (2b sin θ) = 2ab sin 2θ x
Hence, area of greatest rectangle is equal to 2ab, 126. f(x) = ∫ t sin t dt ⇒ f ′(x) = x sin x
when sin 2θ = 1. 0
For local maximum or minimum of f(x),

123. Let f(x) = x3 − px + q. Then, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x sin x = 0
f ′(x) = 3x2 − p
 5π  
⇒ x = π, 2π ...  x ∈ 0, 

= 3  x −
p  p   2  
3  x + 3 

   The changes in signs of f ′(x) in the
The signs of f ′(x) for different values of x are as neighbourhoods of π and 2π are as shown
shown below: below:
+ − + + − +
−∞ p p ∞ π 2π
−
3 3
Clearly, f ′(x) changes its sign from positive to
Since f ′(x) changes its sign form positive to negative in the neighborhood of x = π and
negative to positive in the neighborhood of
p
negative in the neighbourhood of − . x = 2π. Thus, f(x) has a local maximum at x = π
3
and a local minimum at x = 2π.
257


 − x + x2 − 1 , x ≤ − 1 Clearly, f ′(x) changes its sign from positive to
 2 negative as x passes through x = −1 from left to
2 − x − x + 1 , −1≤ x < 0
127. f(x) = |x| + |x − 1| =  2 right.
 x − x + 1 , 0 ≤ x <1
 x + x 2 − 1 , x ≥1 So, f(x) attains a local maximum at x = −1.

Here, f ′(x) > 0 for all x ∈ (−3, −1) and
2 x − 1 , x < − 1 f ′(x) < 0 for x ∈ (−1, 0).
−2 x − 1 , −1< x < 0
 Also, f ′(x) > 0 for x ∈ (0, 2).
∴ f ′(x) = 
−2 x + 1 , 0 < x <1 But, f ′(0) does not exist.
2 x + 1 , x >1 So, f(x) attains a local minimum at x = 0
Here, f(x) is not differentiable at x = −1, 0, 1. Hence, the total number of local maxima and
The changes in signs of f ′(x) for different local minima is 2.
values of x are as shown below: 130. f(x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1
− + − + − + ⇒ f ′(x) = 2(1 + b2) x + 2b
−1 −1/2 0 1/2 1 ⇒ f ′′(x) = 2(1 + b2) > 0
For minimum value of f(x),
So, f ′(x) changes its sign at 5 points. f ′(x) = 0
Hence, total number of points of local maximum ⇒ 2(1 + b2) x + 2b = 0
or local minimum of f(x) is 5. b
⇒x= −
e x
, 0 ≤ x ≤1 1 + b2
 b
128. f(x) = 2 − e x −1 , 1 < x ≤ 2 ∴ f(x) is minimum at x = −
x−e , 2< x≤3 1 + b2

1
x ∴ Minimum value of f(x) =
and g(x) = ∫ f (t)dt, x ∈ [1, 3] 1 + b2
0 1
∴ m(b) =
2 − e x −1 1 < x ≤ 2 1 + b2
∴ g′(x) = f(x) = 
 x−e 2< x ≤3 1 1
Since ≤ 1 and > 0 ∀ b ∈ R,
Now, g′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 + loge 2 and x = e 1 + b2 1 + b2
Also, g′(x) > 0 for x ∈ (1, 1 + loge 2) ∴ 0 < m(b) ≤ 1
and g′(x) < 0 for x ∈ (1 + loge 2, 2). ∴ range of m (b) is (0, 1].
So, g(x) attains a local maximum at 131. P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
x = 1 + loge 2. ⇒ P ′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx + c ....(i)
Similarly, Since, x = 0 is the only real root of P ′(x) = 0.
g′(x) < 0 for 2 < x < e ∴ P′(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
and g′(x) > 0 for e < x < 3 Putting c = 0 in (i), we get
So, g(x) attains a local minimum at x = e. P′(x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b)
We have, Since x = 0 is the only real root of P ′(x) = 0,
e x , 0 < x <1 4x2 + 3ax + 2b = 0 has no real root.

f ′(x) =  −e x −1 , 1< x < 2 ⇒ 9a2 − 32b < 0
 1 , 2 < x<3 Given, P(−1) < P(1)

Clearly, f ′(x) > 0 for x ∈ (0, 1) ⇒1−a+b−c+d<1+a+b+c+d
f ′(x) < 0 for x ∈ (1, 2) ⇒a>0
f ′(x) > 0 for x ∈ (2, 3) But, 9a2 − 32b < 0.
So, f(x) attains local maximum at x = 1 and local ∴ b>0
minimum at x = 2. ∴ P ′(x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b) > 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1]
Hence, option (C) is incorrect. ⇒ P(x) is increasing in (0, 1]
⇒ P(1) is the maximum value of P(x).
(2 + x)3 , −3 < x ≤ −1 Also, P ′(x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b) < 0 for all
129. f (x) =  2/3
 x , −1 < x < 2 x ∈ [−1, 0)
3(2 + x) 2 , −3 < x < −1 ...[ 4x2 + 3ax + 2b > 0 for all x]

⇒ f ′(x) =  2 −1/3 ⇒ P(x) is decreasing in [− 1, 0).
 x , −1 < x < 2
 3 ⇒ P(− 1) is not the minimum value of P.
258


132. f(x) = ln{g(x)} Given, p(1) = 6 and p(3) = 2
⇒ g(x) = ef(x) 1 
⇒ 6 = k  − 2 + 3  + c and 2 = k(9−18+9) + c
⇒ g ′(x) = ef(x) f ′(x) 3 
For local maximum of g(x), g ′(x) = 0 4k
⇒6= +c and c = 2 ⇒ k = 3
⇒ ef(x) f ′(x) = 0 3
⇒ f ′(x) = 0 ∴ p′(x) = 3(x2 − 4x + 3)
⇒ 2010(x − 2009) (x − 2010)2 (x − 2011)3 ∴ p ′(0) = 9
× (x − 2012)4 = 0
138. Let f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + a4x4
⇒ x = 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 f ( x) 
∴ f ′(x) changes its sign from positive to negative in Given, lim 1 + 2  = 3
x →0
 x 
the neighbourhood of x = 2009.
∴ g(x) has a local maximum at x = 2009 only. f ( x)
⇒ lim =3–1=2
x →0 x2
133. Given that f ′(x) > f(x) a + a x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x3 + a 4 x 4
Multiplying both sides by e–x, we get ⇒ lim 0 1 =2
x →0 x2
e–x f ′(x) > e–x f(x) …[ e–x > 0 ∀ x ∈ R] ∴ a0 = 0, a1 = 0, a2 = 2
∴ –x –x
e f ′(x) – e f(x) > 0 …(i) ∴ f(x) = 2x2 + a3x3 + a4x4
–x
Let g(x) = e f(x) ∴ f ′(x) = 4x + 3a3x2 + 4a4x3 = x(4 + 3a3x + 4a4x2)
∴ g′(x) = e–x f ′(x) – e–x f(x) Given, f ′(1) = 0 and f ′(2) = 0
∴ g′(x) > 0 …[From (i)] ⇒ 4 + 3a3 + 4a4 = 0 ….(i)
∴ g(x) is an increasing function. and 4 + 6a3 + 16a4 = 0 ….(ii)
∴ for x > 0, we get g(x) > g(0)
i.e., e–x f(x) > e0 f(0) 1
a4 = , a3 = –2
2
∴ e–x f(x) > 0 …[ f(0) = 0 (given)]
x4
i.e., f(x) > 0 for all x > 0 ∴ f(x) = 2x2 – 2x3 +
2
dx ∴ f(2) = 8 – 16 + 8 = 0
134. v = = 4t3 − 3kt2
dt
π
dv 139. tan A. tan B is maximum if A = B =
∴ = 12t2 – 6kt 6
dt 1
dv ∴ Maximum of tanA.tanB =
At t = 2 and =0 3
dt
⇒ 48 – 12k = 0 ⇒ k = 4 140. According to the given condition, 4x + 2πr = 2
⇒ 2x + πr = 1 ....(i)
135. Since f(x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s 2
1 − πr 
theorem. A = x2 + πr2 =   + πr
2
 2 
∴ f(2) = f(1)
2 dA  1 − πr  π 
Now, ∫ f ′( x)dx = [f ( x)]12 = f (2) − f (1) = 0 ∴ = 2  −  + 2πr
dr  2  2 
1
dA
For maximum or minimum, =0
136. f(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d dr
∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 + 2bx + c ⇒ π(1 – πr) = 4πr
Now its discriminant = 4(b2 − 3c) ⇒ 1 = 4r + πr ...(ii)
⇒ 4(b2 − c) − 8c < 0, as b2 < c and c > 0 From (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ f ′(x) > 0 for all x ∈ R 2x + πr = 4r + πr
⇒ f is strictly increasing on R. ⇒ x = 2r
137. Since x = 1 and x = 3 are extreme points of p(x). 1 + sin x
141. f(x) = tan–1
∴ p ′(1) = 0 and p ′(3) = 0 1 − sin x
∴ (x −1) and (x − 3) are the factors of p ′(x). 2
 x x
∴ p ′(x) = k(x − 1) (x − 3) = k(x2 − 4x + 3)  cos + sin 
 2 2
 x3 
= tan–1 2
⇒ p(x) = k  − 2 x 2 + 3x  + c  x x
 3   cos − sin 
 2 2
259


 π x  π x π π
= tan–1  tan  +   = + ∴ equation of the normal at  ,  is
  4 2  4 2 6 3
1 π π π  π 2π
⇒ f ′(x) = and at x = , f(x) = y– = – 2  x −  ⇒ y + 2x =
2 6 3 3  6 3
Only option (A) satisfies this equation.
Evaluation Test
1 1 ⇒ 2x − 1 < 0
1. f(x) = x + ⇒ f ′(x) = 1−
x x2 ⇒ 2x < 1
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, −1 1
But it is given that x is positive ⇒x<
2
1
∴ at x = 1, f(x) = 1 + =2
1 5. h(x) = f(x) − (f(x))2 + (f(x))3
2. Let f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx ∴ h′(x) = f ′(x) − 2f(x) f ′(x) + 3(f(x))2 f ′(x)
∴ f(0) = 0 = f ′(x) [1 − 2 f(x) + 3 (f(x))2]
and f(3) = a.34 + b.33 + c.32 + d.3 Here, 1 − 2 f(x) + 3(f(x))2 > 0 for all f(x)
= 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d ⇒ h′(x) > 0, if f ′(x) > 0 and h′(x) < 0, if f ′(x) < 0
= 3(27a + 9b + 3c + d) ⇒ h is increasing whenever f is increasing
=3×0 and h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing.
∴ f(0) = f(3) = 0
f(x) is a polynomial function, it is continuous 6. The equation of the parabola is y2 = 8x.
and differentiable. dy
∴ 2y =8
Now, f ′(x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d dx
By Rolle’s theorem, there exist at least 1 root of dy 8 4
the equation f ′(x) = 0 in between 0 and 3. ∴ = = = m1
dx 2y y
1 ds dv Slope of given line, m2 = 3
3. s= vt ⇒ 2s = vt ⇒ 2 = v + t.
2 dt dt m1 − m 2
Since tan θ = ,
2
ds dv 2
dv dv 1 + m1m 2
⇒2 2 = + t. 2 +
dt dt dt dt
4
dv −3
But = acceleration (a) π y
dt tan =
4 1+ 4 ⋅3
da da y
⇒ 2a = a + t. + a ⇒ = 0 or t = 0
dt dt
But t = 0 is impossible 4 − 3y
⇒1=
da y + 12
∴ = 0, i.e., a is constant.
dt ∴ y = −2 or y = 8
4. The equation of the curve is y = x2 + bx + c. Putting y = −2 in the equation of the curve, we
1
dy get x =
∴ = 2x + b ….(i) 2
dx
Since the curve touches the line y = x at (1,1), 1 
∴ The point of contact is  , − 2  .
[2x + b](1, 1) = 1 2 
∴ 2(1) + b = 1
1
⇒ b = −1 7. f(x) = tan−1x − log x
2
Substituting the value of b in equation (i),
dy 1 1 ( x − 1) 2
we get = 2x − 1 ∴ f ′(x) = 2
− =−
dx 1+ x 2x 2 x(1 + x 2 )
Since gradient is negative, Now, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
dy 1 π 3.14
∴ <0 f(1) = tan−1 1 − log 1 = = = 0.785
dx 2 4 4
260


Since we are finding maxima on an interval  dy  y
∴   = − 1
 1   dx ( x1 , y1 ) x1
 , 3  , we have to find the value of f(x) at
 3  ∴ The equation of the tangent is
 1 

 3
 and 3 ( ) y − y1 = −
y1
x1
(x − x1)
 1  −1 1 1 π 1 ∴ yx1 − x1y1 = − xy1 + x1y1

f  = tan + log 3 = + log 3
 3  3 4 6 4 ∴ xy1 + yx1 = 2x1y1
3.14 1 1 x y
= + log 3 = 0.52 + × 1.0986 ∴ + =1
6 4 4 2 x1 2 y1
= 0.52 + 0.2746 = 0.7946 ∴ The tangent meets the X-axis in the point
1 A(2x1, 0) and the Y-axis in the point B(0, 2y1)
f ( 3) = tan
−1
( )
3 − log 3
4 ∴ P is the mid point of AB
π 1 ∴ The ratio is 1 : 1
= − log3
3 4
ax3 bx 2
3.14 11. Let f(x) = + + cx + d
= − 0.2746 3 2
3
∴ f ′(x) = ax2 + bx + c
= 1.04 − 0.2746 a b 2a + 3b + 6c + 6d
= 0.7654 Now, f(1) = + +c+d=
3 2 6
π 1
∴ The greatest value of f(x) is + log 3. 0 + 6d
6 4 ⇒ f(1) = = d ….[ 2a + 3b + 6c = 0]
6
8. Given the rate of increasing the radius Also, f(0) = d
dr ∴ f(0) = f(1)
= = 3.5cm/sec and r = 10cm f(x) is a polynomial function, it is continuous
dt
Area of circle = A = πr2 and differentiable.
dA dr ∴ There exists at least one value of x in (0, 1) at
∴ = 2πr. which f ′(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0
dt dt
dA dA ∴ one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
⇒ = 2π × 10 × 3.5 ⇒ = 220 cm2/sec value between 0 and 1.
dt dt
12. From the figure, x2 + y2 = 100 ...(i)
π
9. α+β= dx dy
2 ⇒ 2x + 2y = 0 ...(ii)
dt dt
π 
∴ cos β = cos  − α  = sin α Y
2  From (i) and (ii),
B
1 dy 16 8
Let y = cos α cos β = cos α sin α = sin2α = − = − cm / sec
2 dt 6 3 10 cm
y
dy 1 The rate at which the end B
∴ = cos 2α.2 = cos 2α A
dα 2 8
is moving is cm / sec. O x
X
dy π 3
Now, = 0 ⇒ cos 2α = 0 ⇒ 2α =
dα 2 13. f(x) = sin x(1 + cos x)
π = sin x + sin x cos x
⇒α=
4 1
2
d y
∴ f(x) = sin x + sin 2x
Also, = − 2 sin 2α = − 2 < 0 2
dα 2 x 3x
π
∴ f ′(x) = cos x + cos 2x = 2 cos cos
∴ y is maximum when α = 2 2
4 x 3x
π ∴ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ cos = 0 or cos = 0
∴ It is maximum at β = 2 2
4 x π 3x π
∴ = or =
10. Let P(x1, y1) be the point on the curve at which 2 2 2 2
tangent is drawn. ∴ x = π or x =
π
The equation of the curve is xy = c2. 3
dy π
∴ x + y(1) = 0 f ′′(x) = − sin x − 2 sin 2x < 0, only when x =
dx 3
261


π Now, f ′(x) = 0
∴ The maximum value of function is at
3 ⇒ 2a2 sec2 x tan x − 2b2 cosec2 x cot x = 0
π 3  1 3 3 3 3 1 sin x 1 cos x
∴ f  = 1 +  = × = 2a2. ⋅ = 2b2 2 ⋅
3 2  2 2 2 4 2
cos x cos x sin x sin x
14. f(x) = sin4x + cos4x ∴

sin 4 x b2
= 2
= (sin2x + cos2x)2 − 2 sin2x cos2x 4
cos x a
1 b2
∴ f(x) = 1 − sin22x ∴ tan4x =
2 a2
1 b a
∴ f ′(x) = − (2 sin 2x cos 2x) × 2 ∴ tan2x = and cot2x =
2 a b
f ′(x) = − 2 sin 2x cos 2x Also,
Now, f ′(x) = 0
f ′′(x) = 2a 2 sec2 x.sec2 x + tan x.2sec x sec x tan x 
⇒ sin 2x = 0 or cos 2x = 0
π cosec 2 x (−cosec 2 x) 
⇒ x = 0 or x = −2b 2  
4 + cot x.2cosec x ( − cosec x cot x )
 
Since f ′(x) = −2 sin 2x cos 2x
⇒ f ′(x) = − sin 4x = 2a 2 sec 4 x+ 2sec 2 x tan 2 x 
∴ f ′′(x) = − 4 cos 4x
+ 2b 2 cosec 4 x + 2cosec 2 x cot 2 x 
For x = 0, f ′′(x) = − 4 < 0
π ∴ f ′′(x) > 0 for all x.
For x = f ′′(x) = 4 > 0
4 b
∴ f(x) is minimum when tan2x =
π a
∴ At x = , f(x) is minimum
4 ∴ Minimum value of f(x) = a2(1 + tan2 x)
1 1 1 + b2(1 + cot2 x)
∴ Minimum value of f(x) = 1 − (1) = 1 − =
2 2 2
 b  b
= a2 1 +  + b2 1 + 
2 − 3)3 + 27 3  a  a
 
15. 2( x is minimum when 


x2 −3  + 27

is
a +b 2a +b
minimum. = a2  +b  
(x2 − 3)3 + 27  a   b 
= x6 − 9x4 + 27x2 = a(a + b) + b(a + b) = (a + b)2
= x2(x4 − 9x2 + 27)
ax + b ax + b
 9 27 
2
18. y= = 2
= x2  x 2 −  +  ≥ 0, for all x ( x − 4)( x − 1) x − 5x + 4
 2 4 
dy ( x 2 − 5 x + 4)a − (ax + b)(2 x − 5)
∴ Minimum value of (x2 − 3)3 + 27 is 0. ∴ =
2 3 dx ( x 2 − 5 x + 4) 2
∴ Minimum value of 2( x −3) + 27 = 20 = 1
For extreme (i.e., maximum or minimum)
16. f(x) = 3 cos|x| − 6ax + b dy
= 3 cos x − 6ax + b =0
dx
…[ cos (− x) = cos x]
∴ a(x2 − 5x + 4) − (ax + b) (2x − 5) = 0
∴ f ′(x) = − 3 sin x − 6a Since y has an extreme at P(2, −1),
The function f(x) is increasing for all x ∈ R.
x = 2 satisfies above equation
∴ f ′(x) > 0
a(4 − 10 + 4) − (2a + b) (−1) = 0
∴ − 3 sin x − 6a > 0
⇒ 6a < − 3 sin x ⇒ − 2a + 2a + b = 0
1 ⇒b=0
⇒ a < − sin x
2 x = 2, y = −1 satisfies the equation of the curve
1 a(2) + b
⇒a< − ∴ −1=
2 4 − 10 + 4
17. Let f(x) = a2sec2x + b2cosec2x 2a + 0
∴ −1= = −a
∴ f ′(x) = a2.2 sec x sec x tan x −2
+ b2.2 cosec x (− cosec x cot x) ⇒a=1
= 2a2 sec2 x tan x − 2b2 cosec2x cot x ∴ a = 1, b = 0
262


19. Let f(x) = x tan x  π
2 cos  x + 
∴ f ′(x) = x sec2 x + tan x  4
=
π 1 + (sin x + cos x) 2
∴ f ′(x) > 0 for x ∈  0, 
 2 For f(x) to be increasing, f ′(x) > 0
 π  π
∴ f(x) is increasing in the interval  0,  ⇒ 2 cos  x +  > 0
 2  4
π  π
Since 0 < α < β < , f(α) < f(β) ⇒ cos  x +  > 0
2  4 
∴ α tan α < β tan β π π π 3π π
⇒− <x+ < ⇒ − <x<
α tan β 2 4 2 4 4
⇒ <
β tan a  π π
∴ f(x) is an increasing function in  − ,  .
 2 4
dy
20. According to the given condition, =0
dx 24. f(x) = x3 − 12ax2 + 36a2x − 4
⇒ 12 − 3x2 = 0 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒x=±2 f ′(x) = 3x2 − 12a(2x) + 36a2(1)
When x = 2, y = 16 = 3x2 − 24ax + 36a2
When x = −2, y = −16 Now, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 3x2 − 24ax + 36a2 = 0
∴ x2 − 8ax + 12a2 = 0
∴ The required points are (2, 16) and (−2, −16).
∴ (x − 2a) (x − 6a) = 0
21. The point of intersection of the given curves is ∴ x = 2a or x = 6a
(0, 1). Also, f ′′(x) = 6x − 24a
Now, y = 3x [f ′′(x)]x=2a = 12a − 24a = − 12a < 0
dy [f ′′(x)]x=6a = 36a − 24a = 12a > 0
∴ = 3x log3
dx ∴ Maxima at p = 2a and minima at q = 6a
 dy  3p = q2 ….(given)
∴   = log 3 = m1 (say)
 dx (0,1) ∴ 3 × 2a = (6a)2
Also, y = 5 x ∴ 6a = 36a2
dy 1
∴ = 5 x log5 ∴ a=
dx 6
 dy  25. The functions e−x , sin x, cos x are continuous
∴  = log5 = m 2 (say)
 dx (0,1) and differentiable in their respective domains.
m1 − m 2 log3 − log5 ∴ f(x) is continuous and differentiable
∴ tan α = =
1 + m1m 2 1 + log3log5 π  5π 
Also f   = 0 = f  
4  4 
22. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Now,
∴ f ′(x) = 2ax + b f ′(x) = − e−x (sin x − cos x) + e−x (cos x + sin x)
since α and β are roots of the equation = e−x (− sin x + cos x + cos x + sin x)
ax2 + bx + c = 0 = 2e−x cos x
∴ f(α) = f(β) = 0 Also, f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ cos x = 0
∴ f(x) being a polynomial function in x, it is π π 5π
continuous and differentiable. ∴ x = ∈  , 
2 4 4 
∴ There exists k in (α, β) such that f ′(k) = 0
b 26. f(b) = f(2) = 8 – 24a + 10 = 18 – 24a
∴ 2ak + b = 0, ∴ k=− f(a) = f(1) = 1 – 6a + 5 = 6 – 6a
2a
But k ∈ [α, β] f ′(x) = 3x2 – 12ax + 5
∴ α<k<β By Lagrange's mean value theorem,
b f (b) − f (a) 18 − 24a − 6 + 6a
∴ α<− <β f ′(x) = =
b−a 2 −1
2a
∴ f ′(x) = 12 – 18a
23. f(x) = tan−1 (sin x + cos x) ∴ 3x2 −12ax + 5 = 12 – 18a
1 7
∴ f ′(x) = × (cos x − sin x) At x = ,
1 + (sin x + cos x) 2 4
263

 49  7 1
3   – 12a   + 5 = 12 – 18a ⇒x= , −1
 16  4 2
147 35 35 From (i),
⇒ 3a = – 7 ⇒ 3a = ⇒a= 1 2 1 1 1 5
16 16 48 when x = ,y= ⋅ + ⋅ =
2 3 8 2 4 24
x 2 1 1
27. f(x) = and when x = −1, y = (−1) + ⋅1 = −
sin x 3 2 6
sin x − x cos x cos x(tan x − x) 1 5   1
⇒ f ′(x) = = ∴ The required points are  ,  and  −1, −  .
sin 2 x sin 2 x  2 24   6
∴ f ′(x) > 0 for 0 < x ≤ 1 30. Let r be the radius and h be the height, then
⇒ f(x) is an increasing function. 2
h
x from the figure, r2 +   = R2
Now, g(x) = 2  
tan x
⇒ g′(x) =
tan x − x sec 2 x D C
tan 2 x
sin x cos x − x O
= R
sin 2 x
sin 2 x − 2 x θ
= A r B
2sin 2 x
∴ g ′(x) < 0 for 0 < x ≤ 1.
⇒ g(x) is a decreasing function. ∴ h2 = 4(R2 – r2)
28. ay2 = x3 ….(i) Now, V = πr2 h = 2πr2 R 2 − r 2
dV (−2r)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ∴ = 4πr R 2 − r 2 +2πr .
2
dy dr 2 R 2 − r2
2ay = 3x2 dV
dx For max. or min., =0
2 dr
dy 3x
⇒ = 2πr 3
dx 2ay ⇒ 4πr R 2 − r 2 = 2 2
⇒ 2(R2– r2) = r2
R −r
2ay
∴ slope of the normal = − 2 d 2V
3x 2 2
⇒ 2R = 3r ⇒ r = 2
R ⇒ 2 .= –ve
Since the normal to the given curve makes equal 3 dr
intercepts with the axis. 2
∴ V is max., when r = R.
2ay 3
∴ − 2 = −1
3x
3x 2
⇒y=
2a
3x 2
Substituting y = in (i) and solving, we get
2a
 4a 8a 
the point  ,  .
 9 27 
2 3 1 2
29. y= x + x ....(i)
3 2
dy
∴ = 2x2 + x
dx
Since the tangent makes equal angles with the axis,
dy
= ±1
dx
⇒ 2x2 + x = ±1
⇒ 2x2 + x = 1 (taking +ve sign)
⇒ 2x2 + x − 1 = 0
⇒ (2x − 1) (x + 1) = 0
264
03 Indefinite Integration
Hints
Classical Thinking 3
 1  3 1
7 x +5
9. ∫  x + x  dx = ∫  x
3
+ 3x + +  dx
7 x +5 e x x3 
1. ∫ 7e dx = 7⋅ + c = e7x + 5 + c
7 x 4 3x 2
+ =
+ 3 log x − 2 + c
1
4 2 2x
2. ∫ (a
x
− a 2 x ) dx
1 3 (8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x + 1)
ax a2x 1
10. ∫ x2
(2x + 1) dx = ∫
x2
dx
= − . +c
log a log a 2
= ∫  8 x + 12 + 6 + 12  dx
1  x a2x   x x 
= a −  +c 1
log a  2  = 4x2 + 12x + 6 log x − + c
x
2 x + 3x  2 x 3x 
3. ∫ dx = ∫  x + x  dx ( x + 3 x 2 )2
1 2
5 x
5 5  ( x 2 + x 3 )2
11. ∫ x
dx = ∫
x
dx
  2 x  3 x 
= ∫    +    dx 1  1 2 4

 5   5   = ∫  x + 2x 2 x 3 + x 3  dx
  x 
x x

2 3 7 4
     1 1
 2x 6 x 3
5 5 = ∫ 1 + 2 x 6 + x 3  dx = x +
=   +   +c 7
+ +c
4
2 3  
log   log   6 3
5 5
12 76 3 34
=x+ x + x +c
1 ( x − 5) −2 +1 7 4
4. ∫ ( x − 5) dx = +c
2
−2 + 1 sin 2 x − cos 2 x
−1 12. ∫ dx = ∫ sec 2 xdx − ∫ cos ec 2 xdx
( x − 5) 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= +c=− +c
−1 ( x − 5) = tan x + cot x + c
dx 13. ∫ 1 + cos x dx
5. ∫ = ∫ (1 − x)
−1/ 2
dx
1− x x
(1 − x ) 2 + c
−1
+1
= ∫ 2cos 2
2
dx
=
 1   x
(−1)  − + 1 = 2 ∫ cos  2  dx
 2 
= −2 1 − x + c x
= 2 2 sin   + c
2  
x2 − 1 1
6. ∫ x3
dx = ∫x − ∫ x −3 dx
 x x
2
14. ∫  cos − sin  dx

1  2 2
= log x + +c
2x 2 x x x x
= ∫  cos 2 + sin 2 − 2sin cos  dx
3
3x − 2 x
−1
 2 2 2 2
7. ∫ dx = 3∫ x dx − 2
2
∫x 2
dx
x = ∫ (1 − sin x)dx = x + cos x + c
=x −4 x +c
3
−2 −1
15. f (x) = ∫ f ′( x)dx
ax + bx + c
8. ∫ dx = ∫ (ax + bx
2
+ cx )dx 3
∫(x + 5 ) dx
2
x −3 =
1 2 1 3 1 4 x3
= ax + bx + cx + k = + 5x + c
2 3 4 3
265


⇒ – 75x25 (1 – x)74 + 25x24 (1 – x)75 = 0 π
∴ f has maximum at x = and maximum value of
⇒ 25x24 (1 – x)74 (1− 4x) = 0 6
1 π
⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 or x = f at x = is
4 6
1 1  1  π   3 1
At x = ,f ′  − h  > 0 and f ′  + h  < 0 f   = exp  2 + 3   +  = exp(4)
6 
4 4  4    2  2
1
∴ f (x) has maximum value at x = . 120. f(x) = cos x + cos( 2 x)
4
∴ f ′(x) = − sin x − 2 sin( 2 x) = 0
116. Let f(x) = x 1− x 2 ∴ x = 0 is the only solution.
1 − 2x2 1 f ′′(x) = − cos x − 2 cos( 2 x) < 0 at x = 0
⇒ f ′(x) = =0⇒x=±
1− x 2
2 Hence, maxima occurs at x = 0.
1 121. Let f(x) = x3 − 18x2 + 96x
But as x > 0, we have x =
2 ∴ f ′(x) = 3x2 − 36x + 96
Now, For maximum or minimum, f ′(x) = 0
1 − x 2 (−4 x) − (1 − 2 x 2 )
−x ⇒x2 − 12x + 32 = 0 ⇒ (x − 4)(x − 8) = 0
f ′′(x) = 1 − x2 ⇒ x = 4, 8
(1 − x 2 ) Now, f ′′(x) = 6x − 36
2 x3 − 3x At x = 4, f ′′(x) = 24 − 36 = − 12 < 0
= At x = 4, f(x) will be maximum and
(1 − x 2 )3/ 2
[f(4)]max. = 160
 1 
⇒ f ′′   = −ve d2 y
 2 At x = 8, = 48− 36 = 12 > 0
dx 2
1 At x = 8, f(x) will be minimum and
∴ f(x) is maximum at x =
2 [f(8)]min. = 128
117. f(x) = 2x3 − 21x2 + 36x − 30 122. f(x) = | px – 9 | + r | x |, x ∈ (−∞, ∞)

⇒ f ′(x) = 6x2 − 42x + 36 Where p > 0, q > 0 and r > 0 can assume its
minimum value only at one point, if p = q = r.
∴ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 6, 1 and f ′′(x) = 12x − 42
Here, f ′′(1) = − 30 < 0 and f ′′(6) = 30 > 0 123. f(x) = 3x4 − 8x3 + 12x2 − 48x + 25
∴ f(x) has maxima at x = 1 and minima at x = 6. ∴ f ′(x) = 12x3 − 24x2 + 24x − 48
= 12(x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 4) = 12[(x − 2)(x2 + 2)]
x2 − 1 x2 + 1 − 2 2 For maximum or minimum of f(x), f ′(x) = 0
118. f(x) = = 2 =1− 2
2
x +1 x +1 x +1 ⇒ 12[(x − 2)(x2 + 2)] = 0
2 ⇒ x = 2.
∴ f(x) < 1 ∀x and f(x) ≥ − 1as 2 ≤ 2 Now, f ′′(x) = 12(3x2 − 4x + 2)
x +1
∴ −1 ≤ f(x) < 1 ∴ f ′′(2) = 12(12 − 8 + 2) = 72 > 0
∴ f(x) has minimum value –1. ∴ f has minimum at x = 2 and the minimum value
is f(2) = 48 − 64 + 48 − 96 + 25 = − 39
119. Let f(x) = exp(2 + 3 cos x + sin x) 124. Let y = sinp x. cosq x
⇒ f ′(x) = exp(2 + 3 cos x + sin x) dy
∴ = p sinp−1 x. cos x. cosq x + q cosq−1 x.
dx
× (– 3 sin x + cos x)
(−sin x) sinp x
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f ′(x) = 0 dy
∴ = p sinp−1 x. cosq+1 x − q cosq−1 x. sinp+1 x
⇒ exp(2+ 3 cosx + sinx)( − 3 sinx + cosx) = 0 dx
⇒ − 3 sin x + cos x = 0 For maximum or minimum,
1 dy
⇒ tan x = =0
dx
3
p p
⇒x=
π ∴ tan2 x = ⇒ tan x = ±
q q
6
π p
At x = , f ′′(x) is negative ∴ Point of maxima x = tan−1
6 q
239


125. x + y = 8 ∴ y=8−x 131. Let one number be (100 − x) and then another is
Now f(x) = xy = x(8 − x) = 8x − x2 x.
∴ f ′(x) = 8 − 2x ∴ f(x) = 2(100 − x) + x2 = x2 − 2x + 200
For maximum value of f(x), f ′(x) = 0 ∴ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 2x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
∴ x = 4 and y = 4 Here, f ′′(x) = 2 > 0
So, maximum value of xy = 4 × 4 = 16 Therefore function is minimum at x = 1.
So the numbers are 99 and 1.
126. Here f(x) = | sin 4 x + 3 |
We know that minimum value of sin x is –1 and 132. According to the given condition,
maximum is 1. 2x + 2y = 100 ⇒ x + y = 50 ….(i)
Hence, maximum | sin 4 x + 3 | = |1 + 3 | = 4 and Let the area of rectangle be A.
minimum | sin 4 x + 3 | = | −1 + 3 |=2 A
∴ A = xy ⇒ y =
x
127. Let x and y be two natural numbers such that A
x + y = 10 and the product is xy. Put in (i), we have x + = 50 ⇒ A = 50x − x2
x
xy = x (10 − x) = 10x − x2 = f(x) dA
⇒ = 50 − 2x
∴ f ′(x) = 10 − 2x dx
∴ f ′′(x) = − 2 dA
For maximum area, =0
Roots of f ′(x) = 0, dx
i.e., 10 − 2x = 0, i.e., x = 5 ∴ 50 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 25 and y = 25
f ′(5) = 10 − 10 = 0 Hence, adjacent sides are 25 and 25 cm.
∴ f is maximum when x = 5, y = 5
133. Let the numerator be x, then the fraction is
∴ The product is maximum if x = 5, y = 5
x
f(x) =
128. 2 (x + y) = 24 2
x + 16
∴ x + y =12 On differentiating with respect to x, we get
∴ x = 12 − y ( x 2 + 16).1 − x(2 x)
f ′(x) =
f(x) = xy = x(12 − x) = 12x − x2 ( x 2 + 16) 2
∴ f ′(x) = 12 − 2x = 0 x 2 + 16 − 2 x 2
∴ x = 6 At x = 6, y = 6 =
( x 2 + 16) 2
∴ Maximum area is 36 m2.
16 − x 2
=
129. Let x and y be the lengths of two adjacent sides ( x 2 + 16) 2
of the rectangle. Put f ′(x) = 0 for maxima or minima
Then, its perimeter is 2(x + y) = 36 f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 16 − x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 4, −4
⇒ x + y = 18 ⇒ y = 18 − x ….(i) Again differentiating
Area of rectangle, ( x 2 + 16) 2 (−2 x) − (16 − x 2 )2( x 2 + 16)2 x
A = xy = x (18 − x) = 18x − x2 f ′′(x) =
( x 2 + 16) 4
dA
∴ = 18 − 2 x At x = 4, f ′′(x) < 0 and at x = −4, f ′′(x) > 0
dx
−4 1
For maximum or minimum, ∴ Least value of f(x) = f(−4) = =−
dA 16 + 16 8
= 0 ⇒ 18 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 9
dx 134. Let x + y = 4 ⇒ y = 4 − x
From (i), y = 18 − 9 = 9 1 1 x+ y
+ =
x y xy
130. Let x + y = 3
According to the given condition, 4 4 4
f(x) = = =
f(x) = x2 × (3 − x) = 3x2 − x3 .…(i) xy x(4 − x) 4x − x2
∴ f ′(x) = 6x − 3x2 = 0 ∴ f ′(x) =
−4
.(4 − 2 x)
∴ 3x (x − 2) = 0 (4 x − x 2 ) 2
∴ x = 0,x=2 For maximum or minimum of f(x),
Now f ″(x) = 6 − 6x f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ 4 − 2x = 0
f ″(2) = − 6 < 0 ∴ x = 2 and y = 2
∴ f(x) ha mximum value at x = 2 1 1 1 1
∴ min  +  = + = 1
∴ Maximum value is f(2) = 4 ....[From (i)] x y 2 2
240


135. Let x and y be the lengths of two adjacent sides dA a d 2A
of the rectangle. ∴ = 0 gives r = , thus 2 > 0
dr 2(π + 4) dr
Then, its perimeter is P = 2(x + y) ….(i) and hence minimum.
P − 2x aπ 4a
⇒y= ∴ 4x = a – 2πr = a – =
2 π+4 π+4
Area of rectangle, A = xy a
2 ∴ x=
P − 2 x  Px − 2 x π+4
= x  =
 2  2 a2
∴ A = x2 + πr2 =
dA P − 4 x d 2A 4(π + 4)
∴ = and 2 = −2
dx 2 dx
139.
dA O
=0
dx r r
P − 4x θ
⇒ =0
2
A B
⇒ P = 4x l
⇒ 2x + 2y = 4x ….[From (i)] Let OAB be a given sector of a circle of a radius
⇒x=y r cm such that arc AB = l cm, and ∠AOB = θ
 d 2A  radians.
∴  2  x = y =−2 < 0 Then
 dx 
2r + l = 20 ….(i)
Hence, the area of a rectangle will be maximum
l
when rectangle is a square. =θ ….(ii)
r
1 1 2
136. Let PQ = a and PR = b, then ∆ = ab sin θ A
= rθ ….(iii)
2 2
 −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 From (i), (ii) ,(iii), we get
Since area is maximum when sin θ = 1 A=
1 2 l 1 1
r × = r l = r(20 − 2r)
π 2 r 2 2
⇒θ=
2 ⇒ A = 10 r − r2 ….(iv)
dA
137. Let x + y = 20 ⇒ y = 20 – x ….(i) Now, = 10 − 2r = 0 ⇒ r = 5
dr
and x3y2 = z
d 2A
⇒ z = x3 (20 – x)2 ⇒ z = 400x3 + x5 – 40x4 ∴ = −2 < 0
dr 2
dz ∴ A is maximum at r = 5
∴ = 1200x2 + 5x4 – 160x3
dx Hence, the maximum area
For maximum or minimum, = 10 × 5 – 25 = 25 cm2 …. [From (iv)]
dz 140. 2l + 2πR = 440
=0
dx ∴ l + πR = 220 …(i)
⇒ 1200 x2 + 5x4 − 160x3 = 0
⇒ x = 12, 20
d 2z
= 2400x + 20x3 – 480x2 Now f(x) = l (2R) = (220 − πR) (2R)
dx 2
∴ f(x) = 440R − 2πR2
d z
2
∴  2 = −5760 < 0 ∴ f ′(x) = 440 − 4πR = 0
 dx  x =12 ∴ 0 = 110 − πR
∴ z is maximum at x = 12. 22
∴ 110 = R
From (i), y = 20 − 12 = 8 7
∴ The parts of 20 are 12 and 8. ∴ R = 35
∴ 2R = 70
138. 4x + 2πr = a …(i)
22
2
A = x + πr =
1 2
(a – 2πr)2 + πr2 …[From (i)] From (i),l + × 35 = 220
7
16
dA 1
∴ l + 110 = 220
∴ = − (a – 2πr) π + 2πr ∴ l = 110
dr 4
241


141. Let the length of side of each square cut out be x sq cm. ∴ f ′(A) = cos2 A − sin2 A = cos 2 A
Then, each side of base of the box is For maximum or minimum,
(12 − 2x) cm and x cm will be height of box. f ′(A) = 0 ⇒ cos 2A = 0
π π
⇒ 2A = ⇒A =
2 4
x 12 − 2x x Now, f ′′(A) = −2 sin 2 A
π
= −2 sin
= −2 < 0
12 − 2x 12 − 2x 12 2
π
∴ f(A) is maximum at A = .
4
x 12 − 2x x
π π 1
∴ Maximum value = cos sin =
4 4 2
12 145. Since f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s

theorem, f(3) = f(5) = 0
Volume =V = (12 − 2x)2 x ⇒ x = 3 and x = 5 are the roots of f(x).
= 4(36 + x2 − 12x)x
⇒ f(x) = (x − 3) (x − 5) = x2 − 8x + 15
= 4(x3 − 12x2 + 36x) 5 5
dV = ∫ ( x 2 − 8 x + 15)dx
⇒ = 4(3x2 – 24x + 36) ∴ ∫ f ( x)dx
dx 3 3
= 12 (x2 – 8x + 12) 5
 x3 
d 2V =  − 4 x 2 + 15 x 
and 2 = 4(6x − 24) 3 3
dx
dV 1
Now, = 0 ⇒ x2 − 8x + 12 = 0 = (125 − 27) − 4(25 − 9) +15(5 − 3)
dx 3
⇒ (x − 2)(x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 6 4
=−
But x < 6 3
∴ x = 2
d 2V
For x = 2, = 4 (12 − 24) = − 48 < 0
dx 2 Competitive Thinking
∴ Volume is maximum when each square of
2 cm length is cut out from each corner. 1
1. y = x2 −
2 x2
142. Given equation is 10s = 10ut – 49t
⇒ s = ut – 4.9t2 dy 2
∴ = 2x + 3
ds dx x
⇒ = u – 9.8t = v
dt  dy  2
∴   = 2(−1) + = −4
When stone reaches the maximum height, then dx
 ( −1,0) ( −1)3
v=0
1 1
⇒ u – 9.8t = 0 ⇒ u = 9.8t ∴ Slope of normal at (−1, 0) = − =
 dy  4
But time t = 5 sec  
So the value of u = 9.8 × 5 = 49.0 m/sec  dx ( −1, 0)
143. Let A, P and x be the area, perimeter and length 2. For the point (2, −1) on the curve
of the side of the square respectively at time t
x = t2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t2 – 2t – 5, we have
seconds. Then, A = x2 and P = 4x
t2 + 3t – 8 = 2 and 2t2 – 2t – 5 = −1
∴ P= 4 A
dP 1 dA ⇒ (t + 5) (t − 2) = 0 and (t −2) (t + 1) = 0
∴ = 4. . ⇒t=2
dt 2 A dt
2 dA 2 1 dy
= .= = .2 cm / sec. dy dt 4t − 2
x dt 16 4 Now, = =
dx dx 2t + 3
144. Let dt
f(A) = cos A cos B = cos A cos  π − A   dy  4(2) − 2 6
2  ∴ =  =
 dx (t = 2) 2(2) + 3 7
= cos A sin A
242


3. x = t2 – 7t + 7 ⇒x=1
dx At x = 1, y = 0
∴ = 2t – 7
dt ∴ The required point is (1, 0).
y = t2 – 4t – 10
8. Given equation of curve is y = x − 1
dy
∴ = 2t – 4 Slope of tangent to the curve is
dt
dy 1
At (1, 2), we get =
dx 2 x −1
t2 – 7t + 7 = 1 …(i)
and t2 – 4t – 10 = 2 …(ii) Slope of line 2x + y − 5 = 0 is −2
By (ii) – (i), we get Since the tangent is perpendicular to the given line,
3t = 18  1 
  (−2) =−1
∴ t=6  2 x −1 
dy ⇒ x −1 = 1
dy dt 2t − 4
∴ = = ⇒x=2
dx dx 2t − 7
dt y = x −1 = 2 −1 = 1
dy dy 8 ∴ (x, y) = (2, 1)
∴ = =
dx (1,2) dx t = 6 5 9. y2 = px3 + q …..(i)
−1 dy
4. Slope of the normal = 2y. = 3px2
dy
dx
dx
dy 3p  x 2 
3π −1 ⇒ =  
⇒ tan = dx 2 y
4  dy 
   dy  3p 4
 dx (3, 4) ∴ = × = 2p
 
 dx (2,3) 2 3
dy
⇒   = 1 ⇒ f ′(3) = 1 Since the line touches the curve, their slopes are
 dx (3, 4)
equal.
5. y = ax3 + bx + 4 ∴ 2p = 4 ⇒ p = 2
dy Since, (2,3) lies on =
y 2 px3 + q.
∴ = 3ax2 + b
dx ∴ 9=2×8+q ⇒q=–7
 dy  10. y2 = ax3 + b …..(i)
Slope of tangent at (2, 14) =  
 dx ( 2, 14) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ 21 = 3a(2)2 + b dy
2y. = 3ax2
⇒ 21 = 12a + b ...(i) dx
y = ax3 + bx + 4 dy 3a  x 2 
⇒ =  
∴ 14 = a (8) + b (2) + 4 dx 2 y
⇒ 8a + 2b = 10 ...(ii) 3a 4
 dy 
On solving (i) and (ii), we get ∴   = × = 2a
 dx (2,3) 2 3
a = 2, b = –3
Since, the line touches the curve, their slopes are
dy equal.
6. y = x3 ⇒ = 3x2
dx ∴ 2a = 4 ⇒ a = 2
2
According to the given condition, 3x = y y 2 ax3 + b ,
Since (2,3) lies on =
⇒ 3x2 = x3 ….[ y = x3] 9=2×8+b ⇒b=–7
⇒ x = 0, 3 Now, 7a + 2b = 7(2) + 2(–7) = 0
Thus, the two points are (0, 0) and (3, 27). 1
11. y= ....(i)
dy x
7. y = x2 − 3x + 2 ⇒ = 2x − 3 dy −1
dx ∴ = 2
Slope of the given line = 1 dx x
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the given −1
∴ Slope of tangent to the curve =
line, (2x − 3) (1) = −1 x2
243

Chapter 03: Indefinite Integration

1 + cos 2 x dx dx
35. ∫ dx = ∫ (cosec 2 x + cot 2 x)dx 41. ∫ 1 + sin x = ∫
sin 2 x x 
1 + cos  − x 
= ∫ (2cosec2 x − 1)dx  2 
dx
… 1 + cot
= 2
θ cosec 2θ  = ∫ π x
2cos 2  − 
= −2 cot x − x + c  4 2
1 + cos 4 x cos 2 2 x
36. 2∫ dx = 2 ∫ 2 dx =
1  x π
2∫
1 − cos 4 x sin 2 x sec 2  −  dx
2 4
= 2 ∫ cot 2 2 x dx
 x π
tan  − 
= 2 ∫ (cosec2 2 x − 1) dx 1 2 4 + c
= .
2 1
cot 2 x 
= 2  −  − 2x + c 2
 2 
x π
= − cot 2x − 2x + c = tan  −  + c
2 4
 
2 2
 1+ tanx   π  −π
37. ∫  1 − tanx  dx = ∫  tan  4 + x   dx ∴ a=
4
and b = arbitrary constant
 π  
= ∫  sec2  + x  − 1 dx 42. Put t = 3x − 5 ⇒ dt = 3dx
 4   
1
π
= tan  + x  − x + c
∴ ∫ tan(3x − 5)sec(3x − 5)dx = 3 ∫ tan t.sec t dt
4  sec t
= +c
3
38. ∫ ( sec x − tan x ) dx
2
sec (3x − 5)
= ∫ ( sec x − tan x + 2sec x tan x ) dx
2 2 = +c
3
= ∫ ( 2sec x −1 + 2sec x tan x ) dx
2
43. Put 5x7 = t

= 2 tan x + 2 sec x – x + c ⇒ 35x6 dx = dt
= 2 (sec x + tan x) – x + c
dt
⇒ x6 dx =
tan x 35
39. ∫ (sec x + tan x) dx dt
∴ ∫x sin(5 x 7 ) dx = ∫ sin t ⋅
6
tan x(sec x − tan x) 35
= ∫ dx
(sec x + tan x)(sec x − tan x) cos t − cos(5 x 7 )
= − =
tan x(sec x − tan x) 35 35
= ∫ dx
(sec 2 x − tan 2 x) 1
∴ k=−
= ∫ (sec x tan x − tan 2 x)dx 7
= ∫ sec x tan x dx − ∫ (sec2 x − 1)dx
44. ∫ sec
4
x tan x dx = ∫ sec3 x sec x tan x dx
= ∫ sec x tan x dx − ∫ sec x dx + ∫1dx 2
Put t = sec x ⇒ dt = sec x tan x dx

= sec x − tan x + x + c t4 1
∴ ∫ sec x tan x dx = ∫ t dt= + c = sec 4 x + c
4 3
cos 4 x + 1 ( cos 4 x + 1) (sin x cos x)dx 4 4

40. ∫ cot x − tan x dx = ∫ cos 2 x − sin 2 x
2 45. Put x3 =
t ⇒ 3 x 2 dx =
dt
2cos 2 x(sin x cos x)
= ∫ dx 1
cos 2 x ∫x 3∫
2
∴ sec x3dx = sec t dt
= ∫ cos 2 x (2 sin x cos x)dx
1
= ∫ cos 2x sin 2x dx = 3 log(sec t + tan t) + c
1 1
= ∫ sin 4x dx 3
( 3
)
2 = 3 log sec x + tan x + c
−1
= cos 4x + c 46. Put f(x) = t ⇒ f ′(x) dx = dt
8
−1 f ′( x) 1 1 1
∴ A= ∴ ∫ [f ( x)] dx = ∫ 2
dt = − + c = − +c
8
2
t t f ( x)
271


47. Put x10 + 10x = t ⇒ (10x9 + 10x log e 10)dx = dt dx dx
2 x − 3cos 2 x ∫ cos6 x ∫
55. ∫ 4cos = = sec6 xdx
10 x9 +10 x log e 10 1
3
∴ ∫ 10x + x10 dx = ∫ = t
dt log t + c
1
= log sec 6x + tan 6x + c
= log(x10 + 10x) + c 6
48. Put x2 − 4x + 3 = t
1 dx 1 dx
⇒ (2x − 4)dx = dt ⇒ (x − 2)dx = dt 56. ∫ sin x + 3 cos x
= ∫
2 sin x 3
2 + cos x
x−2 1 dt 1 2 2
dx = =
∫x 2∫ t
∴ log t + c
2
− 4x + 3 2 1 dx
= ∫
1 2 sin x cos + sin π cos x
π
= log( x 2 − 4 x + 3) + c 3 3
2
= log ( x2 − 4x + 3 + c ) =
1
2∫ 
dx
π
sin  x + 
 3
1
49. Put t = tan−1 x2 ⇒ dt = . 2x dx
1+ x 4 1  π
=
2∫
cosec  x +  dx
2 x tan −1 x 2 t2  3
∴ ∫ 1 + x 4 dx = ∫ t dt= 2 + c 1  x π
= log tan  +  + c
1 2 2 6
=
2
( tan −1 x )
2 2
+c
sin 2 x sin(5 x − 3x)
50. Put t = x + log sec x 57. ∫ sin3x sin5 x dx = ∫ sin3x.sin5 x dx
⇒ dt = (1 + tan x)dx
1 + tan x 1 sin 5 x cos3x − cos5 x sin 3x
∴ ∫ x + log sec x dx = ∫ =
t
dt log t + c = ∫ sin 3x sin 5 x
dx
= log(x + log sec x) + c = ∫ cot 3x dx − ∫ cot 5 x dx

1 1 1
51. Put 1 + log x = t ⇒ dx = dt = log |sin 3x| − log |sin 5x| + c
x 3 5
(1 + log x ) + c
2
1 + log x t2
∴ ∫ x d x = ∫ t dt
= +c= 1+ x 1+ x
2 2 58. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1− x 1 − x2
52. Put a2 + b2 sin2 x = t
dx x
⇒ b2 sin 2x dx = dt = ∫ +∫ dx
sin 2 x 1 dt 1 − x2 1 − x2
∴ ∫ a 2 + b2 sin 2 x dx = b2 ∫t In 2nd integral, put 1 − x2 = t ⇒ −2x dx = dt
1 dx 1 dt
=
b2
log t + c ∴ I = ∫ 1− x 2
−
2 ∫ 12
t
1
= 2 log ( a 2 + b 2 sin 2 x ) + c
b = sin−1 x − t +c
cos( x + α) = sin −1 x − 1 − x 2 + c
53. ∫ cos x dx
1
cos x cos α − sin x sin α  59. Put t = x + log x ⇒ dt = 1 +  dx
= ∫   dx  x
 cos x  2
( x + 1)( x + log x) t3
= ∫ (cos a − sin a tan x)dx ∴ ∫ dx = ∫t
2
dt= +c
x 3
= (cos α) x − sinα log | sec x | + c 1
= ( x + log x)3 + c
1 dx 1 x 3
54. ∫= dx ∫=
2∫
sec dx
1 + cos x x 2 60. Put log (log x) = t
2cos 2  
2 1
⇒ dx = dt
1  x x 1 x log x
= log sec + tan . +c
2 2 2  1/ 2 dx dt
x x
∴ ∫ x log x log(log x) = ∫ t
= log |t| + c
= 2 log sec + tan +c
2 2 = log |log(log x)| + c
272


1 1 e x (1 + x) dt
61. Let I = ∫ [log x x ]2 dx = ∫ 3 [ x log x]2 dx ∴ ∫ sin( xe ) dx = ∫ sin t = ∫ cosec t dt
x3 x x
1 t
= ∫ (log x) 2 dx = log tan   + c
x 2  
1
Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt  xe x 
x = log tan   +c
3  2 
t (log x)3
∴ I = ∫ t 2 dt = + c = +c x
3 3 68. Put log  tan  = t
2  
dI
62. = 3cosy sin y ⇒
11 x
. sec 2 dx = dt ⇒ cosec x dx = dt
dy x 2
tan 2
∴ I = ∫ 3cos y sin y ⋅ dy 2
Put cos y = t cosec x 1
∴ ∫  x  dx = ∫= t
dt log t + c
⇒ − sin y dy = dt ⇒ sin y dy = − dt log  tan 
 2
−3t −3cos y
∴ I = − ∫ 3t dt = +c= +c x
log 3 log3 = log log  tan  + c
 2
63. Put a x = t
69. Put tan−1 (x3) = t
1
⇒ ax log a dx = dt ⇒ ax dx = dt 1 x2 dt
log a ⇒ .3x2dx = dt ⇒ dx =
1+ ( x )
3 2 1+ x 6 3
1 1 1
. at.
x
∴ ∫ a .a dx = ∫ a t dt = +c
a x
log a log a log a x 2 tan −1 (x )3

1 1 t2
3∫
∴ ∫ dx = t dt = . +c
aa
x
1 + x6 3 2
= +c
( tan x3 )
2
( log a )
2 −1
= +c
−x
6
−x
64. Put 2e + 5 = t ⇒ −2e dx = dt sec 2 x
1 70. Put tan x=t⇒ dx = dt
∴ ∫ e cosec (2e + 5) dx = − 2 ∫ cosec t dt 2 x
−x 2 −x 2
1
1 ∴ ∫ tan 4 x .sec 2 x dx = 2∫ t 4 dt
= cot t + c x
2
2t 5 2
1 = + c = tan 5 x + c
= cot(2e− x + 5) + c 5 5
2
71. Put ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
dx e− x e x tan 2 (e x )dx = tan 2 t dt = ∫ (sec 2 t − 1)dt
65. Let I = =
∫ 1 + e ∫ 1 + e − x dx
x
∴ ∫ ∫
= tan t − t + c
Put 1 + e−x = t ⇒ e−x dx = −dt = tan(ex) − ex + c
dt
∴ I = −∫ = − log|t| + c = − log|1 + e−x| + c 1
1+ 2
t x2 + 1 x
72. Let I = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ dx
x( x −1) 1
1 x−
66. Let I = ∫ dx x
(e + e −2 x )
2x 2
1  1 
Put x − t ⇒ 1 + 2  dx = dt
e4 x x  x 
= ∫ dx
(e + 1)
2
4x
dt  1
∴ I= ∫ t
= log t + c= log  x −  + c
 x
Put e4x + 1 = t ⇒ 4 e4x dx = dt
1 1  x2 − 1 
∴ I = ∫ t 2 dt = log  +c
4  x 
1  −1  −1 1
=   +c= +c ( x 4 − x ) 4 dx
4  t  4 ( e 4 x + 1) 73. Let I = ∫
x5
1 1
67. Put x ex = t  1 4  1 4
1 − 3  1 − 3 
⇒ (ex + xex) dx = dt x ⋅  x5  dx =  x 
⇒ ex (1 + x) dx = dt
= ∫ x ∫ x 4 dx
273


1 3 1
− +1
Put 1 – =t⇒ dx = dt 1 t 2
= ⋅ +c
x3 x4 4 − 1 +1
1
5
2
dt t4 1
∴ I = ∫t . = . +c
4
1 1
3 5 3 = t+c= 1 + x4 + c
4 2 2
5
5
1 4 sin 2 x 2sin x cos x
= 4 t 4 + c = 4 1 − 3  + c 79. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
15 15 x   sin 2 x + 2cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
dx dx Put 1 + cos2 x = t ⇒ −2 sin x cos x dx = dt

74. Let I = ∫ 7 =
x( x + 1) ∫  1 
∴
 dt
I = ∫ −   = − log t + c
x8  1 + 7 
 x   t 
Put 1 +
1 −7
= t ⇒ 8 dx = dt = − log|1 + cos2 x| + c
7
x x
−1 dt −1 cos 2 x
I = log |t| + c 80. Let I = ∫ (cos x + sin x) dx
7 ∫ t
∴ = 2
7
1 x7 + 1 (cos x − sin x)(cos x + sin x)
= − log +c =∫ dx
7 x7 (cos x + sin x) 2
1 x7 cos x − sin x
= log 7 +c =∫ dx
7 x +1 cos x + sin x
Put t = sin x + cos x
1 dx
75. ∫ x( x n
dx = ∫ n +1  1  ⇒ dt = (cos x − sin x)dx
+ 1)
x 1 + n  1
x  I=
 ∴ ∫ t dt = log t + c = log|sin x + cos x| + c
−1 − nx − n −1
= ∫ dx
n (1 + x − n ) 81. Put 3sin2 x + 5cos2x = t
−1 1 ⇒ (3 × 2 sin x cos x – 5 × 2 sin x cos x) dx = dt
= log 1+ n + c
n x ⇒ −4 sin x cos x dx = dt
−1 xn + 1 dt
= log +c ⇒ sin x cos x dx =
n xn −4
1 x n sin x cos x dt
= log n +c ∴ ∫ 3sin dx = ∫
n x +1
2 2
x + 5cos x (−4)t
1 1 1
76. Let I = ∫ 2
1
dx = ∫
sec 2 xdx =–
4 ∫ t dt = – 4 log t + c
cos x(1− tan x) 2
(tan x −1) 2
1
Put tan x − 1 = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt =– log |3sin2 x + 5cos2 x| + c
4
1 1 −1 1
∴ I= ∫t 2
dt = − + c = +c= +c
t tan x −1 1 − tan x cos x + x sin x
cos x + x sin x x2
77. Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ 82. Let I = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ dx
x + x cos x cos x
1+
1 sec 2 θdθ x
∴ ∫x dx = ∫
2
1+ x 2 tan 2 θ sec θ cos x
Put 1 + =t
= ∫ cosecθ cot θdθ = −cosec θ + c x
−( x sin x + cos x)
− tan 2 θ + 1 − x 2 +1 ⇒ dx = dt
= +c = +c x2
tan θ x
dt
∴ I = −∫ = − log | t | + c
x 3
1 4x 3 t
78. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 + x4 4 1 + x4 x + cos x
= − log +c
1 dt x
=
4 ∫ t1/ 2 x
= log +c
…[Put 1 + x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt] x + cos x
274

(
log x + 1 + x 2 ) dx ∴ ∫ 1 + 2 tan x (sec x + tan x)dx
83. Let I = ∫ 1 + x2 = ∫ ( sec x + tan x ) dx
Put log (x + 1 + x 2 ) = t 1 + sin x
= ∫ dx
2x cos x
1+
2 1 + x 2 dx = dt dx 1 − sin 2 x
⇒ ⇒ = dt
x + 1 + x2 1+ x 2 = ∫ cos x(1− sin x) dx
( )
2
t2
log x + 1 + x 2 
  = −∫
( − cos x ) dx = − log |1 − sin x| + c
∴ I= ∫ t dt =
2
+c= 
2
+c 1 − sin x
∫ {1 + 2 tan x ( tan x+sec x )}

1/ 2
84. ∫ sec x dx = log(sec x + tan x) + c 89. dx
= ∫ ( sec2 x+ tan 2 x+ 2 tan x sec x ) dx

1/ 2
 sec 2 x − tan 2 x 
= log  +c
 sec x − tan x 
= ∫ ( sec x+ tan x ) dx
1
= log  
+c = log(sec x + tan x) + log sec x + c
 sec x − tan x 
= log sec x(sec x + tan x) + c
= − log(sec x − tan x) + c
dx ex
1 − tan x π  90. ∫e = ∫ 2x dx
85. ∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫ tan  4 − x  dx x
+e −x
e +1
dt
π
− log cos  − x 
 =∫ 2
…[Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt]
t +1
 4  +c
=
−1 = tan−1 (t) + c
π = tan−1 (ex) + c
= log cos  − x  + c
4  1 1
π  π 
91. ∫ (1 + x) dx = ∫ dx
( x ) 
2
= log sin  −  − x   + c x 1+ x
 2  4  
π 1
= log sin  + x  + c Put x =t⇒ dx = dt
4   2 x
1 2
1 1 ∴ ∫ (1 + x) dx = ∫1+ t dt
86. ∫ dx = ∫ 2
dx x
1 + sin x x x
sin + cos = 2 tan–1 t + A
2 2
1 1 –1
=∫ dx ∴ ∫ (1 + x) dx = 2 tan x+A
 x π x
2 sin  + 
2 4 ∴ f(x) = 2 tan–1 x
1  x π
=
2∫
cosec  +  dx sin 2 x
2 4 92. Let I = ∫ sin 4
x + cos 4 x
dx
π x
= 2 log tan  +  + c 2sin x cos x
8 4 =∫ 4 dx
sin x + cos 4 x
87. Put (xx)x = t ⇒ log(xx)x = log t 2 tan x sec 2 x
=∫ dx
⇒ x2 log x = log t 1 + tan 4 x
1 Put tan2 x = t ⇒ 2tan x sec2 xdx = dt
⇒ (2x log x + x)dx = .dt
t dt
⇒ (2log x + 1)x (xx)xdx = dt ∴ I= ∫1+ t 2
= tan−1 t + c = tan−1(tan2x) + c
∫ x( x )
x x
∴ (2log x + 1)dx = ∫ dt = t + c = (xx)x + c
93. Put ax = t ⇒ ax log e adx = dt
88. 1 + 2 tan x (sec x + tan x) ax 1 dt
∴ ∫ dx = ∫
= 1 + 2 tan x . sec x + 2 tan2 x 1 − a2x log e a 1 − t2
= (1 + tan2 x) + 2 sec x . tan x + tan2 x
1 sin −1 (a x )
= sec2 x + 2 sec x . tan x + tan2 x = sin −1 (t) + c = +c
= (sec x + tan x)2 log e a log e a
275


1 ⇒ 12x2 dx = dt
94. Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt
x 1 dt
dt
∴ I= ∫
dx −1 4 ( 3)
2
∴ ∫x =∫ 2
= sin t + c − t2
1 − (log x) 2
1− t
1 t
= sin−1 (log x) + c = sin−1   + c
4 3
95. Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = − sin x dx
1  4 x3 
∴
sin x
dx = − ∫
dt = sin−1  + c
∫ 4 − cos 2 x 22 − t 2
4  3 
t cos x 
= − sin−1   + c = − sin−1   +c
a−x a−x
2  2 
101. ∫ a+x
dx = ∫ a 2 − x2
dx
sec x dx sec x
96. ∫ =
cos 2 x ∫ cos 2 x − sin 2 x
dx   a x
= ∫ dx 2 2
−
2 2
 a −x a −x 
sec 2 xdx 1 1 −2 x
=∫ = a ∫ 2 2 dx + ∫ 2 2 dx
1 − tan 2 x a −x 2 a −x
…[Multiplying Nr and Dr by sec x] x 1
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt = a.sin −1   + .2 a 2 − x 2 + c
a 2
sec x dx dt
∴ ∫ = ∫ = sin−1 t + c x
cos 2 x 1− t 2 = a sin −1   + a 2 − x 2 + c
a
= sin−1 (tan x) + c
97. Put 2x = sin θ ⇒ 2dx = cos θ d θ 2x
102. Let I = ∫ dx
1 − ( 2x )
2
2dx cos θ dθ cos θ
∴ ∫ =∫ =∫ dθ
1 − 4x2 2
1 − sin θ cos θ
dt
Put 2x = t ⇒ 2x dx =
= ∫ dθ=θ+ c log 2
= sin−1(2x) + c 1 dt 1
I= = sin −1 t + c
log 2 ∫ 1 − t 2 log 2
∴
dx dx
98. ∫ = ∫ 1
2 − 3x − x 2  17   3
2
= sin−1 2x + c
 −x+  log 2
 4  2
1
dx ∴ K=
= ∫ 2 2
log 2
 17   3
  −  x +  x x. x
 2   2 103. ∫ 1 + x dx = ∫ dx
x (1 + x)
 3 
  x +   x +1 1
2  = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
= sin–1   +c x ( x +1) x ( x +1)
 17  
  1 1
  2   = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
x 1 + x  ( )
2
x
 2x + 3 
 
= sin–1  17  + c
= 2 x − 2tan−1 x + c
99. Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt = 2( x − tan −1 x ) + c
∴ ∫ cos x 4 − sin 2 x dx = ∫ 4 − t 2 dt  1 
log 1+ 1 
e

 x2  1+
t 4 −1  t  104. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ x 2
dx
=∫ (2) 2 − t 2 dt = 4 − t 2 + sin   + c 1 2
2 2 2 x2 + 2  1
x x−  +2
 x
1 1 
= sin x 4 − sin 2 x + 2sin −1  sin x  + c
2 2   … elog a = a 
1
3x 2 3x 2 Put x − =t
100. Let I = ∫ 9 − 16 x 6
dx = ∫
(3) 2 − (4 x3 ) 2
dx x
1
Put 4x3 = t ⇒ 1 + 2  dx = dt
 x 
276

dt 1  t  sin x −dt −1 dt
∴ I=∫ 2
t +2
= tan−1  + c
∴ ∫ 3 + 4cos 2
x
dx = ∫ 3 + 4t 2
=
4 ∫  3
2
2  2 2
t +  
 1  2 
1  x− x 
= −1
tan   +c = − 1 .tan −1 t
+c
2  2  4.
3  3
   
2  2 
1  x2 − 1  −1  2t 
= tan−1  + c = tan −1  +c
2  2x  2 3  3
−1  2cos x 
1 = tan −1  +c
105. Put x2 = t ⇒ xdx = dt 2 3  3 
2
x 1 dt dx
∴ ∫x 4
+ x2 + 1
dx =
2 ∫t 2
+ t +1
109. Let I = ∫a 2
sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x
1 dt Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get
2 ∫ t2 + t + 1 + 3
=
sec 2 x
4 4 I= ∫a 2
dx
tan 2 x + b 2
1 dt
= ∫ 2 Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
2  3
(t + 1 / 2) 2 +   dt 1 dt
 2  ∴ I= ∫a t 2 2
+b 2
= 2
a ∫ b2
t2 +
1 1 t +1/ 2 
= ⋅ tan–1   +c
a2
2 ( 3 / 2)  3/2   
1 2t + 1   t 
= tan–1   +c
1
= 2⋅
1
tan–1   +c
3  3  a b b
  a 
1  2x2 + 1  a  
= tan–1   +c
3  3  1 a
= tan–1  tan x  + c
ab b 
1 dx
106. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫
1 + sin 2 x 2sin 2 x + cos 2 x dx
110. Let I = ∫ 4sin 2
2
sec x dx x + 5cos 2 x
=∫
2 tan 2 x + 1
2
Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get
1 sec x dx
2 ∫ tan 2 x + 1
= sec 2 x dx
I= ∫ 4 tan 2
x +5
2
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt =
1 sec 2 x dx
1 dt 1 1 t 4 ∫ tan 2 x + 5
∴ I= ∫ = .
2 t2 + 1 2 1
tan −1
1
+c 4
2 2 2 Put tan x = t
1 ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
= tan −1 ( 2 tan x) + c
2 1 dt1 1  2t 
4∫
∴ I = = ⋅ 2
tan −1  +c
 5 4 5  5
1 sec 2 x sec 2 x 2
t +  
107. ∫= dx ∫= dx ∫ dx 2
1 + cos x 2
sec x + 1 tan2 2
x+2  2 
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt 1  2 tan x 
= tan −1  +c
1 dt 1  t  2 5  5 
∴ ∫ 1 + cos 2
=
x
dx = ∫ 2
t +2 2
tan −1 
 2
+c
dx
=
1  1
tan −1 

tan x  + c
111. Let I = ∫ 2sin 2
x − 3cos 2 x + 7
2  2 
Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2x, we get
108. Put cos x = t sec 2 x dx
I= ∫ 2 tan
⇒ – sin x dx = dt 2
x − 3 + 7sec 2 x
277


sec 2 xdx 1  sin x + cos x 
= ∫ 2 tan 2 = ∫ 1 +  dx
x − 3 + 7(1 + tan 2 x) 2  sin x − cos x 
sec 2 xdx 1
= ∫ 4 + 9 tan 2 x =  x+ log ( sin x − cos x ) + c 
2
Put t = tan x
⇒ dt = sec2 x dx 115. Put x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ
dt 1 −1  3t  1 + x2 1 + sin 2 θ
∴ I= ∫ 22 + (3t)2 = 6 tan  2  + c ∴ ∫ 1 − x2
dx = ∫ 1 − sin 2 θ
.cos θ d θ
1 3tan x 
= tan−1   +c
= ∫ (1 + sin 2 θ)dθ
6  2 
1 − cos 2θ 
= ∫ dθ+ ∫   dθ
dx  2 
112. ∫ 2 + cos x
1 sin 2θ 
=θ+ θ − + c
dx 2 2 
=∫
2 x 2 x x x
2sin   + 2cos   + cos 2   − sin 2   3 sin θ cos θ
2
  2
   2 2 = θ− +c
2 2
 x
sec 2   3 sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ
= ∫
dx
=∫  2  dx = θ− +c
x x 2 2
     x
sin 2   + 3cos 2   tan 2   + 3 3 1
2 2 2 = sin −1 x − x 1 − x 2 + c
2 2
x
Put tan   = t
2 dx
x 116. Let I = ∫ 2sin x + cos x + 3
⇒ sec2  2  dx = 2dt
x
Put t = tan  
dx dt 2  t  2  
∴ ∫ 2 + cos = =2 ∫ 2
tan −1  +c
x t +3 3  3 2dt 1 − t2 2t
∴ dx = and cos x = , sin x =
  x 1+ t 2
1 + t2 1 + t2
2  tan  2  
= tan 
−1   + c 2dt
3  3  1 + t2
  ∴ I =∫
   2t   1 − t 2 
2 2 
+ 2 
+3
dx dx 1 + t  1 + t 
113. ∫ 5 + 4 cos x = ∫  2 x dt
1 − tan 2  = 2 ∫ 4t + 1 − t 2
5 + 4 + 3 + 3t 2
x
1 + tan 2  dt dt
 2 = 2∫ = ∫t
2t 2 + 4t + 4 2
+ 2t + 2
x
sec 2 dt dt
2 dx = =
=∫
x ∫t 2
+ 2t + 1 + 1 ∫ (t +1) 2
+ 12
9 + tan 2
2 t + 1 –1  x 
x 1 x = tan–1   + c = tan  tan   + 1 + c
Put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt  1   2 
2 2 2
dx dt 117. Put x2 = t
∴ ∫ 5 + 4cos x = 2 ∫ 32 + t 2 dt dt
⇒ 2x dx = dt ⇒ dx = =
2 −1  t  2x 2 t
= tan   + c
3 3 dx dt 1 −1
∴ ∫x 4
x −1
= ∫ 2t t2 −1
=
2
sec t + c
2 −1  1 x
= tan  tan  + c
3 3 2 1 −1 2
= sec x + c
2
sin x 1 2sin x
114. ∫ sin x − cos x dx = 2 ∫ sin x − cos x dx x2 − 1
1 ( sin x − cos x + sin x + cos x )
118. Let I = ∫ (x 2
+ 1) x 4 + 1
dx
= ∫ dx
2 sin x − cos x Dividing Nr and Dr by x2, we get
278

