Task 1

Research Approaches and Philosophies

Research philosophy denotes a system of assumptions and beliefs on knowledge

development. Some of the philosophical considerations within research include the paradigmatic,

axiological, and ontological basics. Research philosophy is impacted by adopted practical

considerations like resources, ethical issues, and feasibility which reflect on the relationship

between process and knowledge. Conversely, it is debated that philosophical notions highly

reflect on research techniques that defend and investigate adopted philosophical decisions.

Research philosophy majors on the development, nature, and source of knowledge (Bhowmik,

2015). It is perceived as a belief in the manner in which information on a phenomenon should be

utilized, analyzed, and collected. Every research process stage is dependent on assumptions

about the nature of knowledge and the sources. Research philosophy reflects a writer’s

significant assumptions, which serve as a research strategy base. Generally, the concept has

various branches linked to a vast range of disciplines. The major philosophies include

pragmatism, postmodernism, interpretivism, critical realism, and positivism.

The positivism philosophy is linked to the philosophical stance of natural scientists and

involves operating with an observable social reality to develop law-like generalization. It

promises accurate and unambiguous knowledge. Philosophy refers to the significance of what is

given or posited. Thus, emphasizing the positivist foreground of strictly scientific empiricist

techniques developed to yield pure facts and data uninfluenced by bias or human

interpretation(Saunders, 2009). Positivists utilize existing data to develop hypotheses and tend to

remain detached and neutral from their data and study to avoid influencing their findings.

Researchers who are positivist utilize greatly structured techniques to facilitate replication.
 Critical realism philosophy focuses on expounding what individuals experience or see, in

terms of underlying reality structures that mold observable incidents. The concept originated

during the late 20th century, as a response to postmodernist nominalism and positivist direct

realism. For researchers who embrace critical realism, the reality is the most significant

philosophical consideration, a layered and structured ontology being crucial. Such researchers

perceive reality as independent and external, but not accessible directly via people’s knowledge

and observation of it. Critical realism suggests that there are two steps to comprehend the globe;

the events and sensations people experience and the mental processing which goes on after the

experience (Saunders, 2009). Pragmatism, on the other hand, asserts that concepts tend to be

relevant if they are supporting an action. It is a philosophy that strives to reconcile subjectivism

and objectivism, values, and facts.

Like critical realism, interpretivism philosophy begun as a positivism critic but from a

subjectivist perspective. It emphasizes that people are different from other physical phenomena

for they create meaning. The purpose of research that is interpretivism is to develop fresh, richer

interpretation and comprehension of social contexts and worlds. Contrary, postmodernism

philosophy emphasizes the role of power relations and language, opting to question

acknowledged manners of giving voice and thinking to alternative marginalized perceptions

(Saunders, 2009). Postmodernist researchers go further compare to interpretivist within their

critique of objectivism and positivism, attributing more significance to the role of dialect. They

reject the realist ontology of things, the modern objectivist, but instead, they emphasize the

chaotic primacy of change, fluidity, movement, and flux. They believe that every sense of order

is foundationless and provisional, and can only about via dialect with its classifications and

categories.
 Ontology denotes the set of assumptions on the nature of reality. It illustrates the real

nature that determines assumptions on research objectives like intended business management

research projects, organizations, and individuals. Some researchers argue that ontology is more

concerned with how the globe is operating and committing to certain views of researcher’s

assumption through developing social phenomena (Bhowmik, 2015). Additionally, there are two

authentic ontological aspects such as subjectivism and objectivism that produce reliable data

followed by many management and business researchers. With the ontological assumptions,

individuals how they various organization aspects can be harnessed to benefit the firm, instead of

looking for manners that can eliminate resistance.

Epistemology, on the other hand, is concerned with the right ways of considering

research techniques by producing accepted information within the field of study. It concerns

assumptions on knowledge, how people can transfer knowledge to others, and what constitutes

legitimate, valid, and acceptable knowledge. It enquires and considers the reality of nature by

limiting knowledge and acquiring sources, Under epistemology, knowledge can be expanded,

discriminates, and generated to represent or reflect on research methods and reality. Most

researchers have supported that qualitative researchers acknowledge that information develops

the phenomena researched, as well as what might be researched (Saunders, 2009). They suggest

that a researcher is never independent in the case where data is time-dependent. Quantitative

researchers, conversely, demonstrate that measurements and observations can be verified,

discovered by information in phenomena where the researchers are independent based on the

objective of the study. The various acceptable epistemologies give an individual greater method

of choice.
 Axiology refers to the role of ethics and values in a research process. It incorporates

questions of how researchers deal with the values of their research participants and their values.

Values are perceived as guiding reasons for all human actions. Researchers depict axiological

skills through articulating their values as a way of making judgments on what research study

they are carrying out and how they tend to do it. Selecting a particular topic over another

insinuates that, that topic is more essential (Bhowmik, 2015). An individual’s choice of

philosophy reflects and data collection techniques reflect their values. Axiology can be described

as processes and judgments on social inquiry through developing values in each stage.

Researchers articulate judgment and personal values by demonstrating human activities.

Objectivism does incorporate the natural sciences assumptions, stating that the social

reality which people research is external to people. This an indication that objectivism embraces

realism, ontologically, which considers social resources to be similar to physical resources of the

natural world. Due to the fact that the experiences and interpretation of social actors fail to

impact the presence of the social world, an objectivist believes that only a singular social reality

is experienced by every social actor. The social universe is made up of relatively unchanging,

granular, and solid things including significant social structures where people are born.

According to an objectivist, physical and social phenomena exist independently being enduring

and universal (Saunders, 2009). Epistemologically, the concept of objectivists aims to discover

the truth on the social universe via the medium of measurable, observable facts from which

generalization of law can be drawn on the global social reality. Axiologically, objectivists aim to

keep their studies value-free, since the social actors and social entities exist independently of

every other, a factor that they believe could result in biasness of their research. Hence, they opt

to remain detached from their own beliefs and values throughout the entire research.
 Contrary, the subjectivism notion incorporates assumptions of humanities and arts,

elaborating that social reality is developed from the consequent actions and perceptions of

people, social actors. Subjectivism, ontologically, embraces conventionalism or nominalism.

Nominalism considers that the structures and order of social phenomena that people study are

developed by researchers and various social actors via the utilization of consequent actions,

perceptions, conceptual categories, and language. For nominalists, there is a lack of an

underlying reality to the social globe beyond what social actors, people attribute to it, and due to

the fact that every individual perceives and experiences reality differently, it is sensible to

discuss the multiple realities instead of a single reality that is equal to every person (Bhowmik,

2015).

The minor version of social constructionism confirms that reality is built via social

interaction whereby social actors develop partially shared realities and meanings. While social

interactions among social actors are in a continuous process, the social phenomena tend to be in

a constant state of revision and flux; meaning that it is vital for a researcher to research a

situation critically, including socio-cultural, geographical, and historical contexts so that the

individual can comprehend how realities are being experienced or what is happening. A

subjectivist researcher focuses on the different narratives and opinions which can help account

for varying social realities of varying social actors, an act that is different from what objectivist

researchers do; seeking to discover universal laws and facts governing social habits (Saunders,

2009). Subjectivists do not detach themselves from their values even while embracing new data,

thus, they actively reflect question and openly acknowledge their values and integrate them

within their study.

Evaluate an existing piece of research relevant

‘Perspectives of students with mental health problems on improving the school

environment and practice’ is a mental health research study by Per-Ake Rosvall. The article

addresses students with mental problems perspectives on how learning institution environments

can be enhanced to be favorable to the population. It identifies the elements which impact

intensities and frequencies of mental health issues by analyzing notions of interviewed upper

secondary pupils in terms of metal, social, and physical spaces. Rosvall, 2020, introduces the

article by stating that increasing mental health issues are becoming a risk factor for persistent and

onset chronic pain among school students, including neck pain, stomach ache, and recurrent

headaches. School stressors like high academic pressure have been positively linked with

recurrent and frequencies of persistent pain among adolescents. Mental health issues are related

to mental, social, and physical environments. According to Rosvall's, 2020, research, the feeling

of failing to cope with school pressure, is the major common theme of recurring pain linked with

learning. This aspect is triggered by the fact that teachers consistently focus on testing

procedures instead of caring for students (Rosvall, 2020). However, mental health can be

enhanced by students properly preparing for examinations. Modification of teaching techniques

could also help minimize mental health issues within a school. For some students, stress linked

with class interactions or relationships was their major cause of mental health issues. Teachers

believe that student interactions tend to strengthen their pupil’s engagement, but fail to consider

the tensions that might arise from such situations.