 1 1
1 − 2  122. Let I = ∫ dx
 x  cosec x + cot 2 x
2
= ∫ dx
 1 2 1 sin x
x + x + = dx



x x2 ∫ 1 + cos 2 x
 1  Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = − sin x dx
1 − 2 
 x 
= ∫
 1  1
2
dx ∴ I=− ∫
dt
1 + t2
(
= − log t + 1 + t 2 + c )
x+  x+  −2
 x  x
(
= − log cos x + 1 + cos 2 x + c )
1  1 
Put x + =t⇒ 1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x  123. ∫ x 2 − 8 x + 7 dx= ∫ ( x − 4) 2 − (3) 2 dx
dt 1 t 
∴ I= ∫t = sec−1  +c =
( x − 4) 2 9
x − 8 x + 7 − log x − 4 + x 2 − 8 x + 7 + c
2
t −2 2  2 2 2
 1  dx 1 dx
1  x + x   124. ∫ 2x = ∫
= sec−1   + c 2
+ x − 1 2 x2 + 1 x − 1
2  2  2 2
 
1 dx
= ∫ 2 2
1  x2 + 1  2  1 3
= sec−1  + c  x + −
  
2  x 2   4 4
 1 3
119. Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx 1 1 x+ −
4 4
= . log  +c
sec 2 x 1 2 3  1  3
∴ ∫ 2
tan x + 4
dx = ∫
t + 22
2
dt 2.  
4


x + 
4 4
+
= log t + t 2 + 4 + c 1 2x −1
= log +c
3 2( x + 1)
= log tan x + tan 2 x + 4 + c
125. Put log x = t
1
120. Put x2 = t ⇒ dx = dt
x
⇒ 2x dx = dt
dx dt
⇒ x dx =
dt ∴ ∫ x[(log x)2 + 4log x − 1] = ∫ t 2 + 4t − 1
2
dt
x 1 dt = ∫ (t + 2)
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ 2
− ( 5) 2
x4 − 4 2 t 2 − 22
1 t+2− 5
1 = log +c
= log |t + t 2 − 4 | + c 2 5 t+2+ 5
2
1 1 log x + 2 − 5
= log |x2 + x 4 − 4 | + c = log +c
2 2 5 log x + 2 + 5
ex 1
126. Let I = ∫ (x dx
121. Let I = ∫ e 2 x + 4e x + 13
dx 2
− 1) x 2 + 1
Put ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt 1 1
Put x = ⇒ dx = − 2 dt
dt t t
∴ I = ∫ 2 1
t + 4t + 13 − 2
t t
dt ∴ I = ∫ dt = − ∫ (1− t ) dt
1  1 2
1+ t 2
= ∫ (t + 2) 2 + 32
−1
 2  2 + 1
t  t
= log t + 2 + (t + 2) 2 + 32 + c Put 1+ t 2 = u ⇒ 1 + t2 = u2 ⇒ tdt = udu

u
= log e x + 2 + e2 x + 4e x + 13 + c ∴ I =− ∫ 1− (u 2
−1)  u
du

279


du du ⇒ dt = − sin x dx
=− ∫ 2 −u = ∫
( 2) ⇒ − dt = sin x dx
2 2
2
u −
∴ I = ∫ (1 − t 2 ) t (− dt)
1 u− 2
= log +c 5
7
2 2 u+ 2 t 3/ 2 t2
=− ∫ t dt + ∫ t dt = −
3/ 2
2
+
7
+c
1 2
1+ t − 2
= log +c 2
2 2 1+ t 2 + 2 2
( )
2
( )
7 3
= cos x − cos x + c
1
2 7 3
1+   − 2
1  x dx
= log +c 130. Let I = ∫
2 2 2 x+3x
1
1+   + 2 1
 x Put x 6 = t
1 x 2 +1 − 2 x ⇒ x = t6
= log +c ⇒ dx = 6t5dt
2 2 x 2 +1 + 2 x
6t 5
∴ I= ∫ t + t 2 dt
3
2x + 1
127. Let I = ∫ dx
x 4 + 2 x3 + x 2 − 1 6t 5 t3
= ∫ 2 dt = 6 ∫ dt
2x + 1 t (t + 1) t +1
= ∫ dx
[ x( x + 1)]2 − 1 t3 + 1 − 1 1 
= 6∫ dt = 6 ∫  t 2 − t + 1 −  dt
Put t = x (x + 1) t +1  t +1
⇒ dt = (2x + 1) dx  t3 t2 
dt = 6  − + t − log |t + 1| + c
∴ I= ∫ 2 3 2 
t −1
1 t −1
= 2 x – 3 3 x + 6 6 x – 6 log | 6
x +1|+c
= log +c
2 t +1 x5dx x 3 .x 2
131. Let I = ∫ = ∫ dx
1 x2 + x − 1 1+ x3 1+ x3
= log 2 +c Put 1 + x3 = t2
2 x + x +1
⇒ 3x2 dx = 2t dt
1 x2 + x + 1
= − log 2 +c (t 2 − 1)  2 
2 x + x −1 ∴ I=∫   t dt
t 3
1
2 t 
3
∴ A= − 2
= ∫(t − 1) dt =  − t + c
2
2
3 3 3 
1 1 2 2
128. ∫ sin x sin x.cos x
dx = ∫ cos x
dx =
9
t(t − 3) + c
sin x. sin 2 x.
sin x 2 3
= 1 + x 3 (1 + x − 3) + c
1 9
= ∫ dx 2 3
cos x = 1 + x 3 (x − 2) + c
sin x.sin x. 9
sin x
2 4
1 1
× cosec2x dx 132. Let I = ∫ sec 3 x cosec 3 x dx = ∫ dx
= ∫ cot x
2
cos x sin x
3
4
3
Put t = cot x 4
⇒ − dt = cosec2 x dx Dividing Nr and Dr by cos x, we get 3
1 −dt −
1
sec 2 x
∫ t ∫ 2 dt I= ∫ dx
∴ ∫ sin x sin x.cos x dx = = − t 4
tan x 3
1
= −2t + c 2 Put tan x = t
⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
= − 2 cot x + c −1
−4
dt t3
129. Let I = ∫ sin 3 x cos x dx ∴ I = ∫ 4/3 = ∫t 3
dt = +c
t −1
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x) cos x sin x dx 3
−1
Put t = cos x = − 3 ( tan x ) 3 + c
280

133. Let I = ∫ sec6 x dx = ∫ sec4 x.sec2 x dx 2x − 1 

= e2 x  + c
 4 
= ∫ (1 + tan 2 x) 2 sec2 x dx
2x −1
Put t = tan x ∴ f(x) =
4
⇒ dt = sec2 x dx
∴ I = ∫ (1 + t 2 ) 2 dt = ∫ (1 + 2t 2 + t 4 )dt e3 x e3 x
139. ∫x
2
e3x dx = x2 ⋅ – ∫ 2x . dx
3 3
2t 3 t5
=t+ + +c x 2 e3 x 2  e3 x e3 x 
3 5 = –  x. − ∫1. dx 
2 1 3 3  3 3 
= tan x + tan3 x + tan5 x + c
3 5 x 2 e3 x 2  xe3 x e3 x 
= –  −  +c
134. Let I = ∫ tan 4 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x (sec2 x − 1)dx 3 3  3 9 
1 2 2 3x
= ∫ (tan 2 x sec 2 x − tan 2 x) dx = x2 e3x – xe3x + e +c
3 9 27
= ∫ (tan 2 x.sec2 x − sec2 x + 1) dx
x4 1 x4
= ∫ (tan x − 1) sec xdx + ∫1dx
2 2 140. ∫ x log x dx = log x.
3
− ∫ . dx
4 x 4
st
In 1 integral, x4 x3
= log x − ∫ dx
Put t = tan x 4 4
⇒ dt = sec2xdx x4 x4
t3
= log x − dx
∴ I= –t+x+c 4 4
3 1
tan 3 x
= (4 x 4 log x − x 4 ) + c
∴ I= – tan x + x + c 16
3
1
log x
141. ∫ dx = ∫ log x . x
−3
∴ A = , B = −1, f (x) = x + c dx
3 x3
x −2  1 x −2 
sin 3 2 x
135. Let I = ∫ 5 dx
= log x ⋅
−2
− ∫  x ⋅ −2  dx
cos 2 x
sin 3 2 x 1 log x 1
= ∫ 3 . 2 dx =− 2
+ ∫ x −3 dx
cos 2 x cos 2 x 2x 2
log x 1 x −2
= ∫ tan 3 2 x . sec2 2 x dx =− 2 + . +c
2x 2 −2
Put tan 2x = t ⇒ 2 sec2 2x dx = dt log x 1
dt 1 t4 =− 2 − 2 +c
∴ I = ∫ t3 ⋅ = . +c 2x 4x
2 2 4 1
1 = − 2 (2log x + 1) + c
= (tan 4 2 x) + c 4x
8
x n +1 1 x n +1
136. ∫ log x dx = ∫ log x .1 dx 142. ∫x
n
log x dx = log x. –∫ ⋅ dx
n +1 x n +1
1 x n +1 x n +1
= log x. x − ∫ x ⋅ xdx = log x – +c
n +1 (n + 1) 2
= x log x − x + c = x (log x − 1) + c
x n +1  1 
 x =  log x −  +c
= x (log x − log e) + c = x log   + c n + 1 n +1
e
137. x dx = ∫
log x 143. ∫ f ( x ) + x f ′ ( x ) dx
∫ log 10
log10
dx
= ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ xf ′( x)dx
1
= (x log x − x) + c = ∫ f ( x) dx + x . f (x) − ∫ f ( x) dx + c
log10
= x(log10x − log10e) + c = x f (x) + c
e2 x e2 x
138. ∫ xe dx = x.
2x
− ∫1. dx 144. ∫ [f ( x) g′′ (x) − f ′′ (x) g (x)] dx
2 2
= f(x) g′(x) − ∫ f ′ (x) g′ (x) dx − g (x) f ′ (x)
xe 2 x e 2 x
= − +c + ∫ f ′ (x) g′ (x) dx
2 4 = f (x) g′ (x) − g (x) f ′(x) + c
281


145. I5 + 5I4 = ∫ x5ex dx + 5 ∫ x4 . ex dx 1
= 2  tan −1 x .x − ∫ 
. x dx 
= x5 ex – 5 ∫ x4 ex dx + 5 ∫ x4 . ex dx + c  1+ x 2

= x5 ex + c 1 2x
= 2  x tan −1 x − ∫ 2

dx 
2  cos 2 x   cos 2 x   2 1+ x 
146. ∫x sin 2 x dx = x  −  − ∫ 2x. −  dx
2
−1 2
 2   2  ∴ I = 2x tan x − log (1 + x ) + c
x 2 cos 2 x ∴ I − 2x tan−1 x = − log (1 + x2) + c
= − + ∫ x cos 2 x dx
2 x4 1 x4
x 2 cos 2 x x sin 2 x sin 2 x 152. ∫x
3
tan−1 x dx = tan−1 x. − ∫x 2
dx
= − + −∫ dx 4 4 +1
2 2 2
x4 1 x4 − 1 + 1
x 2 cos 2 x x sin 2 x cos 2 x = tan−1 x − ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
= − + + +c 4 4
2 2 4
x4 1  1 
= tan–1 x – ∫ ( x − 1) +  dx
2
1 − cos 2 x 
147. ∫ x sin x dx = ∫ x 
2
 dx 4 4 x2 + 1
 2 
x4 1  x3 −1 
1 = tan−1x −  − x + tan x  + c
=  ∫ x dx − ∫ x .cos 2 x dx  4 4 3 
2
1 4 x3 
= 1  x − x sin 2 x + ∫ sin 2 x dx 
2
= ( x − 1) tan x − + x  + c
−1
2 2 2 2  4 3 
x2 x 1
= − sin 2 x − cos 2 x + c  1
4 4 8 153. ∫ x log 1 +  dx
 x
1+ cos 2 x 
148. ∫ x cos xdx
2
= ∫ x   dx = log 1 +
1  x2 1 x
 2  . + ∫x+ 1 dx
 x 2 2
1
x dx + ∫ x cos 2 x dx 
2 ∫
=  =
x2 1 1 1
log 1 +  + x – log (x + 1) + c
2  x 2 2
1x 2
x sin 2 x sin 2 x 
=  + −∫ dx   x2 − 1  x2 1
2 2 2 2  =  log (x + 1) – log x + x + c
 2  2 2
x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
= + + +c
4 4 8 154. ∫ log( x + x)dx = ∫ log [ x( x + 1)] dx
2
149. Let I = ∫ tan x. 1 dx = ∫ log x.1dx + ∫ log ( x+1) .1dx

−1
1 1 1
= tan −1 x.x − ∫1+ x ⋅ x dx = log x.x −
2
∫ x . x dx + log( x +1). x − ∫ x +1.x dx
1 2x
= x tan −1 x −
2 ∫ 1 + x2
dx  x +1−1 
= x log x − ∫ dx + x log( x +1) − ∫   dx
1  x +1 
= x tan−1 x − log |1 + x2| + c
2  1 
= x log x − x + x log(x + 1) − ∫ 1−  dx
 x +1 
–1  x2  1–1  x2 
150. ∫ x tan xdx = (tan – ∫ 2 
 2  1+ x  2 
 dx
x)  = x log x − x + x log(x + 1) − x + log |x + 1| + c
= x[log x + log (x + 1)] − 2x + log |x + 1| + c
1 1 x2 + 1 − 1
= x2 tan–1 x – ∫ dx = x log (x2 + x) − 2x + log |x + 1| + c
2 2 1 + x2
∴ A = − 2x + log |x + 1| + c
1 1  1 
= x2 tan–1 x – ∫ 1 − 2  dx 155. Put sin−1x = t ⇒ x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt
2 2  x + 1
∴ ∫ sin x dx = ∫ t cos t dt
−1
1 1
= x2 tan–1 x – (x – tan–1x) + c
2 2 = t sin t − ∫1.sin t dt
1 2 –1 1
= (x + 1) tan x – x + c = t sin t + cos t + c
2 2
= t sin t + 1 − sin 2 t + c
 2x  = x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + c
151. I = ∫ tan −1  2 
dx
1 − x 
156. Put x = t2
∴ I = 2 ∫ tan −1 xdx ⇒ dx = 2t dt
282

∴ ∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin t (2t) dt = 3(θ sinθ + cosθ) + c

= 2 ∫ t sin t dt (
= 3 x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + c )
= 2  t ( − cos t ) − ∫ (1)( − cos t ) dt  1
162. Put sin−1 x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1 − x2
(
= 2 − t cos t + ∫ cos t dt ) sin −1 x
= – 2t cos t + 2 sin t + c
∴ ∫ (1 − x ) 2 3/ 2
dx = ∫ t sec 2 t dt
= – 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + c = t tan t − ∫1.tan t dt

2
157. Put x = t ⇒ dx = 2tdt = t tan t + log(cos t) + c
)
t
∴ ∫ x .e dx = 2 ∫ t .e dt sin t
(
x 2
= t⋅ + log 1 − sin 2 t + c
2 t t t 1 − sin t 2
= 2(t .e – 2te + 2e ) + c
(
= 2 x.e x − 2 x e x + 2 e x
)+c =
x
sin−1x +
1
log(1 − x2) + c
1− x 2 2
= e x
( 2x − 4 x+4 + c ) 163. Put tan−1 x = θ ⇒ x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θdθ
2 x tan −1 x θ tan θ sec 2 θ
158. Put x = t
⇒ 2x dx = dt
∴ ∫ (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 dx
= ∫ (1 + tan 2 θ)3/ 2 dθ
1 2 t = ∫ θ sin θ dθ = −θ cos θ + sin θ + c
∴ ∫x e 2∫
5 x2
dx =
t e dt
tan θ 1
1 2 t = − θ. +c
= t e − 2∫ te t dt  1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ 2
2 
2 t
te x 1
= − ( te t − e t ) + c = − tan −1 x +c
2
2 1+ x 1 + x2
1 2 2 2 x − tan −1 x
= x 4e x − x 2e x + e x + c = +c
2 1 + x2
159. Let I = ∫ sin (log x) dx 164. ∫ sec ∫ sec θ.sec θd θ

3
dθ
θ= 2
Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt = secθtanθ – ∫ ( sec θ tan θ.tan θ ) dθ

∴ I = ∫ sin t .et dt = sint.et – ∫ cos t.e t dt = secθtanθ – ∫ sec θ tan θ dθ 2
= sint.et – cos t.e t + ∫ sin t.e t dt  = secθtanθ – ∫ sec θ ( sec θ − 1) dθ 2
t t
∴ I = sin t . e − cos t . e – I + c1 = secθtanθ – ∫ ( sec θ − sec θ ) dθ 3
⇒ 2I = sint.et – cost.et + c1
1 = secθtanθ – ∫ sec θ dθ + ∫ sec θ d θ 3
⇒I= x [sin(log x ) – cos(log x)] + c,

2 ∴ 2∫ sec θ dθ = secθ tanθ + ∫ sec θdθ
3
c
where c = 1 = secθ tanθ + log |secθ + tanθ| + c
2
1
∴ ∫ sec
3
θ dθ = [sec θ tan θ+ log | sec θ+ tan θ| ] + c
160. ∫ sin x log(sec x + tan x)dx 2
= log(sec x + tan x).(− cos x) − ∫ sec x.(− cos x)dx e x ( x − 1) 1 1  ex

165. ∫ 2
dx = ∫ e x  − 2  dx = + c
d x x x  x
…  [log(sec x + tan x)] = 
sec x 
 dx  … ∫ e x [f ( x) + f ′( x)]dx =e x f ( x) + c 
= − cos x log (sec x + tan x) + ∫1 dx
166. ∫ e ( x + 5 x + 1) dx
x 5 4
= x − cos x log (sec x + tan x) + c

= ∫ e ( x + 5 x ) dx + ∫ e dx
x 5 4 x
161. Put x = sinθ

= ex.x5 + ex + c
⇒ dx = cosθ dθ
167. ∫ e  tan x − log ( cos x ) dx
−1 x
3
∴ ∫ sin (3x – 4x ) dx
−1 = ∫ e  tan x + log ( sec x )  dx
x
= ∫ sin (sin3θ) cosθ dθ

= ex log(sec x) + c
= ∫ 3θ cosθ dθ = 3( θ sin θ− ∫ sin θ dθ ) …  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e x f ( x ) + c 
283

168. ∫e
x
(1 + tan x + tan 2 x) dx = ∫ e (tan x + sec
x 2
x)dx 177. Let I = ∫ log x (log x +2) dx
x
= e tan x + c Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
…  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e x f ( x ) + c  ∴ I = ∫ t (t + 2)etdt = ∫ e t ( t 2 + 2t ) dt
= et. t2 + c = x(log x)2 + c
169. ∫ e (1 − cot x + cot x)dx
x 2
178. Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt

= ∫ e (− cot x + cosec x)dx
x 2
 1 1  1 1  t
= ex (− cot x) + c = −ex cot x + c
∴ ∫  log x − (log x) 2

∫
 dx =  − 2  e dt
t t 
2x et x
170. ∫ e ( 2cos x − sin x ) dx = e cos x + c
2x
= +c
= +c
t log x
…  ∫ emx  mf ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e mx f ( x ) + c 
179. Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
log x t
171. ∫ e sin x(sin x + 2cos x)dx ∴ ∫ (1 + log x) = ∫ (1 + t)
x
2
dx 2
e t dt
= ∫ e (sin x+ 2sin x cos x)dx
x 2
= ex sin2x + c  t + 1 − 1
= ∫ et  2 
dt
xe x  (1 + t) 
x ( x + 1 − 1)
172. ∫ ( x + 1)2 dx = ∫ e ( x + 1)2 dx  1 1 
= ∫ et  − 2
dt
 1 1 + t (1 + t) 
1 
= ∫ ex  − 2
dx et x
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  = = +c +c
1+ t 1 + log x
ex
= +c
x +1  1 
…  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e x f ( x) + c 
180.
= Let I ∫ log (log x) + (log x) 2  dx

Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
173.
( x + 3) e x
dx = ∫
( x + 4 − 1) e x dx  1
∫ ( x + 4) 2
( x + 4)
2 ∴
=I ∫ e  log t + t
t
2 

dt
 1   1  1 1 
1 = ∫ e  log t + t  dt + ∫ e  − t + t
t t
2 
dt
= ∫ ex  −  dx 
 
 x + 4 ( x + 4) 
2
 1  1 
ex = e t log t + e t  − =
+ c x  log(log x) −  +c
= +c  t  log x
x+4
1
( x 2 + 1) e x ( x2 − 1 + 2) ∴ f (x) = log(log x) and g (x) =
174. ∫e
x
dx = ∫ ( x + 1)2 dx log x
( x + 1) 2
dx (1 − x)dx x dx
= ∫ ex 
x −1
+
2 
dx
181. ∫x 2
− x3
= ∫ x (1 − x)
2
+ ∫ x (1 − x)
2
2
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  1 dx
=∫ dx + ∫ x(1 − x)
 x −1  x2
= ex  + c
 x +1 1 dx dx
=− + ∫ + ∫
 2 + sin 2 x  x x x 1− x
175. ∫  1 + cos 2 x  e dx 1
= − + log |x| − log|1 − x| + c
x
 2 + 2sin x cos x  x
= ∫  e dx x 1
 2cos 2 x  = log − +c
1− x x
= ∫ ( sec x + tan x ) e x dx
2
x2 + x − 1  5 
= ex tan x + c 182. ∫ x 2 + x − 6 dx = ∫ 1 + x 2 + x − 6  dx
 x x
 1 − sin x  1 − 2sin cos   5
2 2 = ∫ 1 +
176. ∫ e 
∫ e  1 − cos x  dx =  dx  dx
x x
2sin 2 x   ( x + 3) ( x − 2 ) 
   
2  dx dx
= ∫ dx + ∫
x−2 ∫x−3
−
1 x x  x
= ∫ e x  cosec2   − cot    dx = − e x cot   + c
2 2  2   2 = x + log|x – 2| – log|x + 3| + c
284


2x + 3 2x + 3 1 1 1 1 4 1
183. dx = ∫ ( x − 3 ) ( x − 2 ) dx 2 ∫1− x
∫x 2
= dx − ∫ dx − ∫ dx
− 5x + 6 6 1+ x 3 1 − 2x
 9 1 1 2
7  = – log |1 – x| – log |1 + x| + log |1–2x| + c
= ∫ −  dx 2 6 3
 x − 3 x − 2
= 9 log (x − 3) − 7 log (x − 2) + c 1 1
∴ A = constant
188. ∫x−x 3
dx = ∫ x(1+ x)(1 − x) dx
1 2 1 1 
=
2 ∫ x 1+ x 1− x 
x x  − +  dx
184. ∫ x 4 − 1 dx = ∫ ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) dx
1
1  x x  =
2
( 2log x − log 1 + x − log 1 − x ) + c
= ∫  2 − 2  dx
2  x −1 x +1
1 1 x2
1  2x 2x  =
2
(
log x 2 − log 1 − x 2 + c = log
2 1 − x2
)
+c
4 ∫  x2 − 1 x2 + 1 
=  −  dx
1 1 189. Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt

= log x 2 − 1 − log x 2 + 1 + c ex dt
4 4 ∴ ∫ (1 + e )(2 + e ) dx = ∫ (1 + t)(2 + t)
x x
1 x2 − 1
= log 2 +c 1 1 
4 x +1 = ∫  −  dt
1+ t 2 + t 
x = log |1 + t| − log |2 + t| + c
185. ∫ (x dx
2
− a 2 ) ( x2 − b2 ) = log |1 + ex| − log |2 + ex| + c
1  x xdx  1 + ex
= = log +c
2 ∫ 2
2 2
dx − ∫ 2  2 + ex
a −b  x −a x − b2 
1 dx ex
= log( x 2 − a 2 ) − log( x 2 − b 2 )  + c 190. = ∫ 2 x x dx
2(a 2 − b 2 )  ∫e x
+ 1 − 2e −x
e + e −2
=
1  x2 − a 2
log  2
 Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt
+c
2(a − b )
2 2
x −b
2
 dx dt
∴ ∫e x
+ 1 − 2e − x
=
+t−2 ∫t 2
x2  3 2  dt 1 1 1 
186. ∫ (x dx = ∫  2 − 2  dx dx = ∫ = ∫  −  dt
2
+ 2 ) ( x + 3)
2
 x + 2 x + 2 (t + 2)(t − 1) 3  t −1 t + 2 
3  x  2  x  1 1
= = log t − 1 − log t + 2 + c
tan −1  − tan −1  +c 3 3
3  3 2  2
1 1
 x  −1  x  = log e x − 1 − log e x + 2 + c
= 3 tan −1   − 2 tan  + c 3 3
 3  2
a ae x
dx −1 191. Let I = ∫ b + ce x dx = ∫ be x + ce2 x dx
187. ∫ ( x 2 − 1) (1 − 2 x ) = ∫ (1 − x )(1 + x )(1 − 2 x ) dx
Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt
−1 A B C dt
Let = + + ∴ I = a∫
(1 − x )(1 + x )(1 − 2 x ) 1 − x 1 + x 1 − 2 x bt + ct 2
⇒ –1 = A (1 + x) (1 – 2x) + B(1 – x) (1 – 2x) = a ∫ dt
t(ct + b)
+ C (1 – x) (1 + x) ….(i)
1 a  c 1
Putting x = –1 in (i), we get B = – =− ∫  −  dt
6 b  ct + b t 
1 a a
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get A = = − log ct + b + log t + c
2 b b
1 4 a t
Putting x = in (i), we get C = – = log +c
2 3 b ct + b
dx a ex
∴ ∫ (x 2
− 1) (1 − 2 x )
=
b
log
b + ce x
+c
285


192. Put sin x = t 1 A Bx + C
196. Let = +
⇒ cos x dx = dt ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) x − 1 x 2 + 1
cos x dt ∴ 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x − 1) ….(i)
∴ ∫ (1 + sin x )( 2 + sin x ) dx = ∫
( t + 1)( t + 2 ) Putting x = 1 in (i), we get
1 1 1
= A=
∫ t + 1 dt – ∫ t + 2 dt 2
= log|t+1| − log|t+2| + c
1
t +1 A−C=1⇒C=−
= log +c 2
t+2 Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get
sin x + 1 1
= log +c A+B=0⇒B=−
sin x + 2 2
1  1 x +1 
x3 − 1 x3 1 ∴ ∫ ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) dx = ∫  2( x − 1) − 2( x 2 + 1)  dx
193. ∫ x3 + x d x = ∫ x( x 2 + 1) dx − ∫ x( x 2 + 1) dx
1 1 1 2x 1 1
x2 1 x  = ∫ dx − ∫ 2 dx − ∫ 2 dx
= 2 x −1 4 x +1 2 x +1
∫x 2
+1
dx − ∫  − 2
 x x
 dx
+1 1 1 1
= log ( x − 1) − log ( x 2 + 1) − tan −1 x + c
 1  1 1 2x 2 4 2
= ∫ 1 −  dx − ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx
 x2 + 1  x 2 x +1
dx dx
1
= x − tan x − log x + log x 2 + 1 + c
−1
197. ∫1 + x + x 2
+x 3
= ∫ (1+ x ) (1 + x )2
2
1 1 1 1 1 x
= ∫1 + x 2 ∫1 + x
= x − tan−1 x − log x + log x 2 + 1 + c dx + dx − ∫ dx
2 2
2 1 + x2
1 1
2x + 7 A B = tan–1 x + log 1+ x – log 1 + x2 + c
194. Let = + 2 2
( x − 4) ( x − 4)
2 2
x−4
x4
198. ∫ ( x − 1)( x dx
⇒ 2x + 7 = A(x − 4) + B = Ax + (− 4A+ B) 2
+ 1)
∴ A = 2 and − 4A + B = 7 x4 − 1 1
∴ B = 7 + 4A = 7 + 8 = 15 = ∫ ( x − 1)( x 2
+ 1)
dx + ∫
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
dx
2x + 7  2 15  ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) dx
∴ ∫ ( x − 4) dx = ∫  +  dx = ∫ ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) dx + ∫ ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
2  x − 4 ( x − 4 )2 
 
15  1 x +1 
= 2log | x – 4 | − +c = ∫ ( x + 1)dx + ∫  −  dx
( x − 4)  2( x − 1) 2( x 2 + 1) 
1 1 1 2x 1 1
= ∫ x dx + ∫ dx +
2 ∫ x −1
dx − ∫ 2 dx − ∫ 2 dx
x2 + 1 A B C 4 x +1 2 x +1
195. Let = + +
( x − 2 ) ( x + 3) ( x − 2)
2 2
x − 2 x +3 x2 1 1 1
= + x + log x − 1 − log x 2 + 1 − tan −1 x + c
⇒ x2 +1 = A(x–2) (x+3) + B(x + 3) + C(x – 2)2 2 2 4 2
…(i) 2x + 3
Putting x = 2 in (i), we get B = 1 199. ∫ ( x − 1) ( x dx
2
+ 1)
2
Putting x = – 3 in (i), we get C = 5 1
5 − x + 
5dx 2 2
Putting x = 3 in (i), we get = ∫
2 ( x − 1) ∫ x 2 + 1
+ dx
3
6A + 6B + C = 10 ⇒ A = 5 5 xdx 1 dx
5 = log ( x − 1) − ∫
2 1 + x2 2 ∫ 1 + x2
−
2 2
x +1
∴ ∫ ( x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
2
dx
=
5 5 1
log ( x − 1) − log (1 + x 2 ) − tan −1 x + A
2 4 2
3 1 1 2 1 5 5
1
5∫ x−2 5∫ x+3
= dx + ∫ ( x − 2) 2
dx + dx = log ( x − 1) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 4 − tan −1 x + A
−
2
3 1 2 5
= log |x – 2| – + log |x + 3 | + c ∴ a=–
5 x−2 5 4
286


dx 1− x 1
200. ∫ f ( x) = log [f (x)]2 + c ∴ dx = ( )
∫ tan cos −1 x .ldx
−1
1+ x 2
Differentiating on both sides, we get
1 2f ( x)f '( x) 1  −1 1 
= = cos x.x + ∫ . x dx 
f ( x) [ f ( x)]
2 2 1− x 2

1
⇒ f ′ (x) =
2 =
1
2
(x cos −1 x − 1 − x 2 + c )
x
∴ ∫
f (x) = f ′( x)dx = + α
2 205. Let I = ∫ x sin x sec3 x dx
d
201. [f ( x)] = x cos x + sin x
= ∫ x tan x .sec2 x dx
dx
⇒ f (x) = ∫ ( x cos x + sin x) dx = x sin x + c Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
Since, f (0) = 2 ⇒ c = 2
∴ f (x) = x sin x + 2 ∴ I = ∫ tan −1 t.t dt
a 0 0 t2 1 t2
= tan−1t. − ∫ . dt
202. | A | = 0 b 0 = a b c 2 1 + t2 2
0 0 c
t 2 tan −1 t 1  t 2 + 1 − 1 
x = − ∫  dt
x 7x 77 2 2  1 + t2 
Let I = ∫ A dx = ∫7 7 7 dx
7x
Put 77 =t t 2 tan −1 t 1  1 
= − ∫ 1 −  dt
7x 2 2  1 + t2 
(log7)3 77 7x dx = dt
x
⇒ 77
x dt dt t 2 tan −1 t 1 1
⇒ 77 7x dx = = = − t + tan −1 t + c
t ( log 7 )
x 3
7 77
( log 7 )
3 2 2 2
1 t x tan 2 x 1 1
( log 7 ) ∫
∴ I= dt = +c = − tan x + x + c
( log 7 )
3 3
2 2 2
7x
77 x(sec 2 x − 1) 1 1
= +c = − tan x + x + c
( log 7 )
3 2 2 2
1
203. Put x2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt = ( x sec 2 x − tan x) + c
2
∴ ∫ x cos x dx
3 2
1 1
( ) 206. ∫ log ( x + x ) dx = ∫ log  x ( x + 1) dx
2
= t cos t dt = t sin t − ∫ sin t dt
2 2
1 = ∫ log x .1dx + ∫ log ( x + 1) .1dx
= ( t sin t + cos t ) + c
2
1 1 1
= ( x 2 sin x 2 + cos x 2 ) + c = log x.x − ∫ x . x dx + log ( x + 1) . x − ∫ x + 1 . xdx
2
204. Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos−1 x  x + 1 − 1

= x log x − ∫ dx + x log ( x + 1) − ∫   dx
1− x  1 − cos θ   x +1 
∴ tan−1 = tan −1  
1+ x  1 + cos θ 
 1 
 2 θ
 = x log x − x + x log(x + 1) − ∫ 1 −  dx
 2sin   x + 1
−1
= tan  2 
 2cos 2 θ  = x log x − x + x log(x + 1) − x + log |x + 1| + c
 2 

θ θ
= x[log x + log (x + 1)] − 2x + log |x + 1| + c

= tan −1  tan  =
 2 2 = x log (x2 + x) − 2x + log |x + 1| + c
1
= cos–1 x ∴ A = − 2x + log |x + 1| + c
2
287

= 2∫ (cos x + cos θ)dx

Competitive Thinking = 2(sin x + x cos θ) + c
1. Let f(x) = ex
10. ∫ (1 − cos x)cosec x dx
2
e2 x 1
∴ ∫ [f ( x)]
2
dx = ∫ ( e x 2
) d=
x = [f ( x)]2
2 2 = ∫ cosec x dx − ∫ cot x cosec x dx
2
log a x = − cot x + cosec x + c

2. ∫e ⋅ e x dx = ∫e ⋅ e x dx = ∫ a x e x dx
x log a
1 − cos x
(ae) x
= +c
= ∫ (ae)
= x
dx +c sin x
log(ae) x
2sin 2
= 2 +c
e5 log x − e 4 log x x5 − x 4 x x
3. ∫e3log x 2 log x
dx = ∫ 3 dx 2sin cos
−e x − x2 2 2
x 4 ( x − 1) x3  x
=∫ 2 dx = ∫ x 2d= x +c = tan   + c
x ( x − 1) 3 2
e6 log x − e5 log x x 6 − x5 x
4. ∫ e4 log x − e3log x dx = ∫ x 4 − x3 dx 11. ∫ 1 + sin
2
dx
x5 ( x − 1)
= ∫ 3 dx
=  2x 2 x x x
x ( x − 1) ∫  sin + cos + 2sin cos  dx
 4 4 4 4
x3
= ∫ x 2 dx = +c  x x  x x
3 = ∫  sin + cos  dx = 4  sin − cos  + c
 4 4  4 4  
x +1  x 1 
5. ∫ x dx = ∫ +  dx  x x
 x x 12. ∫ 2 1 + sin x dx = 2 ∫  sin + cos  dx
 2 2
 1 − 
1
= ∫  x 2 + x 2  dx x π
  = 2∫ sin  +  dx
2 4 
3 1
x2 x2 x π
= + +c = − 4 cos  +  + c
3 1 2 4
2 2 1 π
3 1 ∴ a= ,b=
2 2 4
= x 2 + 2x 2 + c
3
1
1 1
13. ∫ (sin 2 x − cos =
2 x)dx
2
sin(2 x − a) + b
6. ∫ 1 + cos8 x dx = ∫ 2cos2 4 x dx 1 1
⇒ − (sin 2 x + cos
= 2 x) sin(2 x − a) + b
1 2 2
2∫
= sec 2 4 x dx
 1 1 
tan 4 x
⇒ −  sin 2 x + cos 2=x  sin(2 x − a) + b 2
= +c  2 2 
8 π
⇒ − sin  2 x +  = sin(2 x − a) + b 2
sin x 2
1 − cos x 2
 4
7. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ 1 + cos x dx 5π
⇒ sin  2 x +  = sin(2 x − a) + b 2
= ∫ (1 − cos x) dx  4 
−5π
= x − sin x + C ∴ b is any constant and a =
4
dx (cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
8. ∫ sin =∫ dx ( sin x + cos x )( 2 − sin 2 x ) dx
2 2
x cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x 14. ∫ sin 2 2 x
1 1
= ∫  2 + 2  dx ( sin x + cos x )( sin 2 x − 2 ) dx
 sin x cos x  = −∫
sin 2 2 x
= ∫ cosec2 x dx + ∫ sec2 x dx ( sin x + cos x )( 2sin x cos x − 2 ) dx
= −∫
= − cot x + tan x + c 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x − cos 2θ 2(cos 2 x − cos 2 θ) 2sin 2 x cos x − 2sin x + 2sin x cos 2 x − 2cos x
= −∫ dx
9. ∫ cos x − cos θ dx = ∫ cos x − cos θ dx 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
288

 1 1 1 1
= ( cos8 x + cos 4 x + cos6 x + cos 2 x ) dx
4∫
= −∫  + − 2
 2cos x 2sin x 2sin x cos x
1 sin8 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin 2 x 
1  =  + + + +k
− 2  dx 4 8 4 6 2 
2cos x sin x 
sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin8 x
= + + + +k
−1  cosec 2 x 8 16 24 32
2 ∫ ∫ ∫ cos x dx
=  sec x dx + cosec x dx −
1 1 1 1
∴ A= ,B= ,C= ,D=
8 16 24 32
sec x 
2
−∫ dx  1 1 1 1
sin x  ⇒ + = 40 and + = 40
B C A D
−1  1 + cot 2 x
2 ∫ ∫ ∫ cos x dx
=  sec x dx + cosec x dx − 1
x
1 + tan 2 x  cos(log x)
−∫
sin x
dx 

∴ ∫ x
dx = ∫ cost dt
−1  = sin t + c = sin(log x) + c
=
2 ∫
sec x dx + ∫ cosec x dx − ∫ sec x dx 2
18. Put x = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
− ∫ cosec x cot x dx − ∫ cosec x dx − ∫ sec x tan x dx  x 2 log 2 2 1
∫ xe e x dx = ∫ e 2 dt
t t
 2
−1  1
= − cosec x cot x dx − ∫ sec x tan x dx 
2  ∫ ∫ ( 2e ) dt
t
 =
2
sec x − cosec x
( 2e ) + c
t
= +c
2 =
2 log ( 2e )
sin x − cos x sin x − cos x
= +c= +c 2 2
2sin x cos x sin 2 x 2x ex
= +c
2 ( log 2 + 1)
5x
sin
2 dx 19. Let I = ∫ (e x + e− x ) 2 (e x − e − x )dx
15. ∫ x
sin Put ex + e−x = t ⇒ (ex − e−x) dx = dt
2
t3 1 x −x 3
5x x ∴ I = ∫ t 2 .dt
= + c = (e + e ) + c
2sin cos 3 3
= ∫ 2 2 dx
x x e x ( x + 1)
2sin . cos 20. ∫ cos ( x e ) dx = ∫ e ( x + 1) sec ( xe ) dx
x 2 x
2 2 2 x
sin 3 x + sin 2 x
= ∫ dx Put xex = t ⇒ (x + 1)ex dx = dt
sin x
e x ( x + 1)
∴ ∫ cos ( xe ) dx = ∫ sec t dt = tan t + c
2
3
3sin x − 4sin x + 2sin x cos x
= ∫ dx
2 x
sin x
= tan(xex) + c
= ∫ ( 3 − 4sin x + 2cos x ) dx
2
1+ x e x (1 + x)
  1 − cos 2 x  
21. Let I = ∫
x + e− x
dx = ∫ xe x + 1 dx
= ∫ 3 − 4   + 2cos x  dx
  2   Put xex + 1 = t ⇒ ex(1 + x)dx = dt
dt
= ∫ (1 + 2cos 2 x + 2cos x ) dx ∴ I=∫
t
= log |t| + c = log |1 + xex| + c
= x + sin 2x + 2sin x + c
22. Put x + tan−1x = t
16. ∫ cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx 1  2 + x2
⇒ 1 + 2 
dx =
dt ⇒ dx = dt
1  1+ x  1 + x2
= 2cos x cos5 x.cos 2 x dx
2∫  ( x 2 + 2)a ( x + tan −1 x ) 
1
∴ ∫  x 2
+ 1
 dx = ∫ a t dt

= ∫ ( cos ( 5 x + x ) + cos ( 5 x − x ) ) cos2x dx 
2
at
1 = +c
= ∫ ( cos6 x + cos 4 x ) cos2x dx log a
2 −1
1 a x + tan x
= ∫ ( 2cos6 x cos 2 x + 2cos 2 x cos 4 x ) dx = +c
4 log a
289


1 1 1 e− x
23. Let I = ∫4 dx = ∫ dx 29. Let I = ∫ a + be x dx = ∫ a e − x + b dx
x+x (
x 4+ x )
1 Put ae−x + b = t ⇒ −ae−x dx = dt
Put 4 + x =t ⇒ dx = dt 1 dt 1
2 x
2dt
∴ I= − ∫
a t
= − log |t| + c
a
∴ I= ∫ t
= 2 log t + c
1
= − log|ae−x + b| + c
= 2 log ( x +4 + c) a
1 a + be x
= − log +c
1 1 a ex
24. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x 1+ x 

( )
2
x+x x
  1 ex
= log +c
1 a a + be x
Put x =t⇒ dx = dt
2 x
30. Put xe + ex = t
2dt
∴ I= ∫ 2
= 2tan–1t + c = 2tan–1 x + c ⇒ (exe−1 + ex) dx = dt
1+ t
⇒ e(xe−1+ex−1)dx = dt
x sin x
25. Let I = ∫ x cos x − sin x − 1 dx ⇒ (xe−1 + ex−1)dx =
dt
e
Put x cos x − sin x − 1 = t
x e −1 + e x −1 1 dt 1
⇒ x sin x dx = −dt ∴ ∫ dx = ∫ = log t + c
xe + e x e t e
dt
∴ I = −∫ = − log|t| + c 1
t = log x e + e x + c
= −log|x cos x − sin x − 1| + c e
x
dx sec 2 x 31. Let I = ∫ 22 .2 x dx
26. Let I = ∫ sin x cos x + 3cos 2
x
= ∫ tan x + 3 dx
Put tan x + 3 = t
x
(
Put 22 = t ⇒ 22 log 2 ( 2 x log 2 ) dx = dt
x
)
⇒ sec2 x dx = dt x
dt dt t 22
∴ I = ∫ = log |t| + c = log |tan x + 3| + c ∴ I= ∫ ( log 2 ) = +c= +c
( log 2 ) ( log 2 )
2 2 2
t
x 1
27. Put 1 + log tan =t ⇒A=
( log 2 )
2
2
 
 1
2 x 1
 32. Let I = ∫ sin13 x cos3 x dx
⇒ ⋅ sec ⋅  dx= dt
 tan  x  2 2 = ∫ sin13 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos x dx
   
 2 
⇒ cosec x dx = dt Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
cosec x dt ∴ I = ∫ t13 (1 − t 2 ) dt
∴ ∫  x
dx = ∫ cos2 t
cos 2 1 + log tan  t14 t16 1 1
 2 = − + c = sin14 x − sin16 x + c
14 16 14 16
= ∫ sec2 t dt 1 1 1
∴ A+B= − =
= tan t + c 14 16 112
 x
= tan 1 + log tan  + c 33. Let I = ∫ ( 2 + log x )( ex ) dx
x
2 
Put (ex)x = t
28. Put x = t2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
⇒ xlog ex = log t
log x log t
∴ ∫ 3x
dx = ∫ 2 (2tdt)
3t
⇒ x(1 + log x) = log t
1 1
= ∫
2 log t
dt ⇒  x. + (1 + log x ) .1 dx = dt
3 t  x  t
( )
x
log x
2
⇒ (ex) (2 + log x)dx = dt
2 (log t) 2
= ⋅ +c = +c ∴ I = ∫ dt = t + c = (ex)x + c
3 2 3
290


cos x ∴ I = ∫ t 6dt
34. ∫ 1 + sin x
dx = 2 1 + sin x + c
t7
= +c
 f ′( x)  7
…  ∫ = dx 2 f ( x) + c 
 f ( x)  sec7 x
= +c
2
7
x x
= 2  sin + cos  + c
2 2  39. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)7 ( x + 3)dx
  x  x  Put x + 2 = t ⇒ dx = dt
= 2 sin   + cos    + c
 2   2   ∴ I = ∫ (t − 1)t 7 (t + 1)dt = ∫ (t 2 − 1)t 7dt
= ∫ (t 9 − t 7 )dt
tan x tan x
35. ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ tan x sin x cos x dx t10 t 8
= − +c
10 8
sin x sec x
=∫ dx ( x + 2)10 ( x + 2)8
tan x sin x cos x = − +c
10 8
sec 2 x
=∫ dx 2  2 
tan x 40. I4 – I2 = ∫  sec
4
x − sec 2 x  dx
3 3 
Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx 2
= ∫ sec2 x  sec2 x −  dx
tan x 1 1/2  3
∴ ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ t dt = 2t + c = 2 tan x + c
 3sec 2 x − 2 
= ∫ sec2 x   dx
 3 
x3 sin  tan −1 ( x 4 ) 
36. Let I = ∫ dx 1
sec 2 x ( 3tan 2 x + 1)dx
3∫
1 + x8 =
Put x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
−1
1 sin(tan t) 2 1
I= I2 = ∫ ( 3t 2 + 1 ) dt
4 ∫ 1 + t2
∴ dt ∴ I4 –
3 3
1 1 3
Put tan−1 t = z ⇒ dt = dz = (t + t) + c
1 + t2 3
1 1 1
∴ I = ∫ sin z dz = (−cos z) + c = [t(t2 + 1)] + c
4 4 3
1 −1 1
= − cos(tan−1t) + c = cos[tan−1(x4)] + c = [tan x (tan2x + 1)] + c
4 4 3
1
= sec2x tan x + c
37. Let I = ∫ cosec4 x dx = ∫ cosec2 x.cosec2 x dx 3
= ∫ cosec x(1 + cot x)dx

2 2 41. I4 = ∫ tan4 x dx, I6 = ∫ tan6 x dx
I4 + I6 = ∫ ( tan 4 x + tan 6 x ) dx
∫ cosec x dx + ∫ cot x.cosec x dx
2 2 2
=
= ∫ tan 4 x (1 + tan 2 x ) dx
In 2nd integral, put cot x = t ⇒ −cosec2 x dx = dt
∴ I = ∫ cosec2 x dx − ∫ t 2dt = ∫ tan 4 x ⋅ sec2 x dx
1
t3 cot 3 x = tan5 x + c
= −cot x − +c =
− cot x − +c 5
3 3
Comparing with a tan5 x + bx5 + c, we get
sec8 x 1
∴ a= ,b=0
38. Let I = ∫ cosec x dx 5
sin x dx sin 2 x + cos 2 x
= ∫ cos8 x dx 42. ∫ sin x cos2 x = ∫ sin x cos 2 x
dx
= ∫ tan x ⋅ sec7 x dx sin x 1

= ∫ cos 2
x
dx + ∫ sin x dx
= ∫ sec x sec x tan x dx
6
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + ∫ cosec x dx
Put sec x = t ⇒ sec x tan x dx = dt = sec x + log |cosec x – cot x| + c
291


sin x sin ( x − α + α ) π 
43. ∫ sin ( x − α ) dx = ∫ dx sin  + t 
sin ( x − α ) 4  cos t + sin t
∴ I = 2∫  dt = ∫ dt
sin t sin t
 sin ( x − α ) cosα cos ( x − α ) sin α 
= ∫  +  dx = ∫ cot t dt + ∫ dt = log |sin t| + t + c1
 sin ( x − α ) sin ( x − α ) 
π π
= x − + log sin  x −  + c1
= ∫ ( cosα + cot ( x − α ) sin α ) dx 4  4
= cos α.x + sin α.log |sin(x – α)| + c π π
= x + log sin  x −  + c, where c = c1 −
⇒ p = cos α and q = − sin α  4 4
1
⇒ pq = – sin α cos α = – sin 2α 1 1
2 48. Let I = ∫1+ e x
dx = ∫ 1
dx
1+
sin 2 x e− x
44. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x sin 3x dx e− x
= ∫1+ e −x
dx
sin ( 5 x − 3x )
= ∫ sin 5 x sin 3x dx Put e–x = t ⇒ – e–x dx = dt
1
sin 5 x cos3x − cos5 x sin 3x
∴ I = −∫ dt
= dx 1+ t
∫ sin 5 x sin 3 x = – log (1 + t) + c
= – log (1 + e–x) + c
= ∫ ( cot 3x − cot 5 x ) dx
 1 + ex 
1 1 = – log   +c
 e 
x
= log |sin 3x| – log | sin 5x | + c
3 5
 ex 
= log  x 
+c
cos α cos ( α − x ) + x  1+ e 
45. ∫ sin x cos ( α − x ) dx = ∫ sin x cos ( α − x ) dx
dx
49. Let I = ∫
cos ( α − x ) cos x − sin ( α − x ) sin x e + e− x + 2
x
= ∫ sin x cos ( α − x )
dx
e x dx
= ∫ e 2 x + 2e x + 1
= ∫ cot x − tan ( a − x ) dx
Put e = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
x
= log |sin x| – log |cos (α – x)| + c1 dt dt

∴ I= ∫ = ∫ ( t + 1)
cos ( α − x ) t 2 + 2t +1 2
= – log + c1
sin x −1 −1
= +c= x +c
cosα cos x + sin αsin x t +1 e +1
= – log + c1
sin x 50. Let I
= – log |cos α (cot x + tan α)| + c1 =∫
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
( sin x + cos3 x sin 2 x + sin 3 x cos 2 x + cos5 x )
2
= – log |cot x + tan α| – log |cos α| + c1 5
= – log |cot x + tan α| + c, where c= c1 – log |cos α| sin 2 x cos 2 x

= ∫ dx
( sin x + cos 2 x )( sin 3 x + cos3 x ) 
2
2
dx 1 dx
46. ∫ sin x + cos x = 2 ∫ π π sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin x cos + cos x sin
4 4 = ∫ dx
( sin x + cos3 x )
3 2
1  π
= ∫ cos ec  x +  dx Dividing numerator and denominator by cos6 x,
2  4
we get
1 π x tan 2 x . sec 2 x
= log tan  +  + c I= dx
2 8 2 ∫
(1 + tan x ) 3 2
sin x Put 1 + tan3 x = t ⇒ 3 tan2 x sec2x dx = dt

47. Let I = 2∫ dx
 π 1 dt 1
sin  x −  ∴ I= ∫t 2
=– +c
 4 3 3t
−1
π = +c
Put x − = t ⇒ dx = dt 3 (1 + tan 3 x )
4
292


dt Comparing with a sin–1 (bx) + c, we get
51. Put x2 = t ⇒ xdx =
2 1 4
a= and b =
x 1 dt 4 3
∴ ∫ 1+ x 4
dx =
2 ∫ 1 + t2 1 4
∴ 4a + 3b = 4   + 3   = 5
1 4 3
= tan−1 t +c
2
dx
1
= tan−1 (x2) + c
58. Let I = ∫ 16 − 9 x 2
2
1
x2 = ∫ dx
4 − ( 3x )
2
52. Let I = ∫ 1+ dx 2
(x ) 3 2
1 3x
Put x3 = t ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt = sin–1 +C
3 4
I=
1 dt Comparing with A sin–1(Bx) + C, we get
∴
3 ∫ 1+ t 2
1 3
A= ,B=
1 3 4
= tan–1 t + c
3 1 3 13
∴ A+B= + =
1 3 4 12
= tan–1 x3 + c
3 dx
4 3
59. Let I = ∫ x − x2
10
53. Put x = t ⇒ 4x dx = dt
x 3 dx 1 dt 1 dx
= tan−1 t + c
4 ∫ 1 + t2
∴ ∫ 1+ x = = ∫
8
4 x x8 − 1
1
= tan−1 (x4) + c x 3 dx
4 = ∫x 4
x8 − 1
dx dx Put x = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
4
54. ∫ 16 x 2
+9
= ∫ (4 x) 2
+ 32 1 dt
1 4x
∴ I = ∫t
= tan −1   + c 4 t2 − 1
12  3  1
= sec–1 t + c
2 4
x + 1− x 1 1
55. ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ d x 1
x 1− x 2
1− x 2 x = sec–1 (x4) + c
4
= sin−1 x + log x + c
sin 2 x
56. Let I =
1 60. Let I = ∫ sin 4
x + cos 4 x
dx
∫ 9 − 16 x 2
dx
2sin x cos x
=∫ 4 dx
1 sin x + cos 4 x
= ∫ 32 − (4 x) 2
dx
2 tan x sec 2 x
=∫ dx
1 + tan 4 x
1  4x 
= sin −1   + c Put tan2 x = t ⇒ 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt
4  3 
dt
Comparing with α sin−1 (βx) + c, we get ∴ I= ∫1+ t 2
1 4 Comparing with tan–1[f (x)] + c, we get
α= ,β=
4 3 f(x) = tan2x
1 1 3 π 2π
( 3)
2
∴ α+ = + =1 ∴ f   = tan = =3
β 4 4 3
  3
1 1 1
57. Let I = ∫ dx 61. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
8 + 1 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
2 2
9 − 16 x 8 + 2x − x
1 1
= ∫ dx =
( 3)
2
− ( 4x)
2 ∫ dx
32 − ( x − 1)
2
1 4x
= sin–1   + c = sin−1 
x −1
+c
4  3   3 
293


1 1 dx dx
62. ∫ dx = ∫ dx 66. Let I = ∫ 7 + 5cos x = ∫
3 − (9x + 6x )  2 x
2
3 − 6x − 9x 2
 1 − tan  2  
7 + 5  
1
= ∫ dx  1 + tan 2  x  
4 − ( 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1) 

 
2
1 x 1 x
= ∫ dx sec 2   dx sec 2   . dx
2 − ( 3x + 1)
2 2
= ∫ 2 =
2 2
x ∫ x
1 −1  3x + 1  12 + 2 tan 2   6 + tan 2  
= sin   +c 2 2
3  2 
x 1 x
dx dx
Put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt
63. I =∫ = 2 2 2
(1 − x)( x − 2) ∫ −2 + 3x − x 2 dt 1  t 
∴ ∫
I == tan −1  +c
dx
( 6)
2
= 6  6
∫ 9  9
t2 +
−2 + −  x 2 − 3x + 
4  4  x
1  tan 2 
=
dx = −1
tan  +c
∫ 2 2 6  6 
1  3  
  −x− 
2
   2
 3 dx dx
67. ∫ 1 + 3sin =∫
−1 x− 2 2
x sin 2 + cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x
= sin  1  +C
  dx
 2  =∫
4sin x + cos 2 x
2
∴ I = sin−1 (2x − 3) + C
sec 2 x dx
64. Let I = ∫
x−5
dx
= ∫ 4 tan 2
x +1
x−7
x−5 1 sec 2 x dx
=
= ∫ dx 4 ∫ tan 2 x + 1
( x − 7) ( x − 5)
4
x−5
= ∫ dx Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 xdx
2
x − 12 x + 35
dx 1 dt 1
=
1 2 x − 10
dx
∴ ∫ 1+ 3sin ∫
= = 2
.2 tan −1 (2t) + c
∫ 4 4
2
x 1
2 x 2 − 12 x + 35 t2 +  
2
1 2 x − 12 + 2
= dx
2 ∫ x 2 − 12 x + 35
1 −1
= tan ( 2t ) + c
2
1 2 x − 12 2 dx
= ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 1
2 x − 12 x + 35 2 2
x − 12 x + 36 − 1 = tan −1 ( 2 tan x ) + c
2
1 d x
= × 2 x 2 − 12 x + 35 + ∫
2 ( x − 6) 2 − 1 1
68. Let I = ∫ dx
3 + 2cos 2 x
= x 2 − 12 x + 35 + log ( x − 6) + x 2 − 12 x + 35 + c
Comparing with A x 2 − 12 x + 35 sec 2 x dx
I= ∫ 3sec 2
x+2
+ log ( x − 6) + x 2 − 12 x + 35 + c , we get
sec 2 x dx
A=1 = ∫ 3(1 + tan 2 x) + 2
65. Let I = ∫ x + 2 x + 5 dx
2
sec 2 x
=∫ dx
3 + 3tan 2 x + 2
∫ ( x + 1) + 2 dx
2
= 2
sec 2 x
x +1 = ∫ 5 + 3tan dx
= 2
x + 2x + 5 2
x
2
Put tan x = t
+ 2 log x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 5 + c
∴ sec2 x dx = dt
294


1 1 1 1 1
I= ∫ 5 + 3t I= dt = − . + c
2 ∫ t2
∴ 2
dt ∴
2 t
1 −1
=∫ dt = +c
( 5) + (
2
3t )
2
2 2e x + 1 ( )
1 æ 3 t ÷ö
= tan +1 ççç ÷÷ + c 1 e− x
çè 5 ÷ø 73. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
3 5 1 − e2 x e −2 x − 1
1 æ 3 tan x ÷ö Put e−x = t ⇒ −e−xdx = dt
∴ I= tan +1 ççç ÷÷ + c
15 çè 5 ÷ø 1 1
∴ ∫ 2x
dx = − ∫ 2
dt
1− e t −1
4e x − 25 5(2e − 5) − 3 ( 2e
x x
)
69. ∫ dx = ∫ dx = − log  t + t 2 − 1  + c
2e x − 5 2e x − 5  
2e x
= 5∫ dx − 3 ∫ x dx = − log e + e −x −2 x
− 1 + c
2e − 5  
= 5x − 3log |2ex − 5| + c 1 1 − e2 x 
∴ A = 5 and B = − 3 = − log  + +c
 e
x
ex 
dx
70. ∫ sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b ) = − log 1 + 1 − e2 x  + log ex + c
 
sin {( x − b ) ( x − a )} = x − log 1 + 1 − e  + c 2x
1  
= ∫ dx
sin ( a − b ) sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b )
1 dx
1 74. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫
= 3 3
sin ( a − b ) x 2 ( x 4 + 1) 4
5 1 4
x 1 + 4 
sin ( x − b ) cos ( x − a ) − cos ( x − b ) sin ( x − a )  x 
∫ sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b )
dx
1 −4
Put 1 + t
=⇒ dx =dt
1 x4 x5
=  cot ( x − a ) dx − cot ( x − b ) dx 
sin ( a − b )  ∫ ∫ 1 1
 1 dt 1
∴ I = − ∫ 3
= − × 4t 4 + c =− t 4 + c
4 4 4
1 t
= log sin ( x − a ) − log sin ( x − b )  + c
sin ( a − b )  1 1
 1 4  x4 + 1  4
1 sin ( x − a ) = − 1 + 4  + c =−  4  + c
= log +c  x   x 
sin ( a − b ) sin ( x − b )
2 x12 + 5 x9
75. ∫ dx
71. Let I = ∫ e −1 dx (x + x3 + 1)
x 5 3
Put ex − 1 = t2  2 5
⇒ ex dx = 2t dt x15  3 + 6 
= ∫ x x 
dx
2t 1 1
3
⇒ dx = 2
dt 15 
x 1 + 2 + 5 
t +1  x x 
2t 2t 2 1 1  −2 5 
∴ I = ∫t⋅ dt = ∫ t 2 + 1 dt Put 1 + t ⇒  3 − 6  dx =
+ 5= dt
t2 +1 x 2
x x x 
2(t 2 + 1) − 2
= ∫ dt 2 x12 + 5 x9 dt
t2 +1 ∴ ∫ dx = − ∫
(x + x + 1)
3
5 3 t3
dt
= 2∫ dt − 2∫ 2
t +1 1
−1
= +C
= 2t − 2 tan t + c 2t 2
= 2 ( e x −1 − tan −1 e x −1 + c ) =

1
1 1
2
+C
2 1 + 2 + 5 
1 e2 x  x x 
72. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x10
(e + e− x ) (e + 1)
x 2 2
2x
= +C
2 ( x5 + x3 + 1)
2
2x 2x
Put e + 1 = t ⇒ 2 e dx = dt
295


x −1 1 1 1 3 
76. Put =t⇒ dx = dt = − +C
2 
x+2 ( x + 2)
2
3  8t 16 t 
1 2t − 3 2(3 + 4cos x) − 3
∴ ∫ 5 1/ 4
dx =
16 t 2
+C=
16(3 + 4cos x) 2
+C
(
x − 1) ( x + 2 ) 
3

3 + 8cos x
1 ∴ I = +C
=∫ dx 16(3 + 4cos x) 2
( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2)
3/ 4 −3/ 4 2
1
dx
1 −3/ 4 1 t 4
79. Let I = ∫ cos x
3∫
= t dt = ⋅ + c 1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x
3 1
4 dx
4  x −1 
1/ 4 = ∫ cos x 2
2cos x + 2sin x cos x
=   +c
3 x + 2
dx
( x − 2)dx
= ∫ cos 2
x 2 + 2 tan x
77. Let I = ∫
{( x − 2) ( x + 3) }
2 7 1/3
=
sec 2 x dx
∫ 2 + 2 tan x
dx
= ∫ ( x − 2) Put 2 + 2 tan x = t ⇒ 2 sec2 x dx = dt
−1/3
( x + 3)7 /3
dx 1 dt
= ∫ 7 /3
∴ I= ∫
 x+3 2 t
( x − 2) −1/3 .( x − 2)7 /3  
 x−2 1
= (2) t + c
dx 2
∴ I= ∫ 7 /3
 x+3 = t +c= 2 + 2 tan x + c
( x − 2) 2  
 x−2
x+3 −5 80. Let I =
( sin θ + cos θ ) dθ
Put
x−2
=t ⇒
( x − 2) 2
dx = dt ∫ sin 2θ
dx −1 sin θ + cos θ
⇒ = dt =∫ dθ
( x − 2) 2
5 1 − (1 − 2sin θ cos θ )
−1 dt −1 t −4/3 ( sin θ + cos θ ) dθ
5 ∫ t 7 /3 5  −4 
∴ I= =⋅ +c =∫
  1 − ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ )
 3 
4 sin θ + cos θ
3  x − 2 3 =∫ dθ
=   +c 1 − ( sin θ − cos θ )
20  x + 3 
Put (sinθ – cosθ) = t
sin 2 x ⇒ (cosθ + sinθ) dθ = dt
78. I= ∫ dx
(3 + 4cos x)3
dt
2sin x cos x ∴ I= ∫ = sin–1(t) + c = sin–1(sinθ – cosθ) + c
⇒I= ∫ dx 1− t 2
(3 + 4cos x)3
t −3 dx
Put 3 + 4 cos x = t ⇒ cos x = 81. Let I = ∫ 3
4
(a 2 + x 2 ) 2
dt
⇒ sin x dx = Put x = a tan θ ⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ
(−4)
 dt   t − 3  a sec 2 θ a sec 2 θ
2   . 
∴ I= ∫ = 3
dθ ∫ 3
dθ
∴ I = ∫  −4  3 4  (a 2 + a 2 tan 2 θ) 2 a 3 (sec 2 θ) 2
(t)
1 dθ 1 1
a 2 ∫ sec θ
−1 t − 3 = = 2 ∫ cos= θ dθ sin θ + c
8 ∫ t3
= dt a a2
1 tan θ
−1  dt dt  = 2⋅ +c
=
8  ∫ t2
 − 3∫ 3  a 1 + tan 2 θ
t 
x
−1  −1 3  = +c
=  + +C
1
8  t 2t 2  a 2 ( x2 + a 2 ) 2
296

82. Let I = ∫(x + 1) x + 1dx x

2
Put tan   = t
2
Put x + 1 = t ⇒ x + 1 = t2
2dt 1 − t2
⇒ x = t2 − 1 ⇒ dx = 2t dt ∴ dx = and cos x =
1 + t2 1 + t2
∴ I= ∫ (( t
2 2
)
− 1) + 1 (t)(2tdt)
∴ I1 = 2∫
1
⋅
2dt
1 − t2 1 + t2
= ∫ ( t − 2t + 2 )( 2t ) dt
4 2 2
2+
1 + t2
= 2  ∫ t dt − 2∫ t dt + 2∫ t dt 
6 4 2
2.2dt
= ∫ 2 = 4∫
dt
 
( )
2
t +3 2
t + 3
 t 7 2t 5 2t 3 
= 2 − + +c
7 5 3  4  t 
= tan −1   + c1
 ( x + 1)7 / 2 2( x + 1)5/ 2 2( x + 1)3/ 2  3  3
= 2 − + +c 4  tan( x / 2) 
7 5 3 = tan −1 
   + c1
3  3 
x 3 dx sin x
83. Let I = ∫ and I2 = ∫ dx = −log(2 + cosx) + c2
( x 2 + 1)3 2 + cos x
Put x2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt ∴ I = I1 − I2
1 (t − 1)dt 1 −2 −3 4  tan( x / 2) 
∴ I =
2 ∫ t3
=
2∫
( t − t ) dt =
3
tan −1 
 3 
 + log(2 + cosx) + c
1  t −1 t −2 
=  − +K 86. Let I =
x 2 dx
2  −1 −2  ∫ 1− x
=
1 1 1  Put 1 − x = t2 ⇒ dx = −2tdt
 − +K
2  2( x 2 + 1) 2 x 2 + 1 
∴ I = −2∫
(1 − t ) 2 2
tdt
−2 ∫ (1 − t 2 ) dt
=
2
1 1 − 2 x 2 − 2  t
=  +K
2  2( x 2 + 1) 2  = −2∫ (1 + t 4 − 2t 2 ) dt
1  −(1 + 2 x 2 )   t 5 2t 3 
=  +K = − 2 t + −
2  2( x 2 + 1) 2  
 5 3 
−1  2 x 2 + 1  15 + 3t 4 − 10t 2 
=  +K = −2t 
4  ( x 2 + 1) 2  
 15 
x2 − 1 −2 2
84. Let I = = 1 − x [15 + 3(1 – x) – 10(1 – x)]
∫ x 4 + 3x 2 + 1 dx 15
−2 2
1 1 = 1 − x (3x + 4x + 8)
1− 2 1− 15
= ∫ x dx = x2
1 ∫ 1
2
dx −2
x2 + 2 + 3  ∴ P=
x  x +  +1 15
 x
1 1 87. Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
Put x + = t ⇒ 1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x  tan 2 θ sec 2 θdθ
dt
∴ f(x) = ∫ sec 2
θ(1 + sec θ)
∴ I = ∫ 1+ t 2
tan 2 θdθ sin 2 θdθ
−1
= tan t + c
= ∫ 1 + sec θ = ∫ cos θ(1 + cos θ)
1
= tan−1  x +  + c 1 − cos 2 θdθ
 x
= ∫ cos θ(1 + cos θ)
2 − sin x (1 − cos θ)dθ
85. Let I = ∫ 2 + cos x dx
= ∫ cos θ
= ∫ sec θ dθ − ∫ dθ
2 sin x = log(sec θ + tanθ) − θ + c

=∫
2 + cos x
dx − ∫
2 + cos x
dx
∴ (
f(x) = log x + 1 + x 2 − tan−1 x + c )
= I1 − I2
2
∴ (
f(0) = log 0 + 1 + 0 − tan−1 (0) + c)
I1 = ∫ dx
2 + cos x ⇒ 0 = log1 − 0 + c ⇒ c = 0
297

∴ (
f(x) = log x + 1 + x 2 − tan−1 x ) 90. ∫ f ( x) ⋅ g( x)dx = ∫ x ⋅ sin x dx
f(1) = log (1 + 1 + 1 ) − tan
−1 = −x cos x + ∫ cos x dx
∴ 2
(1)
= −x cos x + sin x + c
π
(
= log 1 + 2 − ) 4 91. ∫ x sin x dx =
− x cos x + ∫ cos x dx
 e3 x ex  = − x cos x + sin x + constant

88. J − I = ∫ 2x
− 4 x 2 x  dx
4x ∴ A = sin x + constant
 e + e +1 e + e +1 
=
(e 2x
−1) e x 92. ∫ cos
−1
x dx = cos
−1
x⋅x + ∫
1
⋅ x dx
∫e 4x 2x
+ e +1
dx 1 − x2
1 −2 x
Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt = x cos−1 x − ∫ dx
2 1 − x2
1
1− 2
t2 −1 t = x cos−1 x − 1 − x 2 + c
∴ J − I = ∫ 4 2 dt = ∫ 2
dt
t + t +1  1
 t +  −1  − cos3 x  2  − cos3 x 
 t 93. ∫x
3
sin 3x dx = x3   – ∫ 3 x .  dx
 3   3 
1
Put t + = y  − cos3 x  2  sin 3 x   sin 3 x 
t = x3   + x   − ∫ 2x  dx
1  3   3   3 

⇒ 1 − 2  dt = dy
x3 cos3 x
 t  =−
3
dy 1 y −1
∴ J − I ==
∫ 2 2 log +C x 2 sin 3x 2   − cos3x   − cos3x  
+
3   3  ∫  3  
y −1 2 y +1 − x  − 1.  dx
3
1
1 t + −1 x3 cos3x x 2 sin 3x 2 x cos3x 2sin 3x
= log t +C = − + + − + c
2 1 3 3 9 27
t + +1
t
1 t2 − t +1
94. ∫ sin ( log x ) dx + ∫ cos ( log x ) dx
= log 2 +C x cos ( log x )
2 t + t +1 = x sin(log x)− ∫ dx + ∫ cos ( log x ) dx + c
x
1 e 2 x − e x +1 = x sin(log x) + c
= log 2 x +C
2 e + ex + 1
x x
x + sin x cos x + 2sin
2 2
95. ∫ 1 + cos x dx =
∫ dx
2
sec x
89. Let I = ∫ 9
dx
2cos 2
x
( sec x + tan x ) 2 2
Put sec x + tan x = t ….(i) 1 2 x x
2∫
= x sec dx + ∫ tan dx
⇒ sec x(sec x + tanx)dx = dt 2 2
1 x x
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
⇒ sec x dx = dt x
x
t = ⋅ − ∫ dx + ∫ tan dx
2 1 2 1 2
1
Also, sec x − tan x = ….(ii) 2 2
t x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get = x tan + c
2
1  1
sec x = t +  x x

2 t 96. ∫ cos x log  tan 2  dx = log  tan  . sin x
2
 
 1
t+
1  t 1 1 1 1  1x 1
∴ I = ∫  9  ⋅ dt = ∫  9 + 13  dt –
x ∫
.sec 2 . .sin x
2 2
2 t 2 t2 t 2  tan
t2   2
1 1 1  t2 1  x 1 
=− − +K=− 11 
+  +K = sin xlog  tan  – ∫ sin x   dx
7 11
2 
7 11   2  sin x 
7t 2
11t 2
t
x
−1 1 1 2 = sin xlog  tan  – x + c
= 11 11 + 7 (sec x + tan x)  + K  2
( sec x + tan x ) 2  
⇒ f(x) = c – x
298

97. Let I = ∫ esin x ( x cos x − sec x tan x ) dx ∴ I = ∫ e t .2t dt

= ∫ xesin x cos x dx – ∫ esin x sec x tan x dx = 2(t.et – ∫1.e t dt)
I1 = ∫ xesin x cos x dx = 2(tet – et ) + c
= x ∫ esin x cos x dx – ∫ esin x dx + c1

=2 ( x −1 e ) x
+c
= x esinx – ∫ esin x dx + c1 102. Let I = ∫ cos(log x)dx

I2 = ∫ e sec x tan x dx Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
sin x
= esin x ∫ sec x tan x dx − ∫ sec x cos x esin x dx + c2 ∴ I = ∫ e t cos t dt
= sec x esinx – ∫ esin x dx + c2 = e t cos t − ∫ e t (− sin t) dt + cl

I = I1 − I2 = e t cos t + ∫ e t sin t dt + cl
= xesinx – ∫ esin x dx – sec x esinx + ∫ esin x dx + c = e t cos t + e t sin t − ∫ e t cos t dt + c2
sin x
=e (x – sec x) + c
= et cos t + et sin t − I + c2
 x cos3 x − sin x  ⇒ 2I = et (cos t + sin t) + c2
98. Let I = ∫ esin x  
 cos 2 x  et
⇒ I = (cos t + sin t) + c
2
= ∫ esin x ( x cos x − sec x tan x ) dx
x
= esin x (x – sec x) + c = [ cos(log x) + sin (log x)] + c
2
99. Let I = ∫ sin (11x ) . sin9 x dx 103. Put sin–1 x = t
= ∫ sin (10 x + x ) ⋅ sin 9 x dx 1
⇒ dx = dt
9 9 1 − x2
= ∫ sin10 x cos x sin x dx + ∫ cos10 x sin x sin x dx
x sin −1 x
= sin 10x ∫ cos x sin x dx 9 ∴ ∫ 1 − x2
dx = ∫ t sin t dt = –tcost + sin t + c
– ∫10cos10 x ∫ cos x sin

9
x dx = – sin–1 x cos(sin–1x) + sin(sin–1x) + c
+ ∫ cos10 x sin10 x dx = x – sin−1x. 1 − x 2 + c
sin10 x ⋅ sin10 x 10 10 104. Let I = ∫ cos(log e x)dx

=
10
–
10 ∫ cos10 x sin x dx
10 Put log e x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = etdt
+ ∫ cos10 x sin x dx
10
∴ I = ∫ cos t.e t dt
sin10 x ⋅ sin x
= +c
10 = cos t.e t − ∫ ( − sin t ) .e t dt
100. Let I = ∫ e f ( x) + e f ′ ( x ) dx

2x 2x
= cos t.e t + sin t.e t − ∫ cos t.e t dt 
= ∫ e f ( x)dx + ∫ e f ′ ( x)dx
2x 2x
∴ I = cos t.e t + sin t.e t − I + c1
= f (x) ∫ e dx – ∫  ∫ e dx  f ′(x) dx
2x 2x ⇒ 2I = cos t.e t + sin t.e t + c1
x
+ g (x) + c ⇒ =I [cos (log e x) + sin (log e x)] + c,
2
e2 x f ( x) e2 x
= – ∫ f ′(x) dx + g (x) + c c
2 2 where c = 1
2
e2 x f ( x) g( x)
= – + g (x) + c
∫ ( log x ) dx = ∫ ( log x ) .1 dx
2 2
2 2 105.
e2 x f ( x) g( x)
= + +c 1
( log x )
2
2 2 = . x − ∫ 2log x . . x dx
x
1
= [e2x f (x) + g (x)] + c  1 
= x ( log x ) − 2  log x. x − ∫ . x dx 
2
2
 x 
101. Let I = ∫ e x
dx = x ( log x ) − 2 ( x log x − x ) + c
2
Put x = t2 ⇒ dx = 2tdt = x(log x)2 – 2x(log x – 1) + c

299


2
106. ∫ 32 x (log x) dx
3
e5 x e5 x
109. ∫ x e dx = x .
3 5x 3
− ∫ 3 x 2 . dx
5 5
= 32 ∫ x (log x)2dx
3
x 3e 5 x 3 2 e 5 x 3 e5 x
= − x. + ∫ 2 x.
 2 x 1 x 4
 4
5 5 5 5 5
= 32 ( log x ) . − ∫ 2log x . . dx 
 4 x 4  e5 x 3 2 5 x 6 e5 x 6 e5 x
= x3 − x e + x. − . +c
 x4 1  5 25 25 5 25 25
= 32 (log x) 2 . − ∫ x3 log x dx 
e5 x 3 3
 4 2  ∴ ∫ x e=
3 5x
dx
54
( 5 x − 75x 2 + 30 x − 6 ) + c
 ( log x )2 x 4 1  log x. x 4 1 x4 
= 32  −  −∫ . dx   ∴ f(x) = 53x3 – 75x 2 + 30x – 6
 4 2 4 x 4  
110. ∫ log ( a + x 2 ) dx
2
 ( log x )2 x 4 1  x 4 log x 1 x 4  
= 32  −  − .  + c 1
 4 2 4 4 4   = log ( a 2 + x 2 ).x − ∫ .2 x.xdx
a 2 + x2
 1 x4 
= 8 (log x) 2 x 4 −  x 4 log x −   + c x2
2 4  = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2∫ 2 2 dx
 a +x
 log x 1   a2 
= 8 x 4 ( log x ) − = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2∫ 1 −
2
+ +c  dx
 2 8  a 2 + x2 
= x4[8(log x)2 – 4 log x + 1] + c 1 x
= x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2 x + 2a 2 . tan −1   + c
a a
107. Let I = ∫ x 4 e2 x dx
x
x 4e 2 x e2 x = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2 x + 2a tan −1   + c
= – ∫ 4 x3 ⋅ dx a
2 2
x 4e 2 x 111. Put logx = t
= – 2 ∫ x3 e2 x dx
2 ⇒ x = et
x 4 e2 x  x3 e2 x e2 x  ⇒ dx = etdt
= – 2 ∫ dx − ∫ 3x 2 ⋅ dx 
2  2 2  ∴ ∫ (logx)5 dx = ∫ t5et dt
= et(t5 – 5t4 + 20t3 – 60t2 + 120t – 120)
x 4 e2 x
= – x3 e2x + 3 ∫x
2
e 2 x dx + constant
2
= x[(logx)5 – 5(logx)4 + 20(logx)3 – 60(logx)2
x 4 e2 x  x 2 e2 x e2 x 
= – x3 e2x + 3  − ∫ 2x ⋅ dx  + 120logx – 120] + constant
2  2 2  ∴ A = 1, B = –5, C = 20, D = –60, E = 120
x 4 e2 x 3x 2 e 2 x 3 xe 2 x e2 x and F = –120
= – x3 e2x + – + 3∫ dx
2 2 2 2 ∴ A + B + C + D + E + F = –44
x 4 e2 x 3x 2 e2 x 3 xe 2 x
= – x3e2x + – 112. Put x = secθ ⇒ dx = secθ tanθ dθ
2 2 2
−1   1  1 
3e 2 x ∫ cos   dx
∴ = ∫ cos
−1
+ +c   . sec θ tan θ dθ
4
 x  sec θ 
e2 x = ∫ cos −1 (cosθ).secθ tanθ dθ
= [2x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 6x + 3] + c
4 = ∫ θ .(secθ tanθ) dθ
3x 3x
e e = θsecθ – ∫1 secθdθ
108. ∫x e
2 3x
dx = x2 ⋅ – ∫ 2x ⋅ dx
3 3
= θsecθ – log |tanθ + secθ| + c
x 2 e3 x 2  e3 x e3 x 
= –  x. − ∫1. dx 
3 3  3 3  = θsecθ – log | ( sec 2
θ−1) + sec θ | + c
=
x 2 e3 x
– 
2  xe3 x e3 x 
−  +c
= xsec–1x – log (x 2
− 1) + x + c
3 3  3 9 
1 2 2 3x 1 + x log x   1
= x2 e3x – xe3x + e +c 113. ∫e
x
  dx = ∫ e x  log x +  dx
3 9 27  x   x
=
e3 x
(9x2 – 6x + 2) + c = ex log x + c
27
....  ∫ e x [f ( x) + f ′( x)]dx =e x f ( x) + c 
∴ f (x) = 9x2 – 6x + 2  
300

114. ∫e
x
sin x(sin x + 2cos x)dx  x  x 
e x 1 + 2sin   cos   
e x (1 + sin x)  2
   2 
= ∫ e x (sin 2 x+ 2sin x cos x)dx
120. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ x
dx
2cos 2  
2
= ex sin2x + c
1 2 x x
∫e
x
=  sec + tan  dx
2 2 2
 2 + sin 2 x  x  2 (1 + sin x cos x ) 
115. ∫e  dx = ∫ e   dx
x
 x
 1 + cos 2 x   2cos 2 x  = e x tan + c
2
= ∫ ex (sec2 x + tan x) dx …  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx = e x f ( x ) + c 
x
= e tan x + c
e x ( x 2 tan −1 x + tan −1 x + 1)
…  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =e xf ( x ) + c 

121. ∫ dx
x2 + 1
e x [( x 2 + 1) tan −1 x + 1]
2 = ∫ dx
 x + 2 x x2 + 1
116. ∫  x + 4  e dx  1 
= ∫ e x  tan −1 x +  dx
 1 + x2 
 x2 + 4x + 4 
= ∫ ex  2 
dx = e x tan −1 x + c
 ( x + 4 ) 
2
 log x − 1 
 x ( x + 4) 4 122. Let I = ∫  2
dx
= ∫ ex  +  dx 1 + ( log x ) 
 ( x + 4 ) ( x + 4 ) 
2 2
Put log x = t
 x 4 
∴ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
= ∫ ex  + 2
dx t −1  t
2
 x + 4 ( x + 4 )  ∴ I = ∫  2 
e dt
1+ t 
x 
= e x  + c
 
1 + t 2 − 2t  t
 x+4 = ∫ e dt
 (1 + t 2 ) 
2
 
…  ∫ e f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =
x
e f ( x ) + c
x
 
= ∫ et 
1
+
( −2t )  dt
2 1 + t 2 (1 + t 2 )2 
x x + 2 x x   
117. ∫ e  x + 4  dx = e  x + 4  + c 1 
= e t  2 
+c
xe x 1+ t 
⇒ f(x) =
x+4 …  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =e xf ( x ) + c 

x
( x + 3) e x dx = ( x + 4 − 1) ex dx = +c
1 + ( log x )
2
118. ∫ ∫ ( x + 4 )2
( x + 4)
2
123. Let I = ∫ e tan x (sec2 x + sec3 x ⋅ sin x)dx

 1 1 
= ∫ ex  −  dx = ∫ e tan x (1 + tan x)sec2 x dx
 x + 4 ( x + 4 )2 
 
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
e x
= +c ∴ I = ∫ e t (1 + t)dt = et.t + c = tan x⋅etanx + c
x+4
 sin x + 1 
124. Let I = ∫ esin x   dx
x ex x x + 1 − 1   sec x 
119. ∫ ( x + 1)2 dx = ∫ e ( x + 1)2  dx
= ∫ esin x ( sin x + 1) cos x dx
 1 1  Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
= ∫ ex  − 2
dx
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  ∴ I = ∫ e t (1 + t ) dx
ex = tet + c ...  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =

e xf ( x )

= +c …  ∫ e f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e f ( x) + c 
x x
x +1 = sin x.esin x + c
301


dx 1 1  x 1  x 
125. Put tan−1 x = t ⇒ = dt =  tan −1   − tan −1    + c
1 + x2 5 2 2 3  3 
 1 + x + x2  1 x 1  x
 dx = ∫ e ( tan t + sec t ) dt
−1 x
∴ ∫e =
tan t 2
 2 tan −1   − tan −1   + c
 1+ x  10  2  15 3
= et tan t + c x x
−1
Comparing with A tan−1   + B tan−1   + c,
= xe tan x + c 2 3
we get
−dx
126. Put cot–1 x = t ⇒ = dt A=
1
,B=
−1
1 + x2
10 15
cot −1 x  x − x + 1 
2
1 1 1
∴ ∫ e  1 + x 2  dx A−B= + =
10 15 6
= − ∫ e t ( cot 2 t − cot t + 1) dt 2x2 + 1 A B
131. Let = + 2
= − ∫ e ( cosec t − cot t ) dt
t 2
( x − 2
4 )( )
x 2
− 1 x 2
− 4 x −1
= ∫ e t ( cot t − cosec2 t ) dt ∴ 2x2 + 1 = A(x2 − 1) + B(x2 − 4)

Comparing the coefficient of x2 and constant
= et cot t + c term on both sides, we get
−1 x
= x ecot +c A + B = 2 and −A − 4B = 1
Solving these two equations, we get
1 1  e2 x A = 3 and B = −1
127. ∫e
2x
 − 2  dx = +c
 x 2x  2x
2x2 + 1
  f ′( x)  e mx f ( x) 
∴ ∫ (x 2
− 4)( x 2 − 1)
dx
…  emx f ( x) +  dx = + c
  m  m  3 1 
= ∫  2 − dx
−1 x −4 x 2 − 1 
128. ∫ (1 + x − x
−1
)e x + x dx
3 x−2 1 x −1
= log − log +c
 −1  1  −1  2× 2 x+2 2 x +1
= ∫  x e x + x 1 − 2  + e x + x  dx
  x   3 1
x−2 4 x +1 2
= xe x + x + c
−1
…  ∫ [ x f ′( x) + f ( x)]dx =x f ( x) + c  = log + log +c
x+2 x −1
 1 3

 1 1    x +1 2  x − 2 4 
= log  +c
129. ∫  x − 3 − x 2 − 3x  dx  x − 1   x + 2  
 
 1 1  1 3
= ∫ −  dx ∴ a = and b =
 x − 3 x ( x − 3 )  2 4
 1 1 1  5 11
= ∫ + −  dx 2x2 + 3 −
 x − 3 3x 3 ( x − 3)  132. ∫ ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4) dx = ∫ x 2 − 1 ∫ x 2 3− 4 dx
3 dx +
 2 1
= ∫ +  dx −5 1 x − 1 11 1 x−2
 3 ( x − 3) 3x  = ⋅ log + ⋅ log +c
3 2 ×1 x +1 3 2× 2 x+2
2 1 5 11
= log (x – 3) + log x + c x +1 6 x − 2 12
3 3 = log + log +c
2 2 x −1 x+2
= log (x – 3) + log x + c
3 3  5 11

  x + 1  6  x − 2 12 
2 = log     +c
= log  x ( x − 3)  + c  x − 1   x + 2  
3  
11 5
1 ∴ a= and b =
130. Let I = ∫ (x 2
dx 12 6
+ 4)( x 2 + 9)
1 1 1  5x2 + 3
∴ I= 133. Let I = ∫ x (x dx
∫ −
5  x 2 + 4 x 2 + 9 
dx 2 2
− 2)
 1 1  1 1   5 3
…
=
αβ β − α  α − β  = ∫x 2
−2
dx + ∫ x (x 2 2
− 2)
dx
   
302

5 x− 2 3  1 1  1
=
2 2
log
x+ 2
+ ∫ 2 −  dx
2  x − 2 x2 
137. Let I = ∫ x( x 4
+ 1)
dx
5 x− 2 x3
= log = ∫ dx
2 2 x+ 2 x 4 ( x 4 + 1)
3 1 x − 2 1 Put x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
+  log +  +c
2  2 2 x + 2 x  1 dt
∴ I=
4 ∫ t (1 + t )
13 x− 2 3
= log + x+c
4 2 x+ 2 2 1 1 1 
= ∫  −  dt
4  t 1+ t
dx ( x 2 + 1)dx x 2 dx
∫ 6 4
134. =
x +x ∫x 4 2
( x + 1)
−∫ 4 2
x ( x + 1) =
1
[log | t | – log | 1 + t| ] + c
1 dx
4
= ∫x dx − ∫
4
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 1 t
= log +c
1 dx dx 4 1+ t
3x3 ∫ x 2 ∫ x 2 + 1
= − − +
1 x4
−1 1 = log +c
= 3 + + tan −1 x + c 4 1 + x4
3x x
dx dx dx 1
135. ∫e 2x
− 3e x
= ∫ e (e x x
− 3)
138. ∫x 3
+ 3x 2 + 2 x
= ∫ x( x 2
+ 3x + 2 )
dx
1  dx dx  1
= − ∫ x − ∫ x 
3 e e − 3 = ∫ x ( x + 2 )( x + 1) dx
1 dx 1 dx
= ∫
3 e −3 3 e
x
− ∫ x
= ∫ 2x
1
dx + ∫
1
dx − ∫
1
dx
2( x + 2) x +1
1 e− x 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ e − x d x 1 1
3 1 − 3e −x
3 = log |x| + log |x + 2| – log |x + 1| + c
1 1 2 2
−x
= log (1 − 3e ) + x + c 1 1
9 3e = log |x (x + 2)| – log (x + 1)2 + c
2 2
1  ex − 3  1
= log  x  + x + c  x2 + 2x 
9  e  3e 1
= log   +c
 ( x + 1)
2
1 1 1 2 
= + log(e x − 3) − log e x + c
3e 9
x
9
1 1 x 2x − 1
= x + log(e − 3) − + c
x 139. Let I = ∫ dx
3e 9 9 ( x − 1)( x + 2 )( x − 3)
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
136. ∫ (x dx = − ∫ dx − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2
+ 1) ( x − 1) 6 x −1 3 x+2 2 x−3
1 1 1 x −1 −1 1 1
= log|x – 1| − log| x + 2| + log|x – 3| + K
= ∫
2 x −1
dx − ∫ 2 dx
2 x +1
6 3 2
1 1 1 x 1 1 −1 −1 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx ∴ A= ,B= ,C=
2 x −1 2 x +1 2 x +1 6 3 2
1 1 2x 1
= log x − 1 − ∫ 2 dx + tan −1 x + D1 dx
2 4 x +1 2 140. Let I = ∫ sin x + sin 2 x
1 1 1 −1
= log x − 1 − log x + 1 + tan x + D
2
dx
2 4 2 = ∫ sin x (1 + 2cos x )
Comparing with
A log |x2 + 1| + B tan–1x + C log |x – 1| + D, we sin x dx
= ∫ sin x (1 + 2cos x )
get 2
−1 1 1
A= ,B= ,C= − sin x dx
4 2 2 = ∫ ( cos 2
x − 1) (1 + 2cos x )
−1 1 1 3
∴ A+B+C= + + =
4 2 2 4 Put cos x = t ⇒ – sin x dx = dt
303


dt 5
∴ I= ∫ (t f(1) = 2(1) + +c
− 1) (1 + 2t ) 3 (1)
2 3
1 1 1 dt 4 dt 14 5
= dt + ∫ – ⇒ =2+ +c⇒c=1
6 ∫ t −1 2 t + 1 6∫ 1 3 3
t +  5
 2
∴ f(x) = 2x + 3 + 1
log t − 1 log t + 1 2 1 3x
= + – log t + + c1 5
6 2 3 2 f(–1) = 2(–1) + +1
3 ( −1)
3
log cos x − 1 log cos x + 1 2 1
= + – log cos x + + c1
6 2 3 2 5 −8
=–2– +1 =
1 1 3 3
= log 1 − cos x + log 1 + cos x
6 2 1 + cos x 1 − cos x + 2cos x
2 2 1 146. ∫ cos x − cos dx = ∫ dx
– log 1 + 2cos x + c, where c = c1 + log
2
x cos x (1 − cos x )
3 3 2
1 2
= ∫ cos x dx + ∫ 1 − cos x dx
f ( x)
141. ∫ log cos x dx = −log(log cos x) + c x
= ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec2 dx
Differentiating on both sides, we get 2
f ( x) −1 1 x
= × × (− sin x) = log |sec x + tan x| – 2cot + c
log cos x log cos x cos x 2
f ( x) tan x x
⇒ = ⇒ f(x) = tan x ∴ f ′(x) = cot
log cos x log cos x 2
x
⇒ f(x) = 2 log sin
f ( x) 2
142. ∫ log ( sin x ) dx = log (log sin x) + c
1
Differentiating on both sides, we get 147. ∫ f(x) sin x cos x dx = log f(x) + c
2 ( b2 − a 2 )
f ( x) 1 1
= × × cos x
log ( sin x ) log ( sin x ) sin x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f ( x) cot x 1  f ′( x ) 
⇒ = ⇒ f(x) = cot x f(x) sin x cos x = .  
log ( sin x ) log ( sin x ) 2( b − a2 )
2
 f ( x ) 
1
1 ⇒ [f(x)]2 sin 2x = f ′ (x)
143. ∫ f (x) cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2
( b − a2 )
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1  dy 

⇒ y2 sin 2x =   …[Putting f(x) = y]
f (x) cos x = f (x) . f′(x) b − a  dx 
2 2
⇒ f′(x) = cos x dy
⇒ = (b2 – a2) sin 2x dx
⇒ ∫ f′(x) dx = ∫ cos x dx y2
⇒ f (x) = sin x + c dy
⇒ ∫y = (b2 – a2) ∫ sin 2 x dx sin 2x dx
π
f   = 1 + c
2
∴
2 − ( b 2 − a 2 ) cos 2 x
−1
⇒ =
1 y 2
144. ∫ f ( x) ⋅ cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2 2
⇒y= = f(x)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get ( b 2
− a 2
) cos 2 x
1
f (x) ⋅ cos x = × 2 f (x) . f ′(x)
2 148. I1 = ∫ sin −1 x dx
⇒ cos x = f ′(x) Put sin−1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ
⇒ cos 0 = f ′(0)
∴ I1 = ∫ θ cos θdθ = θ sin θ − ∫1 . sin θdθ
⇒ f ′(0) = 1
=θ sin θ + cos θ
5
145. f ′ ( x ) = 2 – 4 = x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2
x
 5 5 Now,
= I2 ∫ sin
−1
1 − x 2 dx = ∫ cos −1 x dx
∴ f(x) = ∫  2 − 4  dx = 2x + 3 + c
 x  3x Put cos−1 x = φ ⇒ x = cos φ ⇒ dx = −sin φ dφ
304

∴ I2 = − ∫ φ sin φ dφ = φ cos φ + ∫1 . ( − cos φ ) dφ 2sin 5 x

I6 – I4 =
5
= φ cos φ − sin φ = xcos−1x − 1 − x 2
2sin 3x
π I4 – I2 =
∴ −1
I1 + I2 = x (sin x + cos x) = x −1 3
2
sin 2 x
I2 = ∫ sin x dx
149. x = f ″(t) cos t + f ′(t) sin t
dx = ∫ 2cos x dx
∴ = −f ′′(t) sin t + f ‴ (t) cos t + f ″(t) sin t
dt
= 2 sin x + c
+ f ′(t) cos t 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
= f ‴(t) cos t + f ′(t) cos t I6 = + + I2
5 3
= cos t [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)] 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
= + + 2sin x + c
y = −f ″(t) sin t + f ′(t) cos t 5 3
dy 2sin 5 x 2 3
∴ = −f ‴(t) sin t − f ″(t) cos t + f ″(t) cos t = + (3sin x – 4 sin x) + 2sin x + c
dt 5 3
− f ′(t) sin t 2sin 5 x 8
= – sin3 x + 4sin x + c
= − sin t [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)] 5 3
2 2
 dx   dy 
  +   = sin t + cos t  [ f ′′′ (t) + f ′ (t) ]
2
∴ 2 2 cos 2 x
 dt   dt  152. Let I = ∫ dx
sin x
= [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)]2 1 − tan 2 x
1
= 1 + tan 2 x dx
Let I = ∫ 
 dx  2  dy  2  2
∫ sin x
 +    dt
 dt   dt   1 − tan 2 x
1
= ∫ sec x ⋅ sin x dx
∫ {[f ′′′ (t) + f ′(t)] }
2 2
= dt
1 − tan 2 x
= ∫ dx
= ∫ [f ′′′(t) + f ′(t)] dt tan x
= f ″(t) + f (t) + c 1 − tan 2 x
= ∫ tan x (1 + tan x ) tan x sec
2 2
2
x dx
1 − tan 2 θ
150. cos 2θ = Put 1 − tan2 x = t2
1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ −2tan x sec2 x dx = 2t dt
1− x  t 2 dt
1−  
  1− x   1 + x  dx ∴ I = −∫
y = ∫ cos  2  tan −1
   dx =
1 + x   ∫ 1− x (1 − t 2 )( 2 − t 2 )
  1+
1+ x 1 1
= −∫ 2
dt + 2∫ dt
x2 1− t 2 − t2
⇒ y = ∫ xdx = + c, which is an equation of a
2 −1 1+ t 1 2+t
= log + 2× log +c
family of parabolas 2 1− t 2 2 2−t
sin nx 1 2 + 1 − tan 2 x
151. In = ∫ dx = log
sin x 2 2 − 1 − tan 2 x
sin ( n − 2 ) x 1 1 + 1 − tan 2 x
In – 2 = ∫ dx − log +c
sin x 2 1 − 1 − tan 2 x
 sin nx − sin ( n − 2 ) x 
In – In – 2 = ∫   dx ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3)
sin x 153. dx = ∫
  ∫ x ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3) + 1 dx
(x + 3x + 1)
2 2
2cos ( n − 1) x sin x
= ∫ dx
sin x 1
=− +c
= ∫ 2cos ( n − 1) x dx x 2 + 3x + 1
∴ p = 1, q = 3, r = 1
2sin ( n − 1) x 3p − q
= ∴ =0
( n − 1) r
305

Evaluation Test
5 + x10  tan 2 t tan 2 t 

1. Let I = ∫ dx = 2a  t . − ∫1 . dt 
x16  2 2 
=
5 + x10 1 = a  t tan 2 t − ∫ ( sec2 t − 1 ) dt 
∫ x10
. 11 dx
x
x
5 1 = a  t tan 2 t − tan t + t  + c , where t = tan−1
= ∫x 10
+ 1 . 11 dx a
x
5 x x x x 
Put +1=t = a  tan −1 − + tan −1 +c
x10
 a a a a 
−11
∴ 5(−10)x dx = dt
1 1 4. Let I = ∫ cosec x −1 dx
∴ dx = − dt
x11 50
1
 1 
1 = ∫ − 1dx
∴ I = ∫ t  −  dt
2 sin x
 50 
1 − sin x
1 t 3/ 2 = ∫ dx
= − . +c sin x
50 3 / 2
3/ 2
1  5  1 − sin x 1 + sin x
= − 1 + 10  + c = ∫ × dx
75  x  sin x 1 + sin x
cos x
2. Multiplying Nr and Dr by sin 3x, we get = ∫ dx
cos5 x + cos 4 x sin 2 x + sin x
∫ 1 − 2cos3x dx Put sin x = t
sin 3 x cos5 x + sin 3 x cos 4 x ∴ cos x dx = dt
= ∫ dx
sin 3 x − 2sin 3 x cos3 x 1
∴ I= ∫ dt
sin 3 x ( cos5 x + cos 4 x )
2
t +t
= ∫ dx
sin 3 x − sin 6 x 1
= ∫ dt
 3x 3x   9x x 1 1
 2sin cos   2cos cos  t2 + t + −
2 2 2 2 4 4
= ∫  
9x 3x 1
− 2cos sin =∫ dt
2 2 2 2
 1 1
3x x t +  −  
= − ∫ 2cos cos dx  2 2
2 2
1
= − ∫ ( cos 2 x + cos x ) dx = log t + + t 2 + t + c , where t = sin x
2
1
= −  sin 2 x + sin x  + c 1
2  = log sin x + + sin 2 x + sin x + c
2
x
3. Let I = ∫ sin −1 dx 5. Let I = ∫ tan x dx
a+x
Put x = a tan2t Put tan x = t2
∴ dx = 2a tan t sec2t dt ∴ sec2x dx = 2tdt
2t
a tan 2 t 2 ∴ dx = dt
∴ I = ∫ sin −1 × 2a tan t sec t dt 1 + t4
a + a tan 2 t
2t t2
= ∫ sin −1 ( sin t ) × 2a tan t sec 2 t dt ∴ I = ∫ t2 . dt = 2 ∫ 1 + t 4 dt
1 + t4
= 2a ∫ t tan t sec dt 2
t2 + 1 + t2 − 1 t2 + 1 t2 − 1
= ∫ dt = ∫t dt + ∫t dt
 d   t4 + 1 4
+1 4
+1
= 2a  t ∫ tan t sec2 dt − ∫  (t) ∫ tan t sec 2 t dt  dt 
  dt   = I1 + I2 (say) …(i)
306


13
t2 + 1
Let I = ∫ x 2 (1+ x5/ 2 ) dx
1/ 2
I1 = ∫ t 4 + 1 dt 7.
3
= ∫ x5 ⋅ (1+ x5/ 2 ) ⋅ x 2 dx
1/ 2
1
1+ 2
= ∫ t dt
2 1 Put 1+ x5/ 2 =
t
t + 2
t 5 32
∴ x dx = dt
1  1 2
= ∫ 1 + 2  dt 3
1
2
 t  2
t −  + 2 ∴ x 2 dx = dt
 t 5
1
1 1 2
I = ∫ ( t −1) ⋅ t 2 ⋅ dt
2
= ∫ 2 dy , where t − = y ∴
y +2 t 5
 1 2  52 3 1

= ∫  t − 2t 2 + t 2  dt
1 −1  y  1 t − t  5  
= tan  =
−1
tan  
2  2 2  2  2  2 72 4 52 2 32  5
  =  t − t + t  + c , where t = 1+ x
2
5 7 5 3 
1  t2 − 1 
= tan −1    7 5
5 2
3
2  2t  2 2 
5 2
4  
5 2
2  
=  1 + x 2  − 1 + x 2  + 1 + x 2   + c
1 5 7  5  3  
1− 2  
t2 − 1 t
I2 = ∫ 4 dt = ∫ dt
t +1 1 tan x
t2 + 2 8. Let I = ∫ dx
t 1 + tan x + tan 2 x
1  1 tan x
= ∫ 2 1 − 2  dt = ∫ sec dx
1  t  2
x + tan x
t +  − 2
 t sin x
1 1 cos x sin x cos x
= ∫ 2 dm , where t + =m =∫ dx = ∫ dx
m −2 t 1 sin x 1 + sin x cos x
+
1 cos 2 x cos x
t+ − 2 1
1 m− 2 1 t
= log = log sin 2 x
sin 2 x
2 2 m+ 2 2 2 1 = ∫ 2
t+ + 2
t 1
dx = ∫ 2 + sin 2 x dx
1 + sin 2 x
2
1 t 2 − 2t + 1
= log 2 + sin 2 x − 2  2 
2 2 t 2 + 2t + 1 =∫ dx = ∫ 1 −  dx
2 + sin 2 x  2 + sin 2 x 
∴ From (i),
= x − I1 (say) ….(i)
1  t2 − 1  1 t 2 − 2t + 1 2
I= tan −1  + log 2 +c I1 = ∫ dx
2  2t  2 2 t + 2t + 1 2 + sin 2 x
1  tan x − 1  1
= tan −1  Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2x dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt
2  2 tan x  1 + t2
 
2 tan x 2t
1 tan x − 2 tan x + 1 sin 2x = =
+ log +c 1 + tan x 1 + t 2
2
2 2 tan x + 2 tan x + 1
2 1
∴ I1 = ∫ × dt
2t 1 + t2
2+
6. ∫ log( x + 1)dx = ∫ log( x + 1).1dx 1 + t2
x 1
= log(x + 1).x − ∫ x +1 dx =∫ dt
t2 + t + 1
x+1−1 1
= x log(x + 1) − ∫ dx =
x +1 ∫ 2 1 3
dt
t +t+ +
 1  4 4
= x log(x + 1) − ∫ 1−  dx 1
x +1  =
 ∫ 2 2
dt
= x log(x + 1) − x + log(x + 1) + c  1   3
 t +  +  
= (x + 1) log(x + 1) − x + c  2   2 
307


 1  1
t +  11. Let I = ∫ dx
2 2 +c cos 6 x + sin 6 x
= tan −1  1
3  3  Since, a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
 
 2  ∴ cos6x + sin6x = 1 − 3 sin2x cos2x
=
2  2 tan x + 1 
tan −1  …[ a + b = cos2x + sin2x = 1]
 + c1
3  3  1
∴ From (i), ∴ I =∫ dx
1 − 3sin 2 x cos 2 x
2  2 tan x + 1  1
I=x− tan −1  +c =∫ dx
3  3  3 2
1 − sin 2 x
∴ A= 3 4
∴ A=3 4
= ∫ dx
4 − 3sin 2 2 x
 x − 1 1 4cosec 2 2 x
9. Let I = ∫ log  ⋅ 2 dx =
 x + 1  x −1 ∫ 4cosec2 2 x − 3 dx
 x − 1 4cosec 2 2 x
Put log   =t = ∫ 4 (1 + cot dx
 x + 1
2
2x) − 3
 1 1  1
∴  −  dx =
dt = −∫ ( − 4cosec2 2 x ) dx
 x − 1 x + 1
2
4cot 2 x +1
1 1 Put 2 cot 2x = t
∴ dx = dt
x2 − 1 2 ∴ − 4 cosec2 2x dx = dt
1 1 1
∴ I = ∫t ⋅ dt = t 2 + c ∴ I = −∫ dt
2 4 t2 + 1
2 = − tan−1(t) + c
1  x − 1 
= log   + c = − tan−1 (2 cot 2x) + c
4  x + 1 
 2cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x 
1 = − tan −1  + c
∴ A=  2sin x cos x 
4
= − tan−1(cot x − tan x) + c
10. Let I = ∫
1
dx
= tan−1(tan x − cot x) + c
(x + 2x + 2)
2 2
12. Let I = ∫ esin θ log (sin θ) + cosec2θ cos θ dθ

1
= ∫ 2
dx Put sin θ = t
(
x + 1) + 1
2
 ∴ cos θ dθ = dt
Put x + 1 = tan θ  1
∴ I = ∫ e t log t + dt
∴ dx = sec2 θ dθ  t 2 
sec 2 θ  1 1 1
∴ I=∫ dθ x2 + 2x + 2 = ∫ e t log t − + + dt
t 2 
( tan θ + 1) t t
2
2 
x+1 1  d 1 1 1 
sec θ2
= e t  log t −  + c …   log t −  = + 2 
=∫ dθ  t  dt  t t t 
sec 4 θ θ
= ∫ cos 2 θ dθ  1 
1 = esin θ log ( sin θ ) − + c
 sin θ 
1
= (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2∫ = e log ( sin θ ) − cosec θ  + c
sin θ
1 sin 2θ 
= θ + +c  cos θ + sin θ   1 + tan θ 
2 2  13. log   = log  
 cos θ − sin θ   1 − tan θ 
1
= ( θ+ sin θ cos θ ) + c π
= log tan  + θ 

2
4 
1 x +1 1 
=  tan −1 ( x + 1) + 2 ⋅ +c 1 π 
2  x + 2x + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2  Since, =
∫ sec 2 θ dθ log tan  + θ 
2 4 
1  −1 x +1  d π 
=  tan ( x + 1) + 2 +c ∴ log tan  =
+ θ  2sec 2θ …(i)
2 x + 2x + 2  dθ 4 
308


Integrating the given expression by parts, we get t2 t2
π  1 sin 2θ ∴ I1 = ∫1 − 2∫
⋅ 2t dt = dt
=I log tan  + θ  ⋅ sin 2θ− ∫ ⋅ 2sec 2θ dθ
2
t 1− t
4  2 2
1 − t 2 −1
…[From (i)] = −2∫ dt
1− t
1 π
= sin 2θ log tan  + θ  − ∫ tan 2θ dθ  1 
2 4  = − 2 ∫  1+ t −  dt
 1− t 
1 π  1
= sin 2θ log tan  + θ  − log ( sec 2θ ) + c  1 
2 4  2 = − 2 ∫ − 1− t  dt
1 − t 
3x − 4 
14. Let  = t = 2
1 t2 
log (1− t ) − t −  + c1
 3x + 4 
 −1 2
⇒
( 3x − 4 ) + ( 3x + 4 ) = t +1 1
( 3x − 4 ) − ( 3x + 4 ) t −1 
(
= − 2 log 1− x + x + x  + c1
2 
)
6x t + 1 4  t +1 ∴ From (i),
⇒ = ⇒x= −  
−8 t − 2 3  t −1  1 1 
4t + 4
( )
I = x log 1− x − ⋅ 2 log 1− x + x + x  + c
2  2 

( )
⇒ x + 2 =− +2
3t − 3 1
− 4t − 4+6t − 6 2t − 10
(
= ( x − 1) log 1− x − x − x + c ) 2
= =
3t − 3 3t − 3
x3 1
 3x − 4 
16. P(x) = ∫x 3
dx, Q(x) = ∫ 3 2 dx
Given, f  − x2 x −x
= x+ 2
 3x + 4  x3 + 1
∴ P(x) + Q(x) = ∫x 3
dx
2t − 10 2  t − 5  − x2
∴ f(t) = =  
3t − 3 3  t − 1  x3 − x 2 + x 2 + 1
= ∫ dx
x3 − x 2
2 t −1− 4 2 4  2 8
=  = 1 − = −  x2 + 1 
3 t −1  3 t − 1  3 3 ( t − 1) = ∫ 1 +  dx
 x2 − x2 
2 8
∴ f(x) = − =x+I ….(i)
3 3 ( x − 1) 2
x +1
 2 I= ∫ x ( x − 1) dx
8  2
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫  3 − 3( x − 1)  dx
  x2 + 1 A B C
Put = + +
=
2 8
x − log|x − 1| + c x ( x − 1) x − 1 x x 2
2
3 3
∴ x2 + 1 = Ax 2 + Bx( x −1) + C( x − 1) …(ii)
15. Let I = ∫ log 1 − x dx ( ) Putting x = 0 in (ii), C = −1
Putting x = 1 in (ii), A = 2
= ∫ log 1 − ( x ) dx (1)dx Putting x = −1 in (ii), B = −1
d  2 1 1 
(
= log 1 − x ∫1dx − ∫  ) d
 x
(
log 1− x ) ∫1dx  dx ∴ I = ∫ − − 2  dx
 x −1 x x 
1  1  1
(
= log 1 − x ⋅ x − ∫ ) −  x dx
1− x  2 x 
= 2 log|x − 1| − log|x| +
x
∴ From (i),
1 x
= x log 1− x + ( ) 2 ∫1 − x
dx
P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x − 1| − log|x| +
1
+c
x
1
= x log 1 − x + ( ) 2
I1 ….(i) ∴ (P + Q) (2) = P(2) + Q(2)
1
= 2 + 2 log 1 − log 2 + +c
x 2
Now, I1 = ∫ 1− dx
x 5 5 5
∴ = − log 2 + c ….  ( P + Q )( 2 ) =


Put x = t , 2 2 2  2
∴ dx = 2t dt ∴ c = log 2
309


1
∴ P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x − 1| − log |x| + =−
1
log
1 1
+ +
1
+
1 1
+ +c
x
5 x −1 5 ( x − 1)
2
5 ( x − 1) 5
+ log 2
1 1 1 1 x2 + 4
∴ P(3) + Q(3) = 3 + 2 log 2 − log 3 + + log 2 = − log + + +c
3
5 ( x − 1)
2
5 x −1 5
10 8
= + log
3 3 1+ x cos x
19. Let I = ∫ dx
17. Let I = ∫
2a sin x + bsin 2 x
(b + a cos x)3
dx {
x 1 − ( xe sin x )
2
}
esin x (1+ x cos x )
(a + bcos x) =∫ dx
= 2∫
(b + a cos x)3
⋅ sin x dx
{
x esin x 1 − ( xesin x )
2
}
Put b + a cos x = t Put xe = t sin x
∴ − a sin x dx = dt ∴ [xesin x cos x + esin x(1)] dx = dt

1 ∴ esin x (1 + x cos x) dx = dt
∴ sin x dx = − dt
a 1 1
t − b
a + b
∴ I= ∫ t (1 − t ) dt = ∫ t (1 − t )(1 + t ) dt
2

∴ I = 2∫  a   − 1  dt
  1 A B C
t3  a Put = + +
t (1 − t )(1 + t ) t 1 − t 1 + t
2 a 2 + bt − b 2
= −
a∫
dt
at 3 ∴ 1 = A(1 − t) (1 + t) + Bt(1 + t) + Ct(1 − t) …(i)
2 Putting t = 0 in (i), we get
= − 2 ∫ ( a 2 − b 2 ) t −3 + bt −2  dt A=1
a
2  a 2 − b2 b
Putting t = 1 in (i), we get
=− 2  + +c 1
a  −2t 2
−t  B=
2
1 a 2 − b 2 2b
= ⋅ + 2 +c Putting t = −1 in (i), we get
a2 t2 a t 1
C=−
1 2
18. Let I = ∫ ( x − 1) dx
x2 + 4  1 1 
1 2 
1 1 ∴ I = ∫ + − 2  dt
Put x − 1 = , ∴ dx = − dt  t 1− t 1+ t 
t t2
 
1  1
∴ I= ∫  − 2  dt 1 1
= log|t| − log|1 − t| − log|1 + t| + c
1 1 
2
 t  2 2
 + 1 + 4
t t  1 t2 1 x 2e 2 sin x
= log
= +c log +c
1 1 2 1− t 2
2 1− x 2e 2 sin x
= −∫   dt
1 2 t
2
+ + 1+ 4 25 27
t t 20 Let I = ∫ sec 13 x cosec 13 x dx
1
= −∫ dt −
25
−
27
1 + 2t + 5t 2 = ∫ cos 13
x sin 13
x dx
1 1 25 27 52
= −
5∫
dt Now − − =
− =−4
2 2 1 13 13 13
t + +
5 5 Multiplying and dividing by cos4x, we get
25 27
1 1 − −
= − I = ∫ cos 4 x cos
5∫
dt 13
x sin 13
x sec 4 x dx
2 1 4
t2 + t + + 27
5 25 25 x (1+ tan 2 x ) sec 2 x dx
−
= ∫ tan 13
1 1
= − sec2x dx = dt
5∫
dt Put tan x = t, ∴
2 2
 1 2 27
t+  +   (1+ t ) dt
−
 5 5 ∴ I = ∫t 13 2
1 1 2t 1  −
27
−
1

= − log t + + t 2 + + + c = ∫  t 13
+t 13
 dt
5 5 5 5 
310


13 −14 13 12 1  1
= − t 13 + t 13 + c ∴ I =∫  − 2  dt
14 12  1 1  t 
 1 +  1 −
13 14
13 12
 t2  t2
= − ( tan x ) 13 + ( tan x )13 + c
−
14 12
tdt
=− ∫
21. Let I = ∫x+
1
dx ( t 2 + 1) t 2 − 1
x2 − x + 1
Put t2 − 1 = m2
Put x + x − x +1 = t
2
∴ 2t dt = 2m dm,
∴ x − x +1 = t − x
2
∴ t dt = m dm
∴ x2 − x + 1 = t2 − 2tx + x2
t −12 mdm
∴ x= ∴ I =− ∫
2t − 1 ( m2 + 2) m2
dx ( 2t − 1) ⋅ 2t − ( t −1) ⋅ 2
2
1
∴ = = −∫ dm
( 2t − 1) ( 2)
2
dt m +2
2
2t 2 − 2t + 2
∴ dx = dt 1  m 
( 2t − 1)
2
= − tan −1  +c
2  2
1 2t 2 − 2t + 2
∴ I =∫ × dt  t2 − 1 
( 2t − 1)
2
t 1
= − tan −1  +c
2  2 
t2 − t + 1 
= 2∫ dt
t ( 2t − 1)
2
 1 
 −1
t2 − t + 1
A B C 1 x 2
Put =+ + = − tan −1  +c
t ( 2t − 1) 2t − 1 ( 2t −1)2
2
t 2  2 
 
∴ t2 − t + 1 = A(2t − 1)2 + Bt(2t − 1) + Ct …(i)  
Putting t = 0 in (i), we get  1− x 2 
1
A=1 = − tan −1  +c
2  2x 
1  
Putting t = in (i), we get
2
1 π  1− x 2 
C=
3 = −  − cot −1   + c
2 2  2x 
2   
1=A+B+C 1 π  2x 
= −  − tan −1   + c
2 2  
3 3  
2
⇒B=1–1– ⇒B=−   1− x
2 2
1  2x  π
1 3 3 1  = tan −1  − +c
∴ I = 2∫  − + ⋅  2  1− x 2  2 2
t
 2 ( 2t − 1) 2 ( 2t − 1) 
2
 
3 3 1
= 2 log t − log(2t − 1) − ⋅ +c x2 − 1
2 2 2t − 1 23. Let I = ∫ dx
x3 2 x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1
3 1 3 
= 2 log t − log(2t − 1) −   + c, Dividing Nr and Dr by x5, we get
2 2  2t − 1 
1 1
where t = x + x 2 − x + 1  3 − 5
I=∫ x x 
dx
and 2t − 1 = 2x − 1 + 2 x 2 − x + 1 2 1
3 1 2− 2 − 4
∴ P = 2, Q = − ,R=− x x
2 2
2 1  4 4
1 Put 2 − + = t ⇒  3 − 5  dx =dt
22. Let I = dx x2 x4 x x 
∫ (1 + x ) 2
1 − x2
1 dt 1
I=
4∫ t 2
1 ∴ = t+c
Put x = ,
t
1 1 2 1
∴ dx = − 2 dt = 2− 2 + 4 + c
t 2 x x
311

24.
log x
∫ ( x + 1) 2
dx = ∫ log x ⋅ ( x + 1)
−2
dx 27. Let I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x dx )
 sin x cos x 
( x + 1) −1 1 ( x + 1) −1 = ∫  +  dx
= log x ⋅ −∫ ⋅ dx  cos x sin x 
−1 x −1
sin x + cos x
log x  1  = ∫ dx
=− + ∫  dx sin x cos x
x +1  x( x +1)  2 ( sin x + cos x )
= ∫ dx
log x  1  2sin x cos x
=−
( x + 1) ∫  x( x + 1) 
+   dx
sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
log x 1 1  1−1+ 2sin x cos x
= −
( x + 1) ∫  x ( x + 1) 
+  −  dx
sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
log x 1− (1− 2sin x cos x )
= − + log |x| − log |x + 1| + c
( x + 1) sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
1− ( sin x − 2sin x cos x+ cos 2 x )
2
25. In = ∫ sin x dx n
1
= ∫ sin n −1 x ⋅ sin x dx = 2∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx
1− ( sin x − cos x )
2
d
= ∫ sin n −1 x ∫ sin x dx − ∫  ( 
sin n −1 x ) ∫ sin x dx  dx Put sin x − cos x = t
 dx  ∴ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
= sin n −1 x ( − cos x ) − ∫ ( n −1) sin n − 2 x cos x ( − cos x ) dx 1
∴ I = 2∫ dt
1− t 2
= − sin n −1
x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n −2 2
x cos x dx
= 2 sin −1 ( t ) + c
= − sin n −1 x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n − 2 x (1− sin 2 x ) dx −1
= 2 sin (sin x − cos x) + c
= − sin n −1
x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ ( sin n −2
x − sin x ) dx
n
= − sin n −1 x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n − 2 x dx − ( n −1) ∫ sin n x dx

∴ In = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) In−2 − (n − 1) In
∴ In + (n − 1)In − (n − 1)In −2 = − sinn −1 x cos x
∴ nIn − (n − 1) In −2 = − sinn−1x cos x
x −1
26. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1) dx
x3 + x 2 + x
x2 − 1
=∫ dx
( x + 1) 2 x3 + x 2 + x
x2 − 1
= ∫ (x 2
dx
+ 2 x +1) x3 + x 2 + x
1
2
1−
= ∫ x dx
 1  1
 x + + 2  x + +1
 x  x
1
Put x + +1= t2
x
 1 
∴ 1− 2  dx = 2t dt
 x 
2t 1 −1
∴ I = ∫ (t dt = 2 ∫ dt = 2 tan t + c
2
+1) t 2 t 2 +1
 1 
= 2 tan−1  x + +1  + c
x  
312
04 Definite Integration
Hints
11. Put t = – ⇒ dt = 2 dx
e
x x
1 −1
1. ∫ x dx = [log x]
e
1 = loge e – log 1 = 1 When x = 1, t = −1 and when x = 2, t =
1 2
2 1 −1/ 2
3 1 −
2. ∴ ∫x e x dx = ∫ e t dt = [e t ]−−11/ 2
∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) dx
1
1
2
−1
−1
3 e −1
= ∫ ( x3 − 6 x 2 +11x − 6) dx = e 2 − e−1 =
e
1
 x 4 6 x3 11x 2 
3
1
= − + − 6x = 0 12. Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt
x
4 3 2 1
When x = 1, t = 0 and when x = 2, t = log 2
1 2 log 2
1
 −(1 − x)10  1 cos(log x)
3. ∴ ∫1 x dx = ∫ cos t dt
∫ (1 − x) dx =   =
9
0  10 0 10 0
= [sin t ]0
log2
1 1
= sin (log 2)
log x 2
4. ∫ e dx = ∫ e
2log x
dx
3
0 0
1 π π π
1 13. ∫ 1+ x dx = [tan −1 x] 13 = – =
1
 x3  1 2
3 4 12
= ∫ x dx =   =
2 1
0  3 0 3
1
π 14. Put tan–1 x = t ⇒ dx = dt
π /3 1 + x2
 sin 3x  3
5. ∫ cos 3x dx =  3  =0 π
0  0 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t =
4
 π π
π/ 2 π π
6. ∫π / 4 cosec 2
x dx = [ − cot x ] π = –  cot
2 − cot  = 1 1
tan −1 x
π/ 4
 t2  4 π2
4  2 4 ∴ ∫0 1 + x 2 dx = ∫0
t dt =   =
 2 0 32
2π
7. ∫ (sinx + cosx) dx = [−cos x + sin x]02π = 0 1
dx
1
dx
0 15. ∫x 2
= ∫ ( x − 1) 2
0 − 2x + 2 0 +1
1 π /8
1 1 π
1 1
8. ∫ sec
2
2xdx = [tan2 x] = (1) =
8
0
=  tan −1 ( x − 1)  0
2 0
4 4 4
 π π
= 0 −−  =
π/ 4
1 π
 4 4
9. ∫ cosec 2xdx = [log tan x] 4
π
π/6
2 6
2
1  π π 1 16. ∫ log xdx = [xlog x – x]12
= log tan 4 − log tan 6  = 2 log 3
2   1
= 2log 2 – 2 + 1
1 4
10. Put 1 + log x = t ⇒ dx = dt = log 4 – 1 = log4 – log e = log  
x e  
When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = e, t = 2
2 2
1 x 
2
e
1 + log x
2
 t2  3 x1 1  e2
∴ ∫1 x dx = ∫1 t dt =   = 17. ∫1  x x 2 
e  −  dx = e
x  = –e
 2 1 2  1 2
313


3 3 3 π
dx dx  1 1
18. ∫2 x 2 − x = ∫2 x ( x − 1) = ∫2  x − 1 − x  dx 22. Let I = ∫ x sin x dx ....(i)
0
3 3
1 1 π
=∫ dx – ∫ dx ∴ I = ∫ (π − x)sin (π − x)dx
2 ( x − 1) 2 x 0
= [log( x − 1)] − [logx] 3

2
3
2  a a

....  ∫ f ( x=
)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx 
= (log2 – log1) – (log3 – log2) = 2log2 – log3  0 0
4
= log   π
I = ∫ (π − x)sin x dx
3
  ∴ ....(ii)
0
19. Put x = a − t ⇒ dx = − dt Adding (i) and (ii), we get

When x = 0, t = a and when x = a, t = 0 π
2I = π∫ sin x dx =π[ − cos x ]0 = 2π
π
a 0
∴ ∫ f( x) dx = − ∫ f(a − t)dt 0
0 a ⇒I=π
a
 b a

= ∫ f(a − t)dt ….  ∫ f( x )dx = − ∫ f( x )dx  3
x
0  a b  23. Let I = ∫ dx …..(i)
2 5− x + x
a
 b b

= ∫ f(a − x)dx ….  ∫ f( x )dx = ∫ f( t )dt  3
5− x
0  a a  ∴ I=∫ dx ......(ii)
2 x + 5− x
π
 b b

2
sin x ….  ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ f(a + b − x)dx 
20. Let ∫ dx ….(i)  
0 sin x + cos x
a a

π π 
2 sin  − x  3
 2  2I = ∫ dx = [ x]32 = 3 – 2 = 1
= ∫ dx
0 sin  π   π  2
 − x  + cos  − x 
2  2  1
⇒I=
 a a
 2
….  ∫ f( x )d
= x ∫0 f(a − x )dx 
 0 24. Let f(x) = x17 cos4 x
π
2 ∴ f(– x) = (– x)17 {cos (– x)}4 = – f(x)
cos x
= ∫ cos x + sin x dx ….(ii) ∴ f(x) is an odd function.
0 1
Adding (i) and (ii), we get ∴ ∫x

17
cos4 xdx = 0
π −1
2
2I = ∫ dx = [ x ]0
π2
25. Since sin11 x is an odd function.
0 1
π π ∴ ∫ sin
11
x dx = 0
∴ 2I = ⇒ I =
2 4 −1
π/ 2
cos x 26. Since 3 sin x + sin3 x is an odd function.
21. Let I = ∫ dx .....(i) π/ 2
sin x + cos x ∴ ∫ ( 3sin x + sin x ) dx = 0
3
0
−π / 2
π 
π/ 2 cos  − x 
2 
∴ I= ∫
0 π  π 
dx
Critical Thinking
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
 2   2  2
2
 ax 4 bx 2 
 a a
 1. ∫−2 (ax + bx + c)dx =  4 + 2 + cx  = 4c
3
....  ∫ f ( x=
)dx ∫0 f (a − x)dx  −2
 0
Hence, the value depends on c.
π/ 2
sin x
∴ I= ∫ dx …..(ii) 1
cos x + sin x dx
0 2. ∫
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 0 1+ x − x
π/ 2 1
π π ( 1+ x + x)
2I = ∫ dx = ⇒I= =∫ dx
0
2 4 0 ( 1 + x − x )( 1 + x + x )
314

Chapter 04: Definite Integration

1 1 1 2π
( 1+ x + x)  x x
=∫ dx =∫ 1 + x dx + ∫ xdx = 4  − cos + sin 
0 1+ x − x 0 0  4 4 0
2 3 1
 2 3 1
 = 4(0 + 1 + 1 − 0)
=  (1 + x )  +  ( x )  2 2
=8
3 0  3 0
3
  x  
−1  x + 1  
2
4 2 2 2 4 2 9. ∫ tan
−1
 2  + tan    dx
= − + −0 =
  x + 1   x  
3 3 3 3 −1
3
  x  −1  x 
π/4 π/4
π = ∫ tan
−1
 2  + cot  2   dx
3. I+J= x + cos x)dx = dx = x + 1  + 1 
x
∫ (sin ∫  
2 2
−1
0 0
4 3
π  π
π = ∫ dx ….  tan −1 x + cot −1 x =

∴ I= –J −1 2  2
4
π 3
= [ x ] = 2π
π/ 4 π/ 4 2 −1
4. ∫ tan xdx
2
= ∫ (sec x − 1) dx
2
1 1
0 0
10. Put = t ⇒ – 2 dx = dt
π π x x
= [tan x] – [ x] 4
0
4
0 1 2 π
When x = , t = π and when x = , t =
π π π 2
=1–
4 1
2/ π sin   π/2
 x  dx = – sint dt = [cos t]π / 2
5.
π
dx
=
π
1 − sin x
dx
∴ ∫ x2 ∫π π
∫ 1+ sin x ∫
0 cos x
2
1/ π
0
= 0 − (−1) = 1
π
π
= ∫ (sec x − sec x tan x) dx
2
4
tan x
0 11. Let I = ∫ dx
sin x cos x
= [tan x − sec x]0π = tan π – sec π + 1 0
π
=0+1+1=2 4
tan x
=∫ dx
3π / 4 0 sin x cos x tan x
dx
6. ∫ π
π / 4 1 + cos x 4
sec 2 x
3π / 4 3π / 4 = ∫ dx
1 − cos x 1 − cos x tan x
= ∫ 2
dx = ∫ dx 0
π / 4 − cos x
1 sin 2 x
π/ 4 Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
3π / 4
π
= ∫ (cosec 2 x − cot x cosec x) dx When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
π/ 4
4
1
3π dt 1
= [ −cot x + cosec x ] π4 = 2 ∴ I= ∫ =  2 t  = 2
0 t 0
4
π/2
12. Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt
(sinx + cosx) 2 π
7. I = ∫ dx When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
0 1+ sin2 x 4
π/2
(sinx + cosx) 2 π/ 4
2
1
1 71 1
= ∫ dx ∴ ∫0 tan xsec xdx = ∫0 t dt = 7 [t ]0 = 7
6 6
0 (sinx + cosx) 2
π/2 π
(sinx + cosx) dx = [ −cosx + sinx ]0
π/2
= ∫ 4
0
13. I8 + I6 = ∫ (tan
8
θ + tan 6 θ)dθ
0
=2 π
4
2π
x
2π
 x x
2 = ∫ tan 6 θ sec2 θ dθ
8. ∫ 1 + sin dx = ∫  sin + cos  dx 0
2  4 4
0 0
Put tan θ = t ⇒ sec2 θ dθ = dt
2π
 x x π
= ∫  sin 4 + cos 4  dx When θ = 0, t = 0 and when θ = ,t=1
0 4
1 1
 x x   t7  1
....  x ∈ (0,2π),  sin + cos  > 0  ∴ I8 + I6 = ∫ t 6 dt =   =
  4 4  0  7 0 7
315


π/2
1 When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = e2, t = 3
14. Let I = ∫ cosθ dθ 3
sin 2 θ 3
dt  −1  1  2
π/4
∴ I= ∫1 t 2 =  t 1 = –  − 1 =
Put sinθ = t ⇒ cosθ dθ = dt 3  3
π 1 π
When θ = ,t= and when θ = , t = 1 π/ 4
4 2 2 21. Let I = ∫ sec x log (secx + tanx) dx
1 1
1  −1  0
∴ I= ∫ dt =   Put log(sec x + tan x) = t ⇒ sec x dx = dt
 t 1/
2
1/ 2
t 2
log( 2 +1) log( 2 +1)
= 2 –1  t2  [log( 2 + 1)]2
∴ I= ∫ t dt =   =
π 0  2 0 2
π/6 6
sinx 2
15. Let I = ∫ cos3 x
dx = ∫ tan x sec x dx
−π / 4
−π
4
0 0 1 + tan x π 
22. ∫ dx = ∫ tan  4 + x  dx
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt 0 1 − tan x 0
π 1
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=   π 
−π 4
6 3 = log sec  + x  
1 1   4   0
3
 t2  3 1
I= t dt =   = 1
∴ ∫ 2
 0 6 =– log2
0 2
π/ 4 π/ 4
16. Let I = ∫ sec
7
θ.sin3θ dθ = ∫ tan θ sec θ dθ
3 4
23. Since sinθ is positive in interval (0, π).
0 0 π π π
Put tanθ = t ⇒ sec2 θ dθ = dt ∴ ∫ | sin θ |dθ = ∫ sin

3 3
θdθ = ∫ sin θ(1 – cos2θ)dθ
0 0 0
π
When θ = 0, t = 0 and when θ = ,t=1 π π
4 = ∫ sinθ dθ + ∫ (−sinθ) cos2 θdθ
1
1
 t4 t6  5 0 0
∴ I = ∫ t 3 (1 + t2) dt =  +  = π
 4 6 0 12  cos3θ  4
0
= [−cosθ]0π +   =
 3 0 3
dt
17. Put x3 = t ⇒ x2 dx =
3 π /8 π /8
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = a, t = a3 24. Let I = ∫ cos 4θ dθ = ∫ cos
3 2
4θ.cos4θdθ
a3 0 0
a
3 1 1 a3
∴ ∫0 x sin x dx = 3 ∫0 sin t dt = – 3 [cos t]0
2
π /8
= ∫ (1 − sin
2
4θ) cos4θdθ
1 1 0
= – (cos a3 – 1) = (1 – cos a3)
3 3 dt
Put sin4θ = t ⇒ cos4θdθ =
1 4
18. Put x =t⇒ dx = 2 dt π
x When θ = 0, t = 0 and when θ = ,t=1
8
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 2, t = 2 1
1
2 1 1  t3  1
2
3 x 2
 3  2 t
∴ I= ∫ (1 − t ) dt =
2
t −  =
∴ ∫ dx= 2 ∫ 3t dt = 2   = (3 2 − 1) 4 4  3 0 6
0 x 0  log3 0 log3 0
π/2
π/ 2 π/ 2
1+ cos x
19. Let I = ∫ sin x sin 2x dx = 2 ∫ sin 2 x cos x dx 25. Let I = ∫ 5
dx
0 0 π /3
(1 − cos x) 2
Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt π/2
1+ cos x 1 − cos x
π
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = 1
= ∫ 5
×
1 − cos x
dx
2 π /3
(1 − cos x) 2
1
2 2 π/2
sin x
∴ I = 2 ∫ t 2dt = [t 3 ]10 = = dx
0
3 3
π /3
∫ (1 − cos x)3
e2
dx Put 1 – cos x = t
20. Let I = ∫ x(1 + log x) 2 ⇒ sin x dx = dt
1
1 1
1 dt  t −2  3
Put (1 + log x) = t ⇒ dx = dt ∴ I= ∫1/ 2 t 3 =  −2  = 2
x 1/ 2
316


26. Put sin2 x = t ⇒ 2 sin x cos x dx = dt 2  −1  2 x − 1  
1
π =  tan  
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1 3  3 0
2
2  −1  1  −1  1 
π/2
sin x cos x 1 1 1 1 π =  tan   − tan  − 
∴ ∫0 1+ sin 4 x dx = ∫ dt = [tan −1t]10 = 3  3  3 
2 0 1+ t 2
2 8
2  π  π   2 π 2π
π/4 π/4
=  −− =  =.
4sin2θ dθ 2sinθcosθ dθ 3  6  6  3 3 3 3
27. Let I = ∫ = 4∫ 4
0 sin 4θ + cos 4θ 0 sin θ + cos 4θ
1 1
dx ex
π/4
2tanθsec 2θ dθ 32. Let I = ∫0 e x + e− x = ∫0 1 + e2 x dx
= 4∫
tan 4θ +1
Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt
0
2 2
Put tan θ = t ⇒ 2 tanθ sec θ d θ = dt e
dt
1
π  ∴ I= ∫ 1+ t = [tan −1t]1e = tan−1 e − tan−1 1
∴ I = 4∫ 2dt = 4 [tan −1 t]10 = 4  − 0  = π 1
2
0 t +1 4 
 e −1 
= tan–1  
1 3
 e +1 
28. k ∫ x f (3 x)dx = ∫ t f (t)dt ….(i)
  x − y 
0 0
….  tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1  
Put 3x = t ⇒ dx =
dt   1+ xy  
3
1 1 1
1
t dt k
3 3 x 4 +1 x4 − 1 dx
∴ k ∫ xf (3 x)dx = k ∫ ⋅ f (t) ⋅ = ∫ tf (t)dt 33. ∫x 2
dx = ∫x 2
dx + 2 ∫x 2
3 3 90 0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
0 0
1 1
From (i), dx
= ∫ ( x 2 − 1) dx + 2 ∫x 2
k
3 3
0 0 +1
9 ∫0
t f (t)dt = ∫ t f (t)dt 1
0 x 
3
1
= − x  +  2tan –1 x 
k  3 0
0
⇒ =1⇒k=9
9 2 π
=– +
2 3 2
2/3
dx 13 dx 3π − 4
29. ∫ = ∫ =
4 + 9x 2
9 0  2 2 2 6
  +x
0
3 1/ 2
1/ 2
dx dx
 
2 34. ∫ x−x 2
= ∫ 2 2
3
1/ 4 1/ 4 1  1
1 1  −1 x    −x− 
= ×  tan 2  2
9 2 2
  1
3 3 0   1  2
1 π π  −1  x − 2  
= × = = sin  
6 4 24   1 
  2   1
k 4
dx π
30. ∫ 2 + 8x = π
0
2
16 = [sin (2 x − 1)] −1 1/ 2
1/ 4 =
k
6
1 1 π
⇒ 2 ∫
2 0 1 + (2 x) 2
dx=
16 35.
5
x2
∫3 x 2 − 4 dx =
5

∫ 1+ x 2
4 
 dx
3 −4
k
1  tan −1 (2 x)  π 5
⇒   =  4 x−2 
2 2 16 = x + log
0
 2(2) x + 2  3
1 π
⇒ ( tan −1 2k ) =  15 
4 16 = 2 + loge  
7
π 1
⇒ tan 2k = ⇒ k =
−1
4 2 1
1
36. Let I = ∫ [ax + b(1 − x)] 2
dx
1 1
dx dx 0
31. ∫x − x + 1 ∫0 
= 1
2 2
1  3
2
1
0
x − + = ∫ ( a − b ) x + b  dx
    2
 2   2  0  
317


Put (a − b) x + b = t ⇒ (a − b) dx = dt π/ 2
dx
When x = 0, t = b and when x = 1, t = a 41. Let I = ∫ a cos x + b sin x
2 2 2 2
0
a
1 1 Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x,
∴ I = ∫t 2
dt
a−b b we get
a π/ 2
1  1 sec 2 x
= − t 
I = ∫a dx
(a − b)  b 0
2
+ b 2 tan 2 x
1 a − b Put b tan x = t ⇒ b sec2 x dx = dt
=
( a − b )  ab 

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x =
π
,t=∞
1 2
∴ I = dt
ab ∞ ∞
1 1 t 
∴ I = ∫ 2 b 2 =  tan −1   
37. Put a2 + x2 = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt 0 a +t
b a  a 0
When x = 0, t = a2 and when x = a, t = 2a2 1
a 2a 2 = (tan–1 ∞ – tan–1 0)
xdx 1 1 ab
∴ ∫ = ∫ dt
2
a +x 2 2 a2
t 1 π  π
0
=  − 0 =
2a 2
1 1 ab  2  2ab
=  t  2 = ( 2a 2 ) 2 − ( a 2 ) 2 = a( 2 − 1)
Put ex − 1 = t2 ⇒ ex dx = 2t dt
a
42.
38. Put 1 + e− x = t ⇒ − e− x dx = dt When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = log 5, t = 2
log 5 2
1 ex ex − 1 2t 2
When x = 0, t = 2 and when x = 1, t = 1 + ∴ ∫ dx = ∫0 t 2 + 4 dt
e 0 ex + 3
1 1 2
1+ 1+
 4 
1
e − 2x e
( t − 1) ( − dt ) = e
1  = 2 ∫ 1 −  dt
∴ ∫0 1 + e− x dx = ∫
2 t ∫
2
 − 1 dt
t  0 
2
t + 4
2
1 t
= 2  t − 4 .
1
= [ log t − t ]2
1+
e tan −1 
 2 2 0
1 1
= log 1 +  − 1 +  − log 2 + 2 π
= 2  2 − 2 .  = 4 − π
 e  e 4

e + 1 1
= log   − +1 43. Put x = 2 cosθ ⇒ dx = – 2 sinθ dθ
 2e  e 2 0
2+ x 1 + cosθ
x ∴ ∫ dx = – 2 ∫ sin θ dθ
39. Put tan = t 0 2− x π/ 2 1 − cosθ
2
θ
2dt 1 − t2 cos  
0
∴ dx = and cos x = =–4 ∫  2  sin θ cos θ dθ
1+ t 2
1 + t2  θ 2 2
π / 2 sin
π  
1
 2
1 2
 
2dt −1  t  
2
dx
∴ ∫0 2 + cos x = ∫0 3 + t 2 =  3 tan  3  0
0 =−2 ∫ (1+ cosθ) dθ

2 –1  1 
π/ 2
= tan  
3  3 π 
= − 2 [θ + sinθ]0π = 2  +1 = π + 2
2 2 
x
40. Put tan =t b
2 x−a π
44. Since ∫ =dx (b − a)
2dt 1 − t2 b−x 2
∴ dx = and cos x = a
1 + t2 1 + t2 4
x−3 π π
π
dx
∞
2dt ∴ ∫ dx = ( 4 − 3) =
4− x 2 2
∴ ∫0 5 + 4cos x = ∫0 9 + t 2 3
b
∞ π
(b − a)
2
2 t 
=  tan −1    45. Since ∫ ( x − a)(b − x) dx =
8
3  3 0 a
7
2 π
( 7 − 3)
2
(
= tan −1 ∞ − 0
3
) ∴ ∫
3
( x − 3)(7 − x) dx= =
8
2 π π π
= . = = × 16 =2π
3 2 3 8
318


46. Put x2 + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt π sec 2
x
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 2, t = 5 = 2 dx
2 5
∫ x
x3 1 (t − 1) 0 (1 − a) 2 + (1+ a 2 ) tan 2
∴ ∫ 2
3
dx =
2 ∫ 3
dt 2
0
( x +1) 2 1
t 2
2 ∞
dt
5 = ∫  (1 − a) 
1  −1 −3
 (1+ a) 2 2
= ∫ t 2
− t  dt
2 0
  +t
2
2 1   (1+ a) 
5
1  1   x 1 2x 
= 2 t + 2  ….  Put =t tan ⇒ dt= sec dx 
2  t 1  2 2 2 
1  2  ∞
= 2 5 + − 2 − 2 2 (1+ a)  −1  1 + a  
2  5  = 2
⋅  tan  1 − a .t  
(1+ a) (1 − a)   0
1 6−2 5
= 5+ −2 = 2 π
5 5 = (tan–1 ∞ – tan–1 0) =
(1+ a) 2
1− a2
47. Put x = a tan θ ⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ
π π
2
a
x4 4
a 4 tan 4 θ . a sec 2 θ cos x
∴ ∫0 (a 2 + x 2 )4 dx = ∫0 a 8 sec8 θ dθ 49. ∫ 1 + cos x + sin x dx
0
π π
4
1 2
cos 2 ( x /2) − sin 2 ( x /2)
= 3 ∫ sin 4 θ cos 2 θ dθ = ∫ 2cos ( x /2) + 2sin( x /2)cos( x /2) dx
a 0 0
2
π
π
4
1
= ∫ ( sin θ − sin θ) dθ 1 2 1 − tan 2 ( x /2)
4 6
a3 = ∫ dx
0 2 0 1 + tan( x /2)
π
1 4  (1 − cos 2θ )2 (1 − cos 2θ )3  π
= ∫0  −  dθ 1 2  x 
a3 4 8  = ∫ 1 − tan    dx
 20  2 
π
4 π
1 1 x 2
∫ (1 + cos 2θ) (1 − cos 2θ)
2
= 3 dθ =  x + 2log cos   
8a 2
0  2  0
π
1 4 π 1 π 1
= ∫ (1 − cos 2θ + cos 2θ + cos3 2θ ) dθ = + log = − log 2
2
8a 3 0
4 2 4 2
π
π/4
∫( )
4
1 1 50. Let I = tan x + cot x dx
=
8a 3 ∫ 4 [ 2 − cos 2θ − 2cos 4θ + cos 6θ] dθ
0 0
 1 + cos 2A  π/4
sin x + cos x
 cos 2 A = = dx

….  2  ∫ sin x cos x
 0
and cos 2 A = cos 3A + 3cos A  π/4
sin x + cos x
 4  = 2 ∫ dx
π 0 1 − (sin x − cos x) 2
1  sin 2θ sin 4θ sin 6θ  4
= 2θ − − + Put sin x – cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
32a 3  2 2 6  0
0
1  π 1 dt
= ∴ I= 2 ∫
 −  1 − t2
16a 3  4 3  −1
π = 2 [sin −1t]0−1
dx
48. ∫0 1 − 2a cos x + a 2   −π  π
= 2 0 −    =
π
dx   2   2
= ∫
0 (1+ a 2 )  cos 2
x x  x x
 + sin 2  − 2a  cos 2 − sin 2  1 1
 2 2  2 2 51. ∫x
2
exdx = [ x 2 .e x ]10 – ∫ 2 xe x dx
π 0 0
dx
= ∫ x x = e – 2 [ xe − e ] x x 1
0 (1 − a) 2 cos 2 + (1+ a) 2 sin 2 0
2 2 = e – 2 [e – e – (0 – 1)] = e – 2
319


π π2 π
2 4 2
52. Let I = ∫e
−x
sin x dx = 2 ∫ t sin t dt
−π
∴ ∫ sin
0
x dx
0
4
= 2[ − t cos t + sin t ]0 = 2
π/ 2
π
2
π/ 2
∴ I =  −e− x sin x − e− x cos x  −π / 4 − ∫e
−x
sin x dx
−π 58. Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
4
π
π2 When x = 0, θ = 0 and when x = 1, θ =
⇒ 2I = e− x ( − sin x − cos x )  − π 4 4
π
1  −2π   1
π
1    1
−1  2 x 
4
−1  2 tan θ 
⇒I=  e ( − 1 − 0 ) − e 4  −   ∴ ∫0 sin  1 + x 2  dx = ∫0 sin  1 + tan 2 θ  sec θ dθ
2
2   2 2  
1 −π π
⇒I= − e2 4
2 = 2 ∫ θ sec2 θ dθ
0
π
2 π
53. Let I = ∫ e x sin x dx 4
= 2[ θ tan θ]0 − 2 ∫ tan θ dθ
π4
0
0
π
2
π
= + 2 [ log cos x ]0
π2 π4
= sin x . e x  0 − ∫ cos x . e x dx
0
2
π π
2 = − 2log 2
∴
π2
I = e sin x  0 − cos x . e  0 − ∫ sin x . e x dx
x x π2 2
0
1/ 2
sin −1 x
⇒ 2I = e ( sin x − cos x )  0
x π2
59. Let I = ∫ 3
dx
0
(1 − x 2 ) 2
⇒ 2I = e π2
+1
1
e π2
+1 Put sin–1 x = t ⇒ dx = dt
⇒I= 1 − x2
2
1 π
1
b When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=
54. Let I = ∫ log x dx 2 4
a x π/4
π 1
1
b ∴ I= ∫ t.sec
2
tdt = – log2
⇒ I = [ log x log x ]a
b
− ∫ log xdx 0
4 2
a x
⇒ 2I = [(log x) 2 ]ab 1
60. Put t = sin–1 x ⇒ dt = dx
1 1 − x2
⇒ I = [(log b) 2 − (log a) 2 ] 1/ 2 π/6
2 xsin −1 x
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ t sin t dt
1 1 − x2
= [(log b + log a)(log b – log a)] 0 0
2 π
1 b = [− t cos t + sin t]06

= log(ab)log  
2 a π 3 1 1 3π
= − . + = −
1 1
6 2 2 2 12
1
∫ tan xdx = [( tan x ) .x ]0 − ∫
1
55. −1 −1
⋅ xdx
0 1+ x
2 π π  x x
 x + 2sin 2 . cos 2 
0
2 2
x + sin x
1
1
61. ∫0 1+ cos x dx = ∫0   dx
=  x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2   2cos 2
x

 2 0  2 
π 1
= − log 2 π
4 2 1 2 x x
= ∫  x sec2 + 2 tan  dx
1 1
2 0 2 2
56. ∫ cos x dx  x cos −1 x − 1 − x 2  = 1
−1
= π π
 0 2 2 π2
1 x x x
=  2 x tan  − ∫ tan dx + ∫ tan dx
0
57. Put x = t2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt 2 2 0 0 2 0 2
π2
π2 π x π π π
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t= =  x tan  = tan =
4 2  2  0 2 4 2
320


π π
6 ∴ I = 2∫ e tsin  t + π  dt
62. ∫ (2 + 3x ) cos3x dx
2
0 4
0 π
 et  π 1 
π
π
=2  sin  t + − tan −1  
sin 3 x  6
sin 3 x  1+1  4 1 0
= ( 2 + 3x 2 ) .
6

 − 3 0
∫ 6x . 3
dx
0  eax  b 
 ∫ e sin bx dx
ax
π = sin  bx – tan −1  + c 
π
 a +b 2
 2 a 
2 π2  2 x cos 3 x  2 6
6
= + +  − 3 ∫ cos 3 x dx 2 t
3 36  3 0 0 = e sint 
π
2 0
2 π2 2
+ 0 − [sin 3x ]0
π6
= + 2
3 36 9 = [0] = 0
2
2 π2 2 1
= + − = (π2 + 16)
3 36 9 36 e
ex e
1 
66. ∫1 x (1 + xlog x) dx = ∫e
x
e  + log x  dx
 1 1  x 
63. ∫2  log x − (log x)2  dx 1
e e
= e x . log x 1 = ee
1 1
=∫ dx − ∫ dx
( x)
2
2 log x 2 log π/2
e
67. ∫e
x
(log sinx + cot x) dx
 x   e
x  e
1 π/4
=  − ∫ − 2
dx − ∫ dx
 2 2  x ( log x )  2 ( log x )
2 π
 log x
= [e x log sin x] π2
e 4
 x  2
=  = e− π
π π
π 1 π
 log x  2 log 2 = e log sin – e 4 log sin
2
= e 4 log2
2 4 2
∴ α = e, β = − 2
1 1
1
 x e x ( x − 1) e x ( x +1 − 2)
64. ∫0 x log 1+ 2  dx 68. ∫0 ( x +1)3 dx = ∫0 ( x +1)3 dx
  1
 1 −2 
  x  x2 
1 1
 1 1 x2  = ∫ ex  2
+ 3
dx
= log 1 +  .  − ∫  . .  dx 0  (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 
  2  2  0 0 1 + x 2 2 
1
 2   ex  e
=  2
= −1
 (1 + x )  0 4
1
1 3 1 x2
= log − ∫0 x + 2 dx
2 2 2
1 1 x3
1
1
3 1  2x  69. φ(x) = = – 4
= log − ∫  x −  dx x( x 4 + 1) x x +1
2 2 2 0 x + 2
2
2
1 x3 
∴ ∫ φ (x) dx = ∫  x − x  dx
1 1
1 3 1  x2  x 4
= log −   + ∫0 x + 2 dx 1 1 +1
2 2 2  2 0 2
1 
= [ log x ]1 −  log( x 4 + 1) 
1 2
1 3 1  2 
= log − + ∫0 1 − x + 2  dx 4 1
2 2 4
1 32
1 3 1 1 = log
= log − +  x − 2log ( x + 2 )  0 4 17
2 2 4
1 3 1 70. Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
= log − + 1 − 2 log 3 + 2 log 2
2 2 4 π
3 3 2 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
= + log 2
4 2 3 π/2
cos x
1
dt
∴
3
a= ,b=
3 ∴ ∫ (1+ sin x)(2 + sin x) dx = ∫ (1 + t)(2 + t)
0 0
4 2
1
1 1 
2π x
x π = ∫  −  dt
65. Let I = ∫0 .sin  2 + 4  dx
e 2
01+ t 2 + t
 
x
= [log(1+ t) − log(2 + t)]10
Put = t
2 2 1 4
= log   – log   = log  
⇒ dx = 2dt 3  2 3    
321


71. Put 1 + tanx = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt  1 1 
π  10 0
10 
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = , t = 2 = ∫ +  dt
4 − 1  5 − 4t 5 + 4t 
π/ 4  
sec 2 x
∴ ∫ dx 1 −1 1 
0
(1+ tan x)(2 + tan x) = log ( 5 − 4t ) + log ( 5 + 4t ) 
10  4
0
2 2 2
4  −1
dt dt dt
= ∫1 t(1 + t) = ∫1 t – ∫1+ t 1
1 = ( log 9 − log 1)
40
= [log t − log(1+ t)]12 1
= log 3
4 20
= loge 2 – loge3 + loge2 = loge  
3 tan x
t
cot x
dt
74. ∫ dt + ∫
π/ 4 1+ t 2 t(1+ t 2 )
sec x 1 1
72. Let I = ∫ 1 + 2sin x dx 2
e e
tan x cos x
0
1 2t 1 t 
π/ 4 = ∫ dt + ∫  − 2 
dt
cos x 2 1+ t 2  t 1+ t 
= ∫ dx 1 1
0 cos 2 x(1+ 2sin 2 x) e e

cos x
1  1 
log (1 + t 2 )  + log t − log (1 + t 2 ) 
π/ 4 tan x
cos x =
= ∫
0 (1 − sin x)(1+ 2sin 2 x)
2 dx 2  1e
 2 1 e
1   1 
Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt = log ( sec x ) − log 1 + e 2   + log ( cot x )
2
1/ 2
2   
1
∴ I= ∫ dt 1 1   1 
(1 − t 2 )(1 + 2t 2 ) − log   − log ( cosec x ) − log 1 + e 2  
2
0
1/ 2
e 2   
1  1 2 
= ∫ +  dt 1
3 
 1 − t 2
1 + 2t 2  = − log   =
log e =
1
0
e
1
1 1 1+ t  2  2
( )
4 2 4
= log  + tan −1 2t  75.