The lack of mental health discussions has also proved to be a nuisance for some students.

Hence, students advocate for the inclusion of mental health issues and coping techniques within

a general teaching context, to help counter challenges linked with raising questions and seeking
help on mental health issues. The pupils stressed that data on coping techniques to be given to

every student; for instance, they suggested that they should be taught how to handle social

interactions, and concrete adjustments within the educational sector to help minimize stress from

their peers. Some students had recurring pain which is often linked to stress, for example,

muscular pain in the lower back or neck. Remarks from some students within the article stated

that diverse physical events outside class such as exercising in the gym, football, stretching, and

changing positions after sitting for too long, could help alleviate stress-related issues. To

conclude, Rosvall, 2020, states that satisfying wellbeing needs and managing time are essential

themes that pupils suggest when asked how a learning institution can be improved to better their

mental health problem. The author also notes that relying on students to seek the required help

voluntarily is not sufficient, as social norms of peers and staff can stop some pupils from seeking

assistance in time (Rosvall, 2020). Hence, learning institutions need to offer assistance in the

most suitable forms where and when it is required.

Critically evaluate a range of research philosophies

Research philosophy is a practice of a researcher’s thinking following which reliable,

fresh knowledge regarding a research object is obtained. Research philosophies are a vast subject

that deals with development, nature, and source of knowledge (Dudovskiy, 2018). They can also

be perceived as the manner in which information regarding a phenomenon is to be used,

analyzed, and collected. Popular forms of research philosophies include interpretivism, realism,

positivism, and pragmatism.

Positivist research philosophy claims that social systems can be comprehended in

objective ways. With this philosophy the researcher is an objective analyst, who works

independently and dissociates himself from personal values. The interpretivist research
philosophy is the oppositive of the positivist research philosophy. Under the interpretivist

philosophy, a researcher claims that it is not easy to fathom the social system on the basis of the

positivist philosophy principles (Dudovskiy, 2018). Interpretivists philosophy argues that the

social system can be interpreted utilizing a subjective manner. This philosophy is dependent on

the principle; a researcher carries out a certain role in observing social systems.

Contrary, the pragmatist research philosophy is concerned with facts. It states that the

decision of research philosophy is majorly determined by the research issue. Under this

philosophy, researchers are free to make any decisions. They are permitted to select the

procedures, techniques, and methods that best meet their scientific research aims and needs.

Researchers who embrace this philosophy, do not perceive the globe as absolute unity. The final

philosophy, the realistic research philosophy is dependent on the principles of interpretivist and

positivist research philosophies (Žukauskas et al., 2018). Realistic researchers base their research

on assumptions which are required for the perception of human subjective nature.

Contribution of research to own education setting

Research is a critical area in various fields. It is a vital tool for successfully analyzing the

world. Without research, people would be forced solely to rely on intuition, blind luck, as well as

other people’s authority. As most people feel confident to interact and decipher the world around

them, history is full of examples of how wrong people can be if they fail to acknowledge the

need for evidence supporting various claims. During different historical periods, it was certain

that the globe's continents never moved, that the sun revolved around a flat globe and that mental

diseases were caused by possessions (Kapur, 2019). It is via the systematic scientific study that

people divest their preconceived superstitions and notions and acquire an objective of

comprehending the universe and themselves.