3  2.1  1 − t  2 0 ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ (4 x + 3) dx + ∫ (3x + 5) dx
1 1 2
1 1  2 +1  4
=  log 
−1
 + 2 tan 1
2  3x 2 
3 =  2 x 2 + 3x 1 +  + 5 x  = 37
 2  2 −1    2 2
1 1 π 3 3
= 2
 2 log( 2 + 1) + 2. 4  76. ∫ (3ax ∫ (3ax
2 2
3   + 2bx + c)d=
x + 2bx + c) dx
0 1
1  π 
= log( 2 + 1) + 2 2 
1 3
3   ⇒ ∫ 0
(3ax 2 + 2bx + c)dx + (3ax 2 + 2bx + c) dx
∫
1
π
4 3
sin x + cos x
73. Let I = ∫ dx
∫ (3ax
2
= + 2bx + c) dx
0 9 +16 sin 2 x
1
π 1
∫ (3ax
4
sin x + cos x ⇒ 2
+ 2bx + c) dx = 0
= ∫ 9 +16 1 − ( sin x − cos x ) dx
0
2
 0
  1
Put sin x − cos x = t  3ax3 2bx 2 
⇒  + + cx  = 0 ⇒ a + b + c = 0
⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt  3 2 0
π 2 0 2
When x = 0, t = −1 and when x = ,t=0
4 77. ∫ | x |dx = ∫ ( − x ) dx + ∫ x dx
−1 −1 0
0
dt
∴ I= ∫−1 9 +16 (1 − t 2 ) x   x2 
2 0 2
= –  +  
0
 2  −1  2  0
1
= ∫ 25 − 16t dt  1
2
= –0 −  + 2
−1
2  
0
1 1 5
= ∫ ( 5 − 4t ) ( 5 + 4t ) dt =2+ =
−1 2 2
322


3 2 3 1 0 1
78. ∫ | 2 − x | dx =
0
∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ −(2 − x)dx
0 2
85. ∫ ( x − [ x]) dx = ∫ ( x − [ x]) dx + ∫ ( x − [ x]) dx
−1 −1 0
2 3
 x  2
 x2  0 1
= 2 x −  –
 2 0


2 x − 
2 2 = ∫ ( x − 1) dx + ∫ ( x − 0) dx
−1 0
 9 
= (4 – 2) – 6 − − (4 − 2)   ( x + 1)  2
 x2 
1 0
 2  =   + 
 9 5  2  −1  2  0
= 2 – 4 −  =
 2 2 1 1
= + =1
4 −2 4
2 2
79. ∫ | x + 2 | dx = − ∫ ( x + 2) dx + ∫ ( x + 2) dx 3π 5π
−4 −4 −2 2 6 π
= 
 − x2 
−2
− 2 x  +  + 2 x  = 20
 x2 
4 86. ∫ [2sin x]dx = ∫ [2sin x]dx + ∫ [2sin x]dx
π π 5π
 2  −4 2  −2 2 2 6
7π 3π
1 6 2
∫
+ [2sin x]dx + ∫ [2sin x]dx
1 3 1
80. ∫ |3x 2 − 1|dx =

∫ (1 − 3x ) dx + ∫ (3x − 1) dx
2 2
π 7π
0 0 1 6
3 5π 7π 3π
6 π 6 2
3 1 3 1
=  x − x  0 +  x − x  3
1 3
∫
= 1 . dx + ∫ 0dx + ∫ ( − 1) dx + ∫ ( − 2) dx
1 1 1 1 4 π 5π π 7π
= − − + = 2 6 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
 5π π   7π   3π 7π  π
=  −  −  − π  −2  −  = −  
81. Since sin x is positive in the interval (0, π) and  6 2  6   2 6  2
negative in the interval (π, 2π). 5
∫[| x − 3 |]dx
2π π 2π
87.
∴ ∫ | sin x |dx
0
= ∫ sin x dx +
0
∫ (− sin x) dx
π
1
3 5
= [ −cos x ]0 + [ cos x ]π
π 2π
= 1 + 1+ 1 + 1 = 4
= ∫1
∫
 − ( x − 3)  dx +  ( x − 3)  dx
3
2 3
2π π 2π
82. ∫ (sin x + | sin x |)dx = ∫ 2sin x dx + ∫ 0 . dx
0 0 π
= ∫ − ( x − 3) dx + ∫ − ( x − 3) dx
1 2
= 2[ − cos x ]0 + 0
π 4 5
= − 2 ( cos π − cos 0 ) ∫
+ [ x − 3]dx + [ x − 3]dx
3
∫
4
= − 2 ( − 1 − 1) =4 2 3 4 5
π π
= ∫ 1 . dx + ∫ 0 . dx + ∫ 0 . dx + ∫1 . dx
1+ cos 2 x 1 2 3 4
83. ∫ dx = ∫ | cos x |dx
= [ x ]1 + [ x ]4 = ( 2 − 1) + ( 5 − 4 ) =
2 5
0 2 0
2
π/2 π
= ∫ cos x dx − ∫ cos x dx
π/2
cos x − sin x
0 π/2
88. Let I = ∫ 1+ sin x cos x dx ....(i)
0
= [sin x]0π / 2 – [sin x]ππ / 2
π  π 
 π   π π/2 cos  − x  − sin  − x 
= sin − sin 0  – sin π − sin  = 1 + 1 = 2 I= 2  2  dx
 2   2
∴ ∫ π  π 
0 1 + sin  − x  cos  − x 
2 1 2 2  2 
84. ∫x
2
[x]dx = ∫ x 2 [ x ] dx + ∫ x 2 [ x ] dx  a a

0 0 1 ....  ∫ f ( x)d
= x ∫ f (a − x)dx 
1 2  0 0
= ∫ x 2 ( 0 ) dx + ∫ x 2 (1) dx π/2
sin x − cos x
0 1 ∴ I= ∫ 1 + cos x sin x dx ....(ii)
2 0
x  7 3
= 0+  = Adding (i) and (ii), we get
3
 1 3
2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0
323


π π 3
π/2
2
 sin x  2 sin 2 x dx
89. 93. Let I = ∫ ….(i)
∫ log tan x dx = ∫ log   dx
 cos x 
3 3
0 0 0
cos x + sin x
2 2
π π 3
2 2 π 
sin 2  − x 
= ∫ log sin x dx − ∫ log cos x dx
π/2
2 
0 0
= ∫ 3 3
dx
 π  2
π 
π π
0
cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2
2 2 2  2 
= ∫ log sin x dx − ∫ log sin x dx  a a

0 0 …  ∫ f ( x=
) dx ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
 a a
  0 0
…  ∫ f ( x=
) dx ∫0 f ( a − x ) dx  3
 0 π/2
cos 2 x dx
= ∫ ....(ii)
=0 3 3
0
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2a
f( x) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
90. Let I = ∫ f( x) + f(2a − x) dx .....(i) π/2
0 π π
2I = ∫ dx = [ x]0
π/2
= ⇒I=
2a
f(2a − x) 0
2 4
∴ I= ∫ f(2a − x) + f( x) dx .....(ii)
0 Alternate Method:
Adding (i) and (ii), we get π/2
sin n x π
∫ dx =
2a n n
sin x + cos x 4
2I = ∫ dx = 2a
0
0
π
⇒I=a 2
dx
94. Let I = ∫
π/2 0 1+ tan 3 x
1000sin x
91. Let I = ∫ 1000 sin x
dx ....(i) π
+1000cos x
0 2
cos3 x
π 
= ∫ sin 3
dx ....(i)
π/2
sin  − x  x + cos3 x
1000 2  0
∴ I= ∫ π  π 
dx π
sin  − x  cos  − x 
0
1000 2 
+1000 2  2
sin 3 x
∴ I =∫ 3
dx
3
....(ii)
  0 cos x + sin x
a a
....  ∫ f ( x=
) dx ∫0 f ( a − x ) dx 
 0  a a

π/2 cos x
) dx
....  ∫ f ( x= ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
1000 
∴ I= ∫ 1000 cos x
dx ....(ii) 0 0
0 +1000sin x Adding (i) and (ii), we get

Adding (i) and (ii), we get π
2
π/2
π π
∫= [ x ]0
π2
2I= = [ x] 0π / 2 = ⇒I= 2I
= dx
∫ 1dx
0
2 4 0
π π
π ∴ 2I = ⇒I=
2
e x2 2 4
92. Let I = ∫ 0 x2
π 
 − x
2
dx ….(i)
π
e +e 2 
∫
2
95. Let I = ecos x cos5 3x dx
π 2
π 
2  − x 0
e 2 
∴ I=
∫ 2
dx ….(ii) π
∫e
cos 2 ( π − x )
0
π 
 − x x2 = cos5 3 ( π − x ) dx
e 2 
+e
0
 a a
  a a

….  ∫ f ( x=
) dx ∫0 f ( a − x ) dx  ….  ∫ f ( x=
) dx
 0  0
∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
0
Adding (i) and (ii), we get π

2
π ∴ − ∫ ecos x cos5 3x dx = − I
I=
2
π π 0
∫ [ x ]0 =
π2
2I
= dx
= ⇒I=
0
2 4 ⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0
324

 1 1 1 1
= ( cos8 x + cos 4 x + cos6 x + cos 2 x ) dx
4∫
= −∫  + − 2
 2cos x 2sin x 2sin x cos x
1 sin8 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin 2 x 
1  =  + + + +k
− 2  dx 4 8 4 6 2 
2cos x sin x 
sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin8 x
= + + + +k
−1  cosec 2 x 8 16 24 32
2 ∫ ∫ ∫ cos x dx
=  sec x dx + cosec x dx −
1 1 1 1
∴ A= ,B= ,C= ,D=
8 16 24 32
sec x 
2
−∫ dx  1 1 1 1
sin x  ⇒ + = 40 and + = 40
B C A D
−1  1 + cot 2 x
2 ∫ ∫ ∫ cos x dx
=  sec x dx + cosec x dx − 1
x
1 + tan 2 x  cos(log x)
−∫
sin x
dx 

∴ ∫ x
dx = ∫ cost dt
−1  = sin t + c = sin(log x) + c
=
2 ∫
sec x dx + ∫ cosec x dx − ∫ sec x dx 2
18. Put x = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
− ∫ cosec x cot x dx − ∫ cosec x dx − ∫ sec x tan x dx  x 2 log 2 2 1
∫ xe e x dx = ∫ e 2 dt
t t
 2
−1  1
= − cosec x cot x dx − ∫ sec x tan x dx 
2  ∫ ∫ ( 2e ) dt
t
 =
2
sec x − cosec x
( 2e ) + c
t
= +c
2 =
2 log ( 2e )
sin x − cos x sin x − cos x
= +c= +c 2 2
2sin x cos x sin 2 x 2x ex
= +c
2 ( log 2 + 1)
5x
sin
2 dx 19. Let I = ∫ (e x + e− x ) 2 (e x − e − x )dx
15. ∫ x
sin Put ex + e−x = t ⇒ (ex − e−x) dx = dt
2
t3 1 x −x 3
5x x ∴ I = ∫ t 2 .dt
= + c = (e + e ) + c
2sin cos 3 3
= ∫ 2 2 dx
x x e x ( x + 1)
2sin . cos 20. ∫ cos ( x e ) dx = ∫ e ( x + 1) sec ( xe ) dx
x 2 x
2 2 2 x
sin 3 x + sin 2 x
= ∫ dx Put xex = t ⇒ (x + 1)ex dx = dt
sin x
e x ( x + 1)
∴ ∫ cos ( xe ) dx = ∫ sec t dt = tan t + c
2
3
3sin x − 4sin x + 2sin x cos x
= ∫ dx
2 x
sin x
= tan(xex) + c
= ∫ ( 3 − 4sin x + 2cos x ) dx
2
1+ x e x (1 + x)
  1 − cos 2 x  
21. Let I = ∫
x + e− x
dx = ∫ xe x + 1 dx
= ∫ 3 − 4   + 2cos x  dx
  2   Put xex + 1 = t ⇒ ex(1 + x)dx = dt
dt
= ∫ (1 + 2cos 2 x + 2cos x ) dx ∴ I=∫
t
= log |t| + c = log |1 + xex| + c
= x + sin 2x + 2sin x + c
22. Put x + tan−1x = t
16. ∫ cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx 1  2 + x2
⇒ 1 + 2 
dx =
dt ⇒ dx = dt
1  1+ x  1 + x2
= 2cos x cos5 x.cos 2 x dx
2∫  ( x 2 + 2)a ( x + tan −1 x ) 
1
∴ ∫  x 2
+ 1
 dx = ∫ a t dt

= ∫ ( cos ( 5 x + x ) + cos ( 5 x − x ) ) cos2x dx 
2
at
1 = +c
= ∫ ( cos6 x + cos 4 x ) cos2x dx log a
2 −1
1 a x + tan x
= ∫ ( 2cos6 x cos 2 x + 2cos 2 x cos 4 x ) dx = +c
4 log a
289


1 1 1 e− x
23. Let I = ∫4 dx = ∫ dx 29. Let I = ∫ a + be x dx = ∫ a e − x + b dx
x+x (
x 4+ x )
1 Put ae−x + b = t ⇒ −ae−x dx = dt
Put 4 + x =t ⇒ dx = dt 1 dt 1
2 x
2dt
∴ I= − ∫
a t
= − log |t| + c
a
∴ I= ∫ t
= 2 log t + c
1
= − log|ae−x + b| + c
= 2 log ( x +4 + c) a
1 a + be x
= − log +c
1 1 a ex
24. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x 1+ x 

( )
2
x+x x
  1 ex
= log +c
1 a a + be x
Put x =t⇒ dx = dt
2 x
30. Put xe + ex = t
2dt
∴ I= ∫ 2
= 2tan–1t + c = 2tan–1 x + c ⇒ (exe−1 + ex) dx = dt
1+ t
⇒ e(xe−1+ex−1)dx = dt
x sin x
25. Let I = ∫ x cos x − sin x − 1 dx ⇒ (xe−1 + ex−1)dx =
dt
e
Put x cos x − sin x − 1 = t
x e −1 + e x −1 1 dt 1
⇒ x sin x dx = −dt ∴ ∫ dx = ∫ = log t + c
xe + e x e t e
dt
∴ I = −∫ = − log|t| + c 1
t = log x e + e x + c
= −log|x cos x − sin x − 1| + c e
x
dx sec 2 x 31. Let I = ∫ 22 .2 x dx
26. Let I = ∫ sin x cos x + 3cos 2
x
= ∫ tan x + 3 dx
Put tan x + 3 = t
x
(
Put 22 = t ⇒ 22 log 2 ( 2 x log 2 ) dx = dt
x
)
⇒ sec2 x dx = dt x
dt dt t 22
∴ I = ∫ = log |t| + c = log |tan x + 3| + c ∴ I= ∫ ( log 2 ) = +c= +c
( log 2 ) ( log 2 )
2 2 2
t
x 1
27. Put 1 + log tan =t ⇒A=
( log 2 )
2
2
 
 1
2 x 1
 32. Let I = ∫ sin13 x cos3 x dx
⇒ ⋅ sec ⋅  dx= dt
 tan  x  2 2 = ∫ sin13 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos x dx
   
 2 
⇒ cosec x dx = dt Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
cosec x dt ∴ I = ∫ t13 (1 − t 2 ) dt
∴ ∫  x
dx = ∫ cos2 t
cos 2 1 + log tan  t14 t16 1 1
 2 = − + c = sin14 x − sin16 x + c
14 16 14 16
= ∫ sec2 t dt 1 1 1
∴ A+B= − =
= tan t + c 14 16 112
 x
= tan 1 + log tan  + c 33. Let I = ∫ ( 2 + log x )( ex ) dx
x
2 
Put (ex)x = t
28. Put x = t2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
⇒ xlog ex = log t
log x log t
∴ ∫ 3x
dx = ∫ 2 (2tdt)
3t
⇒ x(1 + log x) = log t
1 1
= ∫
2 log t
dt ⇒  x. + (1 + log x ) .1 dx = dt
3 t  x  t
( )
x
log x
2
⇒ (ex) (2 + log x)dx = dt
2 (log t) 2
= ⋅ +c = +c ∴ I = ∫ dt = t + c = (ex)x + c
3 2 3
290


cos x ∴ I = ∫ t 6dt
34. ∫ 1 + sin x
dx = 2 1 + sin x + c
t7
= +c
 f ′( x)  7
…  ∫ = dx 2 f ( x) + c 
 f ( x)  sec7 x
= +c
2
7
x x
= 2  sin + cos  + c
2 2  39. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)7 ( x + 3)dx
  x  x  Put x + 2 = t ⇒ dx = dt
= 2 sin   + cos    + c
 2   2   ∴ I = ∫ (t − 1)t 7 (t + 1)dt = ∫ (t 2 − 1)t 7dt
= ∫ (t 9 − t 7 )dt
tan x tan x
35. ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ tan x sin x cos x dx t10 t 8
= − +c
10 8
sin x sec x
=∫ dx ( x + 2)10 ( x + 2)8
tan x sin x cos x = − +c
10 8
sec 2 x
=∫ dx 2  2 
tan x 40. I4 – I2 = ∫  sec
4
x − sec 2 x  dx
3 3 
Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx 2
= ∫ sec2 x  sec2 x −  dx
tan x 1 1/2  3
∴ ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ t dt = 2t + c = 2 tan x + c
 3sec 2 x − 2 
= ∫ sec2 x   dx
 3 
x3 sin  tan −1 ( x 4 ) 
36. Let I = ∫ dx 1
sec 2 x ( 3tan 2 x + 1)dx
3∫
1 + x8 =
Put x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
−1
1 sin(tan t) 2 1
I= I2 = ∫ ( 3t 2 + 1 ) dt
4 ∫ 1 + t2
∴ dt ∴ I4 –
3 3
1 1 3
Put tan−1 t = z ⇒ dt = dz = (t + t) + c
1 + t2 3
1 1 1
∴ I = ∫ sin z dz = (−cos z) + c = [t(t2 + 1)] + c
4 4 3
1 −1 1
= − cos(tan−1t) + c = cos[tan−1(x4)] + c = [tan x (tan2x + 1)] + c
4 4 3
1
= sec2x tan x + c
37. Let I = ∫ cosec4 x dx = ∫ cosec2 x.cosec2 x dx 3
= ∫ cosec x(1 + cot x)dx

2 2 41. I4 = ∫ tan4 x dx, I6 = ∫ tan6 x dx
I4 + I6 = ∫ ( tan 4 x + tan 6 x ) dx
∫ cosec x dx + ∫ cot x.cosec x dx
2 2 2
=
= ∫ tan 4 x (1 + tan 2 x ) dx
In 2nd integral, put cot x = t ⇒ −cosec2 x dx = dt
∴ I = ∫ cosec2 x dx − ∫ t 2dt = ∫ tan 4 x ⋅ sec2 x dx
1
t3 cot 3 x = tan5 x + c
= −cot x − +c =
− cot x − +c 5
3 3
Comparing with a tan5 x + bx5 + c, we get
sec8 x 1
∴ a= ,b=0
38. Let I = ∫ cosec x dx 5
sin x dx sin 2 x + cos 2 x
= ∫ cos8 x dx 42. ∫ sin x cos2 x = ∫ sin x cos 2 x
dx
= ∫ tan x ⋅ sec7 x dx sin x 1

= ∫ cos 2
x
dx + ∫ sin x dx
= ∫ sec x sec x tan x dx
6
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + ∫ cosec x dx
Put sec x = t ⇒ sec x tan x dx = dt = sec x + log |cosec x – cot x| + c
291


sin x sin ( x − α + α ) π 
43. ∫ sin ( x − α ) dx = ∫ dx sin  + t 
sin ( x − α ) 4  cos t + sin t
∴ I = 2∫  dt = ∫ dt
sin t sin t
 sin ( x − α ) cosα cos ( x − α ) sin α 
= ∫  +  dx = ∫ cot t dt + ∫ dt = log |sin t| + t + c1
 sin ( x − α ) sin ( x − α ) 
π π
= x − + log sin  x −  + c1
= ∫ ( cosα + cot ( x − α ) sin α ) dx 4  4
= cos α.x + sin α.log |sin(x – α)| + c π π
= x + log sin  x −  + c, where c = c1 −
⇒ p = cos α and q = − sin α  4 4
1
⇒ pq = – sin α cos α = – sin 2α 1 1
2 48. Let I = ∫1+ e x
dx = ∫ 1
dx
1+
sin 2 x e− x
44. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x sin 3x dx e− x
= ∫1+ e −x
dx
sin ( 5 x − 3x )
= ∫ sin 5 x sin 3x dx Put e–x = t ⇒ – e–x dx = dt
1
sin 5 x cos3x − cos5 x sin 3x
∴ I = −∫ dt
= dx 1+ t
∫ sin 5 x sin 3 x = – log (1 + t) + c
= – log (1 + e–x) + c
= ∫ ( cot 3x − cot 5 x ) dx
 1 + ex 
1 1 = – log   +c
 e 
x
= log |sin 3x| – log | sin 5x | + c
3 5
 ex 
= log  x 
+c
cos α cos ( α − x ) + x  1+ e 
45. ∫ sin x cos ( α − x ) dx = ∫ sin x cos ( α − x ) dx
dx
49. Let I = ∫
cos ( α − x ) cos x − sin ( α − x ) sin x e + e− x + 2
x
= ∫ sin x cos ( α − x )
dx
e x dx
= ∫ e 2 x + 2e x + 1
= ∫ cot x − tan ( a − x ) dx
Put e = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
x
= log |sin x| – log |cos (α – x)| + c1 dt dt

∴ I= ∫ = ∫ ( t + 1)
cos ( α − x ) t 2 + 2t +1 2
= – log + c1
sin x −1 −1
= +c= x +c
cosα cos x + sin αsin x t +1 e +1
= – log + c1
sin x 50. Let I
= – log |cos α (cot x + tan α)| + c1 =∫
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
( sin x + cos3 x sin 2 x + sin 3 x cos 2 x + cos5 x )
2
= – log |cot x + tan α| – log |cos α| + c1 5
= – log |cot x + tan α| + c, where c= c1 – log |cos α| sin 2 x cos 2 x

= ∫ dx
( sin x + cos 2 x )( sin 3 x + cos3 x ) 
2
2
dx 1 dx
46. ∫ sin x + cos x = 2 ∫ π π sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin x cos + cos x sin
4 4 = ∫ dx
( sin x + cos3 x )
3 2
1  π
= ∫ cos ec  x +  dx Dividing numerator and denominator by cos6 x,
2  4
we get
1 π x tan 2 x . sec 2 x
= log tan  +  + c I= dx
2 8 2 ∫
(1 + tan x ) 3 2
sin x Put 1 + tan3 x = t ⇒ 3 tan2 x sec2x dx = dt

47. Let I = 2∫ dx
 π 1 dt 1
sin  x −  ∴ I= ∫t 2
=– +c
 4 3 3t
−1
π = +c
Put x − = t ⇒ dx = dt 3 (1 + tan 3 x )
4
292


dt Comparing with a sin–1 (bx) + c, we get
51. Put x2 = t ⇒ xdx =
2 1 4
a= and b =
x 1 dt 4 3
∴ ∫ 1+ x 4
dx =
2 ∫ 1 + t2 1 4
∴ 4a + 3b = 4   + 3   = 5
1 4 3
= tan−1 t +c
2
dx
1
= tan−1 (x2) + c
58. Let I = ∫ 16 − 9 x 2
2
1
x2 = ∫ dx
4 − ( 3x )
2
52. Let I = ∫ 1+ dx 2
(x ) 3 2
1 3x
Put x3 = t ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt = sin–1 +C
3 4
I=
1 dt Comparing with A sin–1(Bx) + C, we get
∴
3 ∫ 1+ t 2
1 3
A= ,B=
1 3 4
= tan–1 t + c
3 1 3 13
∴ A+B= + =
1 3 4 12
= tan–1 x3 + c
3 dx
4 3
59. Let I = ∫ x − x2
10
53. Put x = t ⇒ 4x dx = dt
x 3 dx 1 dt 1 dx
= tan−1 t + c
4 ∫ 1 + t2
∴ ∫ 1+ x = = ∫
8
4 x x8 − 1
1
= tan−1 (x4) + c x 3 dx
4 = ∫x 4
x8 − 1
dx dx Put x = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
4
54. ∫ 16 x 2
+9
= ∫ (4 x) 2
+ 32 1 dt
1 4x
∴ I = ∫t
= tan −1   + c 4 t2 − 1
12  3  1
= sec–1 t + c
2 4
x + 1− x 1 1
55. ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ d x 1
x 1− x 2
1− x 2 x = sec–1 (x4) + c
4
= sin−1 x + log x + c
sin 2 x
56. Let I =
1 60. Let I = ∫ sin 4
x + cos 4 x
dx
∫ 9 − 16 x 2
dx
2sin x cos x
=∫ 4 dx
1 sin x + cos 4 x
= ∫ 32 − (4 x) 2
dx
2 tan x sec 2 x
=∫ dx
1 + tan 4 x
1  4x 
= sin −1   + c Put tan2 x = t ⇒ 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt
4  3 
dt
Comparing with α sin−1 (βx) + c, we get ∴ I= ∫1+ t 2
1 4 Comparing with tan–1[f (x)] + c, we get
α= ,β=
4 3 f(x) = tan2x
1 1 3 π 2π
( 3)
2
∴ α+ = + =1 ∴ f   = tan = =3
β 4 4 3
  3
1 1 1
57. Let I = ∫ dx 61. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
8 + 1 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
2 2
9 − 16 x 8 + 2x − x
1 1
= ∫ dx =
( 3)
2
− ( 4x)
2 ∫ dx
32 − ( x − 1)
2
1 4x
= sin–1   + c = sin−1 
x −1
+c
4  3   3 
293


1 1 dx dx
62. ∫ dx = ∫ dx 66. Let I = ∫ 7 + 5cos x = ∫
3 − (9x + 6x )  2 x
2
3 − 6x − 9x 2
 1 − tan  2  
7 + 5  
1
= ∫ dx  1 + tan 2  x  
4 − ( 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1) 

 
2
1 x 1 x
= ∫ dx sec 2   dx sec 2   . dx
2 − ( 3x + 1)
2 2
= ∫ 2 =
2 2
x ∫ x
1 −1  3x + 1  12 + 2 tan 2   6 + tan 2  
= sin   +c 2 2
3  2 
x 1 x
dx dx
63. I =∫ = 2 2 2
(1 − x)( x − 2) ∫ −2 + 3x − x 2 dt 1  t 
∴ ∫
I == tan −1  +c
dx
( 6)
2
= 6  6
∫ 9  9
t2 +
−2 + −  x 2 − 3x + 
4  4  x
1  tan 2 
=
dx = −1
tan  +c
∫ 2 2 6  6 
1  3  
  −x− 
2
   2
 3 dx dx
67. ∫ 1 + 3sin =∫
−1 x− 2 2
x sin 2 + cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x
= sin  1  +C
  dx
 2  =∫
4sin x + cos 2 x
2
∴ I = sin−1 (2x − 3) + C
sec 2 x dx
64. Let I = ∫
x−5
dx
= ∫ 4 tan 2
x +1
x−7
x−5 1 sec 2 x dx
=
= ∫ dx 4 ∫ tan 2 x + 1
( x − 7) ( x − 5)
4
x−5
= ∫ dx Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 xdx
2
x − 12 x + 35
dx 1 dt 1
=
1 2 x − 10
dx
∴ ∫ 1+ 3sin ∫
= = 2
.2 tan −1 (2t) + c
∫ 4 4
2
x 1
2 x 2 − 12 x + 35 t2 +  
2
1 2 x − 12 + 2
= dx
2 ∫ x 2 − 12 x + 35
1 −1
= tan ( 2t ) + c
2
1 2 x − 12 2 dx
= ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 1
2 x − 12 x + 35 2 2
x − 12 x + 36 − 1 = tan −1 ( 2 tan x ) + c
2
1 d x
= × 2 x 2 − 12 x + 35 + ∫
2 ( x − 6) 2 − 1 1
68. Let I = ∫ dx
3 + 2cos 2 x
= x 2 − 12 x + 35 + log ( x − 6) + x 2 − 12 x + 35 + c
Comparing with A x 2 − 12 x + 35 sec 2 x dx
I= ∫ 3sec 2
x+2
+ log ( x − 6) + x 2 − 12 x + 35 + c , we get
sec 2 x dx
A=1 = ∫ 3(1 + tan 2 x) + 2
65. Let I = ∫ x + 2 x + 5 dx
2
sec 2 x
=∫ dx
3 + 3tan 2 x + 2
∫ ( x + 1) + 2 dx
2
= 2
sec 2 x
x +1 = ∫ 5 + 3tan dx
= 2
x + 2x + 5 2
x
2
Put tan x = t
+ 2 log x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 5 + c
∴ sec2 x dx = dt
294


1 1 1 1 1
I= ∫ 5 + 3t I= dt = − . + c
2 ∫ t2
∴ 2
dt ∴
2 t
1 −1
=∫ dt = +c
( 5) + (
2
3t )
2
2 2e x + 1 ( )
1 æ 3 t ÷ö
= tan +1 ççç ÷÷ + c 1 e− x
çè 5 ÷ø 73. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
3 5 1 − e2 x e −2 x − 1
1 æ 3 tan x ÷ö Put e−x = t ⇒ −e−xdx = dt
∴ I= tan +1 ççç ÷÷ + c
15 çè 5 ÷ø 1 1
∴ ∫ 2x
dx = − ∫ 2
dt
1− e t −1
4e x − 25 5(2e − 5) − 3 ( 2e
x x
)
69. ∫ dx = ∫ dx = − log  t + t 2 − 1  + c
2e x − 5 2e x − 5  
2e x
= 5∫ dx − 3 ∫ x dx = − log e + e −x −2 x
− 1 + c
2e − 5  
= 5x − 3log |2ex − 5| + c 1 1 − e2 x 
∴ A = 5 and B = − 3 = − log  + +c
 e
x
ex 
dx
70. ∫ sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b ) = − log 1 + 1 − e2 x  + log ex + c
 
sin {( x − b ) ( x − a )} = x − log 1 + 1 − e  + c 2x
1  
= ∫ dx
sin ( a − b ) sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b )
1 dx
1 74. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫
= 3 3
sin ( a − b ) x 2 ( x 4 + 1) 4
5 1 4
x 1 + 4 
sin ( x − b ) cos ( x − a ) − cos ( x − b ) sin ( x − a )  x 
∫ sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b )
dx
1 −4
Put 1 + t
=⇒ dx =dt
1 x4 x5
=  cot ( x − a ) dx − cot ( x − b ) dx 
sin ( a − b )  ∫ ∫ 1 1
 1 dt 1
∴ I = − ∫ 3
= − × 4t 4 + c =− t 4 + c
4 4 4
1 t
= log sin ( x − a ) − log sin ( x − b )  + c
sin ( a − b )  1 1
 1 4  x4 + 1  4
1 sin ( x − a ) = − 1 + 4  + c =−  4  + c
= log +c  x   x 
sin ( a − b ) sin ( x − b )
2 x12 + 5 x9
75. ∫ dx
71. Let I = ∫ e −1 dx (x + x3 + 1)
x 5 3
Put ex − 1 = t2  2 5
⇒ ex dx = 2t dt x15  3 + 6 
= ∫ x x 
dx
2t 1 1
3
⇒ dx = 2
dt 15 
x 1 + 2 + 5 
t +1  x x 
2t 2t 2 1 1  −2 5 
∴ I = ∫t⋅ dt = ∫ t 2 + 1 dt Put 1 + t ⇒  3 − 6  dx =
+ 5= dt
t2 +1 x 2
x x x 
2(t 2 + 1) − 2
= ∫ dt 2 x12 + 5 x9 dt
t2 +1 ∴ ∫ dx = − ∫
(x + x + 1)
3
5 3 t3
dt
= 2∫ dt − 2∫ 2
t +1 1
−1
= +C
= 2t − 2 tan t + c 2t 2
= 2 ( e x −1 − tan −1 e x −1 + c ) =

1
1 1
2
+C
2 1 + 2 + 5 
1 e2 x  x x 
72. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x10
(e + e− x ) (e + 1)
x 2 2
2x
= +C
2 ( x5 + x3 + 1)
2
2x 2x
Put e + 1 = t ⇒ 2 e dx = dt
295

= [sin x + cos x ]0 − [ cos x + sin x ]π / 4

π π/ 4 5π / 4
4
10. ∫ sin( x − [ x])d( x − [ x]) + [sin x + cos x]π2 π/ 4
0
π  1 1   1 1  1 1 
4 =  + −1 −  − − −  +  
= ∫ sin( x − 0)d( x − 0)  2 2   2 2  2 2 
0  1 1 
π + + − 1
4  2 2 
= ∫ sin x dx
0
= ( ) (
2 −1 − − 2 − 2 + ) ( 2 −1 )
= [ − cos x ]0 =
π/ 4
− cos + cos0 =
1−
π 1 = 4 2 −2
4 2 5
π2 6
15.
log3 ∫7
x
1 sec(πx)dx
dt [ log=
t ]1 log x − log1 = log x
x
11. L(x) = ∫=
1 t
6
2
∴ L(xy) = log(xy) = log x + log y = L(x) + L(y) π 1
× [ log| sec π x + tan π x |]7 / 6
5/ 6
=
log3 π
b
12. Given, ∫ {f ( x) − 3x} dx =
a 2 − b2 π  5π 5π 7π 7π 
= log sec + tan − log sec + tan 
a log3  6 6 6 6 
b b
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx − 3 ∫ x dx =
a 2 − b2 π   2 1   2 1 
=  log  +  − log  − 
a a log3   3 3   3 3 
b
3 π 
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx − (b 2 − a 2 ) =a 2 − b 2  1  π
2 = log 3 − log   = (log3) =
π
a log3   3   log3
b
1 2 2
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx = (b − a ) 5
2 16. 2cot2θ – +4=0
a
sin θ
 b
1 2 2  cos 2 θ 5
∴ f(x) = x …  ∫ =
x dx (b − a )  ⇒2 2 − +4 =0
 a 2  sin θ sin θ
π π ⇒ 4sin2 θ – 5sin θ + 2(1– sin2 θ) = 0
∴ f  = ⇒ 2sin2 θ – 5sin θ + 2 = 0
6 6
⇒ (2sin θ – 1) (sin θ – 2) = 0
1 1
13. I= dx ⇒ sin θ = … [ − 1 < sin θ < 1]
∫ x(1 − x)
n
2
0
π 5π
1 ∴ θ1 = and θ2 =
∴ –I = ∫ − x(1 − x)
n
dx 6 6
0 5π 5π
6 6
1  1 + cos 6θ 
∫ cos 3θ dθ
2
= ∫   dθ
= ∫ (1 − x −1)(1 − x) dx
n
π π 2 
0 6 6
1 1 5π
= ∫ (1 − x)
n +1
dx – ∫ (1 − x) dx n
1
= θ +
sin 6θ  6
0 0 2 6  π
1 1 6
 (1 − x)   (1 − x) n +1 
n +2
=   –   π
 −(n + 2)  0  −(n +1)  0
=
3
1 1 −1
∴ −I = – 3
 x2 + 1 
n + 2 n +1 17. ∫1  4 x  dx
1 1
∴ I= – 3
2x
n +1 n + 2 = 2∫ dx
1
1 + x2
π 5π
= 2 log (1 + x 2 ) 
4 4 3
14. ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx + ∫ (sin x − cos x)dx 1

0 π
4
= 2 (log 10 – log 2)
2
10 
= log 
π
4 
+ ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx  2
2π = log 25
332

97. Let I = ∫ esin x ( x cos x − sec x tan x ) dx ∴ I = ∫ e t .2t dt

= ∫ xesin x cos x dx – ∫ esin x sec x tan x dx = 2(t.et – ∫1.e t dt)
I1 = ∫ xesin x cos x dx = 2(tet – et ) + c
= x ∫ esin x cos x dx – ∫ esin x dx + c1

=2 ( x −1 e ) x
+c
= x esinx – ∫ esin x dx + c1 102. Let I = ∫ cos(log x)dx

I2 = ∫ e sec x tan x dx Put log x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
sin x
= esin x ∫ sec x tan x dx − ∫ sec x cos x esin x dx + c2 ∴ I = ∫ e t cos t dt
= sec x esinx – ∫ esin x dx + c2 = e t cos t − ∫ e t (− sin t) dt + cl

I = I1 − I2 = e t cos t + ∫ e t sin t dt + cl
= xesinx – ∫ esin x dx – sec x esinx + ∫ esin x dx + c = e t cos t + e t sin t − ∫ e t cos t dt + c2
sin x
=e (x – sec x) + c
= et cos t + et sin t − I + c2
 x cos3 x − sin x  ⇒ 2I = et (cos t + sin t) + c2
98. Let I = ∫ esin x  
 cos 2 x  et
⇒ I = (cos t + sin t) + c
2
= ∫ esin x ( x cos x − sec x tan x ) dx
x
= esin x (x – sec x) + c = [ cos(log x) + sin (log x)] + c
2
99. Let I = ∫ sin (11x ) . sin9 x dx 103. Put sin–1 x = t
= ∫ sin (10 x + x ) ⋅ sin 9 x dx 1
⇒ dx = dt
9 9 1 − x2
= ∫ sin10 x cos x sin x dx + ∫ cos10 x sin x sin x dx
x sin −1 x
= sin 10x ∫ cos x sin x dx 9 ∴ ∫ 1 − x2
dx = ∫ t sin t dt = –tcost + sin t + c
– ∫10cos10 x ∫ cos x sin

9
x dx = – sin–1 x cos(sin–1x) + sin(sin–1x) + c
+ ∫ cos10 x sin10 x dx = x – sin−1x. 1 − x 2 + c
sin10 x ⋅ sin10 x 10 10 104. Let I = ∫ cos(log e x)dx

=
10
–
10 ∫ cos10 x sin x dx
10 Put log e x = t ⇒ x = et ⇒ dx = etdt
+ ∫ cos10 x sin x dx
10
∴ I = ∫ cos t.e t dt
sin10 x ⋅ sin x
= +c
10 = cos t.e t − ∫ ( − sin t ) .e t dt
100. Let I = ∫ e f ( x) + e f ′ ( x ) dx

2x 2x
= cos t.e t + sin t.e t − ∫ cos t.e t dt 
= ∫ e f ( x)dx + ∫ e f ′ ( x)dx
2x 2x
∴ I = cos t.e t + sin t.e t − I + c1
= f (x) ∫ e dx – ∫  ∫ e dx  f ′(x) dx
2x 2x ⇒ 2I = cos t.e t + sin t.e t + c1
x
+ g (x) + c ⇒ =I [cos (log e x) + sin (log e x)] + c,
2
e2 x f ( x) e2 x
= – ∫ f ′(x) dx + g (x) + c c
2 2 where c = 1
2
e2 x f ( x) g( x)
= – + g (x) + c
∫ ( log x ) dx = ∫ ( log x ) .1 dx
2 2
2 2 105.
e2 x f ( x) g( x)
= + +c 1
( log x )
2
2 2 = . x − ∫ 2log x . . x dx
x
1
= [e2x f (x) + g (x)] + c  1 
= x ( log x ) − 2  log x. x − ∫ . x dx 
2
2
 x 
101. Let I = ∫ e x
dx = x ( log x ) − 2 ( x log x − x ) + c
2
Put x = t2 ⇒ dx = 2tdt = x(log x)2 – 2x(log x – 1) + c

299


2
106. ∫ 32 x (log x) dx
3
e5 x e5 x
109. ∫ x e dx = x .
3 5x 3
− ∫ 3 x 2 . dx
5 5
= 32 ∫ x (log x)2dx
3
x 3e 5 x 3 2 e 5 x 3 e5 x
= − x. + ∫ 2 x.
 2 x 1 x 4
 4
5 5 5 5 5
= 32 ( log x ) . − ∫ 2log x . . dx 
 4 x 4  e5 x 3 2 5 x 6 e5 x 6 e5 x
= x3 − x e + x. − . +c
 x4 1  5 25 25 5 25 25
= 32 (log x) 2 . − ∫ x3 log x dx 
e5 x 3 3
 4 2  ∴ ∫ x e=
3 5x
dx
54
( 5 x − 75x 2 + 30 x − 6 ) + c
 ( log x )2 x 4 1  log x. x 4 1 x4 
= 32  −  −∫ . dx   ∴ f(x) = 53x3 – 75x 2 + 30x – 6
 4 2 4 x 4  
110. ∫ log ( a + x 2 ) dx
2
 ( log x )2 x 4 1  x 4 log x 1 x 4  
= 32  −  − .  + c 1
 4 2 4 4 4   = log ( a 2 + x 2 ).x − ∫ .2 x.xdx
a 2 + x2
 1 x4 
= 8 (log x) 2 x 4 −  x 4 log x −   + c x2
2 4  = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2∫ 2 2 dx
 a +x
 log x 1   a2 
= 8 x 4 ( log x ) − = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2∫ 1 −
2
+ +c  dx
 2 8  a 2 + x2 
= x4[8(log x)2 – 4 log x + 1] + c 1 x
= x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2 x + 2a 2 . tan −1   + c
a a
107. Let I = ∫ x 4 e2 x dx
x
x 4e 2 x e2 x = x log ( a 2 + x 2 ) − 2 x + 2a tan −1   + c
= – ∫ 4 x3 ⋅ dx a
2 2
x 4e 2 x 111. Put logx = t
= – 2 ∫ x3 e2 x dx
2 ⇒ x = et
x 4 e2 x  x3 e2 x e2 x  ⇒ dx = etdt
= – 2 ∫ dx − ∫ 3x 2 ⋅ dx 
2  2 2  ∴ ∫ (logx)5 dx = ∫ t5et dt
= et(t5 – 5t4 + 20t3 – 60t2 + 120t – 120)
x 4 e2 x
= – x3 e2x + 3 ∫x
2
e 2 x dx + constant
2
= x[(logx)5 – 5(logx)4 + 20(logx)3 – 60(logx)2
x 4 e2 x  x 2 e2 x e2 x 
= – x3 e2x + 3  − ∫ 2x ⋅ dx  + 120logx – 120] + constant
2  2 2  ∴ A = 1, B = –5, C = 20, D = –60, E = 120
x 4 e2 x 3x 2 e 2 x 3 xe 2 x e2 x and F = –120
= – x3 e2x + – + 3∫ dx
2 2 2 2 ∴ A + B + C + D + E + F = –44
x 4 e2 x 3x 2 e2 x 3 xe 2 x
= – x3e2x + – 112. Put x = secθ ⇒ dx = secθ tanθ dθ
2 2 2
−1   1  1 
3e 2 x ∫ cos   dx
∴ = ∫ cos
−1
+ +c   . sec θ tan θ dθ
4
 x  sec θ 
e2 x = ∫ cos −1 (cosθ).secθ tanθ dθ
= [2x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 6x + 3] + c
4 = ∫ θ .(secθ tanθ) dθ
3x 3x
e e = θsecθ – ∫1 secθdθ
108. ∫x e
2 3x
dx = x2 ⋅ – ∫ 2x ⋅ dx
3 3
= θsecθ – log |tanθ + secθ| + c
x 2 e3 x 2  e3 x e3 x 
= –  x. − ∫1. dx 
3 3  3 3  = θsecθ – log | ( sec 2
θ−1) + sec θ | + c
=
x 2 e3 x
– 
2  xe3 x e3 x 
−  +c
= xsec–1x – log (x 2
− 1) + x + c
3 3  3 9 
1 2 2 3x 1 + x log x   1
= x2 e3x – xe3x + e +c 113. ∫e
x
  dx = ∫ e x  log x +  dx
3 9 27  x   x
=
e3 x
(9x2 – 6x + 2) + c = ex log x + c
27
....  ∫ e x [f ( x) + f ′( x)]dx =e x f ( x) + c 
∴ f (x) = 9x2 – 6x + 2  
300

114. ∫e
x
sin x(sin x + 2cos x)dx  x  x 
e x 1 + 2sin   cos   
e x (1 + sin x)  2
   2 
= ∫ e x (sin 2 x+ 2sin x cos x)dx
120. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ x
dx
2cos 2  
2
= ex sin2x + c
1 2 x x
∫e
x
=  sec + tan  dx
2 2 2
 2 + sin 2 x  x  2 (1 + sin x cos x ) 
115. ∫e  dx = ∫ e   dx
x
 x
 1 + cos 2 x   2cos 2 x  = e x tan + c
2
= ∫ ex (sec2 x + tan x) dx …  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx = e x f ( x ) + c 
x
= e tan x + c
e x ( x 2 tan −1 x + tan −1 x + 1)
…  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =e xf ( x ) + c 

121. ∫ dx
x2 + 1
e x [( x 2 + 1) tan −1 x + 1]
2 = ∫ dx
 x + 2 x x2 + 1
116. ∫  x + 4  e dx  1 
= ∫ e x  tan −1 x +  dx
 1 + x2 
 x2 + 4x + 4 
= ∫ ex  2 
dx = e x tan −1 x + c
 ( x + 4 ) 
2
 log x − 1 
 x ( x + 4) 4 122. Let I = ∫  2
dx
= ∫ ex  +  dx 1 + ( log x ) 
 ( x + 4 ) ( x + 4 ) 
2 2
Put log x = t
 x 4 
∴ x = et ⇒ dx = et dt
= ∫ ex  + 2
dx t −1  t
2
 x + 4 ( x + 4 )  ∴ I = ∫  2 
e dt
1+ t 
x 
= e x  + c
 
1 + t 2 − 2t  t
 x+4 = ∫ e dt
 (1 + t 2 ) 
2
 
…  ∫ e f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =
x
e f ( x ) + c
x
 
= ∫ et 
1
+
( −2t )  dt
2 1 + t 2 (1 + t 2 )2 
x x + 2 x x   
117. ∫ e  x + 4  dx = e  x + 4  + c 1 
= e t  2 
+c
xe x 1+ t 
⇒ f(x) =
x+4 …  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =e xf ( x ) + c 

x
( x + 3) e x dx = ( x + 4 − 1) ex dx = +c
1 + ( log x )
2
118. ∫ ∫ ( x + 4 )2
( x + 4)
2
123. Let I = ∫ e tan x (sec2 x + sec3 x ⋅ sin x)dx

 1 1 
= ∫ ex  −  dx = ∫ e tan x (1 + tan x)sec2 x dx
 x + 4 ( x + 4 )2 
 
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
e x
= +c ∴ I = ∫ e t (1 + t)dt = et.t + c = tan x⋅etanx + c
x+4
 sin x + 1 
124. Let I = ∫ esin x   dx
x ex x x + 1 − 1   sec x 
119. ∫ ( x + 1)2 dx = ∫ e ( x + 1)2  dx
= ∫ esin x ( sin x + 1) cos x dx
 1 1  Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
= ∫ ex  − 2
dx
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  ∴ I = ∫ e t (1 + t ) dx
ex = tet + c ...  ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx =

e xf ( x )

= +c …  ∫ e f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )  dx= e f ( x) + c 
x x
x +1 = sin x.esin x + c
301


3 t
42. = −e t  ye− y + e− y  0
∫ cot x dx
−1
−3
3
= −e t ( te− t + e− t − 0 − 1)
3  −1 
=  x.cot −1 x  −3 − ∫ x  2 
dx = et − (1 + t)
−3 1+ x 
3 π
–1 1 2x –1
= (3)cot 3 – (–3) cot (–3) + ∫ dx 45.
2
I10 = ∫ x10 sin x dx
2 −3 1 + x 2
0
1
= 3cot 3 + 3 (π – cot 3) + log (1 + x 2 ) 
–1 3
–1 π
2 −3 π/ 2
2
=  − x cos x  0 − 10∫ x9 ( − cos x ) dx
10
1
= 3cot–13 + 3π – 3cot–13 + [ log10 − log10] 0
2
 π 10
π 
= 3π =  −   cos + 0 
  2  2 
3π / 4
x  π

43. Let I = ∫ dx 2
1 + sin x  9 π/ 2 
π/ 4 +10  x sin x  − ∫ 9 x (sin x)dx 
  8
0
3π / 4
x sec x  0 
= ∫ dx  
π/ 4 sec x + tan x π
2
sec x π/ 2
= 10  x sin x  0 − 90 ∫ x8 sin x dx
9
Let I1 = ∫ dx
sec x + tan x 0
9
1 π π
Put = t ∴ I10 = 10   sin − 90I8
sec x + tan x 2 2
⇒−
( sec x tan x + sec x ) dx 2
= dt
π
⇒ I10 + 90I8 = 10  
9
( sec x + tan x ) 2

2
− sec x ( sec x + tan x ) 1

∴ I1 = – ∫ dx 46. I(m, n) = ∫ t m (1− t) n dt
( sec x + tan x )
2
= − ∫ dt 1
∴ I(m + 1, n − 1) = ∫ t m + 1 (1− t) n −1 dt
= –t+c 0
−1 ⇒ I(m + 1, n − 1)
= + c
sec x + tan x 1
 t m + 1 (1 − t )n  1
m +1 m
= −  +
n ∫0
 −x 
3π / 4 3π / 4
−1 t (1− t) n dt
I=  – n
∴ 
 sec x + tan x  π / 4 π/ 4
∫ sec x + tan x
dx   0
m +1
 b b
 ⇒ I(m + 1, n − 1) = 0 + I(m, n)
 u vdx  −  du vdx  dx 
b
... =
∫ ( uv ) d x
 ∫  a ∫  dx ∫ 
n
 a a   n
⇒ I(m, n) = I(m + 1, n − 1)
 − 3π   − π  m +1
    3π / 4 cos x
= 4 − 4 + ∫ dx 1 1
 − 2 − 1   2 + 1  π / 4 1 + sin x
∫ (1 − x ) ∫ (1 − x )
50 100 50 101
47. Let I1 = dx and I2 = dx
   
0 0
π 3π / 4
= + log 1 + sin x  π / 4 1
∫ (1 − x )
50 101
1+ 2 Now, I2 = . 1dx
0
π 1 1
= + log 1+ – log 1 + 1 1
= (1 − x50 ) . x  + 5050∫ (1 − x50 ) . x 49 . xdx
101 100
1+ 2 2 2
 0
π 0
= 1
1+ 2
= − 5050 ∫ (1 − x50 ) {(1 − x ) − 1}dx
100 50
=π ( 2 −1 ) 0
1 1
= − 5050∫ (1 − x50 ) dx + 5050∫ (1 − x50 ) dx
101 100
t
44. F(t) = ∫ f (t − y )g( y )dy 0 0
0
∴ I2 = − 5050 I2 + 5050 I1
t t
5050I1
= ∫ e t − y y dy = e t ∫ e− y y dy ⇒ = 5051
0 0 I2
336


10 10
1  1 1  2 5 1
48. ∫5 ( x − 1)( x − 2) dx = ∫  x − 2 − x − 1  dx = tan−1 2 − log 2 + log 3
5 3 12 12
= [ log( x − 2) − log( x − 1)]5
10
x
52. Put sin−1   = t ⇒ x = 2 sin t ⇒ dx = 2 cos tdt
= log 8 − log 9 – (log 3 – log 4) 2  
8 3 8 4 x
= log − log = log  ×  sin −1  
π
9 4 9 3 1
2
6
t
 32 
∴ ∫0 x dx = ∫ (2sin t) (2cos t dt)
= log  
0
 27  π π
6 6
t x
3 3 = ∫ tan t dt = ∫ tan x dx
dx 1 x 
49. ∫1 x(1 + x 2 ) = ∫1  x − 1 + x 2  dx 0 0
 b b

3 3 …  ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt 
1 1 2x
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx  a a 
1 x 2 1 1+ x 2
e2
1 dx
= [ log x ]1 − log (1 + x 2 ) 
3 3
53. I1 = ∫ log x
2 1
e
1 Put log x = t
= log 3 − log 1 − (log 10 – log 2)
2 ⇒ dx = x dt = et dt
1 When x = e, t = 1 and when x = e2, t = 2
= log 3 − log5
2 2
et
1 2 1 ∴ I1 = ∫t dt
= log 3 − log5 1
2 2 2
ex  b b

1 1 9 = ∫1 x dx ...  ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt 
= (log 9 − log 5) = log    a 
2 2 5 a
∴ I1 = I2
3 3
x +1  1 2 2 
50. ∫2 x 2 ( x − 1) dx = ∫2  − x 2 − x + x − 1  dx 2014
tan −1 x
54. I= ∫ dx …(i)
3 x
1 1/ 2014
=   − 2[ log x ]2 + 2 log ( x − 1)  2
3 3
1 −1
x 2 Put x = ⇒ dx = 2 dt
1 1 3 t t
= − − 2log + 2log 2 −1  1 
3 2 2 1/ 2014 tan  
16 1 ∴ I= ∫  t   −1  dt
= log − 1  2
9 6 2014 t 
t
2
log( x 2 + 2) 1/ 2014
− cot −1 t
2014
cot −1 t
51. ∫0 ( x + 2)2 dx = dt =
2014
∫ t ∫
1/ 2014 t
dt
 log ( x 2 + 2 ) 
2
2014
2
2x cot −1 x
= −  +∫ 2 dx ∴ I= ∫ dx …(ii)
 x+2  ( x + 2) ( x + 2 ) x
0 0 1/ 2014
1 1 Adding (i) and (ii), we get

= − log 6 + log 2 2014
tan −1 x + cot −1 x
4 2 2I =
2 
∫ x
dx
 −2 2x 2 1/ 2014
+ ∫ + +  dx
 3 ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x + 2 ) 
2014
2 2 π dx π
∫ x = 2 [log x ]1/ 2014
2014
0 =
2 1/ 2014
1 1 1
= − log 3 − log 2 + log 2 π
4 4 2 …  tan −1 x + cot −1 x = 
2  2
 2 1 2  x 
+  − log ( x + 2 ) + log ( x 2 + 2 ) + tan −1   π  1 
 3 3 3  2   0 = log 2014 − log
2  2014 
1 1
= log 2 − log 3 π
4 4 = × 2 log 2014
2
 2 1 2 
+  − log 2 + log 3 + tan −1 2  ⇒ I=
π
log 2014
 3 3 3  2
337


dx 1 1  x 1  x 
125. Put tan−1 x = t ⇒ = dt =  tan −1   − tan −1    + c
1 + x2 5 2 2 3  3 
 1 + x + x2  1 x 1  x
 dx = ∫ e ( tan t + sec t ) dt
−1 x
∴ ∫e =
tan t 2
 2 tan −1   − tan −1   + c
 1+ x  10  2  15 3
= et tan t + c x x
−1
Comparing with A tan−1   + B tan−1   + c,
= xe tan x + c 2 3
we get
−dx
126. Put cot–1 x = t ⇒ = dt A=
1
,B=
−1
1 + x2
10 15
cot −1 x  x − x + 1 
2
1 1 1
∴ ∫ e  1 + x 2  dx A−B= + =
10 15 6
= − ∫ e t ( cot 2 t − cot t + 1) dt 2x2 + 1 A B
131. Let = + 2
= − ∫ e ( cosec t − cot t ) dt
t 2
( x − 2
4 )( )
x 2
− 1 x 2
− 4 x −1
= ∫ e t ( cot t − cosec2 t ) dt ∴ 2x2 + 1 = A(x2 − 1) + B(x2 − 4)

Comparing the coefficient of x2 and constant
= et cot t + c term on both sides, we get
−1 x
= x ecot +c A + B = 2 and −A − 4B = 1
Solving these two equations, we get
1 1  e2 x A = 3 and B = −1
127. ∫e
2x
 − 2  dx = +c
 x 2x  2x
2x2 + 1
  f ′( x)  e mx f ( x) 
∴ ∫ (x 2
− 4)( x 2 − 1)
dx
…  emx f ( x) +  dx = + c
  m  m  3 1 
= ∫  2 − dx
−1 x −4 x 2 − 1 
128. ∫ (1 + x − x
−1
)e x + x dx
3 x−2 1 x −1
= log − log +c
 −1  1  −1  2× 2 x+2 2 x +1
= ∫  x e x + x 1 − 2  + e x + x  dx
  x   3 1
x−2 4 x +1 2
= xe x + x + c
−1
…  ∫ [ x f ′( x) + f ( x)]dx =x f ( x) + c  = log + log +c
x+2 x −1
 1 3

 1 1    x +1 2  x − 2 4 
= log  +c
129. ∫  x − 3 − x 2 − 3x  dx  x − 1   x + 2  
 
 1 1  1 3
= ∫ −  dx ∴ a = and b =
 x − 3 x ( x − 3 )  2 4
 1 1 1  5 11
= ∫ + −  dx 2x2 + 3 −
 x − 3 3x 3 ( x − 3)  132. ∫ ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4) dx = ∫ x 2 − 1 ∫ x 2 3− 4 dx
3 dx +
 2 1
= ∫ +  dx −5 1 x − 1 11 1 x−2
 3 ( x − 3) 3x  = ⋅ log + ⋅ log +c
3 2 ×1 x +1 3 2× 2 x+2
2 1 5 11
= log (x – 3) + log x + c x +1 6 x − 2 12
3 3 = log + log +c
2 2 x −1 x+2
= log (x – 3) + log x + c
3 3  5 11

  x + 1  6  x − 2 12 
2 = log     +c
= log  x ( x − 3)  + c  x − 1   x + 2  
3  
11 5
1 ∴ a= and b =
130. Let I = ∫ (x 2
dx 12 6
+ 4)( x 2 + 9)
1 1 1  5x2 + 3
∴ I= 133. Let I = ∫ x (x dx
∫ −
5  x 2 + 4 x 2 + 9 
dx 2 2
− 2)
 1 1  1 1   5 3
…
=
αβ β − α  α − β  = ∫x 2
−2
dx + ∫ x (x 2 2
− 2)
dx
   
302

5 x− 2 3  1 1  1
=
2 2
log
x+ 2
+ ∫ 2 −  dx
2  x − 2 x2 
137. Let I = ∫ x( x 4
+ 1)
dx
5 x− 2 x3
= log = ∫ dx
2 2 x+ 2 x 4 ( x 4 + 1)
3 1 x − 2 1 Put x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
+  log +  +c
2  2 2 x + 2 x  1 dt
∴ I=
4 ∫ t (1 + t )
13 x− 2 3
= log + x+c
4 2 x+ 2 2 1 1 1 
= ∫  −  dt
4  t 1+ t
dx ( x 2 + 1)dx x 2 dx
∫ 6 4
134. =
x +x ∫x 4 2
( x + 1)
−∫ 4 2
x ( x + 1) =
1
[log | t | – log | 1 + t| ] + c
1 dx
4
= ∫x dx − ∫
4
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 1 t
= log +c
1 dx dx 4 1+ t
3x3 ∫ x 2 ∫ x 2 + 1
= − − +
1 x4
−1 1 = log +c
= 3 + + tan −1 x + c 4 1 + x4
3x x
dx dx dx 1
135. ∫e 2x
− 3e x
= ∫ e (e x x
− 3)
138. ∫x 3
+ 3x 2 + 2 x
= ∫ x( x 2
+ 3x + 2 )
dx
1  dx dx  1
= − ∫ x − ∫ x 
3 e e − 3 = ∫ x ( x + 2 )( x + 1) dx
1 dx 1 dx
= ∫
3 e −3 3 e
x
− ∫ x
= ∫ 2x
1
dx + ∫
1
dx − ∫
1
dx
2( x + 2) x +1
1 e− x 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ e − x d x 1 1
3 1 − 3e −x
3 = log |x| + log |x + 2| – log |x + 1| + c
1 1 2 2
−x
= log (1 − 3e ) + x + c 1 1
9 3e = log |x (x + 2)| – log (x + 1)2 + c
2 2
1  ex − 3  1
= log  x  + x + c  x2 + 2x 
9  e  3e 1
= log   +c
 ( x + 1)
2
1 1 1 2 
= + log(e x − 3) − log e x + c
3e 9
x
9
1 1 x 2x − 1
= x + log(e − 3) − + c
x 139. Let I = ∫ dx
3e 9 9 ( x − 1)( x + 2 )( x − 3)
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
136. ∫ (x dx = − ∫ dx − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2
+ 1) ( x − 1) 6 x −1 3 x+2 2 x−3
1 1 1 x −1 −1 1 1
= log|x – 1| − log| x + 2| + log|x – 3| + K
= ∫
2 x −1
dx − ∫ 2 dx
2 x +1
6 3 2
1 1 1 x 1 1 −1 −1 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx ∴ A= ,B= ,C=
2 x −1 2 x +1 2 x +1 6 3 2
1 1 2x 1
= log x − 1 − ∫ 2 dx + tan −1 x + D1 dx
2 4 x +1 2 140. Let I = ∫ sin x + sin 2 x
1 1 1 −1
= log x − 1 − log x + 1 + tan x + D
2
dx
2 4 2 = ∫ sin x (1 + 2cos x )
Comparing with
A log |x2 + 1| + B tan–1x + C log |x – 1| + D, we sin x dx
= ∫ sin x (1 + 2cos x )
get 2
−1 1 1
A= ,B= ,C= − sin x dx
4 2 2 = ∫ ( cos 2
x − 1) (1 + 2cos x )
−1 1 1 3
∴ A+B+C= + + =
4 2 2 4 Put cos x = t ⇒ – sin x dx = dt
303


dt 5
∴ I= ∫ (t f(1) = 2(1) + +c
− 1) (1 + 2t ) 3 (1)
2 3
1 1 1 dt 4 dt 14 5
= dt + ∫ – ⇒ =2+ +c⇒c=1
6 ∫ t −1 2 t + 1 6∫ 1 3 3
t +  5
 2
∴ f(x) = 2x + 3 + 1
log t − 1 log t + 1 2 1 3x
= + – log t + + c1 5
6 2 3 2 f(–1) = 2(–1) + +1
3 ( −1)
3
log cos x − 1 log cos x + 1 2 1
= + – log cos x + + c1
6 2 3 2 5 −8
=–2– +1 =
1 1 3 3
= log 1 − cos x + log 1 + cos x
6 2 1 + cos x 1 − cos x + 2cos x
2 2 1 146. ∫ cos x − cos dx = ∫ dx
– log 1 + 2cos x + c, where c = c1 + log
2
x cos x (1 − cos x )
3 3 2
1 2
= ∫ cos x dx + ∫ 1 − cos x dx
f ( x)
141. ∫ log cos x dx = −log(log cos x) + c x
= ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec2 dx
Differentiating on both sides, we get 2
f ( x) −1 1 x
= × × (− sin x) = log |sec x + tan x| – 2cot + c
log cos x log cos x cos x 2
f ( x) tan x x
⇒ = ⇒ f(x) = tan x ∴ f ′(x) = cot
log cos x log cos x 2
x
⇒ f(x) = 2 log sin
f ( x) 2
142. ∫ log ( sin x ) dx = log (log sin x) + c
1
Differentiating on both sides, we get 147. ∫ f(x) sin x cos x dx = log f(x) + c
2 ( b2 − a 2 )
f ( x) 1 1
= × × cos x
log ( sin x ) log ( sin x ) sin x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f ( x) cot x 1  f ′( x ) 
⇒ = ⇒ f(x) = cot x f(x) sin x cos x = .  
log ( sin x ) log ( sin x ) 2( b − a2 )
2
 f ( x ) 
1
1 ⇒ [f(x)]2 sin 2x = f ′ (x)
143. ∫ f (x) cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2
( b − a2 )
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1  dy 

⇒ y2 sin 2x =   …[Putting f(x) = y]
f (x) cos x = f (x) . f′(x) b − a  dx 
2 2
⇒ f′(x) = cos x dy
⇒ = (b2 – a2) sin 2x dx
⇒ ∫ f′(x) dx = ∫ cos x dx y2
⇒ f (x) = sin x + c dy
⇒ ∫y = (b2 – a2) ∫ sin 2 x dx sin 2x dx
π
f   = 1 + c
2
∴
2 − ( b 2 − a 2 ) cos 2 x
−1
⇒ =
1 y 2
144. ∫ f ( x) ⋅ cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2 2
⇒y= = f(x)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get ( b 2
− a 2
) cos 2 x
1
f (x) ⋅ cos x = × 2 f (x) . f ′(x)
2 148. I1 = ∫ sin −1 x dx
⇒ cos x = f ′(x) Put sin−1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ
⇒ cos 0 = f ′(0)
∴ I1 = ∫ θ cos θdθ = θ sin θ − ∫1 . sin θdθ
⇒ f ′(0) = 1
=θ sin θ + cos θ
5
145. f ′ ( x ) = 2 – 4 = x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2
x
 5 5 Now,
= I2 ∫ sin
−1
1 − x 2 dx = ∫ cos −1 x dx
∴ f(x) = ∫  2 − 4  dx = 2x + 3 + c
 x  3x Put cos−1 x = φ ⇒ x = cos φ ⇒ dx = −sin φ dφ
304

∴ I2 = − ∫ φ sin φ dφ = φ cos φ + ∫1 . ( − cos φ ) dφ 2sin 5 x

I6 – I4 =
5
= φ cos φ − sin φ = xcos−1x − 1 − x 2
2sin 3x
π I4 – I2 =
∴ −1
I1 + I2 = x (sin x + cos x) = x −1 3
2
sin 2 x
I2 = ∫ sin x dx
149. x = f ″(t) cos t + f ′(t) sin t
dx = ∫ 2cos x dx
∴ = −f ′′(t) sin t + f ‴ (t) cos t + f ″(t) sin t
dt
= 2 sin x + c
+ f ′(t) cos t 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
= f ‴(t) cos t + f ′(t) cos t I6 = + + I2
5 3
= cos t [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)] 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
= + + 2sin x + c
y = −f ″(t) sin t + f ′(t) cos t 5 3
dy 2sin 5 x 2 3
∴ = −f ‴(t) sin t − f ″(t) cos t + f ″(t) cos t = + (3sin x – 4 sin x) + 2sin x + c
dt 5 3
− f ′(t) sin t 2sin 5 x 8
= – sin3 x + 4sin x + c
= − sin t [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)] 5 3
2 2
 dx   dy 
  +   = sin t + cos t  [ f ′′′ (t) + f ′ (t) ]
2
∴ 2 2 cos 2 x
 dt   dt  152. Let I = ∫ dx
sin x
= [f ‴(t) + f ′(t)]2 1 − tan 2 x
1
= 1 + tan 2 x dx
Let I = ∫ 
 dx  2  dy  2  2
∫ sin x
 +    dt
 dt   dt   1 − tan 2 x
1
= ∫ sec x ⋅ sin x dx
∫ {[f ′′′ (t) + f ′(t)] }
2 2
= dt
1 − tan 2 x
= ∫ dx
= ∫ [f ′′′(t) + f ′(t)] dt tan x
= f ″(t) + f (t) + c 1 − tan 2 x
= ∫ tan x (1 + tan x ) tan x sec
2 2
2
x dx
1 − tan 2 θ
150. cos 2θ = Put 1 − tan2 x = t2
1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ −2tan x sec2 x dx = 2t dt
1− x  t 2 dt
1−  
  1− x   1 + x  dx ∴ I = −∫
y = ∫ cos  2  tan −1
   dx =
1 + x   ∫ 1− x (1 − t 2 )( 2 − t 2 )
  1+
1+ x 1 1
= −∫ 2
dt + 2∫ dt
x2 1− t 2 − t2
⇒ y = ∫ xdx = + c, which is an equation of a
2 −1 1+ t 1 2+t
= log + 2× log +c
family of parabolas 2 1− t 2 2 2−t
sin nx 1 2 + 1 − tan 2 x
151. In = ∫ dx = log
sin x 2 2 − 1 − tan 2 x
sin ( n − 2 ) x 1 1 + 1 − tan 2 x
In – 2 = ∫ dx − log +c
sin x 2 1 − 1 − tan 2 x
 sin nx − sin ( n − 2 ) x 
In – In – 2 = ∫   dx ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3)
sin x 153. dx = ∫
  ∫ x ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3) + 1 dx
(x + 3x + 1)
2 2
2cos ( n − 1) x sin x
= ∫ dx
sin x 1
=− +c
= ∫ 2cos ( n − 1) x dx x 2 + 3x + 1
∴ p = 1, q = 3, r = 1
2sin ( n − 1) x 3p − q
= ∴ =0
( n − 1) r
305

Evaluation Test
5 + x10  tan 2 t tan 2 t 

1. Let I = ∫ dx = 2a  t . − ∫1 . dt 
x16  2 2 
=
5 + x10 1 = a  t tan 2 t − ∫ ( sec2 t − 1 ) dt 
∫ x10
. 11 dx
x
x
5 1 = a  t tan 2 t − tan t + t  + c , where t = tan−1
= ∫x 10
+ 1 . 11 dx a
x
5 x x x x 
Put +1=t = a  tan −1 − + tan −1 +c
x10
 a a a a 
−11
∴ 5(−10)x dx = dt
1 1 4. Let I = ∫ cosec x −1 dx
∴ dx = − dt
x11 50
1
 1 
1 = ∫ − 1dx
∴ I = ∫ t  −  dt
2 sin x
 50 
1 − sin x
1 t 3/ 2 = ∫ dx
= − . +c sin x
50 3 / 2
3/ 2
1  5  1 − sin x 1 + sin x
= − 1 + 10  + c = ∫ × dx
75  x  sin x 1 + sin x
cos x
2. Multiplying Nr and Dr by sin 3x, we get = ∫ dx
cos5 x + cos 4 x sin 2 x + sin x
∫ 1 − 2cos3x dx Put sin x = t
sin 3 x cos5 x + sin 3 x cos 4 x ∴ cos x dx = dt
= ∫ dx
sin 3 x − 2sin 3 x cos3 x 1
∴ I= ∫ dt
sin 3 x ( cos5 x + cos 4 x )
2
t +t
= ∫ dx
sin 3 x − sin 6 x 1
= ∫ dt
 3x 3x   9x x 1 1
 2sin cos   2cos cos  t2 + t + −
2 2 2 2 4 4
= ∫  
9x 3x 1
− 2cos sin =∫ dt
2 2 2 2
 1 1
3x x t +  −  
= − ∫ 2cos cos dx  2 2
2 2
1
= − ∫ ( cos 2 x + cos x ) dx = log t + + t 2 + t + c , where t = sin x
2
1
= −  sin 2 x + sin x  + c 1
2  = log sin x + + sin 2 x + sin x + c
2
x
3. Let I = ∫ sin −1 dx 5. Let I = ∫ tan x dx
a+x
Put x = a tan2t Put tan x = t2
∴ dx = 2a tan t sec2t dt ∴ sec2x dx = 2tdt
2t
a tan 2 t 2 ∴ dx = dt
∴ I = ∫ sin −1 × 2a tan t sec t dt 1 + t4
a + a tan 2 t
2t t2
= ∫ sin −1 ( sin t ) × 2a tan t sec 2 t dt ∴ I = ∫ t2 . dt = 2 ∫ 1 + t 4 dt
1 + t4
= 2a ∫ t tan t sec dt 2
t2 + 1 + t2 − 1 t2 + 1 t2 − 1
= ∫ dt = ∫t dt + ∫t dt
 d   t4 + 1 4
+1 4
+1
= 2a  t ∫ tan t sec2 dt − ∫  (t) ∫ tan t sec 2 t dt  dt 
  dt   = I1 + I2 (say) …(i)
306


13
t2 + 1
Let I = ∫ x 2 (1+ x5/ 2 ) dx
1/ 2
I1 = ∫ t 4 + 1 dt 7.
3
= ∫ x5 ⋅ (1+ x5/ 2 ) ⋅ x 2 dx
1/ 2
1
1+ 2
= ∫ t dt
2 1 Put 1+ x5/ 2 =
t
t + 2
t 5 32
∴ x dx = dt
1  1 2
= ∫ 1 + 2  dt 3
1
2
 t  2
t −  + 2 ∴ x 2 dx = dt
 t 5
1
1 1 2
I = ∫ ( t −1) ⋅ t 2 ⋅ dt
2
= ∫ 2 dy , where t − = y ∴
y +2 t 5
 1 2  52 3 1

= ∫  t − 2t 2 + t 2  dt
1 −1  y  1 t − t  5  
= tan  =
−1
tan  
2  2 2  2  2  2 72 4 52 2 32  5
  =  t − t + t  + c , where t = 1+ x
2
5 7 5 3 
1  t2 − 1 
= tan −1    7 5
5 2
3
2  2t  2 2 
5 2
4  
5 2
2  
=  1 + x 2  − 1 + x 2  + 1 + x 2   + c
1 5 7  5  3  
1− 2  
t2 − 1 t
I2 = ∫ 4 dt = ∫ dt
t +1 1 tan x
t2 + 2 8. Let I = ∫ dx
t 1 + tan x + tan 2 x
1  1 tan x
= ∫ 2 1 − 2  dt = ∫ sec dx
1  t  2
x + tan x
t +  − 2
 t sin x
1 1 cos x sin x cos x
= ∫ 2 dm , where t + =m =∫ dx = ∫ dx
m −2 t 1 sin x 1 + sin x cos x
+
1 cos 2 x cos x
t+ − 2 1
1 m− 2 1 t
= log = log sin 2 x
sin 2 x
2 2 m+ 2 2 2 1 = ∫ 2
t+ + 2
t 1
dx = ∫ 2 + sin 2 x dx
1 + sin 2 x
2
1 t 2 − 2t + 1
= log 2 + sin 2 x − 2  2 
2 2 t 2 + 2t + 1 =∫ dx = ∫ 1 −  dx
2 + sin 2 x  2 + sin 2 x 
∴ From (i),
= x − I1 (say) ….(i)
1  t2 − 1  1 t 2 − 2t + 1 2
I= tan −1  + log 2 +c I1 = ∫ dx
2  2t  2 2 t + 2t + 1 2 + sin 2 x
1  tan x − 1  1
= tan −1  Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2x dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt
2  2 tan x  1 + t2
 
2 tan x 2t
1 tan x − 2 tan x + 1 sin 2x = =
+ log +c 1 + tan x 1 + t 2
2
2 2 tan x + 2 tan x + 1
2 1
∴ I1 = ∫ × dt
2t 1 + t2
2+
6. ∫ log( x + 1)dx = ∫ log( x + 1).1dx 1 + t2
x 1
= log(x + 1).x − ∫ x +1 dx =∫ dt
t2 + t + 1
x+1−1 1
= x log(x + 1) − ∫ dx =
x +1 ∫ 2 1 3
dt
t +t+ +
 1  4 4
= x log(x + 1) − ∫ 1−  dx 1
x +1  =
 ∫ 2 2
dt
= x log(x + 1) − x + log(x + 1) + c  1   3
 t +  +  
= (x + 1) log(x + 1) − x + c  2   2 
307


Integrating the given expression by parts, we get t2 t2
π  1 sin 2θ ∴ I1 = ∫1 − 2∫
⋅ 2t dt = dt
=I log tan  + θ  ⋅ sin 2θ− ∫ ⋅ 2sec 2θ dθ
2
t 1− t
4  2 2
1 − t 2 −1
…[From (i)] = −2∫ dt
1− t
1 π
= sin 2θ log tan  + θ  − ∫ tan 2θ dθ  1 
2 4  = − 2 ∫  1+ t −  dt
 1− t 
1 π  1
= sin 2θ log tan  + θ  − log ( sec 2θ ) + c  1 
2 4  2 = − 2 ∫ − 1− t  dt
1 − t 
3x − 4 
14. Let  = t = 2
1 t2 
log (1− t ) − t −  + c1
 3x + 4 
 −1 2
⇒
( 3x − 4 ) + ( 3x + 4 ) = t +1 1
( 3x − 4 ) − ( 3x + 4 ) t −1 
(
= − 2 log 1− x + x + x  + c1
2 
)
6x t + 1 4  t +1 ∴ From (i),
⇒ = ⇒x= −  
−8 t − 2 3  t −1  1 1 
4t + 4
( )
I = x log 1− x − ⋅ 2 log 1− x + x + x  + c
2  2 

( )
⇒ x + 2 =− +2
3t − 3 1
− 4t − 4+6t − 6 2t − 10
(
= ( x − 1) log 1− x − x − x + c ) 2
= =
3t − 3 3t − 3
x3 1
 3x − 4 
16. P(x) = ∫x 3
dx, Q(x) = ∫ 3 2 dx
Given, f  − x2 x −x
= x+ 2
 3x + 4  x3 + 1
∴ P(x) + Q(x) = ∫x 3
dx
2t − 10 2  t − 5  − x2
∴ f(t) = =  
3t − 3 3  t − 1  x3 − x 2 + x 2 + 1
= ∫ dx
x3 − x 2
2 t −1− 4 2 4  2 8
=  = 1 − = −  x2 + 1 
3 t −1  3 t − 1  3 3 ( t − 1) = ∫ 1 +  dx
 x2 − x2 
2 8
∴ f(x) = − =x+I ….(i)
3 3 ( x − 1) 2
x +1
 2 I= ∫ x ( x − 1) dx
8  2
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫  3 − 3( x − 1)  dx
  x2 + 1 A B C
Put = + +
=
2 8
x − log|x − 1| + c x ( x − 1) x − 1 x x 2
2
3 3
∴ x2 + 1 = Ax 2 + Bx( x −1) + C( x − 1) …(ii)
15. Let I = ∫ log 1 − x dx ( ) Putting x = 0 in (ii), C = −1
Putting x = 1 in (ii), A = 2
= ∫ log 1 − ( x ) dx (1)dx Putting x = −1 in (ii), B = −1
d  2 1 1 
(
= log 1 − x ∫1dx − ∫  ) d
 x
(
log 1− x ) ∫1dx  dx ∴ I = ∫ − − 2  dx
 x −1 x x 
1  1  1
(
= log 1 − x ⋅ x − ∫ ) −  x dx
1− x  2 x 
= 2 log|x − 1| − log|x| +
x
∴ From (i),
1 x
= x log 1− x + ( ) 2 ∫1 − x
dx
P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x − 1| − log|x| +
1
+c
x
1
= x log 1 − x + ( ) 2
I1 ….(i) ∴ (P + Q) (2) = P(2) + Q(2)
1
= 2 + 2 log 1 − log 2 + +c
x 2
Now, I1 = ∫ 1− dx
x 5 5 5
∴ = − log 2 + c ….  ( P + Q )( 2 ) =


Put x = t , 2 2 2  2
∴ dx = 2t dt ∴ c = log 2
309


1
∴ P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x − 1| − log |x| + =−
1
log
1 1
+ +
1
+
1 1
+ +c
x
5 x −1 5 ( x − 1)
2
5 ( x − 1) 5
+ log 2
1 1 1 1 x2 + 4
∴ P(3) + Q(3) = 3 + 2 log 2 − log 3 + + log 2 = − log + + +c
3
5 ( x − 1)
2
5 x −1 5
10 8
= + log
3 3 1+ x cos x
19. Let I = ∫ dx
17. Let I = ∫
2a sin x + bsin 2 x
(b + a cos x)3
dx {
x 1 − ( xe sin x )
2
}
esin x (1+ x cos x )
(a + bcos x) =∫ dx
= 2∫
(b + a cos x)3
⋅ sin x dx
{
x esin x 1 − ( xesin x )
2
}
Put b + a cos x = t Put xe = t sin x
∴ − a sin x dx = dt ∴ [xesin x cos x + esin x(1)] dx = dt

1 ∴ esin x (1 + x cos x) dx = dt
∴ sin x dx = − dt
a 1 1
t − b
a + b
∴ I= ∫ t (1 − t ) dt = ∫ t (1 − t )(1 + t ) dt
2

∴ I = 2∫  a   − 1  dt
  1 A B C
t3  a Put = + +
t (1 − t )(1 + t ) t 1 − t 1 + t
2 a 2 + bt − b 2
= −
a∫
dt
at 3 ∴ 1 = A(1 − t) (1 + t) + Bt(1 + t) + Ct(1 − t) …(i)
2 Putting t = 0 in (i), we get
= − 2 ∫ ( a 2 − b 2 ) t −3 + bt −2  dt A=1
a
2  a 2 − b2 b
=− 2  + +c 1
a  −2t 2
−t  B=
2
1 a 2 − b 2 2b
= ⋅ + 2 +c Putting t = −1 in (i), we get
a2 t2 a t 1
C=−
1 2
18. Let I = ∫ ( x − 1) dx
x2 + 4  1 1 
1 2 
1 1 ∴ I = ∫ + − 2  dt
Put x − 1 = , ∴ dx = − dt  t 1− t 1+ t 
t t2
 
1  1
∴ I= ∫  − 2  dt 1 1
= log|t| − log|1 − t| − log|1 + t| + c
1 1 
2
 t  2 2
 + 1 + 4
t t  1 t2 1 x 2e 2 sin x
= log
= +c log +c
1 1 2 1− t 2
2 1− x 2e 2 sin x
= −∫   dt
1 2 t
2
+ + 1+ 4 25 27
t t 20 Let I = ∫ sec 13 x cosec 13 x dx
1
= −∫ dt −
25
−
27
1 + 2t + 5t 2 = ∫ cos 13
x sin 13
x dx
1 1 25 27 52
= −
5∫
dt Now − − =
− =−4
2 2 1 13 13 13
t + +
5 5 Multiplying and dividing by cos4x, we get
25 27
1 1 − −
= − I = ∫ cos 4 x cos
5∫
dt 13
x sin 13
x sec 4 x dx
2 1 4
t2 + t + + 27
5 25 25 x (1+ tan 2 x ) sec 2 x dx
−
= ∫ tan 13
1 1
= − sec2x dx = dt
5∫
dt Put tan x = t, ∴
2 2
 1 2 27
t+  +   (1+ t ) dt
−
 5 5 ∴ I = ∫t 13 2
1 1 2t 1  −
27
−
1

= − log t + + t 2 + + + c = ∫  t 13
+t 13
 dt
5 5 5 5 
310


13 −14 13 12 1  1
= − t 13 + t 13 + c ∴ I =∫  − 2  dt
14 12  1 1  t 
 1 +  1 −
13 14
13 12
 t2  t2
= − ( tan x ) 13 + ( tan x )13 + c
−
14 12
tdt
=− ∫
21. Let I = ∫x+
1
dx ( t 2 + 1) t 2 − 1
x2 − x + 1
Put t2 − 1 = m2
Put x + x − x +1 = t
2
∴ 2t dt = 2m dm,
∴ x − x +1 = t − x
2
∴ t dt = m dm
∴ x2 − x + 1 = t2 − 2tx + x2
t −12 mdm
∴ x= ∴ I =− ∫
2t − 1 ( m2 + 2) m2
dx ( 2t − 1) ⋅ 2t − ( t −1) ⋅ 2
2
1
∴ = = −∫ dm
( 2t − 1) ( 2)
2
dt m +2
2
2t 2 − 2t + 2
∴ dx = dt 1  m 
( 2t − 1)
2
= − tan −1  +c
2  2
1 2t 2 − 2t + 2
∴ I =∫ × dt  t2 − 1 
( 2t − 1)
2
t 1
= − tan −1  +c
2  2 
t2 − t + 1 
= 2∫ dt
t ( 2t − 1)
2
 1 
 −1
t2 − t + 1
A B C 1 x 2
Put =+ + = − tan −1  +c
t ( 2t − 1) 2t − 1 ( 2t −1)2
2
t 2  2 
 
∴ t2 − t + 1 = A(2t − 1)2 + Bt(2t − 1) + Ct …(i)  
Putting t = 0 in (i), we get  1− x 2 
1
A=1 = − tan −1  +c
2  2x 
1  
Putting t = in (i), we get
2
1 π  1− x 2 
C=
3 = −  − cot −1   + c
2 2  2x 
2   
1=A+B+C 1 π  2x 
= −  − tan −1   + c
2 2  
3 3  
2
⇒B=1–1– ⇒B=−   1− x
2 2
1  2x  π
1 3 3 1  = tan −1  − +c
∴ I = 2∫  − + ⋅  2  1− x 2  2 2
t
 2 ( 2t − 1) 2 ( 2t − 1) 
2
 
3 3 1
= 2 log t − log(2t − 1) − ⋅ +c x2 − 1
2 2 2t − 1 23. Let I = ∫ dx
x3 2 x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1
3 1 3 
= 2 log t − log(2t − 1) −   + c, Dividing Nr and Dr by x5, we get
2 2  2t − 1 
1 1
where t = x + x 2 − x + 1  3 − 5
I=∫ x x 
dx
and 2t − 1 = 2x − 1 + 2 x 2 − x + 1 2 1
3 1 2− 2 − 4
∴ P = 2, Q = − ,R=− x x
2 2
2 1  4 4
1 Put 2 − + = t ⇒  3 − 5  dx =dt
22. Let I = dx x2 x4 x x 
∫ (1 + x ) 2
1 − x2
1 dt 1
I=
4∫ t 2
1 ∴ = t+c
Put x = ,
t
1 1 2 1
∴ dx = − 2 dt = 2− 2 + 4 + c
t 2 x x
311

24.
log x
∫ ( x + 1) 2
dx = ∫ log x ⋅ ( x + 1)
−2
dx 27. Let I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x dx )
 sin x cos x 
( x + 1) −1 1 ( x + 1) −1 = ∫  +  dx
= log x ⋅ −∫ ⋅ dx  cos x sin x 
−1 x −1
sin x + cos x
log x  1  = ∫ dx
=− + ∫  dx sin x cos x
x +1  x( x +1)  2 ( sin x + cos x )
= ∫ dx
log x  1  2sin x cos x
=−
( x + 1) ∫  x( x + 1) 
+   dx
sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
log x 1 1  1−1+ 2sin x cos x
= −
( x + 1) ∫  x ( x + 1) 
+  −  dx
sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
log x 1− (1− 2sin x cos x )
= − + log |x| − log |x + 1| + c
( x + 1) sin x + cos x
= 2∫ dx
1− ( sin x − 2sin x cos x+ cos 2 x )
2
25. In = ∫ sin x dx n
1
= ∫ sin n −1 x ⋅ sin x dx = 2∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx
1− ( sin x − cos x )
2
d
= ∫ sin n −1 x ∫ sin x dx − ∫  ( 
sin n −1 x ) ∫ sin x dx  dx Put sin x − cos x = t
 dx  ∴ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
= sin n −1 x ( − cos x ) − ∫ ( n −1) sin n − 2 x cos x ( − cos x ) dx 1
∴ I = 2∫ dt
1− t 2
= − sin n −1
x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n −2 2
x cos x dx
= 2 sin −1 ( t ) + c
= − sin n −1 x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n − 2 x (1− sin 2 x ) dx −1
= 2 sin (sin x − cos x) + c
= − sin n −1
x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ ( sin n −2
x − sin x ) dx
n
= − sin n −1 x cos x + ( n −1) ∫ sin n − 2 x dx − ( n −1) ∫ sin n x dx

∴ In = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) In−2 − (n − 1) In
∴ In + (n − 1)In − (n − 1)In −2 = − sinn −1 x cos x
∴ nIn − (n − 1) In −2 = − sinn−1x cos x
x −1
26. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1) dx
x3 + x 2 + x
x2 − 1
=∫ dx
( x + 1) 2 x3 + x 2 + x
x2 − 1
= ∫ (x 2
dx
+ 2 x +1) x3 + x 2 + x
1
2
1−
= ∫ x dx
 1  1
 x + + 2  x + +1
 x  x
1
Put x + +1= t2
x
 1 
∴ 1− 2  dx = 2t dt
 x 
2t 1 −1
∴ I = ∫ (t dt = 2 ∫ dt = 2 tan t + c
2
+1) t 2 t 2 +1
 1 
= 2 tan−1  x + +1  + c
x  
312
04 Definite Integration
Hints
11. Put t = – ⇒ dt = 2 dx
e
x x
1 −1
1. ∫ x dx = [log x]
e
1 = loge e – log 1 = 1 When x = 1, t = −1 and when x = 2, t =
1 2
2 1 −1/ 2
3 1 −
2. ∴ ∫x e x dx = ∫ e t dt = [e t ]−−11/ 2
∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) dx
1
1
2
−1
−1
3 e −1
= ∫ ( x3 − 6 x 2 +11x − 6) dx = e 2 − e−1 =
e
1
 x 4 6 x3 11x 2 
3
1
= − + − 6x = 0 12. Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt
x
4 3 2 1
When x = 1, t = 0 and when x = 2, t = log 2
1 2 log 2
1
 −(1 − x)10  1 cos(log x)
3. ∴ ∫1 x dx = ∫ cos t dt
∫ (1 − x) dx =   =
9
0  10 0 10 0
= [sin t ]0
log2
1 1
= sin (log 2)
log x 2
4. ∫ e dx = ∫ e
2log x
dx
3
0 0
1 π π π
1 13. ∫ 1+ x dx = [tan −1 x] 13 = – =
1
 x3  1 2
3 4 12
= ∫ x dx =   =
2 1
0  3 0 3
1
π 14. Put tan–1 x = t ⇒ dx = dt
π /3 1 + x2
 sin 3x  3
5. ∫ cos 3x dx =  3  =0 π
0  0 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t =
4
 π π
π/ 2 π π
6. ∫π / 4 cosec 2
x dx = [ − cot x ] π = –  cot
2 − cot  = 1 1
tan −1 x
π/ 4
 t2  4 π2
4  2 4 ∴ ∫0 1 + x 2 dx = ∫0
t dt =   =
 2 0 32
2π
7. ∫ (sinx + cosx) dx = [−cos x + sin x]02π = 0 1
dx
1
dx
0 15. ∫x 2
= ∫ ( x − 1) 2
0 − 2x + 2 0 +1
1 π /8
1 1 π
1 1
8. ∫ sec
2
2xdx = [tan2 x] = (1) =
8
0
=  tan −1 ( x − 1)  0
2 0
4 4 4
 π π
= 0 −−  =
π/ 4
1 π
 4 4
9. ∫ cosec 2xdx = [log tan x] 4
π
π/6
2 6
2
1  π π 1 16. ∫ log xdx = [xlog x – x]12
= log tan 4 − log tan 6  = 2 log 3
2   1
= 2log 2 – 2 + 1
1 4
10. Put 1 + log x = t ⇒ dx = dt = log 4 – 1 = log4 – log e = log  
x e  
When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = e, t = 2
2 2
1 x 
2
e
1 + log x
2
 t2  3 x1 1  e2
∴ ∫1 x dx = ∫1 t dt =   = 17. ∫1  x x 2 
e  −  dx = e
x  = –e
 2 1 2  1 2
313


π π π
4
cos 2 2 x
2 4
124. Let I = ∫ dx …(i) ∴ I = 2λ ∫ sin x dx + 0 + 2γ ∫1 dx
π 1 + 25
x
− 0 0
2
π π
π = 2λ [ − cos x ] + 2γ [ x ] 4 4
cos 2 ( −2 x )
2 0 0
= ∫ dx …(ii)  1  π 
π 1 + 25
−x
= 2λ  − + 1 + 2γ  − 0  ,
−
2  2  4 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get which is independent of µ
π
2
 cos 2 ( −2 x ) cos 2 2 x 
π
2I = ∫  +  dx 127. ∫ (cosax − sin bx) dx
2
π 1 + 25 −x
1 + 25 x 
− −π
2
π
π
= ∫ ( cos ax + sin bx − 2 cos ax sin bx )dx
2 2
2
 1 + 25  x
⇒ 2I = ∫π cos 2 x  1 + 25x  dx
2
−π
− π π
2
π = ∫ ( cos2 ax + sin 2 bx ) dx − 2 ∫ cosax sin bx dx

2 −π −π
⇒ 2I = 2∫ cos 2 2x dx π
= 2 ∫ ( cos ax + sin bx ) dx − 0
0 2 2
..[ cos 2x is an even function]

2
−π
π
 cos ax sin bx is an odd function and 
2
1 + cos 4 x ...  
⇒I= ∫0 2 dx 2 2
 (cos ax + sin bx) is an even function 
π
1 + cos 2ax 1 − cos 2bx 
= 2  ∫
π
1 sin 4 x  2 +  dx
= x+ 2 2 
2  4  0 0
π
=
1  π sin 2π 
 +
2  2 4 

 − ( 0 )

= ∫ ( 2 + cos 2 ax − cos 2 bx ) dx =
0
2π
π
= −π
4 2
128. Let I = ∫ ( x + π) + cos ( x + 3π) dx

3 2
1  x 2015 1  −3 π
125. Let I = ∫−1 e x ( x 2 + cos x ) + e x

  dx
2
  Put x + π = t ⇒ dx = dt
π
x 2015 1 2
Here, is an odd function and x + cos 2 ( 2π + t )  dt
e ( x 2 + cos x ) ∴ I = ∫  t
3
x
e
−π
is an even function. 2
1 π π
2 2
∴ I = 0 + 2 ∫ e− x dx = ∫t dt + ∫ cos
3 2
t dt
0
−π −π
1 2 2
= 2  −e− x  0
Here, t3 is an odd function and cos2 t is an even
= 2 (1 − e −1
) function.
π
2
π π
π
∴ I = 0 + 2 ∫ cos 2 t dt = 2 × =
4
μ sin x 4 2
126. Let I = ∫  λ sin x + 
+ γ  dx 0
−π  1 + cos x 
4 π
2
 π+ x 
∫
π π π
4
sin x  4 4 129. Let I =  x 2 + log    cos x dx
= λ ∫ sin x dx + µ ∫   dx + γ ∫ 1 dx −π
 π− x 
−π − π  1 + cos x  −π 2
4 4 4
π π
Here, |sin x| and 1 are even functions and 2 2
π+ x
= ∫x cos x dx +
∫ log  π − x  cos x dx
2
 sin x 
  is an odd function. −π −π
 1 + cos x  2 2
349


π 1
=2
2
∫ x cos x dx + 0
2
∴ I = 42 dx − I ∫
0
0
⇒ 2I = 42 ⇒ I = 21
 π+ x 
 log   cos x is an odd function  1 2 3
… π− x 
 and x 2 cos x is an even function.  132. A(x) = x + 1 2 x + 1 3x + 1
 
π2
x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 1 3x 2 + 1
= 2  x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2sin x  0
Applying C2 → C2 − 2C1, C3 → C3 − 3C1, we get
π 2
 π 2
1 0 0
= 2 − 2 = −4
 4  2 A(x) = x + 1 −1 −2 = 1(2 − 2) − 0 + 0 = 0
x 2 + 1 −1 −2
π π
4 x+ 1
130. ∫π 2 − cos42 x dx ∴ ∫ A( x)dx = 0
0
−
4
π π sin 2 x cos 2 x
4
x π4 dx 133. Let I = ∫ sin −1 t dt + ∫ cos −1 t dt
=∫ dx + ∫
π 2 − cos 2 x 4 π 2 − cos 2x 0 0
−
4
−
4 Putting t = sin2 u in the first integral and
π t = cos2 v in the second integral, we get
π4 dx x x
= 0 + 2. ∫ I = ∫ u sin 2u du − ∫ vsin 2vdv
4 0 2 − cos 2 x
0 π
 x  2
 2 − cos 2 x is an odd function  π

x x
...   2
and 1 = ∫ u sin 2udu + ∫ u sin 2u du − ∫ vsin 2vdv

is an even function 
 2 − cos 2 x  0 π π
2 2
π π
π4 dx 2
 b b

= ∫ = ∫ u sin 2udu …  ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t)dt 
2 0 2 − cos 2 x 0  a a 
1
π 1 dt π
= ….[Put tanx = t]
2 ∫0
.  − u cos 2u  1
π/ 2 2
 1 − t2  1 + t2 = 
2− 2  2  + 2 ∫ cos 2u du
 0
1+ t  0
π/ 2
 −u cos 2u  1 π
 + 4 [sin 2u ]0 =
1 π/ 2
π dt π 1 = 
( )
1
= ∫ = .  tan −1 3t   2 0 4
2 0 1 + 3t 2 2 3 0
π  −1
( 3 ) − 0
π π
= tan 4
sin x cos x 1 4 sin 2 x
2 3 134. N = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2
0 ( x + 1) 2 0 ( x + 1) 2
π
π π2
= . =
2 3 3 6 3  π π
4

1   1  4 2cos 2 x 
=  sin 2 x  −  + ∫ d x 
131. p′(x) = p′(1 − x) 2   x + 1   0 0 ( x + 1) 

 
Integrating on both sides, we get
π
p(x) = − p(1 − x) + c …(i) 2 4
cos 2 x −2
∴ p(0) = −p(1 − 0) + c = − +∫ dx = + I2
π + 4 0 x +1 π+4
⇒ 1 = −41 + c ⇒ c = 42
dt
∴ p (x) + p (1 − x) = 42 …(ii)[From (i)] In I2, put 2x = t ⇒ dx =
2
1
π π
Let I = ∫ p( x)dx 2 2
cos t cos x
0 ∴ I2 = ∫ dt = ∫ x + 2 dx = M
1
 a a
 0 t+2 0
= ∫ p(1 − x)dx …  ∫ f ( x=
)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx  2
0  0 0 ∴ N= − +M
1
π+4
= ∫ [42 − p( x)]dx …[From (ii)] 2
∴ M−N=
0 π+4
350


π
1 
a a
2
∫
2 2
135. Let I = f ( x)dx 136. lim  ∫ esin t dt − ∫ esin t dt 
π −π x →0 x
 y x+ y 
1 
a x+ y
2 sin 2 t
 9x   9x  = lim  ∫ esin t dt +
2
π sin   4
π sin   x →0 x  y ∫e dt 

2
  dx =  2  dx
∫ ∫
a
=
π −π x π0 x x+ y
sin   sin   sin 2 t
2 2 ∫e dt
= lim y
…[ f(x) is an even function] x →0 x

sin 2 ( x + y ) 2y
e × 1 − esin ×0
x
= lim
Put = θ ⇒ dx = 2dθ
x →0 1
2 …[By L′Hospital Rule]
sin 2 y
π = e
2
8 sin 9θ
∴ I= ∫
π 0 sin θ
dθ
x +1
− t2
137. f(x) = ∫e dt
π ( sin 9θ − sin 7θ ) + ( sin 7θ − sin 5θ ) x
+ ( sin 5θ − sin 3θ ) + ( sin 3θ − sin θ ) + sin θ (e − 1)

2 2 2 2
8 ∴ f ′(x) = e−( x+1) – e− x = e− x −2 x −1
∫
π0 sin θ
dθ
If f(x) is decreasing, then f ′(x) < 0
π
⇒ e–2x – 1 < 1
8
2 ⇒ 1 < e2x + 1
=
π0 ∫
( 2cos 8θ + 2cos 6θ + 2cos 4θ + 2cos 2θ + 1) dθ ⇒ log 1 < 2x + 1
⇒ 0 < 2x + 1
8 π −1
= × =4 ⇒ <x
π 2 2
1
⇒ x∈  − , ∞ 
 2 
Evaluation Test
1. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c 1

2A
∴ f ′(x) = 2ax + b
2. ∫ f ( x)dx =
0
π
f ′′(x) = 2a 1
2A
  πx  
f(0) = c = 3 ⇒ ∫ Asin  2  + B dx =
0
π
f ′(0) = b = –7 1
 2A  πx   2A
f ′′(0) = 2a = 8 ⇒ − cos   + Bx  =
 π  2  0 π
∴ a=4 2A 2A
⇒ +B= ⇒ B = 0
∴ f(x) = 4x2 – 7x + 3 π π
πx
Now, f(x) = A sin   + B
2 2
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ (4 x
2
− 7 x + 3)dx
1 1
 2 
πx  π
 4 x3 7 x2 
2
⇒ f ′(x) = A cos  .
=  − + 3x   2  2
 3 2 1 1 πA 1
⇒ f ′   = .
32 4 7  2
  2 2
= − 14 + 6 −  − + 3 
3  3 2  πA 4
⇒ 2= ⇒A=
32 − 42 + 18  8 − 21 + 18  2 2 π
= − 
3  6  1
8log(1 + x)
3. Let I = ∫ dx
8 5 16 − 5 11 1 + x2
= − = = 0
3 6 6 6 Put x = tan t ⇒ dx = sec2 t dt
351


π ∞
x log x
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 6. Let I =
4 ∫ (1 + x )
0
2 2
dx
π π 1 ∞
4 4 x log x x log x
log(1 + tan t) = ∫0 (1 + x 2 )2 dx + ∫1 (1 + x 2 )2 dx
∴ I=8∫ ⋅ sec 2
t dt = 8 ∫0 log(1 + tan t)dt
0 1 + tan 2 t
π
= I1 + I2 (Say) …(i)
∞
4
 π  x log x
= 8 ∫ log 1 + tan  − t   dt I2 = ∫ (1 + x ) 2 2
dx
0 4    1
1
 a a
 Put x =
… ∫ f ( x=
)dx ∫0 f (a − x)dx  y
 0
1
π π ∴ dx = − dy
4 4
y2
 1 − tan t   2 
= 8 ∫ log 1 +  dt = 8 ∫ log   dt When x = 1, y = 1 and when x → ∞, y → 0
0  1 + tan t  0  1 + tan t 
1 1
π 0
log  
y  y   − 1  dy
4
∴ I2 = ∫ 2  2 
= 8 ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan t)]dt 1  1   y 
0 1 + 2 
 y 
π
0
4
y log y  1 
∴ I = 8 ∫ (log 2)dt − I = ∫ 2 2
dy …  log   = − log y 
0 1 (1 + y )  y
  
1
2I = 8log 2 [ t ]0 y log y
π/ 4
∴ = −∫ dy
(1 + y 2 )2
∴ I = π log 2 0
1
x log x
= −∫ dx
5 1 2 3
0 (1 + x 2 )2
4. ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
0 0 1 2 ∴ I2 = − I1
4 5 ∴ From (i), I = I1 + I2 = 0
+ ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx n
3 4
7. ∫ [ x]dx
2 3 4 5 0
= 0 + ∫12 dx + ∫ 22 dx + ∫ 32 dx + ∫ 42 dx 1 2 3 n
1 2 3 4 = ∫ [ x]dx + ∫ [ x]dx + ∫ [ x]dx +… + ∫ [ x]dx
= 1(2 − 1) + 4(3 − 2) + 9(4 − 3) + 16(5 − 4) 0
1 2
1
3
2
n
n −1
= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 = ∫ 0dx + ∫1dx + ∫ 2dx +… + ∫ (n − 1)dx

0 1 2 n −1
= 0 + [ x ]1 + 2[ x ]2 + … + (n − 1) [ x ]n −1
3 2 3 n
1
5. Let I = ∫0 1 + 2f ( x ) dx …(i)
= (2 – 1) + 2(3 – 2) + … + (n − 1)(n − n + 1)
3
1  a a
 = 1 + 2(1) + … + (n − 1)(1)
= ∫1+ 2 f (3 − x )
dx … ∫ f ( x=
)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx  = 1 + 2 + … + (n − 1)
0  0 0
(n − 1)n n(n − 1)
3
= =
1 2 2
= ∫ −f ( x)
dx …[ f(x) + f(3 − x) = 0 (given)]
1 + 2 π/ 2
0
sin 2 x π
3 f ( x)
8. I1 = ∫ sin dx =
2 2
x 2
∴ I= ∫2 f ( x)
dx …(ii) 0
0 +1 π/ 2
sin 2 2 x
π/ 2
(2sin x cos x) 2
I2 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 0 sin 2 x 0 sin 2 x
3 3 f ( x) π/ 2
1 2 π
2I = ∫0 1 + 2f ( x ) dx + ∫2 f ( x)
dx = ∫ 4cos
2
x dx = 4 × =π
0 +1 0 4
π/ 2
3
1+ 2 f ( x) 3 sin 2 3x
= dx = ∫1dx = 3 I3 = ∫ dx
∫1+ 2
0
f ( x)
0 0 sin 2 x
π/ 2
3 (3sin x − 4sin 3 x) 2
∴ I= = ∫ dx
2 0 sin 2 x
352


π/ 2 1
= ∫ (9 − 24sin 2 x +16sin 4 x)dx = 2∫ t 3f (t)dt
0 0
9π π 3.1 π 3π 1
= − 24. + 16. . = = 2∫ x3f ( x)dx
2 4 4.2 2 2 0
π 3π
∴ I1+I3 = + = 2π = 2I 2  1

2 2 = 2α …  ∫ x3f ( x)dx = α 
∴ I1, I2, I3 are in A.P.  0 
β 1
1 11. f(m, n) = ∫ (log x) m x n −1dx
9. Let I = ∫ dx
α ( x − α)(β − x) 0
2 2
Put x = α sin t + β cos t d
1
= (log x) m ∫ x n −1dx  − ∫  (log x) m ∫ x n −1dx  dx
1
∴ dx = (α.2 sin t cos t + β.2 cos t (− sin t))dt 0

0  dx 
= 2 (α − β) sin t cos t dt 1 1
 x  n
m −1 1 x
n
When x = α, α = α sin2 t + β(1 − sin2 t) = (log x) m ⋅  − ∫ m(log x) ⋅ ⋅ dx
 n 0 0 x n
α = β + (α − β) sin2 t
1
π m
=0−0− …[ log 1 = 0]
n ∫0
∴ sint = 1, ∴ t= (log x) m −1 ⋅ x n −1dx
2
When x = β, m
β = α(1 − cos2 t) + β cos2 t =− f(m − 1, n)
n
= α + (β − α)cos2 t
x
∴ cos t = 1, t = 0 12. φ(x) =
(x − α) (β − x) = (α sin2 t + β cos2 t − α)
∫ (4sin t + 3cos t)dt
7π
(β − α sin2 t – β cos2 t) 6
= [β cos t − α(1 −sin2)]

2 ∴ φ′ (x) = 4 sin x + 3 cos x
[β(1 – cos2 t) − α sin2 t]  7 π 4π 
If x ∈  ,  , then x is in the third quadrant.
= (β − α) cos2t (β − α) sin2t 6 3 
Since β > α ∴ sin x and cos x are both negative.
∴ ( x − α)(β − x) = (β − α) sin t cos t ∴ φ′(x) = 4 sin x + 3cos x < 0
7 π 4π
0
(α − β)sin t cos t ∴ φ(x) is decreasing on the interval  , 
∴ I = 2∫ dt 6 3 
π (β − α )sin t cos t
2  7 π 4π 
∴ Minimum (least) value of φ(x) on  , 
0
6 3 
= 2∫ (−1)dt 4 π /3
4π
π
2
is φ   = ∫ (4sin t + 3cos t)dt
π
 3  7π/6
= [ −4cos t + 3sin t ]7 π / 6
2 4 π /3
= 2∫1dt
4π 7 π   4π 7π 
= − 4  cos
0
− cos  + 3  sin − sin 
= 2[ t ]0
π/ 2
 3 6   3 6 
π   1 3  3 1
= 2  − 0 = −4  − +  + 3  − + 
2   2 2   2 2 
=π
=
(
7 1− 3 )
 ex + 1  2
10. Let h(x) = x3f(x) = x3  x 
 e −1  13. If 0 ≤ x < 1, then 0 ≤ x2 < 1, ∴ [x2] = 0
 e +1
−x
3 1+ e 
x
If 1 ≤ x < 2 , then 1 ≤ x2 < 2, ∴ [x2] = 1
∴ h(−x) = (−x)3   = −x  x 
 e −1 
−x
1− e  If 2 ≤ x ≤ 1.5, then 2 ≤ x2 ≤ 2.25, ∴ [x2] = 2
 ex + 1  1.5 1 2 1.5
= x3   ∴ ∫  x  dx = ∫  x  dx + ∫  x  dx + ∫  x
2 2 2 2
 dx
 e −1 
x
0 0 1 2
∴ h(−x) = h(x) 1 2 1.5
∴ h(x) is an even function. = ∫ 0dx + ∫ 1dx + ∫ 2dx
1 1 1 0 1 2
∴ ∫ t f (t)dt = ∫ h(t)dt = 2∫ h(t)dt
3
= 0 + [ x ]1 + [ 2 x ]
2 1.5
−1 −1 0 2
353

= 2 − 1 + 2 (1.5 – 2 ) Put 3 x + 4 = t
= 2 – 1 + 3 −2 2 1
∴ 3. dx = dt
=2− 2 2 x
1 2
1
∴ dx = dt
14. f   + x2f(x) = 0 ….(given) x 3
 x When x = 0, t = 4 and when x = 4, t = 10
1 1 10
1 2 2 1 
10
∴ f(x) = − f  ∴ I= ∫t ⋅ dt = −  
x2  x  4
2
3 3  t 4
sec θ sec θ
1 1
Let I = ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ − 2 f   dx 2 1 1 2 2−5
= −  −  = −  
cos θ cos θ x  x 3  10 4  3  20 
1 1 2 3 1
Put = t , ∴ − 2 dx = dt = −  −  =
x x 3  20  10
When x = cos θ, t = sec θ
and when x = sec θ, t = cos θ f ′( x)
17. f ′( x) =f ( x) ⇒ =1
cos θ sec θ sec θ f ( x)
∴ I= ∫ f (t)dt = − ∫ f (t)dt = − ∫ f ( x)dx = −I Integrating on both sides, we get
sec θ cos θ cos θ
log f ( x) =
x + log c ⇒ f ( x) =
ce x
∴ I +I=0
∴ 2I = 0 ∴ f(0) = c ⇒ c = 1
∴ I=0 ∴ f(x) = ex
Now, f(x) + g(x) = x2
1 n n ⇒ g(x) = x2 − ex
15. lim 1 + + 1 1
n 
n →∞ n +1 n+2
∴ ∫ f ( x)g( x)dx = ∫ e (x
x 2
− e x )dx
n n  0 0
+ + ... +  1 1
n +3 n + 3(n − 1)  = ∫ x 2e x − ∫ e2 x dx
0 0
 
1 1  1
1 1 1  e2 x 
= lim  + + + ... +  =  x 2e x − 2 xe x + 2e x − 
n →∞ n  0 1 2 3(n − 1)   2 0
1 +
 1+ n 1+
n
1+
n n 
  1 3
= e − e2 −
1 3(n −1) 1 2 2
= lim ∑
n →∞ n r
r =0
1+ 2π
x sin 2n x
n 18. Let I = ∫ sin 2n
dx
3 x + cos 2n x
1 0
=∫ dx 2π
(2π − x)sin 2n (2π − x)
1+ x =
0
3
∫ sin
0
2n
(2π − x) + cos 2n (2π − x)
dx
=  2 1 + x  2π
0
sin 2n x
= 2π ∫ dx − I
(
= 2 1+ 3 − 1+ 0 ) 0 sin 2n x + cos 2n x
= 2(2 − 1) = 2(1) = 2 π
sin 2n x
∴ I=π×2 ∫0 sin 2n x + cos2n x dx
4n
n
16. lim ∑  sin 2n x 
( )
n →∞ 2
r =1 r 3 r +4 n  2n 2n
isa periodicf n with period p 
 sin x + cos x 
1 4n
1 1
= lim ∑ ⋅ ⋅
π
( ) sin 2n x
2 2
r =1 n
r 3 r +4 n
n →∞
= 4π ∫ 2n
dx
n 0 sin x + cos 2n x
n
4n
1 1 1  2a a

= lim ∑ ⋅ ⋅  ∫
 f ( x )d x = 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, 
n →∞
r =1 n r  r 
2
… 0 0 
n  n3 + 4 
   if f (2a − x) = f ( x) 
4 π
1 = 4π ×
= ∫ dx 4
( )
2
x 3 x +4
= π2
0
354


π x
4
 bsin x  = f(π) + ∫ sin 6 (u + π)du , where t = u + π
19. ∫−π a | sin x | + 1 + cos x + c  dx = 0 0
x
4
= f(π) + ∫ sin 6 u du
i.e., I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 0
π
x
4
I1 = a ∫ | sin x | dx = f(π) + ∫ sin 6 tdt = f(π) + f(x)
0
−π
4
∴ f(π + x) = f(π) + f(x)
0 π
4

= a  ∫ | sin x | dx + ∫ | sin x | dx 

sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3 x sin 2 x sin 3 x
 −π4 0 
  22. f(x) = 3 + 4sin x 3 4sin x
0 π
4
 1 + sin x sin x 1
= a  ∫ (− sin x)dx + ∫ sin x dx 

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
 −π4 0 
  = 0 3 4sin x (C1 → C1 − C2 − C3)
= a [ cos x ]−π / 4 − [ cos x ]0 
0 π/ 4
0 sin x 1
 
1 1
= sinx (3 − 4 sin2x) = 3sinx − 4 sin3x = sin 3x

= a 1 −
 2
−
2 

+ 1 = a 2− 2 ( ) π
2
π
2
π
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ sin 3x dx
0 0
4
bsin x
I2 = ∫−π 1 + cos x dx 1
= − [ cos3x ]0
π/ 2
4 3
= [ −blog |1 + cos x |]−π / 4
π/ 4 1 3π 
= − cos − cos0 
3 2 
  −π  π
=0 … cos   = cos  1 1
  4  4 = − ( 0 − 1) =
3 3
π
4
π π cπ 23. Since −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ −2 ≤ 2sin x ≤ 2
I3 = c ∫ 1dx = c  +  =
−π 4 4 2 3π 5π
2 6 π
4
∴ I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 becomes ∫=
[2sin x]dx
π
∫ [2sin x]dx + ∫ [2sin x]dx
π 5π
cπ
( )
2 2 6
a 2− 2 + =0 …[ I2 = 0] 7π 3π
2 6 2
∴ The given equation is a relation between a and c. + ∫ [2sin x]dx + ∫ [2sin x]dx
π 7π
6
π
log   5π 7π 3π
( ) ⋅ 2xe
2
x2 x2 6 π 6 2
20. Let I = ∫ cos e dx =
0 ∫ (1)dx + ∫ (0)dx + ∫ (−1)dx + ∫ (−2)dx
π 5π π 7π
x2 x2 2 6 6
Put e = t⇒ 2 xe dx = dt
5π π 7π 3π 7 π
When x = 0, t = e0 = 1 =  −  + 0 −  − π  − 2  − 
 6 2  6   2 6 
π π
When x = log , t = elog π / 2 = 2π π 4π π
2 2 = − − =−
π
6 6 6 2
2
∴ I = ∫ cos tdt = [sin t ]1
π/ 2
24. Applying R1 → R1 − sec x R 3 , we get
1
0 0 sec 2 x + cot x cosec x − cos x
π f ( x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cosec 2 x
= sin − sin 1 = 1 – sin1 2
2 1 cos x cos 2 x
x = (sec2 x + cot x cosec x − cos x) (cos4 x − cos2 x)

21. f(x) = ∫ sin tdt 6
= (sec2 x + cot x cosec x − cos x) (− cos2x sin2 x)
0
= − sin2 x − cos3 x + cos3 x sin2 x
x+π π x+π
f(x + π) = tdt = tdt + = − sin2 x − cos3 x (1 − sin2 x)
∴ ∫ sin ∫ sin ∫ sin
6 6 6
tdt
0 0 π = − sin 2 x − cos5 x
355


π π
2 2
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx =
− ∫ (sin x + cos
2 5
x)dx
0 0
 1 π 4.2  π 8
=− × + =− −
 2 2 5.3.1  4 15
a
1 3 1 
25.
a ∫1  2
 x +1−  dx < 4
x
a
 
1  3 x3/ 2 
∴  . 3 +x − 2 x < 4
a 2 
 2 1
1 
∴ a a − 1 + a − 1 − 2 a + 2  < 4
a
∴ a+ a −2<4
∴ a+ a −6<0
∴ ( a +3 )( )
a −2 < 0
∴ −3 < a < 2
But a cannot be negative and according to the
problem, a ≠ 0
∴ 0< a <2
∴ 0<a<4
356
05 Application of Definite Integration
Hints
Classical Thinking  π 
= −  cos − cos0 
4  2 
 x4 
4
255 = 1 sq. unit
1. Required area = ∫ x3 dx =   = sq. units
1 4
 1 4
2
4 4 7. Required area = ∫ (4 x − x 2 ) dx
1
2. Required area = ∫ y dx = c
1
∫ x dx
1
0
2
 x3 
= 2c log 2 sq. units. = 2 x2 − 
 3 0
4
3. Required area = 3x + 4 dx 8
∫
0
=8–
3

4
16
3  =
 (3x + 4) 2  3
=  
 3 3   π
  
 2   0 2
8. Required area = ∫ (2 x + sin x) dx
2 112
= × 56 = sq.units 0
9 9 π
=  x 2 − cos x  02
4 4
8  8
4. Required area = ∫ 1+ 2  dx =  x −   π2 π

2 x   x 2 = − cos  – (0 – cos 0)
 4 2
= (4 – 2) – (2 – 4)
=2+2=4 π2
= – 0 –(0 – 1)
4
2 2
5. Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ log x dx π2
= +1
1 1 4
= [ x log x − x ]1
2
a a
Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ xe x dx
2
= 2log2 – 1 9.
= (log4 – 1) sq. units 0 0
dt
6. Y Put x2 = t ⇒ xdx =
2
a2
∴ Required area = 1 ∫ et dt
20
1  t a
2
y = sin x = e
2   0
X′ π X 2
ea − 1
O π/2 = sq.units
2
π/ 2
10. Required area = ∫ sin x.dx

2
Y′  1 − cos 2 x 
π/ 2
π/ 2 = ∫   dx
Required area = 2 
∫ sin x dx 0
0 1 1 π
= [ x ]0 – sin 2 x  0 =
π/ 2 π/ 2
= [− cos x]0π / 2 2 4 4
357


2
x2 4
11. Required area = ∫0 4 dx 2 3. Required area = ∫ 2 x dx
x = 4y Y 0 Y
4
x=4
1 3 2  3
= x   x2  4  3 
12   0 = 2   = 4 2 − 0
3 3  
8 x=2   X′ X
=  2 0 O
12 O X
4
2 = (8)
= 3
3 y2 = 4x
32
= Y′
3
Critical Thinking
π /3 π
3
1. Y
4. A1 = ∫ cos x dx = [sin x]
0
3
0
=
2
2
y = 4x π
π /3
A2 = ∫ cos 2 x dx =
[sin x ]03 = 3
y=4 2 4
0
∴ A1 : A2 = 2 : 1
y=1
X′ X 5. xy − 3x − 2y − 10 = 0
O
⇒ y(x – 2) = 3x + 10
Y′ 3x +10
⇒y=
x−2
4 4
3x +10
Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ dx
4
4
y ∴
Required area = ∫ x dy =
1
∫
1 2
dy 3 3 x−2
= [3x +16 log( x − 2)]34

1 2 4
= .  y 3/ 2  = 3 + 16 log 2 sq. units
2 3  1
7 6. According to the given condition,

= sq. units 3
3 − 4 x + k) dx = 20
∫ (3x
2
1
2. Y 3
2 ⇒  x3 − 2 x 2 + kx 1 = 20
x =y−2
⇒ (27 – 18 + 3k) – (1 – 2 + k) = 20
⇒ 9 + 3k +1 – k = 20 ⇒ 2k = 10
y= 6 ⇒k=5
y= 4 7. For X-axis, y = 0
∴ 4 + 3x − x2 = 0
(0, 2) ⇒ (x + 1) (x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x = 4
X′ X 4
125
O ∴ Required area = ∫ (4 + 3x − x ) dx =
2
−1
6
Y′ 8. For Y-axis, x = 0
2 ∴ y2 – y = 0
x =y–2⇒x= y−2
⇒ y(y – 1) = 0
 3 
6
⇒ y = 0 or y = 1
6
 ( y − 2) 2  1 1
required area = y − 2 dy =   y3 y2 
∴ ∫ 3  ∴ Required area = ∫ ( y 2 − y ) dy =  − 
4   0 3 2 0
 2 4
1 1 −1 1
2  32 3
 = – = = sq. units
= 4 − 2 
2 3 2 6 6
3  
9. For X-axis, y = 0
2
=
3
8−2 2 ( ) ∴ 4x – x2 = 0
⇒ x(4 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 4
358

Chapter 05: Application of Definite Integration

4 π
Required area = ∫ (4 x − x 2 ) dx 2
8a 3 sin 6 θ.4a sin θ cos θ
0
∴ Required area = ∫ dθ
0 2a − 2a sin 2 θ
4
 x3 
= 2 x2 −  π
 3 0 2
2a.sin 3 θ.4a sin θ cos θ
= ∫0 dθ
cos θ
64
= 32 –
3 π
2
3.1 π 3πa 2
32 = 8a ∫ sin 4 θ dθ = 8a2.
2
. =
= sq. units 4.2 2 2
3 0
10. According to the given condition, 13. Y x =1 x=4

b
y2 = 2x
∫ f ( x)dx =
1
(b − 1)sin(3b + 4)
Differentiating w.r.t. b, we get O X

f(b).1 = 3(b − 1) cos(3b + 4) + sin(3b + 4)
∴ f(x) = 3(x − 1) cos(3x + 4) + sin(3x + 4)
a
 8 Since, the curve is symmetrical about X-axis.
11. A1 = ∫ 1 + 2  dx Y
x
2  4
∴ Required area = 2∫ y dx
 8
a
8
= x −  y=1+ 1
 x 2
x2 4 1
(2, 3)
= 2∫ 2 x 2 dx
=a−
8
a
+2 ( ) 4,
3
2
1
A1 A2 28 2
X = sq. units
O (2,0) (a,0) (4,0) 3
4

4
8  8 8 14. Y x=2
A2 = ∫ 1 + 2  dx = x −  =2−a+
a x   x a a
8 8
a− +2=2−a+
a a X X
O (2, 0)
16
⇒ 2a = ⇒ a2 = 8
a
y2 = 8x
⇒a=2 2 …[ a > 0]
Y′
12. Since the curve is symmetrical about X-axis.
Y y2(2a−x) = x3
2
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ y dx
0
2 2
= 2 ∫ 8 x dx = 4 2 ∫ x dx
x = 2a 0 0
2
 
X′ X  x 3/ 2 
O = 4 2
3 
Y′  
 2 0
8 2
( )
2a 2a
x3 = 2 2
2a − x 3
0 0
32
Put x = 2a sin2 θ = sq. units
3
⇒ dx = 4a sinθ cosθ dθ
359


π π
6 ∴ I = 2∫ e tsin  t + π  dt
62. ∫ (2 + 3x ) cos3x dx
2
0 4
0 π
 et  π 1 
π
π
=2  sin  t + − tan −1  
sin 3 x  6
sin 3 x  1+1  4 1 0
= ( 2 + 3x 2 ) .
6

 − 3 0
∫ 6x . 3
dx
0  eax  b 
 ∫ e sin bx dx
ax
π = sin  bx – tan −1  + c 
π
 a +b 2
 2 a 
2 π2  2 x cos 3 x  2 6
6
= + +  − 3 ∫ cos 3 x dx 2 t
3 36  3 0 0 = e sint 
π
2 0
2 π2 2
+ 0 − [sin 3x ]0
π6
= + 2
3 36 9 = [0] = 0
2
2 π2 2 1
= + − = (π2 + 16)
3 36 9 36 e
ex e
1 
66. ∫1 x (1 + xlog x) dx = ∫e
x
e  + log x  dx
 1 1  x 
63. ∫2  log x − (log x)2  dx 1
e e
= e x . log x 1 = ee
1 1
=∫ dx − ∫ dx
( x)
2
2 log x 2 log π/2
e
67. ∫e
x
(log sinx + cot x) dx
 x   e
x  e
1 π/4
=  − ∫ − 2
dx − ∫ dx
 2 2  x ( log x )  2 ( log x )
2 π
 log x
= [e x log sin x] π2
e 4
 x  2
=  = e− π
π π
π 1 π
 log x  2 log 2 = e log sin – e 4 log sin
2
= e 4 log2
2 4 2
∴ α = e, β = − 2
1 1
1
 x e x ( x − 1) e x ( x +1 − 2)
64. ∫0 x log 1+ 2  dx 68. ∫0 ( x +1)3 dx = ∫0 ( x +1)3 dx
  1
 1 −2 
  x  x2 
1 1
 1 1 x2  = ∫ ex  2
+ 3
dx
= log 1 +  .  − ∫  . .  dx 0  (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 
  2  2  0 0 1 + x 2 2 
1
 2   ex  e
=  2
= −1
 (1 + x )  0 4
1
1 3 1 x2
= log − ∫0 x + 2 dx
2 2 2
1 1 x3
1
1
3 1  2x  69. φ(x) = = – 4
= log − ∫  x −  dx x( x 4 + 1) x x +1
2 2 2 0 x + 2
2
2
1 x3 
∴ ∫ φ (x) dx = ∫  x − x  dx
1 1
1 3 1  x2  x 4
= log −   + ∫0 x + 2 dx 1 1 +1
2 2 2  2 0 2
1 
= [ log x ]1 −  log( x 4 + 1) 
1 2
1 3 1  2 
= log − + ∫0 1 − x + 2  dx 4 1
2 2 4
1 32
1 3 1 1 = log
= log − +  x − 2log ( x + 2 )  0 4 17
2 2 4
1 3 1 70. Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
= log − + 1 − 2 log 3 + 2 log 2
2 2 4 π
3 3 2 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
= + log 2
4 2 3 π/2
cos x
1
dt
∴
3
a= ,b=
3 ∴ ∫ (1+ sin x)(2 + sin x) dx = ∫ (1 + t)(2 + t)
0 0
4 2
1
1 1 
2π x
x π = ∫  −  dt
65. Let I = ∫0 .sin  2 + 4  dx
e 2
01+ t 2 + t
 
x
= [log(1+ t) − log(2 + t)]10
Put = t
2 2 1 4
= log   – log   = log  
⇒ dx = 2dt 3  2 3    
321


71. Put 1 + tanx = t ⇒ sec2 xdx = dt  1 1 
π  10 0
10 
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = , t = 2 = ∫ +  dt
4 − 1  5 − 4t 5 + 4t 
π/ 4  
sec 2 x
∴ ∫ dx 1 −1 1 
0
(1+ tan x)(2 + tan x) = log ( 5 − 4t ) + log ( 5 + 4t ) 
10  4
0
2 2 2
4  −1
dt dt dt
= ∫1 t(1 + t) = ∫1 t – ∫1+ t 1
1 = ( log 9 − log 1)
40
= [log t − log(1+ t)]12 1
= log 3
4 20
= loge 2 – loge3 + loge2 = loge  
3 tan x
t
cot x
dt
74. ∫ dt + ∫
π/ 4 1+ t 2 t(1+ t 2 )
sec x 1 1
72. Let I = ∫ 1 + 2sin x dx 2
e e
tan x cos x
0
1 2t 1 t 
π/ 4 = ∫ dt + ∫  − 2 
dt
cos x 2 1+ t 2  t 1+ t 
= ∫ dx 1 1
0 cos 2 x(1+ 2sin 2 x) e e

cos x
1  1 
log (1 + t 2 )  + log t − log (1 + t 2 ) 
π/ 4 tan x
cos x =
= ∫
0 (1 − sin x)(1+ 2sin 2 x)
2 dx 2  1e
 2 1 e
1   1 
Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt = log ( sec x ) − log 1 + e 2   + log ( cot x )
2
1/ 2
2   
1
∴ I= ∫ dt 1 1   1 
(1 − t 2 )(1 + 2t 2 ) − log   − log ( cosec x ) − log 1 + e 2  
2
0
1/ 2
e 2   
1  1 2 
= ∫ +  dt 1
3 
 1 − t 2
1 + 2t 2  = − log   =
log e =
1
0
e
1
1 1 1+ t  2  2
( )
4 2 4
= log  + tan −1 2t  75.