 The major purpose of academic research is focused on scientific investigation, and

offering solutions to issues within a certain education field, as the mental health field. Research

within the academic sector represents activities directed towards the enhancement of an aligned

body of scientific data on the events with which teachers are concerned. Research within mental

health education has allowed substantial achievements to be made within academic reforms,

curriculum development, comprehending the psychological behaviors of individuals who

physically challenge, educating slow learners, and adoption of instruction techniques that meet a

learner’s needs. The major objective of scientists is to comprehend the universe around them

(Lumen). With the help of research, psychologists have been able to comprehend behavior, as

well as the physiological and cognitive processes, which underlie behavior. Research is grounded

intangible evidence, an objective which can be analyzed over and over again. Within the mental

health field, it has enabled people to be aware of mental issues, outcomes, and the process of

curbing the issues.

Elements of a research proposal

There is no specific format that research proposals are required to be written, this is

because each research project tends to differ. However, there various key elements that should be

included within every research proposal; for instance, the introduction together with the

theoretical framework, problem statement, study purpose, literature review, hypotheses,

methodology, delimitations and limitations, the significance of the study, and references

("Components of a research proposal," 2020). The introduction gives a reader the background

information for the study. Its role is developing a framework for the study, enabling readers to

comprehend how it is linked to the study.

 The problem statement defines the context for the research and also notes the general

analysis technique. Efficient problem statements respond to the question of why the research

requires to be carried out. The purpose of a research study provides accurate and specific

synopsis of the general purpose of the research. Literature review, on the other hand, provides

the context and background for the research issue (Pajares, 2007). It establishes why the research

is necessary and depicts that the author is knowledgeable in the area of study. This part shares

with readers the outcomes of past studies that are closely associated with the research being

reported. It also gives a framework for developing the relevance of the research, together with

the benchmark for comparing the outcome of the research with various findings.

Hypotheses are essential to theoretical research studies and are only utilized within

quantitative studies. A hypothesis depicts a declarative sentiment of the association between two

or more variables, while a research question does pose an association between variables, though

it phrases the association as a question. The methodology section is among the most essential

segments of the research. It indicates the methodological procedures one can take to answer each

question or respond to the hypotheses ("Components of a research proposal," 2020). The

delimitation part highlights the weaknesses of the research and shows how the study will be

narrowed within scope. The significance of the research indicates how a study revises, extends,

and refines existing knowledge in the area under research. Finally, the reference section shows

where a writer borrowed ideas and concepts from.

Ethical aspects of research

Research studies ethics give guidelines, which ensure that the research is conducted

responsibly. These ethics also monitor and educate researchers, ensuring that a high ethical

standard is adhered to. Informed consent is among the significant ethical issues while carrying
out research. It means that an individual intelligently, voluntarily, and knowingly and in a

manifest, clear manner gives his consent. While collecting data, the research needs to have the

informed consent of the participants. Do no harm, beneficence, ethical principle refers to the

notion do no harm but be beneficial (Fouka & Mantzorou, 2016). While carrying out research

confidentiality and anonymity is another aspect that should be considered by the researcher.

Anonymity should be guaranteed a participant does not want his identity to be linked with his

feedback. Confidentiality, on the other hand, gives a participant an opportunity to withhold or

freely give their responses as they wish. The researcher should be able to respect the privacy of

his participants. Additionally, researchers should be knowledgeable and have the necessary skills

to conduct an investigation (Fouka & Mantzorou, 2016). Lack of knowledge within the area

under study should be noted before the start of the research, and inexperienced researchers are

required to work under the supervision of a qualified researcher. Minimizing the harm of

participants during research is also essential. It is the role of the researcher to ensure that

participants are well informed before the research.

 Task 2

Produce an appropriate research proposal to explain types and sources of research data

Types and Sources of Research Data

Introduction

Collecting authentic data is the major foundation on which a researcher gathers credible

evidence, understands it, and later makes sense of it. The collection of data plays a significant

role within a statistical analysis. The data collection task starts after research issues have been

clearly stated, and when the design of the research has been written. While selecting what data

collection technique to use, a researcher should often remember that there are two forms of data

sources; secondary and primary data, and two types of data; qualitative and quantitative data

(Mahto, 2011). Primary data is the form of data that has been gathered first by a researcher,

whereas secondary data is information or data that already exists, and tends to have already been

passed through the statistical procedure. While carrying out research, a researcher decides what

is the most favorable data for his study. This research focuses on analyzing the sources and types

of research data, as it gives further insight into data sources and types. It also focuses on

differentiating the different forms of research and how they are beneficial to research.