3  2.1  1 − t  2 0 ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ (4 x + 3) dx + ∫ (3x + 5) dx
1 1 2
1 1  2 +1  4
=  log 
−1
 + 2 tan 1
2  3x 2 
3 =  2 x 2 + 3x 1 +  + 5 x  = 37
 2  2 −1    2 2
1 1 π 3 3
= 2
 2 log( 2 + 1) + 2. 4  76. ∫ (3ax ∫ (3ax
2 2
3   + 2bx + c)d=
x + 2bx + c) dx
0 1
1  π 
= log( 2 + 1) + 2 2 
1 3
3   ⇒ ∫ 0
(3ax 2 + 2bx + c)dx + (3ax 2 + 2bx + c) dx
∫
1
π
4 3
sin x + cos x
73. Let I = ∫ dx
∫ (3ax
2
= + 2bx + c) dx
0 9 +16 sin 2 x
1
π 1
∫ (3ax
4
sin x + cos x ⇒ 2
+ 2bx + c) dx = 0
= ∫ 9 +16 1 − ( sin x − cos x ) dx
0
2
 0
  1
Put sin x − cos x = t  3ax3 2bx 2 
⇒  + + cx  = 0 ⇒ a + b + c = 0
⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt  3 2 0
π 2 0 2
When x = 0, t = −1 and when x = ,t=0
4 77. ∫ | x |dx = ∫ ( − x ) dx + ∫ x dx
−1 −1 0
0
dt
∴ I= ∫−1 9 +16 (1 − t 2 ) x   x2 
2 0 2
= –  +  
0
 2  −1  2  0
1
= ∫ 25 − 16t dt  1
2
= –0 −  + 2
−1
2  
0
1 1 5
= ∫ ( 5 − 4t ) ( 5 + 4t ) dt =2+ =
−1 2 2
322


−2
1 30. Y
 3x 2  3  3x 2  y=2+x
=  + 2x +  + 2x
 2  −1  2  −2
3
(2, 4)
1 25
= +
x=2
6 6 (0, 2)
13
= sq. units (2, 0)
3 X
O
y=2–x
28. Y
2
x = 3y Required area = ∫ [( 2 + x ) − ( 2 − x )]dx

x2 + y2 = 4 0
P ( 3,1 ) =  x 2  0
2
= 4 sq. units
X′ X
O ( )
3,0 (2, 0) 31. Y
Y′
Required area
3 2
x
= ∫ dx + ∫ 4 − x 2 dx
0 3 3
3 2
1  x2  x 4 x
=   +  4 − x 2 + sin −1 
3  2 0 2 2 2 3
(0, 1)
3  3 2π  X′ X
= + π − −  O (3, 0)
2  2 3 
π
= x=3
3 Y′
3
29. Y Required area = ∫ ( 7 x + 1) − ( 5 x+1)  dx

0
y=x+2 3
= ∫ 2 x dx
0
(−1, 1) x2 = y 3
 x2 
= 2 
 2 0
X′ X = 9 sq. units
(−2, 0) (−1, 0) O
32. The curves y = x and y = x + sin x intersect at
Y′ (0, 0) and (π, π).
−1 0
∴ Required area
Required area = ∫ ( x + 2)dx + ∫ x
2
dx π π
−2 −1 = ∫ ( x + sin x) dx – ∫ x dx
−1 0 0 0
 x2   x3 
=  + 2x +   π
2  −2  3  −1 = ∫ sin x dx
0
 1   1 = [−cos x]0π
=  − 2  + 2(−1 + 2)  +  0 + 
 2    3 = –cos π + cos 0
5 = – ( –1) + 1
=
6 =2
362


π π/ 2 π
x
108. Let I = ∫ sin 2 x dx = 2
0
∫
0
sin 2 x dx 112. Let I = ∫ a cos x + b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
dx ….(i)
 2a a
 π
π−x
….=
 ∫ f( x)dx 2∫ f( x)dx=
 0
, if f (2a − x) f ( x) 
0 
∴ I=
∫ a cos x + b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
dx ….(ii)
1 π  a a

∴ I=2× × ….  ∫ f ( x=
) dx
2 2
 0
∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
0
π Adding (i) and (ii), we get

=
2 π
dx
π
2I = π
∫ a cos x + b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
π 2
109. ∫ | cos x |dx = 2 ∫ | cos x | dx π
π
dx
0 0 ∴ I =
2 ∫ a cos x + b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
 2a a

 ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2∫ f ( x ) dx, 
π
....  0  π
2
dx
∫ a cos x + b sin
0
 if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
=2. 2 2 2 2
 2 0
x
= 2[sin x ]0 = 2
π2
 2a a

 ∫
 f ( x ) d x = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , 
….  0 0 
2π π  if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
110. 
∫ cos x dx = 2 ∫ cos x dx
99 99
0 0 π
2
sec 2 x
 2a  = π ∫
a
dx
....
=  ∫ f ( x)dx 2∫ f ( x)dx=
, if f (2a − x) f ( x) 
0
a + b 2 tan 2 x
2
 0 0 
π
Put b tan x = t ⇒ bsec2 xdx = dt
Let I1 = ∫ cos99 x dx
0 ∞ ∞
π dt π 1  −1 t 
⇒ I1 = − ∫ cos99 x dx
π ∴ I =
b ∫ 0
a +t22
=
b a 
tan
a  0
0
2
 a a
 π π  π
....  ∫ f ( x= =  − 0 =
 0
)dx ∫0 f (a − x)dx  ab  2  2ab
⇒ I1 = − I1 ⇒ 2I1 = 0 ⇒ I1 = 0 1 0 1
2π 113. ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx

∴ ∫ cos
99
x dx = 2(0) = 0 −1 −1 0
st
0 In 1 integral, put x = −t ⇒ dx = −dt
0 0
π π
2
π
2
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f (− t)dt
−1 1
111. ∫
0
logsin 2 x dx =
∫ 2logsin x dx = ∫ logsin x dx =
0 0
1
= ∫ f (− t)dt
π 0
2 1
∫
= 2 log sin x + log sin ( π − x )  dx
0
= ∫ f (− x)dx
0
1 1 1
 2a a
 =
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (− x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
 0 ∫
….  f ( x ) dx= ∫0
f ( x ) + f ( 2a − x )  dx 

−1 0 0
= 0, if f(−x) = −f(x)
π
2 a
∫
= 4 log sin x dx
0
114. Since ∫ f( x)dx = 0, if f ( − x ) = −f(x)
−a
1
 π  1
= 4 ×  − log 2  = − 2π log e 2 = 2π log e   ∴ ∫ f( x)dx = 0
 2  2 −1
327


38. Y 42. Given curves are y = x2 and y = x.
On solving, we get x = 0, x = 1
y = 2x2 1
y = x2 + 4 ∴ Required area = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
(0, 4) 0
(−2, 8) (2, 8)
1
 x 2 x3 
=  − 
2 3 0
X′ X 1 1 1
(−2, 0) O (2, 0) = – =
2 3 6
43. y2 = x and 2y = x
2
Y′ x 2
∴   = x ⇒ x = 4x ⇒ x = 0, 4
2 2
Required area = ∫ (x
2
+ 4 − 2 x 2 ) dx 4
x
−2 ∴ Required area = ∫  x −  dx
2 0  2
2
 x3 
= ∫ (4 − x ) dx =  4 x − 
2
 2 x3/ 2 x 2 
4
−2  3  −2 =  − 
 3 4 0
8 8
=  8 −  –  −8 +  4
 3  3 = sq. units
32 3
=
3 44. Given curves are y = x3 and y = x
39. The two curves intersect at (2, 1) and (−2, 1). On solving, we get x = 0, x = 1
Y 1
∴ Required area = ∫(
0
)
x − x 3 dx
4y = x2
1
 32 
2x x4
=  − 
(−2, 1) 3 4
(2, 1)   0
X 2 1 5
O (2,0) = − =
3 4 12
2y = 6 − x2
45. Y
2
 6 − x2 x2 
Required area = 2∫  −  dx y=x
0 2 4
(1, 1)
2 2
 3x 2   x3 
= 2∫  3 − =dx 6  x − 
0  4   12  0
 8 16
= 6 2−  = 6× X′ X
 12  12 O (1, 0) (2, 0)
= 8 sq. units
40. The area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 2x − x2
8a 2
y2 = 4ax and the line y = mx is sq.units.
3m3
Y′
41. The area bounded by x2 = 4ay and the line 1
Required area = ∫ (2 x − x 2 ) − x  dx
8a 2 m3
y = mx is . 0
3 1
1 = ∫ ( x − x 2 )dx
Given, x2 = 2y ⇒ x2 = 4   y and y = 3x 0
2 1
 x2 x3 
1 =  − 
Here, a = and m = 3  2 3 0
2
8 1 1
∴ Required area = × × 3 × 3 × 3 = 18 sq. units =
3 4 6
364


46. The points of intersection of x2 = 4y and 2
Required area = ∫ [2 x – (2x – x2)]dx
 1
x = 4y − 2 are (2, 1) and  −1,  . 0
4   2
 2x x3 
Y =  − x2 + 
 log2 3 0
x2 = 4y 4 8 1
= –4+ –
x= 4y–2 log 2 3 log 2
 1 (2,1)
 −1,  3 4
 4 = –
X log 2 3
(−1,0) O (2,0)
50. Y y = (loge x)2
Required area
2 2
1 1 y = loge x
= ∫−1 4 ( x + 2) dx – ∫4x dx
2
−1
(e, 1)
2 2
1 x 2
1  x3  X
=  + 2x –   O (1,0) (e, 0)
4 2  −1 4  3  −1
9
= sq. units
8
47. The two curves y2 = 4ax and y = mx intersect at e
 4a 4a  Required area = ∫ [log x − (log x) 2 ] dx
(0, 0) and  2 ,  .
m m  1
According to the given condition, e e
4a
= ∫ log x dx – ∫ (log x) 2 dx
1 1
m2
a2
∫ ( 4a x − mx) dx = = [xlog x – x] – [x(log x)2 – 2xlogx + 2x] 1e
e
0 3 1
8 a2 a2 = [e – e – (– 1)] – [e(1)2 – 2e + 2e – (2)]

⇒ ⋅ 3 = ⇒ m3 = 8 ⇒ m = 2 = 1 – (e – 2) = 3 – e
3 m 3
48. Y 51. Y
x
y = e−x y=e
y=1−x y=x–1
y=1
(0, 1)
x=2
X
O (1, 0) (2, 0)
X′ X
O
x=1
Y′ Required area
1
2
Required area = ∫ (e x − e− x ) dx
0
= ∫ (1 − x − 1 ) dx
0
1−x 1
= e + e  0 = e + – 2
x 2
1 2

e = ∫ dx −  ∫ (1 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 1)dx 
0 0 1 
49. Y
 2 1 2

= [ x ]02 −   x − x  +  x − x  
2
y = 2x
  2 0 2 1 
(0,1)  1 1 
= 2 − 1 − + (2 − 2) −  − 1 
2 2  
X′ X
O (2,0)
1 1
y = 2x − x2 = 2− +  = 1
Y′ 2 2
365


x2 y 2 4
52. The area between + 1 and the straight
= Required area = ∫ x dy
a 2 b2 1
x y 1 1
line + =1 is πab − ab sq.units.
4
a b 4 2 = ∫ 2 y dy
Here, a = 3, b = 2 1
2
1 1 = 2    y 3/ 2 1
4
∴ Required area = π(3)(2) − (3)(2) 3
4 2  
3 28
= (π − 2) sq.units = sq. units
2 3
5. Y
Competitive Thinking y = loge (x + e)
5
1. Required area = ∫ ( 3x − 5 ) dx (0, 1)
3
3 2 5 X
 x  − 5[ x ]3
5
= (1 – e, 0) O
2  3
3
= ( 25 − 9 ) − 5(5 − 3)
2
= 24 − 10 = 14 sq. units 0
2. According to the given condition, Required area = ∫ log ( x + e) dx

e
1− e
2 2
 x2 
∫ mx dx = 6 ⇒ m  2  =6 e
= ∫ log t dt …[Put x + e = t]
1 1
1
3 = [ t log t − t ]1 = 1 sq. unit
e
⇒ m = 6 ⇒ m = 4
2  
3. Y ∴ 2x − x2 = 0
y=8 ⇒ x (2 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2
2
Required area = ∫ ( 2 x − x ) dx
2
x=0
0
2
X′ X  x3 
O =  x2 − 
 3 0
8
= 4−
y=x 3 3
Y′ 4
= sq.units
8 8 3
Required area = ∫ x dy = ∫y
1/3
dy
0 0
3 4/3 8 ∴ 1 – x – 6x2 = 0
=  y  ⇒ (2x + 1)(3x – 1) = 0
4 0
−1 1
3 ⇒x= or x =
= (84/3 − 0) 2 3
4 1
= 12 sq. units 3
∴ Required area = ∫ (1 − x − 6 x ) dx
2
4. Y −1
2
x2 = 4y 1
 x2 3
y=4 =  x − − 2 x3 
 2  −1
2
y=1 1 1 2   −1 1 1 
= − − − − + 
X′ X  3 18 27   2 8 4
O
11 3 125
= + = sq. units
Y′ 54 8 216
366


π π/ 4 5π / 4
4
10. ∫ sin( x − [ x])d( x − [ x]) + [sin x + cos x]π2 π/ 4
0
π  1 1   1 1  1 1 
4 =  + −1 −  − − −  +  
= ∫ sin( x − 0)d( x − 0)  2 2   2 2  2 2 
0  1 1 
π + + − 1
4  2 2 
= ∫ sin x dx
0
= ( ) (
2 −1 − − 2 − 2 + ) ( 2 −1 )
= [ − cos x ]0 =
π/ 4
− cos + cos0 =
1−
π 1 = 4 2 −2
4 2 5
π2 6
15.
log3 ∫7
x
1 sec(πx)dx
dt [ log=
t ]1 log x − log1 = log x
x
11. L(x) = ∫=
1 t
6
2
∴ L(xy) = log(xy) = log x + log y = L(x) + L(y) π 1
× [ log| sec π x + tan π x |]7 / 6
5/ 6
=
log3 π
b
12. Given, ∫ {f ( x) − 3x} dx =
a 2 − b2 π  5π 5π 7π 7π 
= log sec + tan − log sec + tan 
a log3  6 6 6 6 
b b
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx − 3 ∫ x dx =
a 2 − b2 π   2 1   2 1 
=  log  +  − log  − 
a a log3   3 3   3 3 
b
3 π 
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx − (b 2 − a 2 ) =a 2 − b 2  1  π
2 = log 3 − log   = (log3) =
π
a log3   3   log3
b
1 2 2
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx = (b − a ) 5
2 16. 2cot2θ – +4=0
a
sin θ
 b
1 2 2  cos 2 θ 5
∴ f(x) = x …  ∫ =
x dx (b − a )  ⇒2 2 − +4 =0
 a 2  sin θ sin θ
π π ⇒ 4sin2 θ – 5sin θ + 2(1– sin2 θ) = 0
∴ f  = ⇒ 2sin2 θ – 5sin θ + 2 = 0
6 6
⇒ (2sin θ – 1) (sin θ – 2) = 0
1 1
13. I= dx ⇒ sin θ = … [ − 1 < sin θ < 1]
∫ x(1 − x)
n
2
0
π 5π
1 ∴ θ1 = and θ2 =
∴ –I = ∫ − x(1 − x)
n
dx 6 6
0 5π 5π
6 6
1  1 + cos 6θ 
∫ cos 3θ dθ
2
= ∫   dθ
= ∫ (1 − x −1)(1 − x) dx
n
π π 2 
0 6 6
1 1 5π
= ∫ (1 − x)
n +1
dx – ∫ (1 − x) dx n
1
= θ +
sin 6θ  6
0 0 2 6  π
1 1 6
 (1 − x)   (1 − x) n +1 
n +2
=   –   π
 −(n + 2)  0  −(n +1)  0
=
3
1 1 −1
∴ −I = – 3
 x2 + 1 
n + 2 n +1 17. ∫1  4 x  dx
1 1
∴ I= – 3
2x
n +1 n + 2 = 2∫ dx
1
1 + x2
π 5π
= 2 log (1 + x 2 ) 
4 4 3
14. ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx + ∫ (sin x − cos x)dx 1

0 π
4
= 2 (log 10 – log 2)
2
10 
= log 
π
4 
+ ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx  2
2π = log 25
332


16. Y 19. Y
(0, 1)
(−1, 0) (1, 0) π
X′ X π
2
X
O
y = 1 – |x| Y′ y = 1 – |x|
1 1 y = sin 2x
 x2 
Required area = 2 ∫ (1 − x ) dx = 2  x − 
0  2 0
π
1
= 2 1 − 
2
 2  Required area = 2 sin 2x dx ∫

= 1 sq. unit. 0
π
Alternate method: − cos 2 x  2
= 2  =2
1  2  0
Required area = × base × height
2
20. Y
1
= ×2×1
2 y = 16
= 1 sq. unit (–4, 16) (4, 16)
17. Y
y = x2
A(3, 0)
X′ X
(0, 0)
X′ X Y′
Area bounded by y = x2 and line y = 16 is
4
2 2 ∫ ( x 2 − 16 ) dx
y=–x +3
0
Y′ 4
 x3  −256
3
= 2  − 16 x  =
Required area = 2 ∫ ( − x + 3) dx
2
3 0 3
0
But area cannot be negative
3
 − x3  256
=2  + 3x  ∴ Required area = sq. units
 3 0 3
= 4 3 sq. units 21. Y

18. Y y2 = 16x
x=0 A
x=π
(0, 1) y = cos x
π X′ X
X′ π X O S(4, 0)
O 3π
2 2
(0, −1)
B
Y′
Y′
π /2 4
Required area = 2 ∫ cos x dx

0
Required area = 2 4 x dx ∫ 0
π /2 4
= 2[sin x ]
= 2 sq. units
0 =8 ∫
0
x dx
368

é2 3 4
ù 0 2
= 8 êê x 2 úú
3
Required area = ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx
ë û0 −1 0
0 2
16 éê 2
3 ù −1
=
3 êë
4 - 0 ú
ú
= ∫ x dx + ∫ x d x = 2
+2
û −1 0
16 1 5
= ×8 =2+ = sq. units
3 2 2
= sq. units 1 1
3 Required area = ×1×1+ ×2×2
2 2 2 2
22. 2x + 3y = 1
1
x2 y2 = +2
⇒ 2
+ 2
=1 2
 1   1  5
    = sq. units
 2  3 2
1 1
∴ Required area = π × × 25. Y
2 3
π
=
6
1
23. (1, 1) y=
Y x
 b2 
 ae ,  X′ O X
A a  (1, 0) (e, 0)

y=x
X′ X
S′ S Y′ x=e
1 e
1

ae ,
− b2  Required area = ∫ x dx + ∫ dx
B   1 x
 a  0
1
Y′  x2 
=   + [ log x ]1
e
Since the curve is symmetrical about X-axis and
 2 0
Y-axis,
Area of region between the two latus-rectum 1
= +1
= 4 (Area of the shaded region) 2
ae 3
=4 = sq.units
∫ y dx
0
2
ae 3
b 2
=4 ∫ a − x 2 dx 26. Required area = ∫ x − 2 dx
0 a 1
ae 2 3
4b x 2 2 a  x 
2
= ∫ (2 − x) dx + ∫ ( x − 2) dx
=  a −x + sin −1   
a  2 2  a 0 1 2
2 3
4b  ae a2  
x2   x2 
=  a 2 (1 − e 2 ) + sin −1 e  = 2 x −
 +  − 2x
a 2 2   2 1  2 2
4b  abe a 2  1 1
= + sin −1 e  … =b a 1 − e2  = + = 1 sq. unit
   2 2
a  2 2 
= 2b (be + a sin–1 e) 27. y = x + 1 and y = cos x Y
⇒ x + 1 = cos x
24. Y
y=x ⇒x=0 1
⇒y=1 y = cos x
y=x+1
(–1, 0) (2, 0) A1 A2
X X′ X
O –1 O π
2
x = −1 x= 2
Y′
369


∴ The point of intersection is (0, 1). 29. Y
∴ Area = |A1| + |A2| x=b y = (1 − x)2
π
0 2
= ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx
−1 0
R1 R2
π X′ X
0 2 O (b,0) (1,0)
= ∫ ( x + 1) dx + ∫ cos x dx
−1 0
 x2 
0
π Y′
=  + x  + [sin x ]02
2  −1 b 1
Here, R1 = ∫ (1 − x) 2dx and R2 = ∫ (1 − x) 2dx
1 0 b
= + |1| b 1
2  ( x − 1) 
3
 ( x − 1)  3
∴ R1 =   and R2 =  
3  3 0  3 b
= sq. unit
2 (b − 1)3 1 (b − 1)3
⇒ R1 = + and R2 = −
3 3 3
28. Y 1
x2 = 4y Since R1 − R2 =
4
y=4 y2 = 4x 3
(b − 1) 1 (b − 1)3 1
B(0, 4) ∴ + + =
S1 P(4, 4) 3 3 3 4
S2 2 1 1
x=4 ⇒ (b − 1)3 = − ⇒ (b − 1)3 = −
S3 3 12 8
X′ X 1 1
O A(4, 0) ⇒b−1=− ⇒b=
2 2
30. Y y = 3x + 1
y = 2x + 1
Y′ B (4, 13)
The two parabolas y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y intersect A(4, 9)

at O(0, 0) and P(4, 4).
4 4
x2 1  x3  16
∴ S3 = ∫0 4 4  3  = 3
dx=
0
C(0,1)
4 4
4 4 X′ X
and S2 + S3 = ∫ 4 x dx = 2 ∫ x dx =  x3/ 2  O(0, 0) x=4
3 0
0 0
Y′
32 4
∴ S2 + S 3 = …(i) Required area = ∫ (3x + 1 − 2 x − 1) dx
3
0
32 16 16 4 4
∴ S2 = − =  x2 
= ∫ x dx =   = 8 sq. units
3 3 3
0  2 0
Since S1 + S2 + S3 = Area of square OAPB
31. The area of the region bounded by the parabola
=4×4
8a 2
∴ S1 + S2 + S3 = 16 y2 = 4ax and the line y = mx is sq. units.
3m3
32 1
⇒ S1 + = 16 …[From (i)] Here, a = and m = 1
3 2
2
16 1
8 
⇒ S1 = 2
3 ∴ Required area =  2 3 = sq. units.
3 (1) 3
∴ S 1 : S2 : S3 = 1 : 1 : 1
370


32. Y
4
35. Required area = ∫(x ) dx

2
− x
(2, 2) 1
4
1 3 4 2 2
3
=  x  −  x 
3 1 3  1
(–2, 0)
X′ X 1 2
= (64 – 1) – (8 – 1)
3 3
63 − 14
(–1, 1) =
x = y2 – 2 3
x=y 49
= sq. units
Y′ 3
The points of intersection of x = y2 – 2 and 36.

Y
x = y are (–1, –1) and (2, 2) y = ax2
2
∴ Required area = ∫(y − 2 − y ) dy
2
1 1
−1
 , 
2 a a
 y3 y2 
=  − 2y − 
3 2  −1 X′ X
O 1 
8 4  1 1  ,0 
= −4− – − +2− a 
3 2   3 2 
−9
= x = ay2
2
But area cannot be negative. Y′
9
∴ Required area = sq. units 1 1
2 The two curves intersect at (0, 0) and  ,  .
a a
33. The two curves intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a). 1 1
a a
Y x
x2 = 4ay Required area = ∫ dx − ∫ ax 2dx
0 a 0
1
y2 = 4ax 2  32  a 3 1a
a
⇒1 = x  − x 
3 a  0 3  0
(4a,4a)
3
3
X 2  1 2 a  1 
O (4a,0) =   −  
3 a  a  3 a 
2 1
4a 4a = 2− 2
x2 3a 3a
Required area = ∫ 2a1/ 2 x1/ 2 dx – ∫ 4a dx 1 1
0 0
⇒ 2 =1⇒a=
32 2 16 2 3a 3
= a – a
3 3
37. Y
16
= a 2 sq. units
3
y = cos x
34. The two parabolas intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). y = sin x
1
∴ Required area = ∫( )
x − x 2 dx X′
O π 
X
0
 ,0 
1 4 
 32  Y′
2x x3
=  − 
3 3 π/ 4
  0 Required area = ∫ (cos x − sin x) dx
0
2 1
= − = [sin x + cos x]0π / 4
3 3
1 1 1 2
= = + −1 = –1 = 2 –1
3 2 2 2
371


38. πa 2 2a 2
Y x = 2y + 3 = −
4 3
y= x 2 π 2
(9, 3) = a  −  sq. units.
 4 3
X′
O (3,0) (9,0) X 41. y2 = x and x2 + y2 = 2x
Solving these equations, we get
x = 0 or 1
⇒ y = 0 or 1
Y′
Y
9 9
 x −3 (1, 1)
Required area = ∫ x dx − ∫   dx
3 2 
0
x2 + y2 = 2x
9 9
 2x 3/ 2
 1x 2

=   −  − 3x  X′ X
 3 0 2  2 3 O (1, 0)
2 1
= (27 − 0) − (36 − 18)
3 2
= 9 sq.units Y′
y2 = x
3
39. y=x
dy dy
⇒ (0, 0) and (1, 1) are the points of
∴ = 3x2 ⇒   = 3 intersection of the two curves.
dx  dx (1,1)
y2 = x ⇒ y = x and
∴ equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
y − 1 = 3(x − 1) ⇒ y = 3x − 2 x2 + y2 = 2x ⇒ y = 2x − x 2
∫( ) dx
1
Y y = x3 ∴ Required area = 2x − x 2 − x
0
y = 3x − 2
∫( )
1
= 1 − ( x − 1) − x dx
2
(1,1) 0
1 1
2 
3
x −1 1
=  
1 − ( x − 1) + sin −1 ( x − 1)  –  x 2 
2
X  2 2 0 3  0
O (1,0)
2 
 ,0  π
=  0 +  –
2
3 
 4 3
π 2
1 1 =  −  sq. units.
Required area = ∫ x3dx − ∫ (3x − 2) dx 4 3
0 2
3 42. Y
1 1
 x   3x
4
 2
1
=  − − 2x =
 4 0  2 2 12 (0, 3)
3
40. Y (−1, 2)
(a, a) (2, 1)
2 2
x + y = 2ax X′ X
(−1, 0) O A
(1, 0) (2, 0)
X′ X
O (a, 0) (2a, 0)
Y′
Y′ 3 − |x| = |x − 1| ⇒ |x| + |x − 1| = 3 ⇒ x = −1, 2

y2 = ax Required area
a
πa 2 2
Required area =
4 ∫0
− ax dx = ∫ (3 − | x | − | x − 1|)dx
−1
a
πa 2 2 a  32   x | x | ( x − 1) | x − 1| 
2
= − x  = 3 x − −
4 3  0 2 2 
  −1
372

 1  1  1
=  6 − 2 −  −  −3 + + 2  Required area = 2 ∫ ( − x + 2 − x ) dx
 2   2  0
= 4 sq. units 1
= 2 ∫ ( −2 x + 2 ) dx
43. Y 0
1
 − x2 
= 4 + x
 2 0
(−2,1)
= 2 sq. units
(1, 0)
X′ X 46. Y
2
(−2,−1) x = 1 − 3y y = x2
(0, 2)
2
x = − 2y Y′ (−1, 1) (1, 1) 2
y=
Area bounded by the parabolas (1 + x 2 ) X
X′
1
O (1, 0)
= 2 ∫ (1 − 3 y 2 + 2 y 2 ) dy
0
1 1 Y′
 y3 
= 2 ∫ (1 − y 2 ) dy = 2  y −  The given curves intersect at (−1, 1) and (1, 1).
 3 0
0 ∴ Required area
 1 1 2
1

= 2 1 −  = 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x 2 dx 
 3 2
 0 (1 + x ) 0 
4
= sq. units  1  x3  
1
3 = 2 2  tan −1 x  0 −   
  3  0 
44. Y
 π 1 
y = x2 = 2  2  − 0  −  − 0  
y=x   4 3  
y=–x
2
=π−
3
(–1,1) (1,1)
47. Y x2
X y=
O (1,0) 4a
8a 3
y=
1
x 2 + 4a 2 (0, 2a)
Required area = 2 ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
0
1 (−2a, a) (2a, a)
 x 2 x3 
=2  −  X′ X
 2 3 0 O (2a, 0)
1 1 Y′
= 2 − 
2 3
 
1
The given curves intersect at (–2a,a) and (2a,a).
= sq. units  2a 8a 3
2a 2
x 
3 Required area = 2  ∫
∴ 2
 0 x + 4a
2
d x − ∫
0 4a
dx 

45. Y
 8a  −1  x   1  x3  
3 2a 2a
y = −x = 2 tan   −   
(0, 2) y=x 2a   2a   0 4a  3  0 

 1  8a 3 
(−1, 1) = 2  4a 2 ( tan −1 1 − 0 ) −  − 0 
(1, 1)  4a  3 
X′ X  π 2a 2 
O (1, 0) = 2  4a 2 . − 
 4 3 
y=x+2 y=−x+2
 4
= a 2  2π − 
Y′  3 
373


48 The points of intersection of x2 + y2 = 1 and 1 1
x + y = 1 are given by Required area = ×π + 2∫ 1 − x dx

2 0
x2 + (1 − x)2 = 1 1
⇒ 2x (x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1  3 
π  (1 − x ) 2  π 4 π 4
When x = 0, y = 1 and when x = 1, y = 0 = +2  = − (0 − 1) = +
2  −3  2 3 2 3
∴ The points of intersection are (0, 1) and (1, 0).
 2 0
Y
51. y
(0, 1) y=4
x2+y2 = 1 4
y = x2 + 3x
x=3
(1, 0)
X
O x
x+y=1 –3 0 1 2 3
1 3
Required area Required area = ∫ (x + 3x ) dx + ∫ 4dx
2
1 0 1
= ∫  1 − x 2 − (1 − x)  dx 1
  x 3
3x 
2
0
=  + 3
 + 4 [ x]1
1
 3 2 0
 x 1 − x 2 1 −1 x2 
=  + sin x − x +  1 3
 2 2 2  =  +  + 4 (3 − 1)
0
 3 2 
1 π 1
= . –1+ 59
2 2 2 = sq. units
6
π 1
= – 52. Y
4 2
y = 8x + 12
49. Y y = 4x2
(2, 2)
x2 + y2 = 4x X
–1 33
X′ X
O (2,0) (4,0) 3
Required area = ∫ (8x + 12) − 4 x  dx

2
−1
3
 8x2 4 x3 
y2 = 2x =  + 12 x − 
Y′  2 3  −1
4
π(2) 2
2
= (36 + 36 – 36) –  4 − 12 + 
Required area = − ∫ 2 xdx  3
4 0
128
2 2  32  8
2 = sq. units
= π− 3
x  = π −
3  0 3 53. Y y = 4x – 1
50.
y2 = 1 − x Y (0, 1)
(0, 1) 1 
 ,1
2 
(−1, 0) (1, 0) X′ X
X′ X O
 1 −1 
 1  , 
2
x +y =1 2
 0, −  8 2 
 2
(0, −1) y2 = 2x
Y′
Y′
374


4 −1 1 2
55. ∫ ( 3 − f ( x ) ) dx = = − ∫ (1 − x ) dx + ∫ (1 − x ) dx − ∫ (1 − x ) dx
2 2 2
7
2 −2 −1 1
4 4 −1 1 2
⇒ ∫ 3dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx =
7 = − x −
 x3   x3   x3 
 + x −  − x − 
2 2
 3 − 2  3  −1  3 1
4
⇒ 3 [ x ]2 – 7 = ∫ f ( x ) dx
4
4 4 4
2
= + + =4
3 3 3
4
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 3 (4 – 2) – 7
1  1 1
2
60. Since x − dx = −  x −  , if x <
= –1 2  2 2
4 2 4
1 1
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) d x
−1 −1 2
=x−
2
, if x ≥
2
 b c b
 1
 ∫
 f ( x ) d x = ∫ f ( x ) d x +∫ f ( x ) dx  1
… a a c 
∴ ∫ x x − 2 dx
 if a < c < b  0
1
2 2 1
⇒ 4 = ∫ f ( x ) dx – 1  1  1
−1
=
0
 2∫
− x  x −  dx + x  x −  d x
 1
 2 ∫
2 2
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 5
−1
1
2 1
1 2  2 1 
56. Since | x − 1| =− ( x − 1) , if x − 1 ≤ 0 i.e., x ≤ 1
=
∫ 0
 x − x  dx +  x − x  dx
 2  1
 2  ∫
= x − 1, if x − 1 ≥ 0 i.e., x ≥ 1 2
2 2 12 1
 x2 x3   x3 x2 
∴ ∫
0
f ( x)d
= x
∫
0
x − 1 dx =  −  + − 
4 3 0 3 4 1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  −  +  − + −  =
= ∫ (1 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 1) dx
0 1
 16 24   3 4 16 24  8
1 2
 x  2
 x2 
= x −  +  − x
2
 2 0  2 1 61. 4α ∫ e− α x dx = 5
−1
 1 1 
=  1 −  + ( 2 − 2 ) −  − 1 =
1 0 2
2  2   ⇒ 4α ∫ eαx dx + 4α ∫ e− αx dx = 5
−1 0
5 −2 5
57. ∫ x + 2 dx = – ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx 4α αx 0 4α − αx 2
⇒ e  − e  = 5
−5 −5 −2
α   −1 α  0
−2 5
= 
 − x2
− 2x +  + 2x
  x2  ⇒ 4 (1 − e− α ) − ( e−2α − 1)  = 5
 2  −5 2  −2
⇒ 4 ( e−α ) + 4 ( e−α ) – 3 = 0
2
= 29
x
1
58. f(x) = ∫ | t | dt ⇒ e–α =
−1
2
0 x ⇒ α = loge 2
= ∫ ( − t ) dt + ∫ t dt
−1 0 π/2
 −t   t2 2
1 x2
0 x
1 62. ∫ | sin x − cos x | dx
=   +  = + = (1 + x 2 ) 0
 2  −1  2  0 2 2 2
π/4 π/2
2 = − ∫ (sin x − cos x) dx + ∫ (sin x − cos x) dx

59. ∫ |1 − x | dx
2 0 π/4
= − [ − cos x − sin x ]0 + [ − cos x − sin x ]π / 4

−2 π/ 4 π/ 2
−1 1 2
= ∫ |1 − x
2
|dx + ∫ |1 − x 2 |dx + ∫ |1 − x 2 |dx = 2 ( 2 − 1)
−2 −1 1
338


π 2
x x
63. ∫ 67. ∫  x  dx
2
1 + 4sin 2 − 4sin dx
0
2 2 0
π 1 2 3 2
x = ∫  x 2  dx +
∫ ∫  x  dx + ∫  x  dx + ∫  x  dx
2 2 2
= 2sin − 1 dx
0
2 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 2
π
3 π = ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1 dx + ∫ 2 + ∫3 dx
x x
= ∫ 2sin − 1 dx +
2 ∫ 2sin − 1 dx
2
0 1 2 3
= 0 + [ x ]1 + 2 [ x ] + 3 [ x]
0 π 2 3 2
3 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
π
3 π = 2 −1 + 2 3− 2 + 3 2− 3
 x  x 
∫
= 1 − 2sin  dx +  2sin − 1 dx
0
 2 2 ∫
π
  =5– 2− 3
3
9
π
68. ∫[
π
 x3  x  x + 2]dx
=  x + 4cos  +  − 4cos − x 
 2 0  2 π 0
3 1 4 9
=
π  3   
+ 4  − 1 +  −4  0 −
3  π 
 −  π −   ∫
= [ x + 2]dx + [ x + 2]dx + [ x + 2]dx ∫ ∫
3  2    2   3   0 1 4
1 4 9
= 4 3−4−
π
3
∫
= 2dx + 3dx + 4dx
0
∫ 1
∫
4
= 2 + 3 ( 4 − 1) + 4 ( 9 − 4 ) = 2 + 9 + 20 = 31
1
64. Since | log x | = −log x, if <x<1
e a
= log x, if 1 < x < e 69. ∫ [ x]f ′( x)dx

1 e 1
(− log x) log x
∴ I= ∫ 2
dx + ∫ 2 dx 2 3 a
1/ e x 1 x = ∫1.f ′( x)dx + ∫ 2.f ′( x)dx +….+ ∫ [a]f ′( x)dx

1 e 1 2 [a ]
 log x 1   log x 1 
= − − −  + − −  = [f(2) − f(1)] + 2[f(3) − f(2)]
 x x 1/ e  x x 1
+….+ [a][f(a) − f([a])]
  1 
  log e 1    log e 1 = [a] f(a) − {f(1) + f(2) + ….+ f([a])}

= 0 + 1 −  +  −  + − ( 0 + 1) 
  1 1   e

e  2
  e e   70. ∫ (| x − 2 | + [ x])dx
0
2 
= 1 − (−e + e) −  − 1 2 2
e  = ∫ | x − 2 |dx + ∫ [ x]dx
0 0
2  1
=2− = 2 1 −  2 1 2
e  e = − ∫ ( x − 2)dx + ∫ [ x]dx + ∫ [ x]dx
0 0 1
3
2 1 2
65. Let I = ∫ [ x ] dx
0
= ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ 0 ⋅ dx + ∫1 ⋅ dx
0 0 1
1 2 3
2
= ∫ 0dx + ∫ 1dx + ∫ 2dx  x 
2
=  2 x −  + [ x ]1
2
0 1 2
 2 0
= [ x ]1 + 2[ x ]2
2 3
= (4 − 2) + (2 − 1) = 3
= (2 − 1) + 2(3 − 2) 2
=3
1.5 1 2 1.5
71. ∫ [ x] dx
−2
66. ∫ [ x ] dx = ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ x ] dx
2 2 2 2 −1 0 1 2
0 0
1 2
1
1.5
2 =
∫
−2
[ x] dx +
∫
−1
[ x] dx +
∫
0
[ x] dx +
∫ [ x] dx
1
= ∫ 0dx + ∫ 1 dx + ∫ 2 dx −1 0 1 2
0
= 2–1+3–2 2=2– 2
1 2 =
∫ − 2 dx + ∫ − 1 dx + ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1 dx
−2 −1 0 1
339


5. Y 9 1 3 1 π 1 π
= −1 − ⋅ + −  − − 
8 4 2 2 6  2 2 
1 3 π π
= − + −
B(0,1) 8 8 4 12
y=−x–1 y=x–1
π 3 −1
=  −  sq.unit
6 8 
X′ X
(–1, 0) O A(1,0)
7. The point of intersection of the curve y = 2x − x2
y=x+1 y = – x +1 and the line y = −x are (0, 0) and (3, −3).
(0, –1)
Y
x=3
Y′
Required area = 4 (area of ∆ OAB)
1 (2, 0)
= 4 ∫ y dx X′ X
O (3, 0)
0
1
= 4∫ ( − x + 1)dx
0
1
 − x2 
=4  + x  = 2 sq. units (3, –3)
 2 0 y = 2x – x 2
6. The given equation can be written as Y′

x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 9 + 4 – 12
3
∴ Required area = ∫ [(2 x − x 2 ) − (− x)]dx
∴ (x − 3)2 + (y − 2)2 = 1 0
This is a circle with centre at (3, 2) and radius 1. 3
= ∫ (3x − x 2 )dx
Y 0
x = 5/2 y = x  3x 2 x3 
3
9
x=2 =  −  = sq. unit
(x−3)2 + (y−2)2=1  2 3 0 2
8. Y
(2, 2)
(3, 2)
(0, 1)
X′ O X y = cos x
Y′ X′ X
 π  O π 
 − ,0  ,0
∴ Required area  2  2 
5 5 x = −1 x=1
2 2
= ∫ x dx − ∫  2 − 1 − ( x − 3) 2 dx  Y′
2 2
 
5/ 2 |x| = 1 ⇒ x = 1 or x = −1
 x2 
=   − [ 2 x ]2
5/ 2 1
 2 2 Required Area = ∫ cos x dx

−1
5/ 2
 x −3 1 −1  x − 3  
+  2 1
 1 − ( x − 3) + sin   = 2∫ cos x dx
 2  2  1  2
0
 1
1  25  5   2
− 1 …[ cos x is an even function]
=  − 4  − 2 − 2  +   1−
= 2[sin x ]0
1
2 4  2   2  4
 
= 2(sin 1 − 0)
1 1 1
+ sin–1  −  − 0 + sin −1 (−1)  = 2 sin 1
2  2  2 
377


9. Y 11.
Y
2
y = cos x x=2–y–y
y = sin x 1
5π 3π
4 2
X′ X
O π X′ X
O
4
Y′
–2
Required area
3π
2
Y′
= ∫ | cos x − sin x | dx
0
π 5π
Putting x = 0 in the given equation, we get
4 4 y = 1 or y = −2
= ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx + ∫ (sin x − cos x)dx 1 1
∴ Required Area = ∫ x dy = ∫ (2 − y − y
2
0 π
)dy
4
−2 −2
3π
2 1
 y 2 y3 
+ ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx = 2 y − − 
5π  2 3  −2
4
1 1  8
π/ 4 5π / 4
=2− − −  −4 − 2 + 
2 3  3
+ [sin x + cos x ]5 π / 4
3π / 2
1 1 8
=2− − +6–
1 1  1 1  1 1  2 3 3
= + −(0 + 1) −  − − − + 
2 2  2 2  2 2  1
=8–3–
 1 1  2
+ (−1) + 0 −  − −  9
 2 2 = sq.units
2
= 2 −1+ 2 + 2 –1 + 2
12.
( )
= 4 2 − 2 sq.unit Y x=1
y2 = 4a2(x – 1)
10. Y y = 4a
(0, 4a)
2
y=x +2
y=x
O X
(1, 0) (5, 0)
(0, 2)
X′ X Y′
O
4a
 y2 
x=3 Required area = ∫  4a 2
+ 1 − 1  dy

Y′ 0
4a
3 y2
Required area = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 − x)dx =∫ dy
0 4a 2
0
3 4a
 x3 x2  1  y3 
=  + 2x −  = 2 
3 2 0 4a  3  0
9 1 1 3
=9+6− −0 = × × (64a – 0)
2 4a 2 3
21 16a
= sq. unit = sq. units
2 3
378


13. 0 1
Y = ∫ ( x + x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x − 2 x + 1)dx
2 2
−1 0
0 1
y2 = − x + 1 (0, 1) y2 = x + 1  x3 x2   x3 
=  + + x +  − x2 + x
3 2  −1  3 0
1 1 1
= 0 −  − + − 1 + − 1 + 1 − 0
 3 2  3
X′ X 4 1 1
(–1, 0) O (1, 0) = − +
3 2 3
8−3+ 2 7
= = sq. unit
6 6
(0, –1) 15. Y

4y2 = 3x
Y′  3
x2 + 4y2 = 4 A 1, 
Required area  2 
0 1
X′ O X
= 2 ∫ x + 1 dx + 2∫ − x + 1 dx
−1 0
2 2  ( − x + 1) 
3/ 2 1
B
3/ 2 0
= 2. ( x + 1)  + 2.   
3 −1 3  −1  3
1, − 
2 
0
4 4 
= +
3 3 Y′
8
= sq. units The equation x2 + 4y2 = 4 is of ellipse with
3
centre at origin and the equation 4y2 = 3x is of a
14. x = −1 parabola with vertex at origin.
Y Solving the equations, we get x2 + 3x − 4 = 0
y = x2 + x + 1 ∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
D(1, 3) But x = − 4 is not possible, since both points of
intersection lie on the right hand side of
B C
Y-axis.
3
X′ X ∴ x = 1 and y = ±
A y=0 O 2
 3
∴ The points of intersection are A 1,  and
Y′  2 
dy  3
y = x2 + x + 1 ⇒ = 2x + 1 B 1, − .
dx 2 

 dy 
∴   = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 ∴ Required area
 dx (1, 3) 3
2
∴ The equation of the tangent at the point (1, 3) is
y − 3 = 3(x − 1) i.e., y = 3x.
= ∫ (x 2 − x1 ) dy
− 3
∴ It passes through origin. 2
3
∴ Required area
2
4 y2 
= area of the region OABCO + area of the = ∫ 4 − 4 y 2
−  dy
region OCDO − 3
3 
2
0 1
= ∫ y dx + ∫ ( y1 − y2 )dx 3
2
 4 y2 
−1 0
= 2 ∫  4 − 4 y2 −  dy
0 1
0  3 
= ∫ (x
2
+ x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x 2 + x + 1 − 3x)dx
−1 0 …[ the function is even]
379


3 3
a3 a3 a3
2
82 ∴ Required area = A1 − A2 = − = sq. unit
= 4∫ 1 − y 2 dy − ∫ y 2dy 2 3 6
0 30
3 3
18. Y
y 1 8  y3  2
= 4  1 − y 2 + sin −1 ( y )  −  
2
2 2 0 3  3 0 y = sin−1x
 3 1  3  8 3 3 
= 2 + sin −1   − 0  − ×  − 0 
 2 4  2   3 × 3  8 
 3 π 8 3 3  π  1 π
= 2 + − ×  0,  C B , 
 4  2 4
 4 3  9 8
2π 2 3 3 X′ O X
= + −  1 
3 4 3 A ,0 
 2 
2π 2 3  2π 1 
= + = +  sq. unit
3 12  3 2 3 Y′
16.
Y Required area
y = x2 + x = area of the rectangle OABC
− area of the region OBCO
π
π 1 4
= × − ∫ sin y dy
x=1 4 2 0
π
− [ − cos y ]0
π/ 4
=
X′ X 4 2
O 1
 π  1 
= + − 1  sq. units
 4 2  2 
Y′ 19. Y
dy (y –2)2 = x – 1
Slope of tangent = = 2x + 1
dx (2, 3)
2
∴ y = ∫ (2 x + 1)dx = x + x + c
The curve passes through the point (1, 2).
x –2y + 4 = 0
∴ 2 = 12 + 1 + c ∴ c=0
∴ The equation of the curve is y = x2 + x, which is
X′ X
a parabola as shown in the figure. Q O R
1 (–4, 0) (5, 0)
∴ Required area = ∫ ( x 2 + x)dx
0
1
Y′
 x3 x 2 
=  +  The equation of the parabola is
 3 2 0 (y − 2)2 = x − 1
1 1 Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
= + −0
3 2 dy
5 2(y − 2) =1
= sq. unit dx
6 dy 1
∴ =
17. Draw AP ⊥ to X-axis. dx 2( y − 2)
1 a3  dy  1 1
A1 = A(∆OAP) = × a × a2 = ∴ =  =
2 2  dx (2, 3) 2(3 − 2) 2
A2 = Area bounded the curve OA and the lines 1
OP and AP ∴ Equation of tangent is y − 3 = (x − 2)
2
a a a
=
 x3  a 3 ∴ 2y − 6 = x − 2
∫ y dx = ∫0 x dx =  3  = 3
2
0 0
∴ x − 2y + 4 = 0
380


It cuts the X-axis at the point Q (− 4, 0) and the
parabola cuts the X-axis at the point R(5, 0).
3
∴ Required area = ∫ ( x1 − x2 ) dy
0
3
= ∫ ( y − 2) 2 + 1 − (2 y − 4)  dy
0
3
= ∫( y − 6 y + 9 ) dy
2
0
3
 y3 
=  − 3y2 + 9 y
3 0
= 9 – 27 + 27 – 0
= 9 sq. units
π
4
 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 
20. Required area = ∫  −  dx
0 cos x cos x 
 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 
…  > > 0
 cos x cos x 
  2 2 
π
4
  cos x + sin x   x
 cos − sin 
x 
2 2 2 2
= ∫   − 

 dx
x x x x
0 cos 2 − sin 2 cos 2 − sin 2 
 2 2 2 2 
 
π x x x x
4 cos + sin cos − sin 
= ∫ 2 2 − 2 2  dx
0
x x x x 
 cos − sin cos + sin
 2 2 2 2 
π x x
4  1 + tan 1 − tan 
= ∫ 2 − 2  dx
0  1 − tan
x x
 1 + tan 
 2 2 
π x x π x
4 1 + tan − 1 + tan 4 2 tan
= ∫ 2 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx
2 x 2 x
0
1 − tan 0
1 − tan
2 2
x 1 x
2 2 2
π
tan
8
4t
∴ Required area = ∫ (1 + t ) 2
dt
0 1 − t2
2 −1
4t
= ∫ dt
0 (1 + t ) 1 − t 2
2
π
…  tan= 
2 − 1
 8 
381
06 Differential Equations
Hints
Classical Thinking 9. y = a cos (x + b) …(i)

dy
d 2s ⇒ =−a sin( x + b)
1. Here, the highest order derivative is with dx
dt 2 d2 y
power 2. ⇒ 2 = −a cos(x + b) = −y …[From (i)]
dx
∴ order = 2 and degree = 2
d2 y
⇒ 2 +y=0
d2 y dx
2. Here, the highest order derivative is with
dx 2 −1 x
power 3. 10. y = cesin …(i)

dy −1 1
∴ order = 2 and degree = 3 ⇒ = cesin x .
dx 1 − x2
d2 y dy y
3. Here, the highest order derivative is with ⇒ = …[From (i)]
dx 2 dx 1 − x2
power 3.
∴ order = 2 and degree = 3 11. y = (x + k)e−x …(i)
dy
3
d y ⇒ = −(x + k) e−x + e−x
4. Here, the highest order derivative is with dx
dx 3
dy
power 1. ⇒ = −y + e−x …[From (i)]
dx
∴ order = 3 and degree = 1
dy
⇒ + y = e−x
5. In option (B), y′′ is the highest order derivative, dx
of order 2.
12. x2y = a
∴ option (B) is the correct answer. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
d4 y dy
6. Here, the highest order derivative is with x2 + 2 xy =0
dx
4 dx
power 1. dy 2y
⇒ + =0
∴ order = 4 and degree = 1 dx x
7. y = 4 sin 3x …(i) 13. x2 + y2 = a2

dy
⇒ = 12 cos 3x dy dy
dx 2x + 2y =0⇒x+y =0
dx dx
d2 y
⇒ 2 = −36 sin 3x = −9 × 4 sin 3x = −9y dy
dx 14. x2 =2
…[From (i)] dx
2
d y Integrating on both sides, we get
⇒ + 9y = 0 2
dx 2
∫ dy = ∫ x 2
dx + c
8. y = A sin x + B cos x …(i) 2
dy ⇒y=− +c
⇒ = A cos x − B sin x x
dx
dy
d2 y 15. = x2 + sin 3x
⇒ 2 = − A sin x − B cos x dx
dx
= −(A sin x + B cos x)
∫ dy = ∫ ( x + sin 3x ) dx + c
2
=−y …[From (i)]
d2 y x3 cos3x
∴ +y=0 ⇒y= − +c
dx 2 3 3
382

Chapter 06: Differential Equations

dy 1 
16. = (aebx + c cosmx) ∫ dy + ∫  x + x  dx = c
dx
Integrating on both sides, we get x2
⇒ y + log x + c
∫ dy = ∫ ( ae + ccosmx ) dx + k
bx =
2
aebx csin(mx) dy x
⇒y= + +k 24. (1 + x2) = x ⇒ dy = dx
b m dx 1 + x2
dy Integrating on both sides, we get
17. = sec x(sec x + tan x) x
dx
∫ dy = ∫1+ x 2
dx + c
1
∫ dy = ∫ ( sec x + sec x tan x ) dx + c log e(1 + x2) + c
2
⇒y=
2
⇒ y = tan x + sec x + c
1/3
dy  y 
dy 25. = 
18. = ex(sin x + cos x) dx  x 
dx
Integrating on both sides, we get dy dx
⇒ =
y1/3 x1/3
∫ dy = ∫ e ( sin x + cos x ) dx + c
x
⇒ y = ex sin x + c Integrating on both sides, we get

dy dx
dy ∫y 1/3
−∫
x1/3
c1
=
19. = ex + cos x + x + tan x
dx 3 2/3 3 2/3
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ y − x = c1
2 2
∫ dy = ∫ ( e + cos x + x + tan x ) dx + c
x
2c1
⇒ y2/3 − x2/3 = c, where c =
x2 3
⇒ y = ex + sin x + + log sec x + c
2
 dy 
dy 26. log  = x + y
20. 2
(1 + x ) =1  dx 
dx
dy
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ = ex+y
dx
1
∫ dy = ∫ 1 + x 2
dx + c
⇒
dy
= ex.ey
dx
⇒ y = tan−1 x + c
dy 1 x −y
21.
dx
+ =0 ∫ e dx − ∫ e dy =
c
1 − x2 x −y
⇒e +e =c
1 dy
∫ dy + ∫ 1 − x2
dx = c 27.
dx
= (1 + x)(1 + y2)
⇒ y + sin−1 x = c Integrating on both sides, we get

dy
22.
dy
+ sin 2 y =0 ∫1+ y 2
=∫ (1 + x)dx + c
dx
x2
⇒
dy
= − sin2y ⇒ tan−1 y = +x+c
2
dx
dy 1  x2 
⇒ = − ⇒ y = tan  + x + c
dx cosec 2 y  2 
Integrating on both sides, we get dy
28. = x log x ⇒ dy = x log xdx
∫ dx = −∫ cosec y dy + c
2
dx
⇒ x = cot y + c Integrating on both sides, we get
dy 1 + x2 ∫ dy = ∫ x log xdx + c
23. + =0
dx x x2 x2
⇒y= log x− + c
Integrating on both sides, we get 2 4
383


dy ∴ solution of the given equation is
29. = (x + y)2 …(i)
dx x4
yx3 = ∫ x3 .1dx + c ⇒ yx3 = +c
Put x + y = v …(ii) 4
dy dv
⇒ = −1 …(iii) dy y
dx dx 34. + =sin x
dx x
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get 1
I.F. = e ∫ x = elogx = x
dx
dv ∴
− 1 = v2
dx ∴ solution of the given equation is
dv
⇒
dx
= v2 + 1 y.x = ∫ x sin x dx + c
dv ⇒ yx = – x cos x + sin x + c
⇒ 2 = dx ⇒ x(y + cos x) = sin x + c
v +1
Integrating on both sides, we get dy
tan−1 v = x + c ⇒ v = tan(x + c) 35. cos x
+y=
dx
⇒ x + y = tan(x + c) Here, P = 1 and Q = cos x
I.F. = e ∫ = ex
1dx
dy y ∴
30. + = x3 − 3
dx x ∴ solution of the given equation is
This is the linear differential equation of the y.ex = ∫ cos x .e dx + c
x
form
dy y 1 e x (cos x + sin x)
+ = x3 − 3 , where P = ⇒ y.ex = +c
dx x x 2
1 1
∴ I.F. = e ∫ = e ∫ x = elogx = x
Pdx dx
⇒y= (cos x +sin x) + c.e–x
2
31. The given equation is of the form dy
36. cos x + y sin x =
1
dy dx
+ Py = Q
dx dy
⇒ + y tan x = sec x
1 dx
Here, P = and Q = 1
3
I.F. = e ∫
tan xdx
1 x
∴ = elogsec x = sec x
I.F. = e ∫ = e
dx
∴ 3 3 ∴ solution of the given equation is
∴ solution of the given equation is y sec x = ∫ sec2 x +=
c tan x + c
∫
y ( I.F.) = Q(I.F.)dx + c
I.F. = e ∫ = e ∫
Pdx cot xdx
x x 37. = elog sin x = sin x
⇒ y. e = 1.e dx + c
3
∫ 3
∴ solution of the given equation is
x x y.sin x = ∫ 2cos x sin x dx + c1
⇒ y. e = 3e 3 + c
3
x ⇒ y sin x = ∫ sin 2 x dx + c1
−
⇒ y = 3 + c. e 3
1
⇒ y sin x = − cos 2x + c1
1 2
32. Here, P = and Q = x2 ⇒ 2y sin x + cos 2x = c, where c = 2 c1
x
1
I.F.= e ∫ x = elog x = x
dx
∴
Critical Thinking
y.x = ∫ x 2 .x dx + c1 1. Here, the order of the differential equation is 1.
3 1/ 2 6
x4  d 2 y   dy   d2 y  dy
⇒ xy = + c1 ⇒ 4 xy = x4 + c, where c = 4 c1 2.  2 = 1 +  ⇒ 2 
= 1+
4  dx   dx   d x  dx
dy dy 3y d2 y
33. x + 3y = x ⇒ + =1 Here, the highest order derivative is with
dx dx x dx 2
1 power 6.
I.F. = e ∫ x = e3log x = x3
3 dx
∴ ∴ degree = 6
384

d2 y  dy 
3
dy dy
3. + 1+   = 0 8. − 4 − 7x =
0
dx 2  dx  dx dx
2 2 2
 dy  dy
 d2 y    dy  
 
2 3
⇒  =   4 + 7 x 
⇒  2  = − 1 +     d x   d x 
 dx    dx  
2
dy dy dy
d y
2 2
 dy 
3
⇒ = 16   + 56 x + 49 x 2
⇒ 2 
= 1+   dx  dx  dx
 d x   dx 
This is a differential equation of order 1 and
d2 y
Here, the highest order derivative is with degree 2.
dx 2
power 2.
d2 y dy
∴ degree = 2 9. 2
− −3 =x
dx dx
3 2 2
d2 y  dy  2
2  d2 y   dy 
4. 3 2 = 1 +    ⇒ 2
−x =  − 3 
dx   dx  
   dx   dx 
2 3 2
 d2 y   dy 
2
 d2 y  d 2 y 2 dy
⇒ 9  2  = 1 +    ⇒ 2  − 2 x. +x = −3
 dx    dx    dx  dx 2 dx
d2 y d2 y
Here, the highest order derivative is with Here, the highest order derivative is with
dx 2 dx 2
power 2. power 2.
∴ degree = 2 ∴ degree = 2
1
1
d 2 y  dy  3 3/ 4 1/3
5. +   + x 4
0
=   dy  2   d2 y 
dx 2  dx  10. 1 +    =
 2
3
  dx    dx 
 d2 y 1 3
  1

−  d y  3

4
⇒  2 + x4  =   

2 3/ 4 
 dy     d y 
2 4/3
 dx    dx   ⇒  1 +     =  2
   dx     dx 
3
 d2 y 1
 dy
⇒ + x 4
 =
−  2 3
3 3
   dy      d y  
2 4/3
 d x  dx 2
⇒  1 +     =  2  
d2 y  dx      dx  
Here, the highest order derivative is with   
dx 2
2 9 4
power 3.  dy   d2 y 
⇒ 1 +    =
 2
∴ order = 2 and degree = 3   dx    dx 
  dy 2 
1/ 4 d2 y
d2 y Here, the highest order derivative is with
6. = y +    dx 2
dx 2   dx   power 4.
4
4   2 1/ 4
∴ degree = 4
 d2 y    dy   
⇒ =
2   y +    
 dx     dx   
 2
dy  dy 
d y
2 4 2 11. y= x + a 2   + b2
 dy  dx  dx 
⇒ 2 
= y + 
 dx   dx 
2
dy  dy 
d2 y ⇒y− x = a 2   + b2
Here, the highest order derivative is with dx  dx 
dx 2
power 4. Squaring on both sides, we get
∴ order = 2 and degree = 4 dy  dy   dy 
2 2
y2 − 2xy + x2   = a2   + b2
7. Since the given differential equation cannot be dx  dx   dx 
expressed as a polynomial in differential This is a differential equation of order 1 and
coefficients, the degree is not defined. degree 2.
385

  d 2 y 3 
4/5
 m  d3 y
17. y = cx + c − c3 …(i)
12. 1+  2   =  3 dy
  dx    m + 1  dx ⇒ =c …(ii)
dx
5
 3 4/5  5 5
Substituting (ii) in (i), we get
  d2 y     m   d3 y 
⇒  1+  2    =    3 3
   dx     m + 1   dx  dy dy  dy 
  y= .x + −  
4
dx dx  dx 
5 5
  d 2 y 3   m   d3 y 
⇒ 1+  2   =    3
  dx    m +1   dx  18. Differentiating the given equation, we get
dy
d3 y =A
Here, the highest order derivative is with dx
dx3 3
power 5.  dy   dy 
∴ y = x  +   , which is of degree 3
∴ order = 3 and degree = 5  dx   dx 
3
 d2 y  19. y = A cos ωt + B sin ωt …(i)
 2
5
d y  dx  + d y =x 2 − 1
2 3
13. ⇒ y′ = −A ω sin ω t + B ω cos ω t
 2  +4 3
 dx   d y  dx 3 ⇒ y′′ = −A ω2 cos ω t − B ω2 sin ω t
 3
 dx  ⇒ y′′ = − ω2 (A cos ω t + B sin ω t)
5 3 2
 d2 y   d3 y   d 2 y   d3 y  d3 y ⇒ y′′ = − ω2 y …[From (i)]
∴  2 . 3  + 4  2  +  3  = ( x 2 − 1) . 3
 dx   dx   dx   dx  dx
20. y = axn+1 + bx−n …(i)
d3 y
Here, the highest order derivative is with dy
dx 3 ⇒ = a.(n + 1)xn − bnx−n−1
power 2. dx
∴ order = 3 and degree = 2 d2 y
= a(n + 1)nxn−1 + n(n + 1)bx−n − 2
⇒
∴ m = 3 and n = 2 dx 2
14. Option (A) has order = 4, degree = 1 d2 y
⇒ x2 = a(n + 1)nxn+1 + bn(n + 1).x−n
Option (B) has order = 3, degree = 4 dx 2
Consider option (C), = n(n + 1) (axn+1 + bx−n)
  dy  3  2/3
d3 y d2 y
1 +    = 4 ∴ x2 = n(n + 1)y …[From (i)]
  dx   dx 3 dx 2
Cubing on both sides, we get 21. y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax …(i)
2 3
  dy 3   d3 y  dy
1 +    = 43  3  ⇒ = −c1 a sin ax + c2a cos ax
 dx  dx
  dx    
2
Here, order = 3 and degree = 3 d y
⇒ = −c1a2 cos ax − c2a2 sin ax
option (C) is the correct answer.
2
∴ dx
15. Consider option (C), d2 y

⇒ = −a2 (c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax)
y = 2x − 4 dx 2
dy d2 y
∴ =2 ⇒ = −a2y …[From (i)]
dx dx 2
2
 dy  xdy d2 y
∴   − + y = 22 − 2 x + 2 x − 4 =0 ⇒ + a2y = 0
 dx  dx 2
dx
16. y = aemx + be−mx …(i) 22. sin−1 x + sin−1 y = c

dy Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ = maemx − mbe−mx
dx
1 1 dy
2
d y + ⋅ =0
⇒ 2
= m2aemx + m2be−mx 1− x 2
1− y 2 dx
dx
d2 y dy 1 − y2
⇒ 2
= m2(aemx + be−mx) = m2y …[From (i)] ⇒ =−
dx dx 1 − x2
2
d y
⇒ 2
− m2y = 0 ⇒ 1 − x 2 dy + 1 − y 2 dx = 0
dx
386


23. y = (sin−1x)2 + A cos−1x + B 29. The equation of the family of lines which
π are at a unit distance from the origin is
⇒ y = (sin−1x)2 + A  − sin −1 x  + B x cos α + y sin α = 1 …(i)
2 
π
…  sin −1 x + cos −1 x =

 dy
 2 cos α + sinα =0 …(ii)
dx
πA By (i) − x × (ii), we get
⇒ y = (sin−1x)2 − A sin−1x + +B …(i)
2  dy 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get sin α  y − x  =1
 dx 
dy 2sin −1 x A
= − dy
dx 1− x 2 1− x 2 ⇒y−x = cosec α …(iii)
dx
2 2
 dy   dy 
⇒ (1 − x2)  −1
 = (2 sin x − A)
2
From (ii),   = cot2α = cosec2α − 1
 dx   dx 
= 4(sin−1x)2 − 4A sin−1x + A2  dy  
2
dy 
2
= 4[(sin−1x)2 − A sin−1x] + A2
∴   =  y−x  − 1 …[From (iii)]
 dx   dx 
πA
= 4  y − − B  + A2
2 2
 dy   dy 
 2  ∴ 1 +   =  y−x 
 dx   dx 
…[From (i)]
2 A
 dy  30. v= +B
∴ (1 − x2)   = 4y − 2πA − 4B + A2 r
 dx 
Differentiating w.r.t. r, we get
dv A
2 dy d 2 y  dy  dy
2
= − 2 …(i)
(1 − x ).2 ⋅ 2 − 2x   = 4 dr r
dx dx  dx  dx
d2v
d2 y dy ∴ = 2A.r−3
2 dr 2
⇒ (1 − x ) 2 − x =2
dx dx dv −3
= − 2 r2 .r …[From (i)]
24. Since the given equation has 3 arbitrary dr
constants i.e., g, f and c, the order of the given d2v 2 dv
∴ + ⋅ =0
differential equation is 3. dr 2
r dr
25. Since the given equation has 3 arbitrary 31. The equation of the family of lines passing
constants i.e., a, b and c, the order of the given through (1, −1) is
differential equation is 3. y + 1 = m (x − 1)
⇒ y = m(x − 1) − 1 …(i)
26. The equation of a family of circles of radius r
dy
passing through the origin and having centre ⇒ =m
on Y-axis is (x − 0)2 + (y – r)2 = r2 or dx
x2 + y2 − 2ry = 0. Substituting the value of m in (i), we get
dy
Since this equation has one arbitrary constant, y= (x − 1) − 1
its order is 1. dx
27. The equation of the family of circles which 32. y = x.ecx

touch both the axes is (x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2, Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
where a is a parameter. log y = log x + cx …(i)
Since this equation has one arbitrary constant, 1 y
⇒c= log …(ii)
its order is 1. x x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
28. The equation of all the straight lines passing 1 dy 1
through the origin is ⋅ = +c
y dx x
y = mx …(i)
1 dy 1 1  y
dy ⇒ ⋅ = + log   …[From (ii)]
∴ =m y dx x x x
dx
dy y dy y   y 
⇒ = …[From (i)] ⇒ = 1+ log  x  
dx x dx x   
387


33. The system of circles which passes through  x 
origin and whose centre lies on Y − axis is ⇒ dy =  sec2 − 1 dx
2
 
x2 + y2 − 2ay = 0 …(i) Integrating on both sides, we get
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x
dy dy y = 2 tan −x + c
2x + 2y − 2a = 0 2
dx dx
dy 1 + cos 2 y
⇒ 2a = 2y + 2x
dx 39. + =0
…(ii) dx 1 − cos 2 x
dy
dy 2cos 2 y
Substituting (ii) in (i), we get ⇒ + =0
dx 2sin 2 x
dx
x2 + y2 − 2y2 − 2xy =0 dy dx
dy ⇒ + =0
cos 2 y sin 2 x
dy
⇒ (x2 − y2) − 2xy = 0 Integrating on both sides, we get
dx
∫ sec y dy + ∫ cosec x dx = c
2 2
dy
34. = ex−y + x2e−y ⇒ tan y − cot x = c
dx
dy 40. x(e 2 y − 1)dy + ( x 2 − 1)e y dx =
0
⇒ = e−y(ex + x2)
dx ⇒ x (e2y − 1) dy = (1 − x2) ey dx
Integrating on both sides, we get Integrating on both sides, we get
e 2 y −1 1− x 2
∫ e dy =∫ (e + x 2 )dx + c
y x
∫ e y
dy= ∫
x
dx+ c
x3
⇒ ey = ex + +c 1
3 ⇒ ∫ e y dy − ∫ e− y dy = ∫ dx − ∫ x dx + c
x
35. x cos ydy = (xex log x + ex )dx y −y x2
⇒ e + e = log x − +c
1 2
⇒ cos ydy = e x  log x +  dx
x   41. x2dy = −2xydx
Integrating on both sides, we get dy 2x
sin y = ex log x + c ⇒ = − 2 dx
y x
36. = 2y−x 2x dy
dx = log c
∫x 2
dx + ∫
y
dy 2y
⇒ = x ⇒ log x2 + log y = log c
dx 2
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ log x2y = log c ⇒ x2y = c
∫ 2 dy − ∫ 2 dx = c1
–y −x
42. cot y dx = x dy
−2–y
2 –x
⇒ + = c1 dx
log 2 log 2 ∫ x
= ∫ tan y dy + log c
1 1 ⇒ log x = log (sec y) + log c
⇒ − y = c1 log 2
2x 2 ⇒ log x = log (c.sec y) ⇒ x = c sec y
1 1
⇒ x − y = c, where c = c1 log 2 dy
2 2 43. = cot x cot y
dx
dy dy ⇒ cot x dx − tan y dy = 0
37. + 2xy = y ⇒ = y (1 − 2x)
dx dx Integrating on both sides, we get
Integrating on both sides, we get log (sin x) − log (sec y) = log c
dy  sin x 
∫ = ∫ (1− 2 x)dx + c ⇒ log   = log c ⇒ sin x = c sec y
 sec y 
1
y
⇒ log y = x − x2 + c1 dy dx
2 44. x sec y = 1⇒ sec ydy =
⇒ y = e x − x .ec1 dx x
2
⇒ y = c. e x − x , where c = ec1 Integrating on both sides, we get
log(sec y + tan y) = log x + log c
dy 1 − cos x x ⇒ log (sec y + tan y ) = log (cx)
38. = = tan2
dx 1 + cos x 2 ⇒ sec y + tan y = cx
388


45. (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0 Integrating on both sides, we get
ey cos x log(y − 1) − log y = log x + log c
⇒ y dy + dx = 0
e +1 sin x  y −1 
⇒ log   = log (x c)
Integrating on both sides, we get  y 
ey cos x y −1
∫e y
+1
dy + ∫ sin x dx = log c ⇒
y
= xc ⇒ y = 1 + cxy
⇒ log(ey + 1) + log(sin x) = log c

51. (2y − 1) dx − (2x + 3) dy = 0
⇒ (ey + 1)sin x = c Integrating on both sides, we get
46. y dx + (1 + x2) tan−1x dy = 0 dx dy
∫ 2x + 3 − ∫ 2 y −1 = log c1
dx dy 1 1
∫ (1+ x ) tan
2 −1
+ ∫ = log c ⇒ log(2x + 3) − log(2y − 1) = log c1
x y 2 2
⇒ log (tan−1x) + log y = log c ⇒ log (2x + 3) − log (2y − 1) = 2 log c1
⇒ log (tan−1x.y) = log c  2x + 3  2
⇒ log   = log c1
⇒ y tan−1x = c  2 y −1 
47. 3ex tan y dx + (1 − ex) sec2 y dy = 0 2x + 3
⇒ = c, where c = c12
3e x
sec y 2 2 y −1
⇒ dx + dy = 0
1− e x
tan y 52. (x − y2x) dx = (y − x2y) dy
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x(1 − y2) dx = y(1 − x2)dy
− ex sec 2 y Integrating on both sides, we get
−3∫ dx + ∫ dy = 0
1− e x
tan y x y
x ∫1− x 2
dx − ∫ dy = log c
⇒ −3 log (1 − e ) + log (tan y) = log c 1 − y2
  1 1
⇒ log  tan y  = log c ⇒ − log (1 – x2) + log (1 – y2) = log c
 (1 − e 2 2
 )
x 3 
 ⇒ log (1 − y2) − log (1 − x2) = 2 log c
⇒ tan y = c(1 − ex)3 1 − y2
⇒ = c2
1 − x2
48. (sin x + cos x)dy + (cos x − sin x) dx = 0
⇒ 1 − y2 = c2 (1 − x2)
⇒ dy = −  cos x − sin x  dx
 sin x + cos x  53. (1 − x2)dy + xydx = xy2dx
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ (1 − x2)dy = x(y2 − y) dx
y = − log(sin x + cos x) + log c Integrating on both sides, we get
c dy x
⇒ y = log  
 ∫ y( y −1) = ∫ 1− x 2
dx + log c
⇒ ey (sin x + cos x) = c  1 1 −1 −2 x
⇒ ∫ −  dy = ∫ dx + log c
dy xy + y  y −1 y  2 1 − x2
49. =
dx xy + x −1
⇒ log (y − 1) − log y = log (1 − x 2 ) + log c
1+ y  2
1+ x 
⇒  dy =   dx ⇒ 2log(y − 1) + log (1 − x2) = 2log c + 2log y
 y   x 
⇒ log[(y − 1)2 (1 − x2)] = log c2y2
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ (y − 1)2 (1 − x2) = c2y2
log y + =
y log x + x + log A
dy
 y  54. (x2 − yx2) + y2 + xy2 = 0
⇒ log   = x − y ⇒ y = Axe x−y dx
 Ax 
dy
⇒ x2(1 − y) + y2(1 + x) = 0
dy dy dx
50. x + y = y2 ⇒ x = y2 − y
dx dx (1 − y ) (1 + x)
⇒ dy + dx = 0
dx y 2
x2
⇒ 2dy =
y −y x Integrating on both sides, we get
 1 1 dx  1 1  1 1
⇒  −  dy =
 y −1 y  x
∫  y 2
−  dy + ∫  2 +  dx =
y x x
c
389


1 1 ⇒ − cos y + y sin y + cos y
⇒− − log y − + log x = c
y x x2 x2 1
= log x 2 − ∫ . 2 .2 x dx + ∫ x dx + c
x 1 1 2 2 x
⇒ log   = + +c x2
 y x y ⇒ y sin y = × 2log x − ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx + c
2
55.
dy
tan y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) ⇒ y sin y = x2 log x + c
dx
dy sin y
60. cos y log(sec x + tan x)dx
⇒ ⋅ = 2 sin x cos y = cos x log(sec y + tan y) dy
dx cos y
sin y
⇒ dy = 2 sin x dx
cos 2 y ∫ sec x log (sec x + tan x)dx
Integrating on both sides, we get = ∫ sec y log (sec y + tan y )dy +c
∫ sec y tan y dy − 2 ∫ sin x dx = c Put log(sec x + tan x) = t ⇒ sec x dx = dt
⇒ sec y + 2 cos x = c and log(sec y + tan y) = z ⇒ sec y dy = dz
dy 1+ y 2
∴ ∫ t dt = ∫ z dz + c
56. =
dx 1+ x 2 t2 z2
⇒ = +c
dy dx 2 2
⇒ − =0
1+ y 2
1+ x 2 [log(sec x + tan x)]2 [log(sec y + tan y )]2
⇒ = +c
dy dx
∫1+ y − ∫1+ x = tan−1c dy
2 2 61. a+x +x =0
dx
⇒ tan−1y − tan−1x = tan−1c Integrating on both sides, we get
−1 
y− x  −1 x
⇒ tan   = tan c
 1 + xy  ∫ dy + ∫ a+ x
dx = c
⇒ y − x = c(1 + xy)
⇒ y + ∫ x + a − a dx =
c
dy (1+ y )(1+ x + x ) 2 2 a+x
57. xy =
dx (1+ x 2 )  a 
⇒ y + ∫ a + x −  dx =
c
Integrating on both sides, we get  a+x
3
y
dy =
1+ x 2 + x
∫ x(1+ x ) dx + c ⇒ y + 2 (a + x) 2 − 2a a + x = c
∫ 1+ y 2 2 3
3
1 2y 1 dx ⇒ 3y + 2(a + x) 2 − 6a a + x = 3c
⇒
2 ∫ 1+ y 2 dy = ∫ x dx + ∫ 1 + x 2 + c
⇒ 3y + 2 a + x (a + x − 3a) = 3c
1
⇒ log(1 + y2) = log x + tan−1 x + c ⇒ 3y + 2 a + x (x − 2a) = 3c
2
58. (cosec x log y)dy + (x2y)dx = 0 62. ydx + xdy + xy2 dx − x2ydy = 0
ydx + xdy dx dy
⇒ 1 log ydy + x2 sin xdx = 0 ⇒ + − =0
y x2 y 2 x y
Integrating on both sides, we get d ( xy ) dx dy
2 ⇒ + − = 0
(log y ) x2 y 2 x y
+ [x2(−cos x) + ∫ 2 x cos xdx ] = c
2 Integrating on both sides, we get
2
(log y ) 2 1
⇒ − x cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) = c − + logx − logy = k
2 xy
x 1
2
(log y )
⇒ + (2 − x2) cos x + 2x sin x = c ⇒ log = +k
2 y xy
dy x log x 2 + x 63. y e−x/y dx − ( xe − x / y + y 3 )dy = 0

59. =
dx sin y + y cos y
⇒ e−x/y(ydx − xdy) = y3dy
Integrating on both sides, we get ( ydx − xdy )
⇒ e−x/y = ydy
∫ (sin y + y cos y)dy =∫ ( x log x
2
+ x)dx + c y2
390

x 67. edy/dx = (x + 1)

⇒ e−x/y d   = ydy dy
 y ⇒ = log(x + 1)
dx
y2 y2
− e−x/y = +c ⇒ + e−x/y = k,
2 2 ∫ dy = ∫ log ( x +1)dx + c
where k = − c x
⇒ y = x log (x + 1) − ∫ x+1 dx + c
2 2
64. y′ = 1 + x + y + xy
dy x+1−1
⇒ = (1 + x)(1 + y2) = x log (x + 1) − ∫ dx + c
dx x+1
Integrating on both sides, we get  1 
= x log (x + 1) − ∫ 1 −  dx + c
dy  x+1 
∫ 1+ y 2 = ∫ (1+ x)dx + c
∴ y = x log (x + 1) − x + log (x + 1) + c …(i)
−1 x2 Since y(0) = 3, i.e., y = 3 when x = 0
⇒ tan y = x + +c …(i)
2 ∴ 3=0+c⇒c=3
Since y(0) = 0, i.e., y = 0 when x = 0 ∴ y = x log (x + 1) + log (x + 1) − x + 3
∴ tan−1 (0) = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 …[From (i)]
x2 ∴ y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) − x + 3
∴ tan−1y = x + …[From (i)]
2