Additionally, it highlights the significance and the methodological techniques that will be

utilized during conducting of the research.

Problem Statement

For years, researchers have been utilizing research sources and data yet some of them are

unable to determine the difference between them. There has been an increase in the number of

cases of confusion for people who are unable to distinguish the most appropriate data source or
type while carrying out research. Having a concise understanding of sources and forms of data is

essential not only for the research field but also for the other fields which utilize statistical data.

Objectives

The research aims on analyzing the already existing data sources and types. It explores

the differences between the different forms of data types and sources. Additionally, it highlights

the relevance of data sources and types to researchers and the entire research field. The

discussion also highlights the origin of data collection.

Research Question

 How many research data types and sources are there?

 Can the data types and sources be independent?

 Why do researchers need data types and sources?

 The difference between ancient and modern sources of data?

 What is the relevance of data sources and types to the entire research field?

 What are the processes or steps that should be adhered to while accessing data sources

and types?

 What is the popular data source or type?

Preliminary Literature Review

Data has drastically changed over the last century, especially the analysis, types,

collection, and amount of it. The data has also proceeded to what it is through impacting every

industry and everyone today. The future of market research and data are interrelated. The first

types of ancient data were in form of tick or tally marks, which were collected to keep records or

track inventories, for instance, food during ancient civilizations (GutCheck, 2020). After which,

the abacus was invented to assist with calculating such records. This resulted in information
associated with time-keeping and astrological studies in scientific discoveries and studies.

Ultimately, as other types of data got discovered, the need for equipment to store, analyze, and

collect data quickly resulted. As the world continued to evolve, more data needs continued

evolving. For instance, in the 1800s censuses begun taking place. For the activity was gathering

more data points, there was a need for efficient data analysis and collecting method. In 1950,

equipment was created to identify trends and patterns, as well as capture data (Villanova

University, 2020). This resulted in numerous ways of collecting and researching data. Today

organizations and businesses can easily gather any information they want that would help with

their growth. Additionally, various techniques of data collection are utilized by thinkers,

philosophers, investigators, researchers, and social scientists. Some of the data collection

techniques that are utilized during the modern time include records, observations, surveys and

questionnaires, interviews, and oral histories. There have even been categorization of data

collection techniques to quantitative and qualitative data, and categorization of data sources into

primary and secondary sources. It is vital to understand the difference between the sources and

types of data, and also note the relevance of such tools while conducting research studies

(Ainsworth, 2019). It is also vital to note that there is limited literature that can help with this

study.

Methodology Data collection

The research Conceptual modeling and literature review are the primary research

techniques for this research to differentiate the difference between various forms of data types

and sources. The researcher will also combine two research tools that are use interviews and

questionnaires. This will help determine the most popular data sources or types within the

research field. The questionnaires will be distributed via mail, and the target participants would
be approximately 20 teachers from two distinct learning facilities (UCS libraries, 2021). Before

taking part in the research, participants will be informed on the significance of the research and

will be asked for the consent of whether their personal information should be utilized during

analyzation of the research.

Limitations

There are minimal or no resources to determine the most popular forms of data sources or

types. There is also little information on the difference between modern and ancient data sources

and types.

Analyze data using appropriate approaches

Data analysis is the procedure of analyzing raw information to draw meaningful insights.

The cohort is the most suitable technique to utilize while conducting the research study. It is

defined as the subset of behavioral analytics which takes information from a certain dataset and

instead of looking at the overall users as a singular unit, it divides them into groups that are

related for analysis (Durcevic, 2020). Through this method, it was determined that the popular

source of data during research is secondary sources. For instance, Rosvall (2020) analyzed data

by first distinguishing the implicit and explicit comments made by students on school practices

and environments. The analysis was explorative rather than selective, seeking to identify

examples of major and minor concerns. A theoretical framework was utilized to analyze the

extracts in efforts to examine and separate data into more deep mental, social, and physical

dimensions of the pupils understandings of educational practices, school environment, as well as

their responses.

Significance of data and the method of collection

 Data collection techniques are essential because of how data gathered is utilized.

Gathering data is important in all research studies. Without data, it is challenging to come up

with solutions for any particular issue. Researchers rely on data they collect to solve problems,

predict the future, and curb recurring harmful events. Data empowers an individual to make

wise, and informed choices. With data, one can develop accurate theories. The collection of data

is significant for it permits individuals to analyze vital information regarding a certain issue, and

also store it. Recorded data saves time (Rahim, 2019). This is because research does not have to

start researching the start, instead, the researcher analyzes the already existing data which makes

his work simple. Additionally, a good method of collecting data is cheap and more reliable

compared to personal data; removing human error or potential bias.

Draw conclusions from data collected

To conclude, most individuals are incapable of distinguishing between secondary and

primary data, as well as qualitative and quantitative data. Some assume that those data are equal.

Additionally, people prefer secondary data compared to primary data. This is because secondary

data is not time-consuming, it is easily accessible, cheap, and does not give room for human

error or bias.
 Task 3

 Relationship between research and evidence-based practice

The purpose of evidence-based practice and research appears to be different. Research

evidence is required to be accompanied by an efficient implementation, and an enabling notion

to attain vast results. Research can be perceived as the systematic method of collecting data to

solve problems and answer questions, in the pursuit of establishing fresh knowledge on various

practices, policies, and education. It a systematic collection and review of data on a certain field

or organization. Research is a planned and systematic process that seeks to analyze given

questions or issues in order to enhance an individual’s understanding and knowledge. Research

does not often translate into practice, but it tends to alter how people think, it enhances their self-

awareness, influences people's values, and changes individuals’ attitudes. Using research output

can be perceived on a conceptual and instrumental continuum (Johnson, 2014). Instrumental

effect relates to the manner in which research results directly result in demonstrable adjustments

in practice, while the conceptual effect relates to how the results from a study shape an

individual’s attitude, helps them comprehend other people’s experiences, and helps the

individual develop insight.

Contrary, evidence-based practices are therefore procedures of making the appropriate

decision for people, and it does not necessarily imply the translation of research

recommendations and results in a prescriptive manner. Even if the most appropriate modern

evidence is translated into a practice standard or guideline, considerations are usually given

towards an individual's beliefs, circumstances, and preferences. The main difference between

evidence-based practice and research is that the research procedure is applied to inquiry and

investigations with the main aim of providing new insights or knowledge, while the evidence-
based practice is the procedure that all reliable evidence is reviewed and appraised, thus,

generating recommendations on the most favorable practice. The results of evidence-based

practice are choices on the best course of clinical activities that may result in adjustments of

methods of practice, while research outcomes relate to the initial objective of the research that

might depict findings associated with the efficiency of improved insights or particular

interventions into a certain phenomenon (Johnson, 2014). Another difference is that research

procedures utilize existing data to justify fresh investigations or inquiry, while evidence-based

practices draw on existing evidence and research on the most appropriate decisions to make.

Contribution of research and evidence-based practice to decision-making

Evidence-based practice, as well as research, is accepted in various professional fields.

Evidence-based practices are described as the utilization of research to improve decision-making

and inform practice. The two concepts not only help individuals make appropriate decisions;

they also inform action that tends to have the desired effect. Evidence-based practices are

dependent on the combination of using the best available evidence and critical thinking. It makes

decision-makers less dependent on personal experiences, received knowledge, and anecdotes;

sources which tend to be less trustworthy or bias. Organizations that tend to utilized evidence-

based practices or conduct research tend to offer quality services and products to their clients, for

they are aware of what the customers want, and what they do not want (Adolphus). Additionally,

the two concepts minimize the rate at which companies incur losses, managers are capable of

seeing future risks, thus, mitigating them before they become disastrous. Within the medical

field, the two concepts help medical practitioners save lives, and learn efficient medical skills

and knowledge to assist patients.

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