68. (x + y − 1)dx + (2x + 2y − 3)dy = 0
x2 
⇒ y = tan  x +  dy  x + y −1 
 2 ⇒ = −  …(i)
dx  2x + 2 y − 3 
65. y′ − y = 1 Put x + y = v …(ii)
dy dy dv
⇒ −y=1 ⇒1+ =
dx dx dx
dy dy dv
⇒ =1+y ⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx dx
Integrating on both sides, we get Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dy dv v −1 
∫ 1+ y = ∫ dx + c −1 = −  
dx  2v − 3 
⇒ log(1 + y) = x + c dv 1− v dv v−2
Since y(0) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 0 ⇒ = +1⇒ =
dx 2v − 3 dx 2v − 3
∴ log (1 + 1) = 0 + c ⇒ c = log 2
∴ log (1 + y) = x + log 2
2v − 3
1+ y  ∫ v−2 dv = ∫ dx + c
⇒ log   =x
 2  2( v − 2) + 1
1+ y ⇒ ∫ dv = x + c
⇒ = ex v−2
2 ⇒ 2v + log(v − 2) = x + c
⇒ y = 2e x − 1 ⇒ 2(x + y) + log(x + y − 2) = x + c
⇒ y(x) = 2exp(x) − 1 ⇒ 2y + x + log(x + y − 2) = c
dy 
66. sin   =a dy
 dx  69. = ex + y − 1 …(i)
dx
dy Put x + y = v …(ii)
⇒ = sin−1a ⇒ dy = sin−1 a dx
dx dy dv
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒1+ =
dx dx
y = (sin−1a)x + c …(i)
dy dv
Since y(0) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 0 ⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx
∴ 1=0+c ⇒c=1
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
∴ y = x sin−1a + 1 …[From (i)]
dv
⇒
y −1
= sin−1a = ev
x dx
 y −1 
⇒ sin   =a ∫ e dv = ∫ dx + c
−v
 x 
391


⇒ −e − v = x + c sec 2 (v/2)
⇒ x + e−v + c = 0
⇒ ∫ 2(1+ tan v/2)
dv = x + c
⇒ x + e−(x + y) + c = 0 ⇒ log 1+ tan v/2 = x + c

dy x+ y
70. = sin( x + y ) …(i) ⇒ log 1+ tan   =x+c
dx  2 
Put x + y = v …(ii)
dy dv dy x 2 + xy + y 2
⇒ = −1 …(iii) 73. = …(i)
dx dx dx x2
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get Put y = vx …(ii)
dv dy dv
−1 = sin v ∴ = v+x …(iii)
dx dx dx
dv 1 − sin v Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
⇒ = dx ⇒ dv = dx
1 + sin v cos 2 v dv x 2 + vx 2 + v 2 x 2
v+x = = 1 + v + v2
Integrating on both sides, we get dx x2
dv dv dx
∫ sec vdv − ∫ sec v tan vdv =
∫ dx + c
2
⇒x = 1 + v2 ⇒ =
dx 1 + v2 x
⇒ tan v − sec v = x + c
⇒ tan(x + y) − sec(x + y) = x + c
tan−1 v = log x + c
dy  y
71. = sin(x + y) tan (x + y) − 1 …(i) ⇒ tan−1   = log x + c
dx x  
dy dv dy y  y 
⇒1+ = 74. =  log + 1 …(i)
dx dx dx x  x 
dy dv Put y = vx …(ii)
⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx dy dv
⇒ =v+x …(iii)
dx dx
dv dv sin 2 v Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
= sin v tan v ⇒ =
dx dx cos v dv dv
v+x = v(log v + 1) ⇒ x = v log v
Integrating on both sides, we get dx dx
cos v  1  Integrating on both sides, we get
∫ dx − ∫ sin 2
v
dv = c ⇒ x −  − = c
 sin v 
dv dx
∫ vlog v = ∫ x
+ log c
…[Put sin v = t ⇒ cos v dv = dt]
⇒ x + cosec v = c ⇒ log(log v) = log x + log c
1
⇒ x + cosec(x + y) = c …  Put log v =
t ⇒ dv =

dt 
 v 
dy
72. = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y) …(i) y
 
dx ⇒ log v = xc ⇒ log   = cx
x
dy dv dy y − x
⇒1+ = 75. = …(i)
dx dx dx y + x
dy dv Put y = vx …(ii)
⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx dy dv
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get ⇒ = v+x …(iii)
dx dx
dv Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
− 1 = cos v + sin v
dx dv vx − x v −1
dv v+x = =
⇒ = 1 + cos v + sin v dx vx + x v +1
dx dv v −1
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x = –v
dx v +1
dv
∫ 1+ cos v + sin v = ∫ dx + c dv − ( v 2 + 1)
⇒ x =
dx v +1
dv
⇒ ∫ =x+c Integrating on both sides, we get
1− tan 2 v/2 2 tan v/2
1+ + v +1 dx
1+ tan 2 v/2 1+ tan 2 v/2 ∫v 2
+1
dv = − ∫ + c1
x
392


1 2v 1 dx Integrating on both sides, we get
2 ∫ v2 + 1
⇒ dv + ∫ 2 dv = − ∫ + c1
v +1 x dv dv dx
∫ +
v − 1 ∫ (v − 1) 2
=− ∫ x
+c
1
⇒ log ( v 2 + 1) + tan −1 v = − logx + c1
2 1
⇒ log(v − 1) − = − log x + c
 y 2 + x2  v −1
−1  y 
⇒ log  2  + 2 tan   = −2log x + 2c1 x
 x  x ⇒ log(y − x) = +c
y−x
y
⇒ log(x2 + y2) – 2 log x + 2 tan–1  
x   78. y2dx + (x2 − xy + y2) dy = 0
= –2 log x + 2c1 dy − y2
⇒ = 2 …(i)
2 2 –1  y dx x − xy + y 2
⇒ log(x + y ) + 2tan   = c, where c = 2c1 Put y = vx …(ii)
x
dy dv
⇒ =v+x …(iii)
76. (x + y) dx + x dy = 0 dx dx
dy x+ y Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
⇒ = −  …(i)
dx  x  dv −v2 x2
v+x = 2
Put y = vx …(ii) dx x − x.vx + v 2 x 2
dy dv dv − v2
⇒ = v+x …(iii) ⇒x = −v
dx dx dx 1− v + v 2
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get dv − v − v3
⇒x =
dv − x − vx dx 1− v + v 2
v+x = =–1−v
dx x Integrating on both sides, we get
dv v 2 − v +1 dx
⇒ x = − 1 − 2v
dx ∫ v(v 2
+1)
dv = − ∫ + c
x
1 1  dx
dv dx ⇒ ∫  − 2  dv = − ∫ + c
∫1 + 2v
=
−
x ∫
+ log c1  v v +1 x
⇒ log v − tan−1 v = − log x + c
1
⇒ log (1 + 2v) = – log x + log c1  y  y
2 ⇒ log   − tan−1   = − log x + c
x   x  
 y c
⇒ log 1 + 2  =
2log 1  y
 x x ⇒ log y = tan−1   + c
2
x  
x + 2 y  c1 
⇒ = 
dy
x x 79. 2xy = x2 + 3y2
2 dx
⇒ x + 2xy = c12
dy x2 + 3 y 2
⇒ x2 + 2xy = c, where c = c12 ⇒ = …(i)
dx 2 xy
Put y = vx … (ii)
dy x dy
77. x+y = 2y ⇒ + =2 …(i) dy dv
dx y dx ⇒ =v+x …(iii)
dx dx
Put y = vx …(ii) Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dy dv dv x 2 + 3v 2 x 2
⇒ =v+x …(iii) v+ x =
dx dx dx 2 vx 2
dv x 2 (1 + 3v 2 )
1 dv ⇒ x = −v
+v+x =2 dx 2x2v
v dx
dv 1 + 3v 2
dv 2v − 1 v dx ⇒ x = −v
⇒ v + x. = ⇒ dv = − dx 2v
dx v (v − 1) 2
x
dv 1 + v 2
v −1 +1 dx ⇒ x =
⇒ dv = − dx 2v
(v − 1) 2 x
 1 1  dx 2v dx
⇒  dv = −
+ 2
 (v − 1) (v − 1)  x ∫1+ v =
dv
∫ x + log p
2
393


⇒ log (1 + v2) = log x + log p 1
⇒ – log[2 – (1 + v)2] = log x + log c1
1+ v  2
2
⇒ log   = log p
 x  1
⇒– log(1 – 2v − v2) = log (xc1)
1+ v 2 2
⇒ =p
x  1 
⇒ log   = log (xc1)
x2 + y 2  1– 2v – v 2 
⇒ =p  
x3
1
⇒ x2 + y2 = p.x3 ⇒ = xc1
1 − 2v − v 2
dy x
80. = …(i) 1
dx 2 y − x ⇒ = x 2c12
1 − 2v − v 2
Put y = vx …(ii)
dy dv
⇒ x 2c12 (1– 2v – v2) = 1
⇒ = v+x …(iii)
dx dx  2 y y2 
⇒ x 2c12 1 – − = 1
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get  x x2 
dv x 1
v+x = = ⇒ c (x2 – 2xy – y2) = 1
2
1
dx 2vx − x 2v − 1
−1
⇒ x
dv
=
1
−v =
1 − 2v 2 + v ⇒ y2 + 2xy – x2 = c, where c =
dx 2v − 1 2v − 1 c12
dv (v − 1)(2v + 1)
⇒x =− y y
dx 2v − 1 82. y cos (x dy – y dx) + x sin (x dy + y dx) = 0
x x
(2v − 1) −dx
⇒ dv = y y dy y y dy y
(2v + 1)(v − 1) x ⇒ cos  −  + sin  +  = 0
x x  dx x  x  dx x 
1 4 −dx
⇒ + = …(i)
3(v − 1) 3(2v + 1) x
Put y = vx …(ii)
dy dv
1 4 1 ⇒ =v+x …(iii)
log(v − 1) + . log(2v + 1) dx dx
3 3 2
= − log x + log c1 Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dv dv
⇒ log(v −1)1/3 + log(2v + 1)2/3 = log
c1 v cos v  v + x   
− v  + sin v  v + x + v  = 0
x  dx   dx 
c1 dv dv
⇒ (v − 1)1/3(2v + 1)2/3 = ⇒ (v cos v)x + sin v  2v + x  = 0
x dx  dx 
2
 y − x   2y + x  c3 dv
⇒    = 3
1
⇒ x (v cos v + sin v) + 2v sin v = 0
 x   x  x dx
⇒ (x − y)(x + 2y)2 = c, where c = −c13 Integrating on both sides, we get
v cos v + sin v dx
81.
dy x − y
= …(i) ∫ v sinv
−2 ∫ + log c
dv =
x
dx x + y
⇒ log (v sin v) = –2 log x + log c
Put y = vx …(ii)
c
dy dv ⇒ log (v sin v) = log
⇒ = v+x …(iii) x2
dx dx
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get c
⇒ v sin v =
dv x − vx x2
v+x =
dx x + vx y y c y c
⇒ sin = 2 ⇒ y sin =
dv 1 − v x x x x x
⇒ x= −v
dx 1 + v π π
Since y(1) = , i.e., y = when x = 1
dv 1 − 2v − v 2 2 2
⇒ x =
dx 1+ v π π π
∴ sin =c ⇒c=
Integrating on both sides, we get 2 2 2
1+ v dx y π
∫ 2 − (1 + v) 2
dv =
∫x + log c1 ∴ y sin =
x 2x
394


83. A differential equation in which the dependent This is the linear differential equation of the
variable (y) and its differential coefficient occur dx 1
form Q , where P =
+ P.x =
only in the first degree and are not multiplied dy 1 + y2
together is called a linear differential equation. 1
∫ 2 dy
I.F. = e ∫ = e 1+ y = e tan y
Pdy −1
dy ∴
Hence, y + 4x = 0 is a non-linear differential
dx
equation. dy
91. + 2 cot x.y = 3x2cosec2x
dx
dy
84. x2 + y = ex can be written as ∴ I.F. = e ∫
2 cot xdx
= e 2 log sin x = sin 2 x
dx
dy y ex ∴ solution of the given equation is
+ 2 = 2 , which is a linear equation. y. sin2 x = ∫ 3x 2cosec2 x.sin 2 xdx + c
dx x x
⇒ y sin 2 x = ∫ 3 x 2dx + c
dy 2x x2 − 1
85. + 2
y= 2 ⇒ y sin2 x = x3 + c
dx 1+ x x +1
2x
∫ 1+ x 2 dx 2
dy y
∴ I.F. = e = elog(1 + x ) = 1 + x2 92. = +x
dx x
dy dy y
86. (x log x) + y = 2 log x ⇒ − = x
dx dx x
1
dy 1 2 1
I.F. = e ∫ x = e−log x =
− dx
⇒ + y= ∴
dx x log x x x
1 ∴ solution of the given equation is
∫ dx
∴ I.F. = e x log x
= elog(log x) = log x y 1
=
x ∫ x. x dx + a
dy
87. (1 – x2) − xy =1 y
dx ⇒ = x+a ⇒ y = x2 + ax
x
dy x 1
⇒ − .y =
dy
dx 1 − x 2 1 − x2 93. + 2y tan x = sin x
−x 1 dx
I.F. = e ∫
dx log(1− x 2 ) ( )
1− x 2
∴ 1− x 2
= e2 = elog = 1 − x2 Here, P = 2 tan x and Q = sin x
I.F. = e ∫
2 tan x dx
dy ∴
1 2
dx = e2=
log(sec x ) log sec x
e= sec 2 x
⇒ + y tan x =
sec x
dx y (sec2 x) = ∫ sin x sec 2 x dx + c
I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
∴ = elog sec x = sec x ⇒ y sec2 x = ∫ sec x tan x dx + c
dy 1
− log x ⇒ y sec2 x = sec x + c
89. x + y log x =
x.e x x 2
dx
dy 1 dx
dy log x 1
− log x 94. = ⇒ =x+y+1
⇒ + ⋅ y = ex x 2 dx x + y + 1 dy
dx x
dx
log x 1 ⇒ −x=y+1
I.F. = e ∫
dx (log x )2
∴ x
= e 2 dy
I.F. = e ∫ = e−y
−1dy
 1
log x 
log x
∴
=  e2  …[ (am)n = amn] ∴ solution of the given equation is
 
x.e−y = ∫ ( y + 1)e − y dy + c
( x)
log x
=
⇒ xe−y = e−y (−y −2) + c
90. (1 + y2) dx – (tan–1y – x) dy = 0 ⇒ x = cey − y − 2
⇒ (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1y – x) dy dy dy y 2
−1 95. x + y = x2 + 3x + 2 ⇒ + =x+3+
dx tan y − x dx dx x x
⇒ =
dy 1 + y2 1 2
Here, P = , Q = x + 3 +
dx x tan −1 y x x
⇒ + = 1
I.F. = e ∫ x = elog x = x
dx
dy 1 + y 2 1 + y 2 ∴
395


∴ solution of the given equation is dy
100. (x + 2y3) –y=0
 2 dx
y. x = ∫  x + 3 +  x dx + c
 x  dy y
⇒ =
⇒ xy = ∫ x dx + ∫ 3x dx + ∫ 2dx + c
2 dx x + 2y 3
dx x + 2y 3 dx x
x3 3x 2 ⇒ = ⇒ = + 2y2
⇒ xy = + + 2x + c dy y dy y
3 2
1
∫ − y dy 1
∴ I.F. = e = e− log y =
I.F. = e ∫ = eax
adx
96. y
∴ solution of the given equation is ∴ solution of the given equation is
ax e( a+m ) x x(I.F.) = ∫ Q (I.F.)dy + c
y.e = ∫ emx .eax dx + c = +c
a +m
1 1
⇒x ∫2y
2
e mx = dy + c
⇒y= + ce−ax y y
a +m
x
⇒ y(a + m) = emx + c(a + m) e−ax ⇒ = y2 + c
y
97.
dy
x log x + y = 2 log x ⇒ x = y3 + c.y
dx ⇒ y3 – x = −cy
⇒
dy
+
1
y=
2 ⇒ y3 − x = Ay, where A = − c
dx x log x x
101. xdy + ydx + log ydy = 0
1
∴ I.F. = e
∫ x log x dx
=e log (log x)
= log x ⇒ xdy + ydx = −log ydy
dx dx x log y
∴ solution of the given equation is ⇒y + x = −log y ⇒ + =−
dy dy y y
2
y log x = ∫ x
.log xdx + c
∫
1
dy
2 ∴ I.F. = e y = elog y = y
⇒ y log x = (log x) + c ∴ solution of the given equation is
dy 3x 2 sin 2 x log ydy
98. + y= x.y = − ∫ y. +c
dx 1 + x 3
1 + x3 y
3x 2 sin 2 x ⇒ xy = −(y log y − y) + c
Here, P = and Q =
1+ x 3
1 + x3 ⇒ xy + (y log y − y) = c
3 x2
∫ 1 + x 3 dx 3 dy
∴ I.F. = e = elog(1 + x ) = 1 + x3 102. = y tan x – y2 sec x
dx
1 dy 1
sin 2 x ⇒ 2 ⋅ − tan x = − sec x …(i)
y.(1 + x3) = ∫ (1 + x3)dx y dx y
1 + x3
Put v = y−1
1 − cos 2 x
⇒ y (1 + x3) = ∫ dx dv 1 dy
2 ⇒ =− 2 ⋅
dx y dx
1 sin 2 x
⇒ y(1 + x3) = x − +c dv
2 4 ∴ − − v tan x = −sec x …[From (i)]
dx
dy dv
99. + y sec 2 x = tan x sec 2 x ⇒ + v tan x = sec x
dx dx
Here, P = sec2 x, Q = tan x sec2x This is the standard form of the linear
differential equation.
I.F. = e ∫
sec2 x dx
∴ = etanx
I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
∴ solution of the given equation is ∴ = elog sec x = sec x
∫
y.etanx = tan x.sec2 x e tan x dx + c
103. x
dy
= 2y + x3ex ⇒
dy 2
− y = x2ex
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec x dx = dt 2 dx dx x
2
− ∫ dx 1
∫ t e dt + c
−2
∴ y etan x = t
∴ I.F. = e x = e−2 log x = elog x = 2
x
⇒ y etan x = t et − et + c ∴ solution of the given equation is
⇒ y etan x = etan x (tan x – 1) + c 1 1
∫x e
2 x
y ⋅ 2= ⋅ dx + c
⇒ y = tan x – 1 + c⋅e–tan x x x2
396


2
x2 4
11. Required area = ∫0 4 dx 2 3. Required area = ∫ 2 x dx
x = 4y Y 0 Y
4
x=4
1 3 2  3
= x   x2  4  3 
12   0 = 2   = 4 2 − 0
3 3  
8 x=2   X′ X
=  2 0 O
12 O X
4
2 = (8)
= 3
3 y2 = 4x
32
= Y′
3
Critical Thinking
π /3 π
3
1. Y
4. A1 = ∫ cos x dx = [sin x]
0
3
0
=
2
2
y = 4x π
π /3
A2 = ∫ cos 2 x dx =
[sin x ]03 = 3
y=4 2 4
0
∴ A1 : A2 = 2 : 1
y=1
X′ X 5. xy − 3x − 2y − 10 = 0
O
⇒ y(x – 2) = 3x + 10
Y′ 3x +10
⇒y=
x−2
4 4
3x +10
4
4
y ∴
Required area = ∫ x dy =
1
∫
1 2
dy 3 3 x−2
= [3x +16 log( x − 2)]34

1 2 4
= .  y 3/ 2  = 3 + 16 log 2 sq. units
2 3  1
7 6. According to the given condition,

= sq. units 3
3 − 4 x + k) dx = 20
∫ (3x
2
1
2. Y 3
2 ⇒  x3 − 2 x 2 + kx 1 = 20
x =y−2
⇒ (27 – 18 + 3k) – (1 – 2 + k) = 20
⇒ 9 + 3k +1 – k = 20 ⇒ 2k = 10
y= 6 ⇒k=5
y= 4 7. For X-axis, y = 0
∴ 4 + 3x − x2 = 0
(0, 2) ⇒ (x + 1) (x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x = 4
X′ X 4
125
O ∴ Required area = ∫ (4 + 3x − x ) dx =
2
−1
6
Y′ 8. For Y-axis, x = 0
2 ∴ y2 – y = 0
x =y–2⇒x= y−2
⇒ y(y – 1) = 0
 3 
6
⇒ y = 0 or y = 1
6
 ( y − 2) 2  1 1
required area = y − 2 dy =   y3 y2 
∴ ∫ 3  ∴ Required area = ∫ ( y 2 − y ) dy =  − 
4   0 3 2 0
 2 4
1 1 −1 1
2  32 3
 = – = = sq. units
= 4 − 2 
2 3 2 6 6
3  
2
=
3
8−2 2 ( ) ∴ 4x – x2 = 0
⇒ x(4 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 4
358


4 π
Required area = ∫ (4 x − x 2 ) dx 2
8a 3 sin 6 θ.4a sin θ cos θ
0
∴ Required area = ∫ dθ
0 2a − 2a sin 2 θ
4
 x3 
= 2 x2 −  π
 3 0 2
2a.sin 3 θ.4a sin θ cos θ
= ∫0 dθ
cos θ
64
= 32 –
3 π
2
3.1 π 3πa 2
32 = 8a ∫ sin 4 θ dθ = 8a2.
2
. =
= sq. units 4.2 2 2
3 0
10. According to the given condition, 13. Y x =1 x=4

b
y2 = 2x
∫ f ( x)dx =
1
(b − 1)sin(3b + 4)
Differentiating w.r.t. b, we get O X

f(b).1 = 3(b − 1) cos(3b + 4) + sin(3b + 4)
∴ f(x) = 3(x − 1) cos(3x + 4) + sin(3x + 4)
a
 8 Since, the curve is symmetrical about X-axis.
11. A1 = ∫ 1 + 2  dx Y
x
2  4
∴ Required area = 2∫ y dx
 8
a
8
= x −  y=1+ 1
 x 2
x2 4 1
(2, 3)
= 2∫ 2 x 2 dx
=a−
8
a
+2 ( ) 4,
3
2
1
A1 A2 28 2
X = sq. units
O (2,0) (a,0) (4,0) 3
4

4
8  8 8 14. Y x=2
A2 = ∫ 1 + 2  dx = x −  =2−a+
a x   x a a
8 8
a− +2=2−a+
a a X X
O (2, 0)
16
⇒ 2a = ⇒ a2 = 8
a
y2 = 8x
⇒a=2 2 …[ a > 0]
Y′
12. Since the curve is symmetrical about X-axis.
Y y2(2a−x) = x3
2
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ y dx
0
2 2
= 2 ∫ 8 x dx = 4 2 ∫ x dx
x = 2a 0 0
2
 
X′ X  x 3/ 2 
O = 4 2
3 
Y′  
 2 0
8 2
( )
2a 2a
x3 = 2 2
2a − x 3
0 0
32
Put x = 2a sin2 θ = sq. units
3
⇒ dx = 4a sinθ cosθ dθ
359


15. Y π /3
18. Required area = 2 ∫ tan x dx

0
2
y = 4ax
= 2 [log sec x]0π /3 = 2log (2)
X 19. Y
O (a, 0)
y = cos x
a a
A1 π A4
Required area = 2∫ y dx = 2∫ 4ax dx X′ X
O π 3π 2π
0 0
A2 A3
2  32 
a
2 2
=2×2 a × x 
3  0
Y′
8 2
= a sq. units
3 Required area = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
= 4 A1
16. Y π/ 2
= 4 ∫ cos x dx
0
(0, 2)  π 
= 4 [sin x ]0
π/ 2
y2 = 4 − x = 4  sin − sin 0 
 2 
X′ X = 4(1 – 0) = 4
O (4, 0)
20. Y
(0, –2)
Y′ 3π
π 2 2π
4 4 X′ X
 2 3/2  O π/2
Required area = 2∫ 4 − x dx = 2  − ( 4 − x ) 
0  3 0
 3 y = sin x
2 2
= 2 0 + (4) 

 3 
  Y′
4×8
=
3 π/ 2
Required area = 4 ∫ y dx
32
= sq. units 0
3 π/ 2
= 4 ∫ sin x dx
17. Y 0
x2 = 1 + y = 4[− cos x]0π / 2

B(0, 1)
 π 
= −4  cos − cos0 
 2 
X′ X = 4 sq. units
O A(1, 0)
21. Y
x=1
x2 = 1 – y
Y′ x2 + y2 = 4
Required area = 4(area of the region OABO)
1 (2, 0)
X
= 4∫ (1 − x 2 )dx O
0
1
 x3  8
= 4x −  =
 3 0 3
360


2
x2 y2
Area of smaller part = 2 ∫ 4 − x 2 dx 24. 16x2 + 9y2 = 144 ⇒ + =1
1
9 16
x x
2 x2 y 2
= 2  4 − x 2 + 2sin −1  Area of ellipse + 1 is π ab sq. units.
=
a 2 b2
2 2 1
Here, a = 3, b = 4
 π  3 π  4π
= 2  2. −  + 2.   = – 3 ∴ Required area = πab = π (3) (4) = 12 π
 2  2 6   3
25. Y
22. Y
x2 = 1 + y
B(0, 1)
x=a
X
O
X′ X
O A(1, 0)
Since the curve is symmetrical about X-axis.

x2 = 1 – y
Y′
a
a−x
∴ Required area A = 2 ∫ a dx
x
Required area = 4(area of the region OABO) 2
0
1 Put x = a sin θ
= 4∫ (1 − x 2 )dx ⇒ dx = 2a sin θ.cos θ d θ
0
1
π/ 2
a cos 2θ
 x3 
= 4x − 
∴ A=2 ∫a a sin 2θ
. 2a sinθ cos θ dθ
 3 0 0
π/ 2
8 cos θ
= = 4a2 ∫ sin θ cos θ d θ
3 0 sin θ
23. Y
π/ 2
1 π
= 4a2 ∫ cos θ dθ =
2
4a 2 . . = πa2
0 2 2
B(0, b)
1
26. Required area = ∫ x | x | dx
X′ X −1
C O A(a,0) 0 1
x2 y 2 = ∫ − x 2 dx + ∫ x 2 dx
D + 1
= −1 0
a 2 b2
−1 1 2
Y′ = + =
3 3 3
Since the curve is symmetrical about Y-axis as
well as X-axis. 27. Y y = 3x + 2
x = –1
∴ the area of the given ellipse
a
= 4(area of OABO) = 4∫ y dx
0
a
b 2 (–1, 0) (1, 0) X
= 4∫ a − x 2 dx X′
0 a  −2 
 ,0 
π
2
 3 
4b x=1
= … [Put x = a sin θ]
a ∫0
a cos θ.a cos θ dθ Y′
−2
3 1
π
2 Required area = ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx
1 + cos 2θ 
= 4ab ∫   dθ −1 −2
0 2  3
2
 sin 2θ  
π/ 2 −
= 2ab [θ]0π / 2 + 
3 1
  = ∫ ( 3 x + 2 ) dx + ∫ ( 3 x + 2 ) dx
  2  0 
−1 −2
= πab sq. units 3
361

31. y = a1(a2 + a3).cos (x + a4) – a5 e x + a6 1 

37. y = ax cos  + b  …(i)
= A cos (x + a4) – Bex, x 
where A = a1(a2 + a3) and B = a5 ea6 dy 1   1  1 
This equation consists of three arbitrary ⇒ = − ax sin  + b  .  − 2  + a cos  + b 
dx x   x  x 
constants.
dy a 1  1 
∴ Order of differential equation = 3 ⇒ = .sin  + b  + a cos  + b 
dx x x  x 
32. y = C1eC2 + x + C3eC4 + x d2 y a 1   1 
⇒ = cos  + b  .  − 2 
= ( C1eC2 + C3eC4 ) e x dx 2
x x   x 
= Aex, where A = ( C1eC2 + C3eC4 ) a 1  1   1 
− 2 sin  + b  − a sin  + b  . − 2 
x x  x  x 
dy
∴ = Aex = y a 1  ax 1 
dx = − 3 cos  + b  = − 4 cos  + b 
∴ order of differential equation = 1 x  x  x x 
d2 y y
33. Equation of all rectangular hyperbolas is ∴ = − 4 …[From (i)]
xy = c2
dx 2
x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get d2 y
⇒ x4 + y = 0 ⇒ x4 y2 + y = 0
dy dx 2
x +y=0
dx 38. The differential equation representing the family
Here, the order is 1. of parabolas having vertex at origin is
y2 = 4ax …(i)
34. (
y2 = 2d x + d ) …(i) Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2y = 4a
dx
dy
2y = 2d …(ii) dy y 2
dx ⇒ 2y = …[From (i)]
Substituting (ii) in (i), we get dx x
dy
dy  dy  ⇒ 2yx = y2
y2 = 2y  x + y  dx
dx  dx 
2 dy
⇒ y − 2xy =0
dy dy dy dx
⇒ y = 2x +2 . y
dx dx dx
39. Equation of family of parabolas with focus at
(0, 0) and X-axis as axis is y2 = 4a(x + a) …(i)
2 3
dy  dy 
⇒  y − 2 x  = 4y  
 dx   dx  Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
This is a differential equation of order 1 and dy
2y = 4a …(ii)
degree 3. dx
35. Required equation of parabola is
dy  y dy 
(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) y2 = 2y x+ 
dx  2 dx 
Since this equation has two arbitrary constants, 2
it’s order is 2. dy  dy 
⇒ y = 2x + y 
dx  dx 
36. Equation of family of parabolas whose axis is 2
X-axis is y2 = 4a(x − h)  dy  dy
⇒ −y   = 2x −y
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  dx  dx
dy
2y = 4a 40. Equation of family of parabolas with focus at
dx (0, 0) and X-axis as axis is y2 = 4a(x + a) ….(i)
dy Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ y = 2a
dx dy
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2y = 4a …(ii)
dx
2
d 2 y  dy  Substituting (ii) in (i), we get
y +  = 0
dx 2  dx  dy  y dy 
y2 = 2y x+ 
∴ order = 2 and degree = 1 dx  2 dx 
401

dy  dy 
2
45. The system of circles which passes through
⇒ y = 2x + y  origin and whose centre lies on X-axis is
dx  dx 
x2 + y2 – 2bx = 0 …(i)
∴ order = m = 1, degree = n = 2 Differentating w.r.t x, we get
Now, mn – m + n = 1(2) – 1 + 2 = 3 dy
2x + 2y = 2b …(ii)
41. Axis of parabola = X-axis dx
vertex = (m, 0) Substituting (ii) in (i), we get
Equation of all parabolas is dy
x2 + y2 – 2x2 – 2xy =0
(y − 0)2 = 4a(x − m) dx
⇒ y2 = 4ax − 4am dy
⇒ y2 – x2 – 2xy =0
dy dx
∴ 2y = 4a
dx
46. The equation representing the family of circles
dy
⇒y = 2a of constant radius r is given by
dx (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2 …(i)
d2 y dy  dy  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
∴ y 2 +   =0
dx dx  dx  2(x – a) + 2(y – b)y′ = 0
d 2 y  dy 
2 ∴ (x – a) + (y – b)y′ = 0 …(ii)
⇒ y +   =0 Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx 2  dx 
1 + (y′)2 + (y – b) y′′ = 0
42. Axis of parabola = Y-axis 1 + ( y ')2 
Vertex = (0, m) ⇒ (y – b) = −  
y"
∴ Equation of parabola is 2
(x − 0)2 = 4a (y − m) 1 + ( y ')2 
⇒ x2 = 4ay − 4am ⇒ (y – b) = 2  …(iii)
( y ")
2

dy
From (ii), (x – a) = – (y – b) y ′
2x = 4a ∴ (x – a)2 = (y – b)2 (y′)2
dx
Substituting in (i), we get
1 dy 1 1 d 2 y dy 1
⇒ = ⇒ − 0
= (y – b)2 (y′)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
x dx 2a x dx 2 dx x 2
∴ [(y′)2 + 1] (y – b)2 = r2
d 2 y dy
⇒ x 2− = 0 r2
dx dx ∴ (y – b)2 = …(iv)
1 + ( y ')2 
 
43. Equation of parabolas whose axes are parallel to
From (iii) and (iv), we get
Y-axis is 2
y = ax2 + bx + c 1 + ( y ')2 
  = r2
dy
( y ")
2
∴ = 2ax + b 1 + ( y ')2 
dx  
d2 y ∴ r2(y′′)2 = [1 + (y′)2]3
∴ = 2a
dx 2 47. sec x dy − cosec y dx = 0
d3 y ⇒ cos x dx − sin y dy = 0
∴ =0
dx3 Integrating on both sides, we get
sin x + cos y = c
44. The differential equation of the family of circles
touching Y- axis at the origin is dy
48. = 1 + x + y + xy
x2 + y2 − 2 ax = 0 …(i) dx
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get dy dy
dy
⇒ = (1 +x)(1 + y) ⇒ = (1 + x)dx
2x + 2y − 2a = 0 dx 1+ y
dx Integrating on both sides, we get
dy x2
⇒ 2a = 2x + 2y …(ii) log (1 + y) = x + +c
dx 2
dy dy
x2 + y2 − 2x2 − 2xy =0 49. 9y + 4x = 0
dx dx
⇒ x2 − y2 + 2xy =0 9 ∫ y dy + 4∫ x dx = c1
dx
402

y2 x2 dx
⇒ 9. + 4. = c1 55. y(1 + log x) − x log x = 0
2 2 dy
y2 x2 c dx
⇒ + = 1 ⇒ y(1 + logx) = x log x
4 9 18 dy
y 2
x2 c1
⇒ + = c, where c =  1 + log x  dy
4 9 18 ⇒  dx =
 x log x  y
50. (1 + y2)tan−1 x dx + (1 + x2) 2ydy = 0
tan −1 xdx 2y
⇒ + dy =
0 log(log x) + logx = logy + logc
1 + x2 1 + y2
⇒ log(x logx) = log(yc)
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x log x = cy
( tan x )−1 2
+ log |1 + y2| = c1 dy  dy 
2 56. y−x = a  y2 + 
dx  dx 
⇒ (tan−1x)2 + 2log |1 + y2| = c, where c = 2c1
dy dy
 dy 
2
dy ⇒ y − ay2 = a + x
51. x   + 2 xy +y=0 dx dx
 dx  dx dy
2 ⇒ y(1 − ay) = (a + x)
dy dx
⇒  x + y  = 0
 dx  Integrating on both sides, we get
dy dx dy
⇒ x + y=0 ∫a+ x = ∫ y(1− ay) + log c
dx
Integrating on both sides, we get dx 1 a 
dy dx ⇒ ∫a+ x = ∫ +  dy + log c
∫ + ∫ =c  y 1 − ay 
y x
⇒ log(a + x) = log y − log(1 − ay) + log c
⇒2 y +2 x=c ⇒ log[(a + x)(1 − ay)] = log cy
x+
c ⇒ (x + a) (1 − ay) = cy
⇒ y = a , where a =
2
dy 1 − y2
dx dy 57. + =0
52. + =0 dx 1 − x2
x y
dy dx
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ 2
+ =0
log x + log y = log c 1− y 1 − x2
⇒ log(xy) = log c ⇒ xy = c Integrating on both sides, we get
dy dy dx
53. x –y=3 ∫ 1− y 2
+∫
1 − x2
=c
dx
dy ⇒ sin−1y + sin−1x = c
⇒ x =3+y
dx
1 1 dy x+ y x− y
⇒ ∫ dy = ∫ dx 58. + sin  =sin  
3+ y x dx  2   2 
⇒ log|y + 3| = log|x| + log c dy x− y x+ y
⇒ = sin   − sin  
⇒ y + 3 = xc dx  2   2 
⇒ y = xc – 3 dy  y  x
This is the equation of family of straight line. ⇒ = − 2 sin   . cos  
dx 2 2
dy (1 + x) y Integrating on both sides, we get
54. =
dx ( y − 1) x
 y x
⇒
y −1
dy =
(1 + x)
dx
∫ cosec  2  dy = − ∫ 2cos   dx + c1
2  
y x
 y x
log tan   2sin  
 1  1 4 = − 2 + c
⇒ 1 −  dy = 1 +  dx ⇒ 1
 y  x 1 1
x + log x = y − log y + c  y x 1
⇒ log tan   = c − 2 sin   , where c = c1
⇒ x − y + log xy = c 4   2 2  
403


dy Given that x = 2 and y = 1
59. = 1 + y + y2 + x + xy + xy2
dx ∴ (2)2 1 = c
dy ⇒c=4
⇒ = (1 + y + y2) (x + 1)
dx ∴ x2y = 4 is the particular solution.
dy
dy 63. 2x –y=0
∫ 1+ y + y 2 = ∫ ( x + 1)dx + c1 dx
⇒ 2xdy = ydx
dy x2 1 1
⇒ ∫ = + x + c1

2
1 3 2
⇒ 2 ∫ dy =
y ∫ xdx
 y +  +
 2 4 ⇒ 2logy = log x + log c
 1 
y+  ⇒ y2 = xc
−1 
2
⇒ 1
.tan  2 = x +x+c Since y (1) = 2, i.e., y = 2 when x = 1
 1
3/2  3 /2 2 ∴ 22 = 1 × c ⇒ c = 4
 
∴ y2 = 4x
 2 y +1  This represents the equation of parabola.
⇒ 4 tan−1   = 3 ( x2 + 2x ) + c ,
 3  dy
where c = 2 3 c1 64. e dx = x
dy
dy
⇒ = log x
60. = 3x + y dx
dx ⇒ ∫ dy = ∫ log x dx
⇒ 3xdx − 3−ydy = 0
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ y = log x.(x) – ∫ dx + c
3x + 3−y = c ⇒ y = x log x – x + c
When x = 0 = y, Since y(1) = 3, i.e., y = 3 when x = 1
30 + 30 = c ⇒ c = 2 ∴ 3 = log 1 – 1 + c
∴ 3x + 3−y = 2 ⇒c=4
⇒ 3x + 3−y − 2 = 0 ∴ y = x log x – x + 4
dy y +1 dy
61. = 65. log =x
dx x +1 dx
dy
dy
=
dx ⇒ = ex ⇒ dy = ex dx
∴ dx
y +1 x +1
Integrating on both sides, we get y = ex + c
log (y + 1) = log (x + 1) + log c At x = 0 and y = 1,
⇒ log (y + 1) = log (x + 1).c 1 = e0 + c
⇒ y + 1 = c(x + 1) ...(i) ⇒c=0
Since y(1) = 2, i.e., y = 2 when x = 1 ∴ y = ex
3
∴ 3 = c(2) ⇒ c =
2  dy 
66. log   = 3x + 4y
3  dx 
∴ y + 1 = (x + 1) ...[From (i)]
2 dy
⇒ = e3 x + 4 y
⇒ 3x – 2y + 1 = 0 dx
⇒ e−4y dy = e3xdx
62. xdy + 2y dx = 0 Integrating on both sides, we get
dy dx
⇒ +2 =0 e −4 y e3 x
= +c
y x
−4 3
dy dx When y = 0 = x,
⇒∫
y
+2 ∫ x
=0
1 1 7
− = +c ⇒ c = −
⇒ log y + 2 log x = log c 4 3 12
⇒ log y + log x2 = log c e −4 y e3 x 7
∴ = −
⇒ log x2y = log c −4 3 12
⇒ x2y = c ⇒ 4e3x + 3e−4y − 7 = 0
404


67. =y+3
dx dy cos x
∫1+ y + ∫ 2 + sin x dx = log c
dy
⇒ = dx
y+3 ⇒ log(1 + y) + log(2 + sin x) = log c
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ (y + 1) (2 + sin x) = c …(i)
dy Since y(0) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 0
∫ y +=
3 ∫
dx + c
∴ (1 + 1) (2 + sin 0) = c ⇒ c = 4
⇒ log(y + 3) = x + c …(i) ∴ (y + 1) (2 + sin x) = 4 …[From (i)]
Since y(0) = 2, i.e., y = 2 when x = 0 4
⇒y= −1
∴ log (2 + 3) = 0 + c ⇒ c = log 5 2 + sin x
log(y + 3) = x + log 5 …[From (i)] π 4 4 1
∴ ∴ y   = − 1 = −1 =
⇒ y + 3 = 5ex 2 π 3 3
2 + sin
⇒ y = 5ex − 3 2
∴ y(log 2) = 5elog2 − 3 = 10 − 3 71. y (1 + xy) dx = xdy
=7 y dx − x d y
⇒ = − xdx
dy y2
68. =1–y
dx x
⇒ d   = − x dx
⇒ ∫
dy
= dx + c  y
1− y ∫ Integrating on both sides, we get
⇒ –log(1 – y) = x + log c x − x2
= +c …(i)
⇒ – log(1 – y) – log c = x y 2
⇒ log(1 – y)c = –x Since the curve passes through (1, −1),
⇒ (1 – y)c = e–x ...(i) −1 −1
Since y(0) = 3, i.e., y = 3 when x = 0 −1= +c ⇒c=
2 2
−1 2
∴ –2c = e0 ⇒ c = ∴
x −x
= −
1
…[From (i)]
2 y 2 2
−1
∴ (1 – y)   = e–x ...[From (i)] −2 x
 2  ⇒y=
x2 + 1
⇒ y – 1 = 2e–x −2 x
⇒ y = 2e–x + 1 i.e., f (x) = 2
x +1
⇒ y = 2e − log e 8 + 1 1 4
∴ f  −  =
1 5  2 5
⇒y=2× +1=
8 4
−2 x
dx 72. f (x) =
69. y (1 + log x) − x log x =
0 1 + x2
dy 1 4
∴ f   = −
1 + log x dy 2 5
⇒ dx =
x log x y
73. According to the given condition,
dy
log (x log x) = log y + log c = xy
dx
⇒ log (x log x) = log (y c)
1
⇒ x log x = y c ...(i) ⇒ dy = x dx
y
When x = e, y = e2
∴ e log e = e2 c ⇒ c = 1
e
∫ y dy = ∫ x dx
y
∴ x log x = ...[From (i)]
e x2
∴ log y = +c …(i)
⇒ y = e x log x 2
Given that equation (i) passes through (1, 1).
 2 + sin x  dy
70.   = − cos x ∴
12
log(1) =+c
 1 + y  dx 2
dy − cos x 
⇒ =   dx ⇒c=
−1
1+ y  + sin x 
2 2
405


x2 1 1
∴ log y = – …[From (i)] ⇒ dv – a2 dv = dx
2 2 a 2 + v2
⇒ 2 log y = x2 – 1 Integrating on both sides, we get
2 1
74.
dy
= x + xy
∫ dv – a ∫ a 2
+ v2
dv = ∫ dx + c1
dx 1 v
1 ⇒ v – a2 . tan–1   = x + c1
⇒ dy = x dx a a
1+ y
x+ y
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x + y – a tan–1   = x + c1
 a 
1
∫ 1 + y dy = ∫ x dx + c y+c x+ y
⇒ = tan–1   , where c = – c1
a  a 
x2
log (1 + y) = +c …(i) ⇒ tan 
y +c x+ y
2  =
 a  a
Since the required curve passes through (0, 1),
c = log 2 dy x − 2y +1
2 77. = …(i)
x dx 2( x − 2 y )
∴ log (1 + y) = + log 2 …[From (i)]
2 Put x − 2y = v …(ii)
1+ y  x2
⇒ log   = ⇒1−2
dy
=
dv
 2  2 dx dx
x2 dy 1 dv
⇒ y = 2e 2 – 1 ⇒ = 1 −  …(iii)
dx 2 dx 
dy x + y + 1 Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
75. = …(i) 1  dv 
dx x + y − 1 v+1
1 −  =
Put x + y = v …(ii) 2  dx  2v
dy dv dv 1
⇒ = –1 …(iii) ⇒ =−
dx dx dx v
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get Integrating on both sides, we get
dv
−1 =
v+1 ∫ vdv = − ∫ dx + c1
dx v −1
v2
dv 2v v −1 ⇒ = − x + c1
⇒ = ⇒ dv = dx 2
dx v − 1 2v
⇒ (x − 2y)2 = − 2x + 2c1
⇒ (x − 2y)2 + 2x = c, where c = 2c1
v 1
– log v = x + c1
2 2 dy x − 2y +1
78. = − …(i)
⇒ v − log v = 2x + 2c1 dx 2( x − 2 y ) + 3
⇒ x + y − log (x + y) = 2x + 2c1 Put x – 2y = v …(ii)
⇒ y = x + log(x + y) + c, where c = 2c1 2dy dv
⇒ 1− =
dx dx
dy a2
76. = …(i) dy 1  dv 
dx ( x + y)
2
⇒ = 1 −  …(iii)
dx 2 dx 
Put x + y = v …(ii) Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dy dv 1  dv  v+1
⇒ = –1 …(iii)
dx dx 1 −  = −
2 dx  2v + 3
2v + 3
dv a2 ⇒ dv = dx
–1= 2 4v + 5
dx v
dv a 2 + v 2 1 1
⇒ =
dx v2  2 ( 4v + 5 ) + 2 
v2 ∫  4v + 5  dv = ∫ dx + c1
⇒ dv = dx  
a 2 + v2  
a 2 + v2 − a 2 1 1 1
⇒ dv = dx ⇒ v + . log ( 4v + 5 ) = x + c1
a 2 + v2 2 2 4
406


1 1 Integrating on both sides, we get
⇒ ( x − 2 y ) + log  4 ( x − 2 y ) + 5 = x + c1
2 8 1
∫ dv − 2 ∫ sec ( v/2 ) dv + c = ∫ dx
2
⇒ log [4(x – 2y) + 5] = 8x – 4(x – 2y) + 8c1

⇒ log [4(x – 2y) + 5] = 4(x + 2y) + c, v
where c = 8c1 ⇒ v − tan   + c = x
2
79. (2x – 3y + 5) dx + (9y – 6x – 7) dy = 0 x+ y
⇒ x + y − tan   +c=x
∴ (6x – 9y + 7) dy = (2x – 3y + 5) dx  2 
dy 2x − 3y + 5 x+ y
∴ = ⇒ y + c = tan 
dx 6x − 9 y + 7 
 2 
dy 1 6 x − 9 y + 15
∴ = ×
dx 3 6x − 9 y + 7 dy  y y
81. = tan   +
1  6x − 9 y + 7 + 8  dx x x
= ×  
3  6x − 9 y + 7   y
Put   = v ⇒ y = vx
1  8  x
= × 1 +  …(i)
3  6 x − 9 y + 7  dy dv
∴ =v+x
Put 6x – 9y = v …(ii) dx dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dv
∴ v+x = tan v + v
dy 1 dv dx
=  6 −  …(iii)
dx 9 dx  dv dv dx
⇒x = tan v ⇒ ∫ = ∫
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get dx tan v x
1 dv  1  8  ⇒ log | sin v | = log x + log c
 6 −  = 1 + 
9 dx  3  v +7   y
⇒ log sin   = log xc
v −1 1 dv x  
⇒ = .
v+7 3 dx
 y
v+7 ⇒ sin   = xc
⇒ 3dx = dv x
v −1
8 dy x+ y
⇒ 3dx = 1 + dv 82. = ...(i)
v −1 dx x− y
Put y = vx ...(ii)
1
3 ∫ dx = ∫1.dv + 8 ∫ v − 1 dv dy dv
⇒ =v+x ...(iii)
⇒ 3x = v + 8 log |v – 1| + c1 dx dx
⇒ 3x = 6x – 9y + 8 log | 6x – 9y – 1| + c1 Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
⇒ 3x – 9y + 8 log |6x – 9y –1| = c, where c= −c1 dv 1+ v
v+x =
dx 1− v
dy 1
80. = …(i) dv 1 + v2 1− v dx
dx cos ( x + y ) ⇒x = ⇒ 2
dv =
dx 1− v 1+ v x
Put x + y = v …(ii) Integrating both sides, we get
dy dv
⇒1+ = 1− v dx
dx dx ∫1+ v 2
dv = ∫ x
dy dv
⇒ = −1 …(iii) 1 1 2v
dx dx ⇒ ∫1+ v 2
dv – ∫1+ v 2
= log x + c
2
1
dv
−1=
1 ⇒ tan–1 v – log (1 + v2) = log x + c
dx cos v 2
dv 1 cos v  y 1 x2 + y 2
⇒ = +1⇒ dv = dx ⇒ tan–1   = log + log x + c
dx cos v 1 + cos v x 2 x2
 2cos 2 ( v/2 ) − 1   y x2 + y 2
⇒   dv = dx ⇒ tan–1   = log + log x + c
 2cos ( v/2 ) 
2
x x
1
⇒ 1 − sec2 ( v/2 )  dv = dx  y
⇒ tan–1   = log x2 + y 2 + c
 2  x
407


dy y2 dv 1 − v2
83. = …(i) ⇒ x =
dx xy − x 2 dx 2v
Put y = vx …(ii) Integrating on both sides, we get
dy dv dx 2v
∫ dv = c1
x ∫ 1 − v2
⇒ =v+x …(iii) −
dx dx
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get ⇒ log x + log (1 − v2) = c1
c1
v+x
dy
=
v2 x2
=
v2 ⇒ (1 – v2).x = e
2
dx x.vx − x v −1  y2  c
dv v 2
dv v
⇒ 1 −  x= e1
⇒x = −v ⇒x =  x2 
dx v −1 dx v −1 c
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x2 – y2 = e 1.x
1
 v −1 dx ⇒ c.(x2 – y2) = x, where c =
∫  v  dv = ∫ x + log k ec1
⇒ v − log v = log x + log k 86. xdy − ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx

⇒ v = log(x.v.k)
⇒ xdy = x 2 + y 2 dx + ydx
⇒ ev = xvk ⇒ ey/x = ky
dy x2 + y 2 + y
84. 2
(x + xy) y′ = y 2 ⇒ = …(i)
dx x
dy y 2
Put y = vx …(ii)
∴ = 2 ...(i)
dx x + xy dy dv
⇒ =v+x …(iii)
Put y = vx ...(ii) dx dx
dy dv Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
⇒ =v+x ...(iii)
dx dx dv x 2 + v 2 x 2 + vx
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get v+x =
dx x
dv v2 x2 dv
v+x = 2 ⇒v+x = 1 + v2 + v
dx x + vx 2 dx
dv v2 dv
⇒v+x = ⇒x = 1 + v2
dx 1+ v dx
dv v 2
⇒x = –v
dx 1+ v dv dx
∫ = ∫ + log c
dv −v 1+ v 2 x
⇒x =
dx
1+ v
1+ v
1
(
⇒ log v + 1 + v 2 = log x + log c )
⇒ ∫− dv = ∫ dx
v x ⇒ v + 1 + v 2 = xc
⇒ –(log v + v) = log x + log c y y2
⇒ –v = log xvc ⇒ + 1 + 2 = xc
x x
y
y −
⇒y+ x2 + y 2 = x c
2
⇒ − = log y c ⇒ e x
= cy
x
dy dv
85. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy 87. Putting y = vx and = v+ x in the given
2
dx dx
 y equation, we get
1+  
dy x
⇒ = …(i) dv   φ ( v2 ) 
dx  y vx  v + x  = x  v 2
+ 
2   dx   φ ' ( v 2 ) 
x
Put y = vx …(ii) Integrating on both sides, we get
dy dv vφ ' ( v 2 ) dx
⇒ =v+x …(iii) dv = + log c1
dx dx ∫ φ( v ) 2 ∫ x
1
dv 1 + v2 ⇒ log [φ(v2)] = log x + log c1
v+x = 2
dx 2v
  y 2 
dv 1 + v2 ⇒ log φ  2   = 2 log x + 2log c1
⇒ x = –v   x 
dx 2v
408


38. Y 42. Given curves are y = x2 and y = x.
On solving, we get x = 0, x = 1
y = 2x2 1
y = x2 + 4 ∴ Required area = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
(0, 4) 0
(−2, 8) (2, 8)
1
 x 2 x3 
=  − 
2 3 0
X′ X 1 1 1
(−2, 0) O (2, 0) = – =
2 3 6
43. y2 = x and 2y = x
2
Y′ x 2
∴   = x ⇒ x = 4x ⇒ x = 0, 4
2 2
Required area = ∫ (x
2
+ 4 − 2 x 2 ) dx 4
x
−2 ∴ Required area = ∫  x −  dx
2 0  2
2
 x3 
= ∫ (4 − x ) dx =  4 x − 
2
 2 x3/ 2 x 2 
4
−2  3  −2 =  − 
 3 4 0
8 8
=  8 −  –  −8 +  4
 3  3 = sq. units
32 3
=
3 44. Given curves are y = x3 and y = x
39. The two curves intersect at (2, 1) and (−2, 1). On solving, we get x = 0, x = 1
Y 1
∴ Required area = ∫(
0
)
x − x 3 dx
4y = x2
1
 32 
2x x4
=  − 
(−2, 1) 3 4
(2, 1)   0
X 2 1 5
O (2,0) = − =
3 4 12
2y = 6 − x2
45. Y
2
 6 − x2 x2 
Required area = 2∫  −  dx y=x
0 2 4
(1, 1)
2 2
 3x 2   x3 
= 2∫  3 − =dx 6  x − 
0  4   12  0
 8 16
= 6 2−  = 6× X′ X
 12  12 O (1, 0) (2, 0)
= 8 sq. units
40. The area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 2x − x2
8a 2
y2 = 4ax and the line y = mx is sq.units.
3m3
Y′
41. The area bounded by x2 = 4ay and the line 1
Required area = ∫ (2 x − x 2 ) − x  dx
8a 2 m3
y = mx is . 0
3 1
1 = ∫ ( x − x 2 )dx
Given, x2 = 2y ⇒ x2 = 4   y and y = 3x 0
2 1
 x2 x3 
1 =  − 
Here, a = and m = 3  2 3 0
2
8 1 1
∴ Required area = × × 3 × 3 × 3 = 18 sq. units =
3 4 6
364


46. The points of intersection of x2 = 4y and 2
Required area = ∫ [2 x – (2x – x2)]dx
 1
x = 4y − 2 are (2, 1) and  −1,  . 0
4   2
 2x x3 
Y =  − x2 + 
 log2 3 0
x2 = 4y 4 8 1
= –4+ –
x= 4y–2 log 2 3 log 2
 1 (2,1)
 −1,  3 4
 4 = –
X log 2 3
(−1,0) O (2,0)
50. Y y = (loge x)2
Required area
2 2
1 1 y = loge x
= ∫−1 4 ( x + 2) dx – ∫4x dx
2
−1
(e, 1)
2 2
1 x 2
1  x3  X
=  + 2x –   O (1,0) (e, 0)
4 2  −1 4  3  −1
9
= sq. units
8
47. The two curves y2 = 4ax and y = mx intersect at e
 4a 4a  Required area = ∫ [log x − (log x) 2 ] dx
(0, 0) and  2 ,  .
m m  1
According to the given condition, e e
4a
= ∫ log x dx – ∫ (log x) 2 dx
1 1
m2
a2
∫ ( 4a x − mx) dx = = [xlog x – x] – [x(log x)2 – 2xlogx + 2x] 1e
e
0 3 1
8 a2 a2 = [e – e – (– 1)] – [e(1)2 – 2e + 2e – (2)]

⇒ ⋅ 3 = ⇒ m3 = 8 ⇒ m = 2 = 1 – (e – 2) = 3 – e
3 m 3
48. Y 51. Y
x
y = e−x y=e
y=1−x y=x–1
y=1
(0, 1)
x=2
X
O (1, 0) (2, 0)
X′ X
O
x=1
Y′ Required area
1
2
Required area = ∫ (e x − e− x ) dx
0
= ∫ (1 − x − 1 ) dx
0
1−x 1
= e + e  0 = e + – 2
x 2
1 2

e = ∫ dx −  ∫ (1 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 1)dx 
0 0 1 
49. Y
 2 1 2

= [ x ]02 −   x − x  +  x − x  
2
y = 2x
  2 0 2 1 
(0,1)  1 1 
= 2 − 1 − + (2 − 2) −  − 1 
2 2  
X′ X
O (2,0)
1 1
y = 2x − x2 = 2− +  = 1
Y′ 2 2
365


x2 y 2 4
52. The area between + 1 and the straight
= Required area = ∫ x dy
a 2 b2 1
x y 1 1
line + =1 is πab − ab sq.units.
4
a b 4 2 = ∫ 2 y dy
Here, a = 3, b = 2 1
2
1 1 = 2    y 3/ 2 1
4
∴ Required area = π(3)(2) − (3)(2) 3
4 2  
3 28
= (π − 2) sq.units = sq. units
2 3
5. Y
Competitive Thinking y = loge (x + e)
5
1. Required area = ∫ ( 3x − 5 ) dx (0, 1)
3
3 2 5 X
 x  − 5[ x ]3
5
= (1 – e, 0) O
2  3
3
= ( 25 − 9 ) − 5(5 − 3)
2
= 24 − 10 = 14 sq. units 0
2. According to the given condition, Required area = ∫ log ( x + e) dx

e
1− e
2 2
 x2 
∫ mx dx = 6 ⇒ m  2  =6 e
= ∫ log t dt …[Put x + e = t]
1 1
1
3 = [ t log t − t ]1 = 1 sq. unit
e
⇒ m = 6 ⇒ m = 4
2  
3. Y ∴ 2x − x2 = 0
y=8 ⇒ x (2 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2
2
Required area = ∫ ( 2 x − x ) dx
2
x=0
0
2
X′ X  x3 
O =  x2 − 
 3 0
8
= 4−
y=x 3 3
Y′ 4
= sq.units
8 8 3
Required area = ∫ x dy = ∫y
1/3
dy
0 0
3 4/3 8 ∴ 1 – x – 6x2 = 0
=  y  ⇒ (2x + 1)(3x – 1) = 0
4 0
−1 1
3 ⇒x= or x =
= (84/3 − 0) 2 3
4 1
= 12 sq. units 3
∴ Required area = ∫ (1 − x − 6 x ) dx
2
4. Y −1
2
x2 = 4y 1
 x2 3
y=4 =  x − − 2 x3 
 2  −1
2
y=1 1 1 2   −1 1 1 
= − − − − + 
X′ X  3 18 27   2 8 4
O
11 3 125
= + = sq. units
Y′ 54 8 216
366

∫
dx
dy
111. I.F. = e x loge x = elog(loge x ) = logex 114. (1 + x2) + 2xy – 4x2 = 0
dx
∴ solution of the given equation is dy  2 xy  4x2
log x ⇒ + 2 
y=
y.logex = ∫ e dx + c dx 1 + x  1 + x2
x 2x
∫
= e ( ) = 1 + x2
dx
log 1 + x 2
(log e x) 2 ∴ I.F. = e 1 + x
2
⇒ y logex = +c
2 y.(I.F.) = ∫Q (I.F.) dx + c
When x = e, y = 1
4 x2
1 1 ⇒ y(1 + x2) = ∫ × (1 + x2) dx + c
∴ 1= +c⇒c= 1+ x 2
2 2
(log e x) 2 1 4 3
∴ y logex = + ⇒ y(1 + x2) = x +c
2 2 3
1 Since y(0) = –1, i.e., when x = 0, y = –1
⇒ 2y = logex + ∴ c = –1
log e x
4 3
⇒ y(1 + x2) = x –1
dy 3
112. Given, (x log x) + y = 2x log x
dx 4 x3 1
When x = 1, y = 0 ⇒y= –
(x log x)
dy
+ y = 2x log x
(
3 1 + x2 ) 1 + x2
dx 4 1 1
∴ y(1) = – =
dy y 6 2 6
∴ + =2
dx x log x
dy dy t 1
1 115. (1 + t) – ty = 1 ⇒ − ⋅y =
∫ x log x dx log ( log x ) dt dt 1 + t 1+t
∴ I.F. = e = e= log x
t 1 + t -1
∴ solution of the given equation is ∫ -- dt ∫ dt
∴ I.F. = e 1 +t
=e 1 +t
y.log x = ∫ 2log x dx + c 
∫
− 1 −
t 
 dt
= e  1 + t  = e-t+log(1+t) = (1 + t).e–t
∴ y log x = 2(x log x − x) + c ∴ solution of the given equation is
When x = 1, y = 0 −t 1
∴ 0 = –2 + c ⇒ c = 2 y.(1 + t).e–t = ∫ (1+ t ) ⋅ e ⋅ dt + c
1+ t
∴ y log x = 2(x log x − x) + 2 −t
∴ y(e) = 2(e − e) + 2 = 2 = ∫ e dt + c
∴ y(1 + t) e−t = – e–t + c
 1
2
113. y dx +  x −  dy = 0 ⇒ y(1 + t) = –1 + c.et …(i)
 y
Since y(0) = −1, i.e., y = −1 when t = 0
dx 1 1 ∴ −1(1 + 0) = –1 + c.e0 ⇒ c = 0
⇒ + 2 x= 3
dy y y ∴ y(1 + t) = –1 …[From (i)]
1
∫ y2 dy 1
−1
∴ I.F. = e =e
−
y ⇒ y=
1+ t
∴ solution of the given equation is −1 −1
1 1 ∴ y(1) = =
− 1 − 1 +1 2
x ⋅e ∫y ⋅e dy + c
y y
= 3
dy
−
1
−
1
1  116. + 2y tan x = sin x
⇒ x e= e …(i) dx
 +1  + c
y y
y 
I.F. = e ∫
2 tan x dx
∴
Since y(1) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 1
= e2log|secx|
∴ 1 e−1 = e−1(1 + 1) + c ⇒ c = − e−1 = sec2x
1 1
− −  1  −1 ∴ Solution of the given equation is
∴ x e=y
e y
 +1  − e …[From (i)]
y  y sec2x = ∫ sin x sec2 x dx + c
1
1 ey ∴ y sec2x = ∫ sec x tan x dx + c

⇒x=1+ − 2
y e ∴ y sec x = sec x + c …(i)
412


π ⇒ y sin x = 2x2 + c …(i)
When x = ,y=0
3 π π
Since y   = 0, i.e., y = 0 when x =
π π 2 2
∴ 0 × sec2   = sec   + c  
3 3 π2 π2
0=2. +c⇒c=–
⇒c=– 2 4 2
∴ y sec2 x = sec x – 2 …[From (i)] 2 π2
y sin x = 2x – …[From (i)]
⇒ y = cos x – 2cos2x 2
⇒ y = 2sin2 x + cos x – 2 π
When x = ,
117. dy = cos x(2 – y cosec x)dx 6
dy 1 π2 π2
⇒ = 2 cos x – y cot x y. =2. –
dx 2 36 2
dy π −8 2
⇒ + y cot x = 2 cos x ⇒y   = π
dx 6 9
I.F. = e ∫ = elog sin x = sin x

cot xdx
∴ 120. y′ − y tan x = 2x sec x
∴ solution of the given equation is ⇒
dy
+ (− tan x)y = 2x sec x
y.sin x = ∫ 2cos x ⋅sin x + c1 dx
I.F. = e ∫ = elog cos x = cos x
− tan x dx
cos 2 x ∴
∴ y.sin x = ∫ sin 2 x + c1 = +c
1
2sin 2 x − 1 2 1 y.cos x = ∫ 2 x sec x ⋅ cos x dx + c
= + c = sin x – + c1
1
2 2 ⇒ y cos x = x2 + c …(i)
1 Since y(0) = 0, i.e., y = 0 when x = 0
∴ y sin x = sin2x + c, where c = c1 –
2 ∴ 0=0+c⇒c=0
π ∴ y cos x = x2 …[From (i)]
When x = , y = 2
2 ⇒ y = x2 sec x …(ii)
π π ⇒ y′ = x2 sec x tan x + 2x sec x …(iii)
∴ 2sin = sin2 + c
2 2 π
Putting x = in (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ 2=1+c⇒c=1 4
∴ y sin x = sin2x + 1 ⇒ y = sin x + cosec x π π2 π π2 π
y   = and y′   = +
dy ( x ) 4 8 2 4 8 2 2
118. + g′(x)y(x) = g(x)g′(x) π
dx Putting x = in (ii) and (iii), we get
3
I.F. = e ∫
g '( x ) dx
∴ = eg(x) π 2π 2 π 2π 2 4π
∴ solution of the given equation is y   = and y′   = +
3 9 3 3 3 3
y(x).eg(x) = ∫ g( x)g '( x) eg( x )dx + c
dy
⇒ y(x).eg(x) = eg(x) [g(x) − 1] + c …(i) 121. (x2 + 1)2 + 2x (x2 + 1)y = 1
dx
0 = e0(0 − 1) + c ...[ y(0) = 0, g(0) = 0 (given)] ⇒ dy + 2 x y = 1
dx x 2 + 1 2
⇒c=1
x2 + 1 ( )
∴ y(x)eg(x) = eg(x) [g(x) −1] + 1 …[From (i)] ∫
2x
dx
x2 + 1 2
Putting x = 2, we get I.F. = e = elog ( x + 1) = x2 + 1
y(2)e0 = e0(0 − 1) + 1 …[ g(2) = 0 (given)] General solution of the given equation is
⇒ y(2) = 0 y (x2 + 1) = ∫(x
2 +1
) 1
2
dx + c
119. sin x
dy
+ y cos x = 4x
( x2 + 1 )
dx 1
4x
⇒ y (x2 + 1) = ∫ dx + c
dy x2 + 1
⇒ + y cot x =
dx sin x
⇒ y (x2 + 1) = tan–1 x + c …(i)
I. F. = e ∫ = elog sin x = sin x
cot x dx
Since y (0) = 0, i.e., when x = 0, y = 0
General solution of the given equation is ⇒ 0 (0 + 1) = tan–1 0 + c
y. sin x = ∫ sin x ⋅
4x
+c ⇒c=0
sin x ∴ y (x2 + 1) = tan–1 x …[From (i)]
413


π π P log 3
Since a y (1) = ,i.e., when x = 1, y = ∴ log = t …[From (i)]
32 32 a P0 5
π When t = 10 hrs, we have
∴ (1 + 1) = tan–1 (1) P log 3
32 a log = × 10 = 2 log 3 = log 9
P0 5
π π
⇒ = ∴ P = 9P0 = 9 times the original
16 a 4
1 1 dV
⇒ a= ⇒a= 124. = −k(T − t)
4 16 dt
⇒ dV = −k(T − t)dt
122. ‘p’ is the population at time ‘t’. Integrating on both sides, we get
∴
dp
=
3
p ∫ dV = –k ∫ ( T − t ) dt + c
dt 100
k (T − t )
2
dp 3 ⇒ V(t) = +c …(i)
⇒ = dt 2
p 100 Initially, when t = 0, V(t) = I
Integrating on both sides, we get kT 2 kT 2
∴ I= +c ⇒c=I−
dp 3 2 2
∫ = ∫ dt k (T − t )
2
p 100 kT 2
∴ V(t) = +I– …[From (i)]
3 2 2
⇒ log p = t + c1 When t = T,
100
kT 2
3
t+ c1
3 V(T) = I −
⇒p= e 100
⇒p= e e 100 c1 2
3
t c dp ( t ) 1
⇒ p = ce 100
…[where e 1 = c] 125. = p(t) − 200
dt 2
123. Let P be the number of bacteria present at time t. Integrating on both sides, we get
d ( p ( t ))
dP dP = ∫ dt + c1
= kP ⇒ = kdt ∫1
dt P p ( t ) − 200
2
 p(t) 
log P = kt + c ⇒ 2log  − 200  = t + c1
 2 
When t = 0, P = P0
p(t) t
 c1

∴ log P0 = 0 + c ⇒ c = log P0 ⇒ − 200 = e 2 c,  where c = e 2  …(i)
2  
∴ log P = kt + log P0
Putting t = 0, we get
P p ( 0)
⇒ log = kt …(i) – 200 = e0 c
P0 2
When t = 5 hrs, P = 3P0 100
⇒ – 200 = c ⇒ c = −150
3P0 2
∴ log = 5k p(t) t
P0 ∴ – 200 = e 2 (–150) …[From (i)]
2
log 3
⇒k= t
5 ⇒ p(t) = 400 − 300e 2
Evaluation Test
1. The given equation is 2 cos 

α +β α −β
 cos  
2 2  2   2 
1 − x 4 + 1 − y 4 = a(x – y )
α −β α +β
Put x2 = sin α, y2 = sin β = 2a sin   cos  
 2   2 
The equation becomes
α −β
cos α + cos β = a (sin α − sin β) ∴ cot  = a
 2 
414

é2 3 4
ù 0 2
= 8 êê x 2 úú
3
Required area = ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx
ë û0 −1 0
0 2
16 éê 2
3 ù −1
=
3 êë
4 - 0 ú
ú
= ∫ x dx + ∫ x d x = 2
+2
û −1 0
16 1 5
= ×8 =2+ = sq. units
3 2 2
= sq. units 1 1
3 Required area = ×1×1+ ×2×2
2 2 2 2
22. 2x + 3y = 1
1
x2 y2 = +2
⇒ 2
+ 2
=1 2
 1   1  5
    = sq. units
 2  3 2
1 1
∴ Required area = π × × 25. Y
2 3
π
=
6
1
23. (1, 1) y=
Y x
 b2 
 ae ,  X′ O X
A a  (1, 0) (e, 0)

y=x
X′ X
S′ S Y′ x=e
1 e
1

ae ,
− b2  Required area = ∫ x dx + ∫ dx
B   1 x
 a  0
1
Y′  x2 
=   + [ log x ]1
e
Since the curve is symmetrical about X-axis and
 2 0
Y-axis,
Area of region between the two latus-rectum 1
= +1
= 4 (Area of the shaded region) 2
ae 3
=4 = sq.units
∫ y dx
0
2
ae 3
b 2
=4 ∫ a − x 2 dx 26. Required area = ∫ x − 2 dx
0 a 1
ae 2 3
4b x 2 2 a  x 
2
= ∫ (2 − x) dx + ∫ ( x − 2) dx
=  a −x + sin −1   
a  2 2  a 0 1 2
2 3
4b  ae a2  
x2   x2 
=  a 2 (1 − e 2 ) + sin −1 e  = 2 x −
 +  − 2x
a 2 2   2 1  2 2
4b  abe a 2  1 1
= + sin −1 e  … =b a 1 − e2  = + = 1 sq. unit
   2 2
a  2 2 
= 2b (be + a sin–1 e) 27. y = x + 1 and y = cos x Y
⇒ x + 1 = cos x
24. Y
y=x ⇒x=0 1
⇒y=1 y = cos x
y=x+1
(–1, 0) (2, 0) A1 A2
X X′ X
O –1 O π
2
x = −1 x= 2
Y′
369


2 1 d
∴ y.e − x = – +6 ∴ (x2y2) = tan (x2y2)
x +1 dx
−1 + 6 x + 6 6x + 5 dz
= = ∴ = tan z, where z = x2y2
x +1 x +1 dx
6 x + 5 ∴ dx = cot zdz
y = f(x) =   x 2
∴ e
 x +1  Integrating both sides, we get
x = log (sin z) + c ⇒ x = log(sin x2y2) + c
dy x2 + y 2 + 1
8. = When x = 1, y =
π
dx 2 xy
2
∴ 2xydy = (x2 + 1) dx + y2 dx π
∴ 2xydy − y2dx = (x2 + 1) dx ∴ z=
2
Dividing by x2, we get ∴ 1 = log 1 + c,
2 xydy − y 2 dx  x2 + 1  ∴ c=1
=  2 
x2  x  ∴ the required solution is
 y2   1  x = log (sin x2y2) + 1
∴ d  1 + 2  dx
= ∴ log (sin x2y2) = x − 1
 x   x 
∴ sin (x2y2) = ex −1
Integrating both sides, we get
y2 1 dy
=x– +c 11. x3 + 4x2 tan y = ex sec y
x x dx
∴ y2 = x2 − 1 + cx Dividing by x3 sec y, we get
When x = 1, y = 0 1 dy 4 tan y e x
⋅ + =
∴ c=0 sec y dx x sec y x3
∴ the required solution is y2 = x2 − 1 dy 1 ex
i.e., x2 − y2 = 1, which is the equation of a ∴ cos y + (4 sin y) = 3
dx x x
hyperbola. Put sin y = t,
xdy − ydx dy dt
9. x dx + y dy + =0 ∴ cos y =
x2 + y 2 dx dx
1 1  xdy − ydx 
∴ the equation becomes,
∴ (2xdx + 2ydy) +   =0 dt  4  ex
2 y2  x2  +   t = 3 , which is a linear equation
1+ 2 dx  x  x
x
4
1 y
d(x2 + y2) + d  tan −1  = 0 I.F. = e ∫ x = e4logx = elog x = x4
dx 4
∴ ∴
2  x
∴ the required solution is
Integrating both sides, we get
tx4 = ∫ e x xdx
1 2 y c
(x + y2) + tan −1   =
2 x
  2 ∴ tx4 = xex − ex + c
2 2
 y
−1  
∴ sin y x4 = xex − ex + c
∴ x + y + 2 tan  x  = c When x = 1, y = 0
 y ∴ c=0
∴ 2 tan−1  x  = c − x2 − y2 ∴ sin y x4 = xex − ex
 y  c − x2 − y 2 ∴ sin y = (x − 1) ex x−4
∴ tan−1  x  =
2 dy
12. We have, = y tan x − y2 sec x
 y dx
  = tan  c − x − y 
2 2
∴ x 1 dy 1
 2  ∴ = tan x − sec x
y2 dx y
 c − x2 − y 2  1 dy 1
∴ y = x tan   ∴ − tan x = − sec x
 2  y 2 dx y
dy 1
10. 2x2y = tan (x2y2) − 2xy2 Put = t,
dx y
dy 1 dy dt
∴ x2.2y + y2.2x = tan (x2y2) ∴ − ⋅ =
dx y 2 dx dx
416


∴ The equation becomes, ∴ The given equation becomes
dt dt
+ (tanx) t = sec x, which is linear equation. + ex t = ex, which is a linear equation.
dx dx
e x dx
I.F. = e ∫ I.F. = e ∫ = ee
tan x dx x
∴ ∴
= elog(secx) = sec x ∴ the required solution is
∴ the required solution is t.ee
x x
= ∫ ee ⋅ e x dx
t sec x = ∫ sec2 x dx + c
= ∫ ez .dz , where ex = z
1
∴ sec x = tan x + c = ez + c
y x x
∴ t.ee = ee + c
∴ sec x = y (c + tan x) x x
∴ e y .ee = ee + c
dy
13. (xy − x2) = y2 15. The equation of the tangent to the curve
dx
dx y = f(x) at P (x, y) is
∴ y2 = xy − x2 dy
dy Y−y= (X − x)
2 2 dx
Dividing by x y , we get
 dx 
1 dx 1 1 1
= ⋅ − 2 This meets the X-axis at  x − y ,0  .
 dy 
x 2 dy x y y
1 dx 1 1 1 According to the given condition,
∴ − + ⋅ =2 y
x 2 dy x y y x− =y
dy
1
Put =t dx
x
y
1 dx dt ∴ x−y=
∴ − 2⋅ = dy
x dy dy dx
∴ The equation becomes dy y
∴ = , which is a homogeneous D.E.
dt 1 1 dx x− y
+ t = 2 , which is a linear equation
dy y y Put y = vx
∫
1
dy dy dv
∴ I.F. = e = elog y = y
y ∴ =v+x
dx dx
∴ the required solution is ∴ the equation becomes,
1 dv vx v
ty = ∫ dy + c v+x = =
y dx x − vx 1− v
∴ ty = log y + c dv v
y
∴ x = –v
∴ = log y + c dx 1− v
x v − v + v2
∴ y = x (log y + c) =
1− v
The curve passes through the point (−1, 1). 1− v 1
∴ 1 = −1(0 + c), ∴ 2
dv = dx
v x
∴ c = −1 Integrating both sides, we get
∴ The required solution is y = x (log y − 1).  1 1
∫  v
−2
−  dv = ∫x dx + c
v
dy
14. = ex– y (1 – ey) 1
dx ∴ − − log v = log x + c
dy v
∴ ey = ex (1 − ey) x  y
dx ∴ − – log   = log x + c
dy y x
∴ ey = ex − ex ey
dx x
∴ − − log y + log x = log x + c
dy y
∴ ey + e x e y = ex
dx x
y
∴ − − log y = c
Put e = t, y
dy dt This curve passes through (1, 1).
∴ ey =
dx dx ∴ c = −1
417


∴ The point of intersection is (0, 1). 29. Y
∴ Area = |A1| + |A2| x=b y = (1 − x)2
π
0 2
= ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx
−1 0
R1 R2
π X′ X
0 2 O (b,0) (1,0)
= ∫ ( x + 1) dx + ∫ cos x dx
−1 0
 x2 
0
π Y′
=  + x  + [sin x ]02
2  −1 b 1
Here, R1 = ∫ (1 − x) 2dx and R2 = ∫ (1 − x) 2dx
1 0 b
= + |1| b 1
2  ( x − 1) 
3
 ( x − 1)  3
∴ R1 =   and R2 =  
3  3 0  3 b
= sq. unit
2 (b − 1)3 1 (b − 1)3
⇒ R1 = + and R2 = −
3 3 3
28. Y 1
x2 = 4y Since R1 − R2 =
4
y=4 y2 = 4x 3
(b − 1) 1 (b − 1)3 1
B(0, 4) ∴ + + =
S1 P(4, 4) 3 3 3 4
S2 2 1 1
x=4 ⇒ (b − 1)3 = − ⇒ (b − 1)3 = −
S3 3 12 8
X′ X 1 1
O A(4, 0) ⇒b−1=− ⇒b=
2 2
30. Y y = 3x + 1
y = 2x + 1
Y′ B (4, 13)
The two parabolas y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y intersect A(4, 9)

at O(0, 0) and P(4, 4).
4 4
x2 1  x3  16
∴ S3 = ∫0 4 4  3  = 3
dx=
0
C(0,1)
4 4
4 4 X′ X
and S2 + S3 = ∫ 4 x dx = 2 ∫ x dx =  x3/ 2  O(0, 0) x=4
3 0
0 0
Y′
32 4
∴ S2 + S 3 = …(i) Required area = ∫ (3x + 1 − 2 x − 1) dx
3
0
32 16 16 4 4
∴ S2 = − =  x2 
= ∫ x dx =   = 8 sq. units
3 3 3
0  2 0
Since S1 + S2 + S3 = Area of square OAPB
31. The area of the region bounded by the parabola
=4×4
8a 2
∴ S1 + S2 + S3 = 16 y2 = 4ax and the line y = mx is sq. units.
3m3
32 1
⇒ S1 + = 16 …[From (i)] Here, a = and m = 1
3 2
2
16 1
8 
⇒ S1 = 2
3 ∴ Required area =  2 3 = sq. units.
3 (1) 3
∴ S 1 : S2 : S3 = 1 : 1 : 1
370


32. Y
4
35. Required area = ∫(x ) dx

2
− x
(2, 2) 1
4
1 3 4 2 2
3
=  x  −  x 
3 1 3  1
(–2, 0)
X′ X 1 2
= (64 – 1) – (8 – 1)
3 3
63 − 14
(–1, 1) =
x = y2 – 2 3
x=y 49
= sq. units
Y′ 3
The points of intersection of x = y2 – 2 and 36.

Y
x = y are (–1, –1) and (2, 2) y = ax2
2
∴ Required area = ∫(y − 2 − y ) dy
2
1 1
−1
 , 
2 a a
 y3 y2 
=  − 2y − 
3 2  −1 X′ X
O 1 
8 4  1 1  ,0 
= −4− – − +2− a 
3 2   3 2 
−9
= x = ay2
2
But area cannot be negative. Y′
9
∴ Required area = sq. units 1 1
2 The two curves intersect at (0, 0) and  ,  .
a a
33. The two curves intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a). 1 1
a a
Y x
x2 = 4ay Required area = ∫ dx − ∫ ax 2dx
0 a 0
1
y2 = 4ax 2  32  a 3 1a
a
⇒1 = x  − x 
3 a  0 3  0
(4a,4a)
3
3
X 2  1 2 a  1 
O (4a,0) =   −  
3 a  a  3 a 
2 1
4a 4a = 2− 2
x2 3a 3a
Required area = ∫ 2a1/ 2 x1/ 2 dx – ∫ 4a dx 1 1
0 0
⇒ 2 =1⇒a=
32 2 16 2 3a 3
= a – a
3 3
37. Y
16
= a 2 sq. units
3
y = cos x
34. The two parabolas intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). y = sin x
1
∴ Required area = ∫( )
x − x 2 dx X′
O π 
X
0
 ,0 
1 4 
 32  Y′
2x x3
=  − 
3 3 π/ 4
  0 Required area = ∫ (cos x − sin x) dx
0
2 1
= − = [sin x + cos x]0π / 4
3 3
1 1 1 2
= = + −1 = –1 = 2 –1
3 2 2 2
371


38. πa 2 2a 2
Y x = 2y + 3 = −
4 3
y= x 2 π 2
(9, 3) = a  −  sq. units.
 4 3
X′
O (3,0) (9,0) X 41. y2 = x and x2 + y2 = 2x
Solving these equations, we get
x = 0 or 1
⇒ y = 0 or 1
Y′
Y
9 9
 x −3 (1, 1)
Required area = ∫ x dx − ∫   dx
3 2 
0
x2 + y2 = 2x
9 9
 2x 3/ 2
 1x 2

=   −  − 3x  X′ X
 3 0 2  2 3 O (1, 0)
2 1
= (27 − 0) − (36 − 18)
3 2
= 9 sq.units Y′
y2 = x
3
39. y=x
dy dy
⇒ (0, 0) and (1, 1) are the points of
∴ = 3x2 ⇒   = 3 intersection of the two curves.
dx  dx (1,1)
y2 = x ⇒ y = x and
∴ equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
y − 1 = 3(x − 1) ⇒ y = 3x − 2 x2 + y2 = 2x ⇒ y = 2x − x 2
∫( ) dx
1
Y y = x3 ∴ Required area = 2x − x 2 − x
0
y = 3x − 2
∫( )
1
= 1 − ( x − 1) − x dx
2
(1,1) 0
1 1
2 
3
x −1 1
=  
1 − ( x − 1) + sin −1 ( x − 1)  –  x 2 
2
X  2 2 0 3  0
O (1,0)
2 
 ,0  π
=  0 +  –
2
3 
 4 3
π 2
1 1 =  −  sq. units.
Required area = ∫ x3dx − ∫ (3x − 2) dx 4 3
0 2
3 42. Y
1 1
 x   3x
4
 2
1
=  − − 2x =
 4 0  2 2 12 (0, 3)
3
40. Y (−1, 2)
(a, a) (2, 1)
2 2
x + y = 2ax X′ X
(−1, 0) O A
(1, 0) (2, 0)
X′ X
O (a, 0) (2a, 0)
Y′
Y′ 3 − |x| = |x − 1| ⇒ |x| + |x − 1| = 3 ⇒ x = −1, 2

y2 = ax Required area
a
πa 2 2
Required area =
4 ∫0
− ax dx = ∫ (3 − | x | − | x − 1|)dx
−1
a
πa 2 2 a  32   x | x | ( x − 1) | x − 1| 
2
= − x  = 3 x − −
4 3  0 2 2 
  −1
372

 1  1  1
=  6 − 2 −  −  −3 + + 2  Required area = 2 ∫ ( − x + 2 − x ) dx
 2   2  0
= 4 sq. units 1
= 2 ∫ ( −2 x + 2 ) dx
43. Y 0
1
 − x2 
= 4 + x
 2 0
(−2,1)
= 2 sq. units
(1, 0)
X′ X 46. Y
2
(−2,−1) x = 1 − 3y y = x2
(0, 2)
2
x = − 2y Y′ (−1, 1) (1, 1) 2
y=
Area bounded by the parabolas (1 + x 2 ) X
X′
1
O (1, 0)
= 2 ∫ (1 − 3 y 2 + 2 y 2 ) dy
0
1 1 Y′
 y3 
= 2 ∫ (1 − y 2 ) dy = 2  y −  The given curves intersect at (−1, 1) and (1, 1).
 3 0
0 ∴ Required area
 1 1 2
1

= 2 1 −  = 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x 2 dx 
 3 2
 0 (1 + x ) 0 
4
= sq. units  1  x3  
1
3 = 2 2  tan −1 x  0 −   
  3  0 
44. Y
 π 1 
y = x2 = 2  2  − 0  −  − 0  
y=x   4 3  
y=–x
2
=π−
3
(–1,1) (1,1)
47. Y x2
X y=
O (1,0) 4a
8a 3
y=
1
x 2 + 4a 2 (0, 2a)
Required area = 2 ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
0
1 (−2a, a) (2a, a)
 x 2 x3 
=2  −  X′ X
 2 3 0 O (2a, 0)
1 1 Y′
= 2 − 
2 3
 
1
The given curves intersect at (–2a,a) and (2a,a).
= sq. units  2a 8a 3
2a 2
x 
3 Required area = 2  ∫
∴ 2
 0 x + 4a
2
d x − ∫
0 4a
dx 

45. Y
 8a  −1  x   1  x3  
3 2a 2a
y = −x = 2 tan   −   
(0, 2) y=x 2a   2a   0 4a  3  0 

 1  8a 3 
(−1, 1) = 2  4a 2 ( tan −1 1 − 0 ) −  − 0 
(1, 1)  4a  3 
X′ X  π 2a 2 
O (1, 0) = 2  4a 2 . − 
 4 3 
y=x+2 y=−x+2
 4
= a 2  2π − 
Y′  3 
373


9. Y 11.
Y
2
y = cos x x=2–y–y
y = sin x 1
5π 3π
4 2
X′ X
O π X′ X
O
4
Y′
–2
Required area
3π
2
Y′
= ∫ | cos x − sin x | dx
0
π 5π
Putting x = 0 in the given equation, we get
4 4 y = 1 or y = −2
= ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx + ∫ (sin x − cos x)dx 1 1
∴ Required Area = ∫ x dy = ∫ (2 − y − y
2
0 π
)dy
4
−2 −2
3π
2 1
 y 2 y3 
+ ∫ (cos x − sin x)dx = 2 y − − 
5π  2 3  −2
4
1 1  8
π/ 4 5π / 4
=2− − −  −4 − 2 + 
2 3  3
+ [sin x + cos x ]5 π / 4
3π / 2
1 1 8
=2− − +6–
1 1  1 1  1 1  2 3 3
= + −(0 + 1) −  − − − + 
2 2  2 2  2 2  1
=8–3–
 1 1  2
+ (−1) + 0 −  − −  9
 2 2 = sq.units
2
= 2 −1+ 2 + 2 –1 + 2
12.
( )
= 4 2 − 2 sq.unit Y x=1
y2 = 4a2(x – 1)
10. Y y = 4a
(0, 4a)
2
y=x +2
y=x
O X
(1, 0) (5, 0)
(0, 2)
X′ X Y′
O
4a
 y2 
x=3 Required area = ∫  4a 2
+ 1 − 1  dy

Y′ 0
4a
3 y2
Required area = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 − x)dx =∫ dy
0 4a 2
0
3 4a
 x3 x2  1  y3 
=  + 2x −  = 2 
3 2 0 4a  3  0
9 1 1 3
=9+6− −0 = × × (64a – 0)
2 4a 2 3
21 16a
= sq. unit = sq. units
2 3
378


13. 0 1
Y = ∫ ( x + x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x − 2 x + 1)dx
2 2
−1 0
0 1
y2 = − x + 1 (0, 1) y2 = x + 1  x3 x2   x3 
=  + + x +  − x2 + x
3 2  −1  3 0
1 1 1
= 0 −  − + − 1 + − 1 + 1 − 0
 3 2  3
X′ X 4 1 1
(–1, 0) O (1, 0) = − +
3 2 3
8−3+ 2 7
= = sq. unit
6 6
(0, –1) 15. Y

4y2 = 3x
Y′  3
x2 + 4y2 = 4 A 1, 
Required area  2 
0 1
X′ O X
= 2 ∫ x + 1 dx + 2∫ − x + 1 dx
−1 0
2 2  ( − x + 1) 
3/ 2 1
B
3/ 2 0
= 2. ( x + 1)  + 2.   
3 −1 3  −1  3
1, − 
2 
0
4 4 
= +
3 3 Y′
8
= sq. units The equation x2 + 4y2 = 4 is of ellipse with
3
centre at origin and the equation 4y2 = 3x is of a
14. x = −1 parabola with vertex at origin.
Y Solving the equations, we get x2 + 3x − 4 = 0
y = x2 + x + 1 ∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
D(1, 3) But x = − 4 is not possible, since both points of
intersection lie on the right hand side of
B C
Y-axis.
3
X′ X ∴ x = 1 and y = ±
A y=0 O 2
 3
∴ The points of intersection are A 1,  and
Y′  2 
dy  3
y = x2 + x + 1 ⇒ = 2x + 1 B 1, − .
dx 2 

 dy 
∴   = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 ∴ Required area
 dx (1, 3) 3
2
∴ The equation of the tangent at the point (1, 3) is
y − 3 = 3(x − 1) i.e., y = 3x.
= ∫ (x 2 − x1 ) dy
− 3
∴ It passes through origin. 2
3
∴ Required area
2
4 y2 
= area of the region OABCO + area of the = ∫ 4 − 4 y 2
−  dy
region OCDO − 3
3 
2
0 1
= ∫ y dx + ∫ ( y1 − y2 )dx 3
2
 4 y2 
−1 0
= 2 ∫  4 − 4 y2 −  dy
0 1
0  3 
= ∫ (x
2
+ x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x 2 + x + 1 − 3x)dx
−1 0 …[ the function is even]
379


3 3
a3 a3 a3
2
82 ∴ Required area = A1 − A2 = − = sq. unit
= 4∫ 1 − y 2 dy − ∫ y 2dy 2 3 6
0 30
3 3
18. Y
y 1 8  y3  2
= 4  1 − y 2 + sin −1 ( y )  −  
2
2 2 0 3  3 0 y = sin−1x
 3 1  3  8 3 3 
= 2 + sin −1   − 0  − ×  − 0 
 2 4  2   3 × 3  8 
 3 π 8 3 3  π  1 π
= 2 + − ×  0,  C B , 
 4  2 4
 4 3  9 8
2π 2 3 3 X′ O X
= + −  1 
3 4 3 A ,0 
 2 
2π 2 3  2π 1 
= + = +  sq. unit
3 12  3 2 3 Y′
16.
Y Required area
y = x2 + x = area of the rectangle OABC
− area of the region OBCO
π
π 1 4
= × − ∫ sin y dy
x=1 4 2 0
π
− [ − cos y ]0
π/ 4
=
X′ X 4 2
O 1
 π  1 
= + − 1  sq. units
 4 2  2 
Y′ 19. Y
dy (y –2)2 = x – 1
Slope of tangent = = 2x + 1
dx (2, 3)
2
∴ y = ∫ (2 x + 1)dx = x + x + c
The curve passes through the point (1, 2).
x –2y + 4 = 0
∴ 2 = 12 + 1 + c ∴ c=0
∴ The equation of the curve is y = x2 + x, which is
X′ X
a parabola as shown in the figure. Q O R
1 (–4, 0) (5, 0)
∴ Required area = ∫ ( x 2 + x)dx
0
1
Y′
 x3 x 2 
=  +  The equation of the parabola is
 3 2 0 (y − 2)2 = x − 1
1 1 Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
= + −0
3 2 dy
5 2(y − 2) =1
= sq. unit dx
6 dy 1
∴ =
17. Draw AP ⊥ to X-axis. dx 2( y − 2)
1 a3  dy  1 1
A1 = A(∆OAP) = × a × a2 = ∴ =  =
2 2  dx (2, 3) 2(3 − 2) 2
A2 = Area bounded the curve OA and the lines 1
OP and AP ∴ Equation of tangent is y − 3 = (x − 2)
2
a a a
=
 x3  a 3 ∴ 2y − 6 = x − 2
∫ y dx = ∫0 x dx =  3  = 3
2
0 0
∴ x − 2y + 4 = 0
380

Chapter 07: Probability Distribution

= 3pq (q + 2p) + 3p3 25 10 1
=0 × +1 × +2 ×
= 3pq [(p + q) + p] + 3p3 36 36 36
= 3pq (1 + p) + 3p3 ...[ p + q = 1] =
12
=
1
= 3pq + 3p2q + 3p3 36 3
= 3pq + 3p2 (q + p) 30. In a single throw of a pair of dice, the sum of the
= 3p(q + p) ...[ p + q = 1] numbers on them can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12. So X can take values 2,3,4,…, 12. The
= 3p(1) probability distribution of X is
= 3p
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
27. X can take values 0, 1, 2 and 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 P(X)
P(X = 0) = Probability of getting no head = 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
8
3
∴ E(X) = ∑ x .P( x )
i i
P(X = 1) = Probability of getting one head = 1 2 3 4
8 = ×2+ ×3+ ×4+ ×5
3 36 36 36 36
P(X = 2) = Probability of getting two heads = 5 6 5 4
8 + ×6+ ×7+ ×8+ ×9
1 36 36 36 36
P(X = 3) = Probability of getting three heads = 3 2 1
8 + × 10 + × 11 + × 12
36 36 36
∴ E(X) = ∑ x .P( x )
i i
1
1 3 3 1
⇒ E(X) = (2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30 + 42 + 40
= (0)   + (1)   + (2)   + (3)   36
8
  8 8
   8   + 36 + 30 + 22 + 12)
3 3 3 12 3 252
=0+ + + = = ⇒ E(X) = =7
8 4 8 8 2 36
28. X can take values 0, 1 and 2. 31. E(X) = ∑ x .P( x )

i i
1 1 1 1 1

P(X = 0) = Probability of getting no tail =
4 = 1   + 2   + ….+ 14   + 15  
 15   15   15   15 
1 1
P(X = 1) = Probability of getting one tail = = (1 + 2 + 3 + …. + 14 + 15)
2 15
1 n ( n + 1) 
P(X = 2) = Probability of getting two tails = 1  15 × 16   n
4 =   ...  ∑ r = 
15  2   r =1 2 
∴ E(X) = ∑ x .P( x )
i i
=8
1 1 1 32.
= 0   + (1)   + 2  
4 2 4 X 1 2 3 .… n
1 1 2 4 6 2n
=0+ + =1 P(X) ….
2 2 n(n + 1) n(n + 1) n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
Var(X) = E(X2) − [E(X)]2
1 1 1
E(X) = ∑x i ⋅P(xi)
= 02   + 12   + 22   − (1)2 2 4 6
4  2 4
    = 1. + 2. + 3.
n ( n +1) n ( n +1) n ( n +1)
1
= 2n
2 +.... + n.
n ( n +1)
29. X can take values 0, 1 and 2.
2
25 = (1 + 4 + 9 + … + n2)
P(X = 0) = Probability of not getting six = n(n + 1)
36
2
10 = (12 + 22 + 32 + … + n2)
P(X = 1) = Probability of getting one six = n(n + 1)
36
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 = ⋅
P(X = 2) = Probability of getting two sixes = n(n + 1) 6
36
2n + 1
∴ E(X) = ∑xi.P(xi) =
3
425


33. E(X) = ∑x ⋅P(xi) 3
⇒ ∫ C ( 9 − x ) dx
i 2
1
=
1 1 1 1 0
= 1   + 2   + 3   +….+ n  
n n n n  x3 
3
⇒ C 9 x −  =1
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n  3 0
=
n
1
1 n(n + 1) ⇒ C (27 – 9) = 1 ⇒ C =
= × 18
n 2
n +1 36. Since, f(x) is the p.d.f. of X.
=
2 ∞
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = 1
E(X2) = ∑ xi2 ⋅ P(xi) −∞
1 1 1 1 0 1 ∞

= 12   + 22   + 32   +….+ n2  
n  n n
    n  
⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx =
−∞ 0
1
1
12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2
= 1
n ⇒ 0 + ∫ kx 2 (1 − x)dx + 0 =
1
0
1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= × 1
n 6 x x4 
3
⇒ k −  = 1 ⇒ k = 12
(n + 1)(2n + 1)  3 4 0
=
6
∴ Var (X) = E(X2) − [E(X)]2 37. Since, f(x) is the p.d.f. of X.
∞
(n + 1)(2n + 1) (n + 1) 2
= − ∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
6 4 −∞
n + 1  2n + 1 n + 1  3
x
=  −  ⇒ ∫  + k  dx = 1
2  3 2  06  
2
n −1 3
=  x2  3
12 ⇒  + kx  = 1 ⇒ + 3k = 1
 12 0 4
n2 −1
∴ Standard deviation of X = V ar (X) = 1 1
12 ⇒ 3k = ⇒k=
4 12
34. Let X = demand for each type of cake
1 1
(according to the profit)
1 1 3 3
10 38. P  < X <  = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ 3(1− 2x2) dx

P(X = 3) = 10% = = 0.1 4 3 1 1
100 4 4
5 1
P(X = 2.5) = 5% = = 0.05 = 3x − 2 x3  31
100
4
20
P(X = 2) = 20% = = 0.2  2  3 1 
100 = 1 −  –  − 
50  27   4 32 
P(X = 1.5) = 50% = = 0.5
100 1 1 2 179
= + – =
15 4 32 27 864
P(X = 1) = 15% = = 0.15
100
∞
∴ The probability distribution table is as follows: 39. ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
−∞
X 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 4
P(X) 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.15 K
∴ ∫ dx = 1
0 x
E(X) = ∑x i ⋅P(xi)
⇒ K  2 x  = 1
4
= 3(0.1) + 2.5(0.05) + 2(0.2) + 1.5(0.5) + 1(0.15) 0
= 0.3 + 0.125 + 0.4 + 0.75 + 0.15 = 1.725 ⇒ 2K  4 − 0  = 1

35. Since, f (x) is the p.d.f. of X ⇒ 4K = 1
∞
1
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx
−∞
= 1 ⇒K=
4
426


∴ P(X ≥ 1) = P(1 ≤ X < 4) 1
⇒ – e–aK + 1 =
4
4 2
= ∫ f ( x ) d x = 2K  x 
1 1
1 ⇒ e–aK =
1 1 2
= 2 × (2 – 1) = = 0.5
4 2 1
⇒ – aK = log  
2
40. P(|X| < 1) = P(−1 < X < 1)
1 ⇒ aK = log 2
 x+2
= ∫   dx 1
−1 18  ⇒K= log 2
a
1
1
=
18 −∫1
( x + 2)dx 44. Since, fX (x) is the p.d.f. of X.
4
k
dx = 1
1
1  x2
=  + 2x
 ∴ ∫
0 x
18  2  −1 4
1 5 3 4 2 ⇒ k  2 x  = 1
=  + = = 0
18  2 2  18 9 1
⇒k= ...(i)
0.5
4
0.5
x2  x3 
41. P(0.2 ≤ X ≤ 0.5) = ∫ dx =   x
k
0.2 8  24  0.2 F(x) = ∫ dx
0 x
1 
( 0.5) − ( 0.2 ) 
3 3
= = k  2 x 
x
24  0
0.125 − 0.008 0.117
= = x
24 24 = ...[From (i)]
2
42. Since, f(x) is the p.d.f. of X
∞
45. P(C1 ∪ C2)
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1 = P(C1) + P(C2)
−∞ 2 5
∞ = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
∴ ∫ K.e–θx dx = 1 1 4
0 2 5
1 1
 e −θx 
∞ = ∫x 2
dx + ∫x 2
dx
∴ K   =1 1 4
 −θ  0 2 5
−1 −1
K  1 
∞ =   +  
⇒– =1  x 1  x  4
θ  eθx  0
1 1 1
K 1 1
=− +1− +
⇒− − =1 2 5 4
θ  e∞ e0  11
=
K  1 1 20
⇒– − =1
θ  ∞ 1 
46. Since, f(x) is the p.d.f. of X.
K
⇒ =1⇒K=θ 2
θ ∴ ∫ f ( x)dx
0
=1
43. P( 0 < X < K) = 0.5 2
⇒ ∫ ( k x ) dx = 1
2
K
1
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
0
2
2
 x3 
K
−ax 1 ⇒k   =1
⇒ ∫ ae dx =  3 0
0
2
3
 e − ax 
K
1 ⇒k=
⇒ a  = 8
 − a 0 2 1
K 1 ∴ Required probability = P(X ≤ 1) = ∫ f ( x)dx

⇒ – e – ax  0 = 0
2 1
⇒ − ( e – aK – e0 ) =
1 = ∫ ( k x ) dx
2
2 0
427

3
1
5
⇒ 3k = 1 –
= ∫x
2
dx
8 20
0
15
3  x3  3 1
1
⇒ 3k =
=   =  − 0  20
8  3 0 8 3  1
⇒k=
1 4
=
8 7
∞ 3
3. Since ∑ P(X = x)
x =1
= 1,
47. E(X) =
−∞
∫ x f ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx
1
k – 1 + 3k + k + 3k + 3k2 + k2 + k2 + k = 1
3 ⇒ 5k2 + 9k – 2 = 0
1
= ∫x dx ⇒ 5k2 + 10k – k – 2 = 0
x log3
1
⇒ 5k (k + 2) – 1(k + 2) = 0
3
1 1 ⇒ (5k – 1) (k + 2) = 0
[ x]
3
= ∫ 1 dx =
log3 log3 1 1
1
⇒k= …[ k = – 2 is not possible]
1 2 5
= [3 – 1] =
log3 log3 4. When we get 1, number of positive divisors = 1
∞
When we get 2, number of positive divisors = 2
E(X2) = When we get 3, number of positive divisors = 2
∫ x f ( x ) dx
2
−∞ When we get 4, number of positive divisors = 3

3 When we get 5, number of positive divisors = 2
= ∫ x 2 f ( x ) dx When we get 6, number of positive divisors = 4
1
3
∴ Range of random variable X = {1, 2, 3, 4}
1
= ∫x ⋅ 2
dx 5. When a coin is tossed 3 times possibilities are
1 x log3
1
3
1 3
HHH TTT HHT HTH
= ∫ x dx =  x 2  Absolute
log3 2log3 1
1
difference
1 8 4 between 3–0=3 3–0=3 2–1=1 2–1=1
= [9 – 1] = =
2log3 2log3 log3 Heads and
Tails(X=xi)
∴ Var(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2
 2 
2 THH HTT TTH THT
4
= −  Absolute
log3  log3 
difference
4 4 between 2–1=1 2–1=1 2–1=1 2–1=1
= −
( log3) ( log3)2 Heads and
4log3 − 4 4 ( log3 −1)
Tails(X=xi)
= =
( log3) ( log3)
2 2
6 3
∴ P(X = 1) = =
8 4
Competitive Thinking 6.
X=k 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
3a 4a 5a 6a
x =1
= 1, P(X = k) a a
4 8 16 32
5
0.3 + k + 2k + 2k = 1 Since ∑P (X = k) = 1,
⇒ 5k = 0.7 k =0
⇒ k = 0.14 a+a+
3a
+
4a
+
5a
+
6a
=1
5
4 8 16 32
x =1
= 1, 15
⇒ a =1⇒a=
4
4 15
1 3 1 Now, P(X = prime value)
+ + k + 2k + =1
20 20 20 = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 5)
5 3a 4a 6a
⇒ 3k + =1 = + +
20 4 8 32
428


23a Variance = E (X2) – [E (X)]2
=
16 = 02 (0.1) + 12 (0.4) + 22 (0.3)
23 4 23 + 32 (0.2) + 42 (0) – 1.62
= × = = 0 + 0.4 + 1.2 + 1.8 – 2.56
16 15 60
= 0.84
1 1 5 19
7. Mean = (1)   + (2)   + (3)   = 1 1 2 1
4 8 8 8 13. E(X) = ∑ x ⋅ P( x ) = − 3 + 0 + 6 + 3
i i =
2
1 1 1 1 Var(X) = E(X2) − [E(X)]2
8. Mean = 1   + 2   + 3   + 4  
( −1) + 0 + 12 + 22 −  1 2
2
6 3 3 6
=  
1 2 3 2 3 6 3 2
= + + +
6 3 3 3 1 1 4 1
1 7
= + + −
= + 3 6 3 4
6 3 11 1 19
15 = − =
= 6 4 12
6 ∴ 6 E (X2) – Var(X)
5  11  19
= = 6
2 −
 6  12
9. Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 19
= 11 −
∴ Probability distribution of X is given as 12
113
X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5 =
6 10 8 6 4 2
12
P(X = x)
36 36 36 36 36 36 14. Let P(X = 3) = a, then
a a a
10 8 6 4 2 P(X = 1) = , P(X = 2) = and P(X = 4) =
∴ Mean = 0 + 1  + 2   + 3  + 4   + 5   2 3 5
 36   36   36   36   36  Since, P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
35 + P(X = 4) = 1
=
18 a a a
∴ + +a+ =1
6 2 3 5
x =1
= 1,
⇒a=
30
61
a + a + a + b + b + 0.3 = 1
Now,
⇒ 3a + 2b = 0.7 ...(i)
Mean = a + 2a + 3a + 4b + 5b + 6 (0.3) X=x 1 2 3 4
⇒ 4.2 = 6a + 9b + 1.8 a a a
P(X = x) a
⇒ 6a + 9b = 2.4 ...(ii) 2 3 5
1 2 4
a = 0.1, b = 0.2 Now, µ = mean = a + a + 3a + a
2 3 5
11. y = 2x 149
= a
30
x 0 1 2 3 σ2 = variance
y 0 2 4 6 1 4 16 149 
2
P(y) 1 3 3 1 = a + a + 9a + a –  a
2 3 5  30 
8 8 8 8 2
421 149 
= a –  a
∴ Expected gain = ∑yi P(yi) 30  30 
1 3 3 1 421 149   149 
2 2
= 0   + 2  + 4  + 6  
8 8 8 8
Now, σ2 + µ2 = a –  a +  a
30  30   30 
=3 421 30 421
= × =
12. E (X) = ∑ xi ⋅ P ( xi ) 30 61 61
= 0(0.1) + 1(0.4) + 2(0.3) + 3(0.2) + 4(0) 15. Given probability distribution of a r.v.X.
= 0 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0 ∴ P(X = 0) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 4) = 1
= 1.6 ∴ 3C3 + 5C – 10C2 + 4C – 1 = 1
429


∴ 3C3 – 10C2 + 9C – 2 = 0 2
C2 1
P(X = 2) = =
1 6
C2 15
⇒ C = 2 or or 1
3 E(X) = ∑ xi P( xi )
C cannot be 2 or 1 as 0 ≤ probability ≤ 1.
2 8 1
1 = 0   + 1  + 2  
∴ C= 5  15   15 
3
1 5 1 10 2
⇒ P(X = 0) = , P(X = 2) = , P(X = 4) = = =
9 9 3 15 3
1 5 1 22 E(X2) = ∑ xi2 P( xi )
∴ E(X) = 0 × + 2 × + 4 × =
9 9 3 9 2 8 1
1 5 1 68
= 0   + 1  + 4  
E(X2) = 0 × + 4 × + 16 × = 5  15   15 
9 9 3 9 12 4
68  22  128
2 = =
∴ Var(X) = E(X ) – [E(X)] =2
−  =
2 15 5
9  9  81
E(X 2 ) − [ E(X) ]
2
Standard deviation (σ) =
16. Var (X) = σ2 = 52 = 25 4 4 4
Var (X) = E (X2) – [E(X)]2 = − =
5 9 3 5
⇒ 25 = E (X2) – 102
⇒ E (X2) = 125 20. P(X = 4) = F(4) − F(3) = 0.62 − 0.48 = 0.14
2
X − 15   X 2 − 30X + 225  P(X = 5) = F(5) − F(4) = 0.85 − 0.62 = 0.23
E   = E 
 5   25  P(3 < X ≤ 5) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)
1 = 0.14 + 0.23 = 0.37
=  E(X 2 ) – 30E(X) + 225
25  21. Since f(x) is the p.d.f. of X,
1 ∞
= (125 – 300 + 225) = 2 dx = 1
25 ∫ f ( x)
−∞
17. E(X) = Σxi.P(xi) 0 2 ∞
25  5  1  1
⇒ ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx = 1
= 0   + 1  + 2  =
−∞ 0 2
 16   18   36  3 2
V(X) = Σxi2.P(xi) – [E(X)]2 ⇒ 0 + ∫ kx dx + 0 = 1

2 0
2  25  5 1 1
= (0)   + (1)   + (2)2   –  
2
 x2 
2
 36   18   36   3  ⇒ k  = 1
7 1 5  2  0
= – =
18 9 18 ⇒ k (2 – 0) = 1
5 1 5 1
S.D. = var ( X ) = = ⇒k=
18 3 2 2
18. Let x denote number of defective pens. 4
x can take the values 0, 1, 2. 22. Required probability = ∫ f ( x)dx

0
4
C2 2
P(X = 0) = = 4
1
6
C2 5 = ∫ 5 dx
2
C1 × 4C1 8 0
P(X = 1) = = 1 4 4
6
C2 15 = [ x ] = = 0.8
5 0 5
Evaluation Test
6
1 1 5
1. Since, ∑ P(X=
x =1
) 1
x= 2. E (X) = 3 ×
3
+ 4 × + 12 ×
4 12
=7
∴ 0.1 + 2k + k + 0.2 + 3k + 0.1 = 1 3. E (X) = 2(0.3) + 3(0.4) + 4 (0.3)

∴ 6k = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.6 + 1.2 + 1.2 = 3
0.6
∴ Var(X) = E(X2) − [E(X)] 2
∴ k= = 0.1 = 4(0.3) + 9(0.4) + 16(0.3) − (3)2
6
= 9.6 − 9 = 0.6
430


4. Given, 1
⇒ − ≤ 2 − 9p ≤ 5
P(X= 3) = 2P(X= 1) and P(X= 2) = 0.3 ...(i) 4
Now, mean = 1.3 1 2 − 9p 5
∴ 0 × P(X = 0) + 1 × P(X = 1) + 2 × P(X = 2) ⇒ − ≤ ≤
16 4 4
+ 3 × P(X = 3) = 1.3
2
⇒ 7P(X = 1) = 0.7 ...[From (i)] 2
x  x2 
8. P(X > 1.5) = ∫1.5 2 dx =  4  = 0.4375
⇒ P(X = 1) = 0.1 1.5
Also, P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) 2 2
+ P(X = 3) = 1 x  x2 
and P(X > 1) = ∫1 2 dx =  4  = 0.75
⇒ P(X = 0) + 3P(X = 1) = 0.7 1
...[From (i)] P(X > 1.5) 0.4375 7

∴ P ( X > 1.5 | X >
= 1) = =
⇒ P(X = 0) + 0.3 = 0.7 P(X > 1) 0.75 12
⇒ P(X = 0) = 0.4
9. P(X = xi) = ki, where 1 ≤ i ≤ 10
8
5. ∑ P(X= x=) 1 ∴ ∑ P(X= i) 1
x=
x =0
⇒ (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10)k = 1
⇒ a + 3a + 5a + 7a + 9a + 11a + 13a ⇒ 55k = 1
+ 15a + 17a = 1 1
⇒ 81a = 1 ⇒k=
55
1
⇒a= ∞
81 10. We have, ∑ P(X= x=) 1
6. P(E) = P(X = 2 or X = 3 or X = 5 or X = 7) x =0
x
= P(X = 2) +P(X = 3) +P(X = 5)+P(X= 7) ∞
1
⇒ k ∑ ( x+ 1)   =1
= 0.23 + 0.12 + 0.20 + 0.07 = 0.62 x =0 5
P(F) = P(X < 4)  1 1 1
2
 3
= P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) ⇒ k 1+ 2   + 3  + 4   + ... = 1

= 0.15 + 0.23 + 0.12 = 0.50  5 5 5 
P(E ∩ F) = P(X is a prime number less than 4)  1 
= P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)  1× 
1 5 =1
= 0.23 + 0.12 = 0.35 ⇒ k +
 1  1  2
∴ P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F) − P(E ∩ F) 1 − 5  1 −  

  5 
= 0.62 + 0.50 − 0.35 = 0.77
 a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r 2 + ....
7. Here,
1 + 3p
,
1− p
,
1 + 2p
and
1 − 4p
are ...  a dr


4 4 4 4 = +
 
2
1 − r (1 − r)
probabilities when X takes values −1, 0, 1 and 2
5 5
respectively. Therefore, each is greater than or ⇒ k  + = 1
equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.  4 16 
1 + 3p 1− p 25k
i.e., 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤ 1, ⇒ =1
4 4 16
1 + 2p 1 − 4p 16
0≤ ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ ≤1 ⇒k=
4 4 25
1 1
⇒ − ≤p ≤
3 4
1 + 3p 1− p 1 + 2p
Mean(X) = −1 × +0× +1 ×
4 4 4
1 − 4p
+2×
4
2 − 9p
=
4
1 1
Now, − ≤ p ≤
3 4
9
⇒ 3 ≥ −9p ≥ −
4
431
08 Binomial Distribution
Hints
Classical Thinking Also, n = 2

∴ Required probability = P (X = 2)
2. P (X = 1)= 10C1 (0.2) (0.8)9 = 0.2684
1
2 0
1 1
= 2C2     =
1 2 2 4
3. Probability of getting head is p =
2
1
1 1 8. Probability of getting head is p =
∴ q=1− = 2
2 2
1 1
Also, n = 4 ∴ q=1− =
2 2
Also, n = 3
1 1 1
3
4
= C3     = ∴ Required probability = P (X ≥ 2)
2 2 4 2
1 1 1
3
= 3C2     + 3C3  
1 2 2 2
4. Probability of getting head is p =
2 4 1
= =
1 1 8 2
∴ q=1− =
2 2 10. Probability of getting an odd number is
Also, n = 10 3 1
∴ Required probability = P (X = 5) p= =
6 2
1 1 63 1 1
5 5
= 10C5   .  = ∴ q=1− =

2 2 256 2 2
Also, n = 5
1
5. Probability of obtaining 5 is p = 1 1 5
6 ∴ Variance = npq = 5. .  =
2 2 4
1 5
∴ q=1− =
6 6
Critical Thinking
Also, n = 7
∴ Required probability = P (X = 4) 1
1. Here, q =
4
1 5
3
5
= 7C 4     1 4
6 6 ∴ p=1− =
5 5
6. Probability of getting an even number is Also, n = 5
3 1  4 1
4
p= = ∴ Required probability = P(X = 1) = 5C1    
6 2
 5 5
1 1
∴ q=1− = 3
2 2 2. Probability of success is p =
Also, n = 5 5
∴ Required probability = P(X = 3) 2
∴ q=1–p =
3
5
2 5
1 1
= 5C3     = Also, n = 5
2 2 16
3 1
2 3
 3  2
7. Probability of getting an odd number is p = = = 5C2    
6 2 5  5
∴ q=1−
1 1
= 144
=
2 2 625
432


23. y = (sin−1x)2 + A cos−1x + B 29. The equation of the family of lines which
π are at a unit distance from the origin is
⇒ y = (sin−1x)2 + A  − sin −1 x  + B x cos α + y sin α = 1 …(i)
2 
π
…  sin −1 x + cos −1 x =

 dy
 2 cos α + sinα =0 …(ii)
dx
πA By (i) − x × (ii), we get
⇒ y = (sin−1x)2 − A sin−1x + +B …(i)
2  dy 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get sin α  y − x  =1
 dx 
dy 2sin −1 x A
= − dy
dx 1− x 2 1− x 2 ⇒y−x = cosec α …(iii)
dx
2 2
 dy   dy 
⇒ (1 − x2)  −1
 = (2 sin x − A)
2
From (ii),   = cot2α = cosec2α − 1
 dx   dx 
= 4(sin−1x)2 − 4A sin−1x + A2  dy  
2
dy 
2
= 4[(sin−1x)2 − A sin−1x] + A2
∴   =  y−x  − 1 …[From (iii)]
 dx   dx 
πA
= 4  y − − B  + A2
2 2
 dy   dy 
 2  ∴ 1 +   =  y−x 
 dx   dx 
…[From (i)]
2 A
 dy  30. v= +B
∴ (1 − x2)   = 4y − 2πA − 4B + A2 r
 dx 
Differentiating w.r.t. r, we get
dv A
2 dy d 2 y  dy  dy
2
= − 2 …(i)
(1 − x ).2 ⋅ 2 − 2x   = 4 dr r
dx dx  dx  dx
d2v
d2 y dy ∴ = 2A.r−3
2 dr 2
⇒ (1 − x ) 2 − x =2
dx dx dv −3
= − 2 r2 .r …[From (i)]
24. Since the given equation has 3 arbitrary dr
constants i.e., g, f and c, the order of the given d2v 2 dv
∴ + ⋅ =0
differential equation is 3. dr 2
r dr
25. Since the given equation has 3 arbitrary 31. The equation of the family of lines passing
constants i.e., a, b and c, the order of the given through (1, −1) is
differential equation is 3. y + 1 = m (x − 1)
⇒ y = m(x − 1) − 1 …(i)
26. The equation of a family of circles of radius r
dy
passing through the origin and having centre ⇒ =m
on Y-axis is (x − 0)2 + (y – r)2 = r2 or dx
x2 + y2 − 2ry = 0. Substituting the value of m in (i), we get
dy
Since this equation has one arbitrary constant, y= (x − 1) − 1
its order is 1. dx
27. The equation of the family of circles which 32. y = x.ecx

touch both the axes is (x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2, Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
where a is a parameter. log y = log x + cx …(i)
Since this equation has one arbitrary constant, 1 y
⇒c= log …(ii)
its order is 1. x x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
28. The equation of all the straight lines passing 1 dy 1
through the origin is ⋅ = +c
y dx x
y = mx …(i)
1 dy 1 1  y
dy ⇒ ⋅ = + log   …[From (ii)]
∴ =m y dx x x x
dx
dy y dy y   y 
⇒ = …[From (i)] ⇒ = 1+ log  x  
dx x dx x   
387


45. (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0 Integrating on both sides, we get
ey cos x log(y − 1) − log y = log x + log c
⇒ y dy + dx = 0
e +1 sin x  y −1 
⇒ log   = log (x c)
Integrating on both sides, we get  y 
ey cos x y −1
∫e y
+1
dy + ∫ sin x dx = log c ⇒
y
= xc ⇒ y = 1 + cxy
⇒ log(ey + 1) + log(sin x) = log c

51. (2y − 1) dx − (2x + 3) dy = 0
⇒ (ey + 1)sin x = c Integrating on both sides, we get
46. y dx + (1 + x2) tan−1x dy = 0 dx dy
∫ 2x + 3 − ∫ 2 y −1 = log c1
dx dy 1 1
∫ (1+ x ) tan
2 −1
+ ∫ = log c ⇒ log(2x + 3) − log(2y − 1) = log c1
x y 2 2
⇒ log (tan−1x) + log y = log c ⇒ log (2x + 3) − log (2y − 1) = 2 log c1
⇒ log (tan−1x.y) = log c  2x + 3  2
⇒ log   = log c1
⇒ y tan−1x = c  2 y −1 
47. 3ex tan y dx + (1 − ex) sec2 y dy = 0 2x + 3
⇒ = c, where c = c12
3e x
sec y 2 2 y −1
⇒ dx + dy = 0
1− e x
tan y 52. (x − y2x) dx = (y − x2y) dy
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ x(1 − y2) dx = y(1 − x2)dy
− ex sec 2 y Integrating on both sides, we get
−3∫ dx + ∫ dy = 0
1− e x
tan y x y
x ∫1− x 2
dx − ∫ dy = log c
⇒ −3 log (1 − e ) + log (tan y) = log c 1 − y2
  1 1
⇒ log  tan y  = log c ⇒ − log (1 – x2) + log (1 – y2) = log c
 (1 − e 2 2
 )
x 3 
 ⇒ log (1 − y2) − log (1 − x2) = 2 log c
⇒ tan y = c(1 − ex)3 1 − y2
⇒ = c2
1 − x2
48. (sin x + cos x)dy + (cos x − sin x) dx = 0
⇒ 1 − y2 = c2 (1 − x2)
⇒ dy = −  cos x − sin x  dx
 sin x + cos x  53. (1 − x2)dy + xydx = xy2dx
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ (1 − x2)dy = x(y2 − y) dx
y = − log(sin x + cos x) + log c Integrating on both sides, we get
c dy x
⇒ y = log  
 ∫ y( y −1) = ∫ 1− x 2
dx + log c
⇒ ey (sin x + cos x) = c  1 1 −1 −2 x
⇒ ∫ −  dy = ∫ dx + log c
dy xy + y  y −1 y  2 1 − x2
49. =
dx xy + x −1
⇒ log (y − 1) − log y = log (1 − x 2 ) + log c
1+ y  2
1+ x 
⇒  dy =   dx ⇒ 2log(y − 1) + log (1 − x2) = 2log c + 2log y
 y   x 
⇒ log[(y − 1)2 (1 − x2)] = log c2y2
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒ (y − 1)2 (1 − x2) = c2y2
log y + =
y log x + x + log A
dy
 y  54. (x2 − yx2) + y2 + xy2 = 0
⇒ log   = x − y ⇒ y = Axe x−y dx
 Ax 
dy
⇒ x2(1 − y) + y2(1 + x) = 0
dy dy dx
50. x + y = y2 ⇒ x = y2 − y
dx dx (1 − y ) (1 + x)
⇒ dy + dx = 0
dx y 2
x2
⇒ 2dy =
y −y x Integrating on both sides, we get
 1 1 dx  1 1  1 1
⇒  −  dy =
 y −1 y  x
∫  y 2
−  dy + ∫  2 +  dx =
y x x
c
389


1 1 ⇒ − cos y + y sin y + cos y
⇒− − log y − + log x = c
y x x2 x2 1
= log x 2 − ∫ . 2 .2 x dx + ∫ x dx + c
x 1 1 2 2 x
⇒ log   = + +c x2
 y x y ⇒ y sin y = × 2log x − ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx + c
2
55.
dy
tan y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) ⇒ y sin y = x2 log x + c
dx
dy sin y
60. cos y log(sec x + tan x)dx
⇒ ⋅ = 2 sin x cos y = cos x log(sec y + tan y) dy
dx cos y
sin y
⇒ dy = 2 sin x dx
cos 2 y ∫ sec x log (sec x + tan x)dx
Integrating on both sides, we get = ∫ sec y log (sec y + tan y )dy +c
∫ sec y tan y dy − 2 ∫ sin x dx = c Put log(sec x + tan x) = t ⇒ sec x dx = dt
⇒ sec y + 2 cos x = c and log(sec y + tan y) = z ⇒ sec y dy = dz
dy 1+ y 2
∴ ∫ t dt = ∫ z dz + c
56. =
dx 1+ x 2 t2 z2
⇒ = +c
dy dx 2 2
⇒ − =0
1+ y 2
1+ x 2 [log(sec x + tan x)]2 [log(sec y + tan y )]2
⇒ = +c
dy dx
∫1+ y − ∫1+ x = tan−1c dy
2 2 61. a+x +x =0
dx
⇒ tan−1y − tan−1x = tan−1c Integrating on both sides, we get
−1 
y− x  −1 x
⇒ tan   = tan c
 1 + xy  ∫ dy + ∫ a+ x
dx = c
⇒ y − x = c(1 + xy)
⇒ y + ∫ x + a − a dx =
c
dy (1+ y )(1+ x + x ) 2 2 a+x
57. xy =
dx (1+ x 2 )  a 
⇒ y + ∫ a + x −  dx =
c
Integrating on both sides, we get  a+x
3
y
dy =
1+ x 2 + x
∫ x(1+ x ) dx + c ⇒ y + 2 (a + x) 2 − 2a a + x = c
∫ 1+ y 2 2 3
3
1 2y 1 dx ⇒ 3y + 2(a + x) 2 − 6a a + x = 3c
⇒
2 ∫ 1+ y 2 dy = ∫ x dx + ∫ 1 + x 2 + c
⇒ 3y + 2 a + x (a + x − 3a) = 3c
1
⇒ log(1 + y2) = log x + tan−1 x + c ⇒ 3y + 2 a + x (x − 2a) = 3c
2
58. (cosec x log y)dy + (x2y)dx = 0 62. ydx + xdy + xy2 dx − x2ydy = 0
ydx + xdy dx dy
⇒ 1 log ydy + x2 sin xdx = 0 ⇒ + − =0
y x2 y 2 x y
Integrating on both sides, we get d ( xy ) dx dy
2 ⇒ + − = 0
(log y ) x2 y 2 x y
+ [x2(−cos x) + ∫ 2 x cos xdx ] = c
2
(log y ) 2 1
⇒ − x cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) = c − + logx − logy = k
2 xy
x 1
2
(log y )
⇒ + (2 − x2) cos x + 2x sin x = c ⇒ log = +k
2 y xy
dy x log x 2 + x 63. y e−x/y dx − ( xe − x / y + y 3 )dy = 0

59. =
dx sin y + y cos y
⇒ e−x/y(ydx − xdy) = y3dy
Integrating on both sides, we get ( ydx − xdy )
⇒ e−x/y = ydy
∫ (sin y + y cos y)dy =∫ ( x log x
2
+ x)dx + c y2
390

x 67. edy/dx = (x + 1)

⇒ e−x/y d   = ydy dy
 y ⇒ = log(x + 1)
dx
y2 y2
− e−x/y = +c ⇒ + e−x/y = k,
2 2 ∫ dy = ∫ log ( x +1)dx + c
where k = − c x
⇒ y = x log (x + 1) − ∫ x+1 dx + c
2 2
64. y′ = 1 + x + y + xy
dy x+1−1
⇒ = (1 + x)(1 + y2) = x log (x + 1) − ∫ dx + c
dx x+1
Integrating on both sides, we get  1 
= x log (x + 1) − ∫ 1 −  dx + c
dy  x+1 
∫ 1+ y 2 = ∫ (1+ x)dx + c
∴ y = x log (x + 1) − x + log (x + 1) + c …(i)
−1 x2 Since y(0) = 3, i.e., y = 3 when x = 0
⇒ tan y = x + +c …(i)
2 ∴ 3=0+c⇒c=3
Since y(0) = 0, i.e., y = 0 when x = 0 ∴ y = x log (x + 1) + log (x + 1) − x + 3
∴ tan−1 (0) = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 …[From (i)]
x2 ∴ y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) − x + 3
∴ tan−1y = x + …[From (i)]
2

68. (x + y − 1)dx + (2x + 2y − 3)dy = 0
x2 
⇒ y = tan  x +  dy  x + y −1 
 2 ⇒ = −  …(i)
dx  2x + 2 y − 3 
65. y′ − y = 1 Put x + y = v …(ii)
dy dy dv
⇒ −y=1 ⇒1+ =
dx dx dx
dy dy dv
⇒ =1+y ⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx dx
Integrating on both sides, we get Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dy dv v −1 
∫ 1+ y = ∫ dx + c −1 = −  
dx  2v − 3 
⇒ log(1 + y) = x + c dv 1− v dv v−2
Since y(0) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 0 ⇒ = +1⇒ =
dx 2v − 3 dx 2v − 3
∴ log (1 + 1) = 0 + c ⇒ c = log 2
∴ log (1 + y) = x + log 2
2v − 3
1+ y  ∫ v−2 dv = ∫ dx + c
⇒ log   =x
 2  2( v − 2) + 1
1+ y ⇒ ∫ dv = x + c
⇒ = ex v−2
2 ⇒ 2v + log(v − 2) = x + c
⇒ y = 2e x − 1 ⇒ 2(x + y) + log(x + y − 2) = x + c
⇒ y(x) = 2exp(x) − 1 ⇒ 2y + x + log(x + y − 2) = c
dy 
66. sin   =a dy
 dx  69. = ex + y − 1 …(i)
dx
dy Put x + y = v …(ii)
⇒ = sin−1a ⇒ dy = sin−1 a dx
dx dy dv
Integrating on both sides, we get ⇒1+ =
dx dx
y = (sin−1a)x + c …(i)
dy dv
Since y(0) = 1, i.e., y = 1 when x = 0 ⇒ = −1 …(iii)
dx dx
∴ 1=0+c ⇒c=1
∴ y = x sin−1a + 1 …[From (i)]
dv
⇒
y −1
= sin−1a = ev
x dx
 y −1 
⇒ sin   =a ∫ e dv = ∫ dx + c
−v
 x 
391


1 2v 1 dx Integrating on both sides, we get
2 ∫ v2 + 1
⇒ dv + ∫ 2 dv = − ∫ + c1
v +1 x dv dv dx
∫ +
v − 1 ∫ (v − 1) 2
=− ∫ x
+c
1
⇒ log ( v 2 + 1) + tan −1 v = − logx + c1
2 1
⇒ log(v − 1) − = − log x + c
 y 2 + x2  v −1
−1  y 
⇒ log  2  + 2 tan   = −2log x + 2c1 x
 x  x ⇒ log(y − x) = +c
y−x
y
⇒ log(x2 + y2) – 2 log x + 2 tan–1  
x   78. y2dx + (x2 − xy + y2) dy = 0
= –2 log x + 2c1 dy − y2
⇒ = 2 …(i)
2 2 –1  y dx x − xy + y 2
⇒ log(x + y ) + 2tan   = c, where c = 2c1 Put y = vx …(ii)
x
dy dv
⇒ =v+x …(iii)
76. (x + y) dx + x dy = 0 dx dx
dy x+ y Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
⇒ = −  …(i)
dx  x  dv −v2 x2
v+x = 2
Put y = vx …(ii) dx x − x.vx + v 2 x 2
dy dv dv − v2
⇒ = v+x …(iii) ⇒x = −v
dx dx dx 1− v + v 2
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get dv − v − v3
⇒x =
dv − x − vx dx 1− v + v 2
v+x = =–1−v
dx x Integrating on both sides, we get
dv v 2 − v +1 dx
⇒ x = − 1 − 2v
dx ∫ v(v 2
+1)
dv = − ∫ + c
x
1 1  dx
dv dx ⇒ ∫  − 2  dv = − ∫ + c
∫1 + 2v
=
−
x ∫
+ log c1  v v +1 x
⇒ log v − tan−1 v = − log x + c
1
⇒ log (1 + 2v) = – log x + log c1  y  y
2 ⇒ log   − tan−1   = − log x + c
x   x  
 y c
⇒ log 1 + 2  =
2log 1  y
 x x ⇒ log y = tan−1   + c
2
x  
x + 2 y  c1 
⇒ = 
dy
x x 79. 2xy = x2 + 3y2
2 dx
⇒ x + 2xy = c12
dy x2 + 3 y 2
⇒ x2 + 2xy = c, where c = c12 ⇒ = …(i)
dx 2 xy
Put y = vx … (ii)
dy x dy
77. x+y = 2y ⇒ + =2 …(i) dy dv
dx y dx ⇒ =v+x …(iii)
dx dx
Put y = vx …(ii) Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dy dv dv x 2 + 3v 2 x 2
⇒ =v+x …(iii) v+ x =
dx dx dx 2 vx 2
dv x 2 (1 + 3v 2 )
1 dv ⇒ x = −v
+v+x =2 dx 2x2v
v dx
dv 1 + 3v 2
dv 2v − 1 v dx ⇒ x = −v
⇒ v + x. = ⇒ dv = − dx 2v
dx v (v − 1) 2
x
dv 1 + v 2
v −1 +1 dx ⇒ x =
⇒ dv = − dx 2v
(v − 1) 2 x
 1 1  dx 2v dx
⇒  dv = −
+ 2
 (v − 1) (v − 1)  x ∫1+ v =
dv
∫ x + log p
2
393


⇒ log (1 + v2) = log x + log p 1
⇒ – log[2 – (1 + v)2] = log x + log c1
1+ v  2
2
⇒ log   = log p
 x  1
⇒– log(1 – 2v − v2) = log (xc1)
1+ v 2 2
⇒ =p
x  1 
⇒ log   = log (xc1)
x2 + y 2  1– 2v – v 2 
⇒ =p  
x3
1
⇒ x2 + y2 = p.x3 ⇒ = xc1
1 − 2v − v 2
dy x
80. = …(i) 1
dx 2 y − x ⇒ = x 2c12
1 − 2v − v 2
Put y = vx …(ii)
dy dv
⇒ x 2c12 (1– 2v – v2) = 1
⇒ = v+x …(iii)
dx dx  2 y y2 
⇒ x 2c12 1 – − = 1
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get  x x2 
dv x 1
v+x = = ⇒ c (x2 – 2xy – y2) = 1
2
1
dx 2vx − x 2v − 1
−1
⇒ x
dv
=
1
−v =
1 − 2v 2 + v ⇒ y2 + 2xy – x2 = c, where c =
dx 2v − 1 2v − 1 c12
dv (v − 1)(2v + 1)
⇒x =− y y
dx 2v − 1 82. y cos (x dy – y dx) + x sin (x dy + y dx) = 0
x x
(2v − 1) −dx
⇒ dv = y y dy y y dy y
(2v + 1)(v − 1) x ⇒ cos  −  + sin  +  = 0
x x  dx x  x  dx x 
1 4 −dx
⇒ + = …(i)
3(v − 1) 3(2v + 1) x
Put y = vx …(ii)
dy dv
1 4 1 ⇒ =v+x …(iii)
log(v − 1) + . log(2v + 1) dx dx
3 3 2
= − log x + log c1 Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
dv dv
⇒ log(v −1)1/3 + log(2v + 1)2/3 = log
c1 v cos v  v + x   
− v  + sin v  v + x + v  = 0
x  dx   dx 
c1 dv dv
⇒ (v − 1)1/3(2v + 1)2/3 = ⇒ (v cos v)x + sin v  2v + x  = 0
x dx  dx 
2
 y − x   2y + x  c3 dv
⇒    = 3
1
⇒ x (v cos v + sin v) + 2v sin v = 0
 x   x  x dx
⇒ (x − y)(x + 2y)2 = c, where c = −c13 Integrating on both sides, we get
v cos v + sin v dx
81.
dy x − y
= …(i) ∫ v sinv
−2 ∫ + log c
dv =
x
dx x + y
⇒ log (v sin v) = –2 log x + log c
Put y = vx …(ii)
c
dy dv ⇒ log (v sin v) = log
⇒ = v+x …(iii) x2
dx dx
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get c
⇒ v sin v =
dv x − vx x2
v+x =
dx x + vx y y c y c
⇒ sin = 2 ⇒ y sin =
dv 1 − v x x x x x
⇒ x= −v
dx 1 + v π π
Since y(1) = , i.e., y = when x = 1
dv 1 − 2v − v 2 2 2
⇒ x =
dx 1+ v π π π
∴ sin =c ⇒c=
Integrating on both sides, we get 2 2 2
1+ v dx y π
∫ 2 − (1 + v) 2
dv =
∫x + log c1 ∴ y sin =
x 2x
394


83. A differential equation in which the dependent This is the linear differential equation of the
variable (y) and its differential coefficient occur dx 1
form Q , where P =
+ P.x =
only in the first degree and are not multiplied dy 1 + y2
together is called a linear differential equation. 1
∫ 2 dy
I.F. = e ∫ = e 1+ y = e tan y
Pdy −1
dy ∴
Hence, y + 4x = 0 is a non-linear differential
dx
equation. dy
91. + 2 cot x.y = 3x2cosec2x
dx
dy
84. x2 + y = ex can be written as ∴ I.F. = e ∫
2 cot xdx
= e 2 log sin x = sin 2 x
dx
dy y ex ∴ solution of the given equation is
+ 2 = 2 , which is a linear equation. y. sin2 x = ∫ 3x 2cosec2 x.sin 2 xdx + c
dx x x
⇒ y sin 2 x = ∫ 3 x 2dx + c
dy 2x x2 − 1
85. + 2
y= 2 ⇒ y sin2 x = x3 + c
dx 1+ x x +1
2x
∫ 1+ x 2 dx 2
dy y
∴ I.F. = e = elog(1 + x ) = 1 + x2 92. = +x
dx x
dy dy y
86. (x log x) + y = 2 log x ⇒ − = x
dx dx x
1
dy 1 2 1
I.F. = e ∫ x = e−log x =
− dx
⇒ + y= ∴
dx x log x x x
∫ dx
∴ I.F. = e x log x
= elog(log x) = log x y 1
=
x ∫ x. x dx + a
dy
87. (1 – x2) − xy =1 y
dx ⇒ = x+a ⇒ y = x2 + ax
x
dy x 1
⇒ − .y =
dy
dx 1 − x 2 1 − x2 93. + 2y tan x = sin x
−x 1 dx
I.F. = e ∫
dx log(1− x 2 ) ( )
1− x 2
∴ 1− x 2
= e2 = elog = 1 − x2 Here, P = 2 tan x and Q = sin x
I.F. = e ∫
2 tan x dx
dy ∴
1 2
dx = e2=
log(sec x ) log sec x
e= sec 2 x
⇒ + y tan x =
sec x
dx y (sec2 x) = ∫ sin x sec 2 x dx + c
I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
∴ = elog sec x = sec x ⇒ y sec2 x = ∫ sec x tan x dx + c
dy 1
− log x ⇒ y sec2 x = sec x + c
89. x + y log x =
x.e x x 2
dx
dy 1 dx
dy log x 1
− log x 94. = ⇒ =x+y+1
⇒ + ⋅ y = ex x 2 dx x + y + 1 dy
dx x
dx
log x 1 ⇒ −x=y+1
I.F. = e ∫
dx (log x )2
∴ x
= e 2 dy
I.F. = e ∫ = e−y
−1dy
 1
log x 
log x
∴
=  e2  …[ (am)n = amn] ∴ solution of the given equation is
 
x.e−y = ∫ ( y + 1)e − y dy + c
( x)
log x
=
⇒ xe−y = e−y (−y −2) + c
90. (1 + y2) dx – (tan–1y – x) dy = 0 ⇒ x = cey − y − 2
⇒ (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1y – x) dy dy dy y 2
−1 95. x + y = x2 + 3x + 2 ⇒ + =x+3+
dx tan y − x dx dx x x
⇒ =
dy 1 + y2 1 2
Here, P = , Q = x + 3 +
dx x tan −1 y x x
⇒ + = 1
I.F. = e ∫ x = elog x = x
dx
dy 1 + y 2 1 + y 2 ∴
395


∴ solution of the given equation is dy
100. (x + 2y3) –y=0
 2 dx
y. x = ∫  x + 3 +  x dx + c
 x  dy y
⇒ =
⇒ xy = ∫ x dx + ∫ 3x dx + ∫ 2dx + c
2 dx x + 2y 3
dx x + 2y 3 dx x
x3 3x 2 ⇒ = ⇒ = + 2y2
⇒ xy = + + 2x + c dy y dy y
3 2
1
∫ − y dy 1
∴ I.F. = e = e− log y =
I.F. = e ∫ = eax
adx
96. y
∴ solution of the given equation is ∴ solution of the given equation is
ax e( a+m ) x x(I.F.) = ∫ Q (I.F.)dy + c
y.e = ∫ emx .eax dx + c = +c
a +m
1 1
⇒x ∫2y
2
e mx = dy + c
⇒y= + ce−ax y y
a +m
x
⇒ y(a + m) = emx + c(a + m) e−ax ⇒ = y2 + c
y
97.
dy
x log x + y = 2 log x ⇒ x = y3 + c.y
dx ⇒ y3 – x = −cy
⇒
dy
+
1
y=
2 ⇒ y3 − x = Ay, where A = − c
dx x log x x
101. xdy + ydx + log ydy = 0
1
∴ I.F. = e
∫ x log x dx
=e log (log x)
= log x ⇒ xdy + ydx = −log ydy
dx dx x log y
∴ solution of the given equation is ⇒y + x = −log y ⇒ + =−
dy dy y y
2
y log x = ∫ x
.log xdx + c
∫
1
dy
2 ∴ I.F. = e y = elog y = y
⇒ y log x = (log x) + c ∴ solution of the given equation is
dy 3x 2 sin 2 x log ydy
98. + y= x.y = − ∫ y. +c
dx 1 + x 3
1 + x3 y
3x 2 sin 2 x ⇒ xy = −(y log y − y) + c
Here, P = and Q =
1+ x 3
1 + x3 ⇒ xy + (y log y − y) = c
3 x2
∫ 1 + x 3 dx 3 dy
∴ I.F. = e = elog(1 + x ) = 1 + x3 102. = y tan x – y2 sec x
dx
1 dy 1
sin 2 x ⇒ 2 ⋅ − tan x = − sec x …(i)
y.(1 + x3) = ∫ (1 + x3)dx y dx y
1 + x3
Put v = y−1
1 − cos 2 x
⇒ y (1 + x3) = ∫ dx dv 1 dy
2 ⇒ =− 2 ⋅
dx y dx
1 sin 2 x
⇒ y(1 + x3) = x − +c dv
2 4 ∴ − − v tan x = −sec x …[From (i)]
dx
dy dv
99. + y sec 2 x = tan x sec 2 x ⇒ + v tan x = sec x
dx dx
Here, P = sec2 x, Q = tan x sec2x This is the standard form of the linear
differential equation.
I.F. = e ∫
sec2 x dx
∴ = etanx
I.F. = e ∫
tan x dx
∴ solution of the given equation is ∴ = elog sec x = sec x
∫
y.etanx = tan x.sec2 x e tan x dx + c
103. x
dy
= 2y + x3ex ⇒
dy 2
− y = x2ex
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec x dx = dt 2 dx dx x
2
− ∫ dx 1
∫ t e dt + c
−2
∴ y etan x = t
∴ I.F. = e x = e−2 log x = elog x = 2
x
⇒ y etan x = t et − et + c ∴ solution of the given equation is
⇒ y etan x = etan x (tan x – 1) + c 1 1
∫x e
2 x
y ⋅ 2= ⋅ dx + c
⇒ y = tan x – 1 + c⋅e–tan x x x2
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Mathematical Logic: Classical Thinking

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01 Mathematical Logic

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

7. Consider option (C)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

5. adj (M′) – (adj M)′ is a null matrix as α 14 −1

10. A (adj A) = | A| In ⇒ 1(6 – 28) – 2(–24 – 14) + x(16 + 2) = 0

11. Since A(Adj A) = |A| I,  −2 1 1

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

∴ sum of all the diagonal entries =

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

34. If x = sec θ, then x2 − 1 = sec 2 θ − 1 = tan θ 3  8

Chapter 02: Matrices

5. cos θ + 3 sin θ = 2 ⇒ x = 2nπ +

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

29. 2cos2 x + 3 sinx – 3 = 0 34. cos 2θ = sinα

π  π  37. sec 4θ – sec 2θ = 2

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

⇒ sin 3x = 0 or cos x = 1⇒ 3x = nπ or x = 2nπ ⇒ cos θ= =

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

⇒ θ = 120° ⇒ Obtuse angled triangle =

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

79. a = sin θ, b = cos θ and c = 1 + sin θ cos θ

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

103. Since sin–1 x cannot be greater than

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

Chapter 02: Matrices

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

39. Let x be the common multiple. sin A sin B sin C

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

⇒ 4b2 − 3a2 > 0 ⇒ a2 = b2 + bc

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (MCQs)