Term Definition

Tribunal a body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry

the judiciary a country's body of judges
Legislation an act or acts passed by a law-making body
Rule Behavior recognized by a community as binding or enforceable by authority
Legal action Legal proceedings
Court An official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve disputes, or make
other legal decisions
Law enforcement An organization responsible for enforcing the law, especially the police
agency
Judge A senior official in a court of law, makes decisions on legal matters
Legal system The body or system of rules recognized by a community that is enforceable by
established process
Authority The control resulting from following a community’s system of rules
Lawyers Members of legal profession
Govern To rule a society and control the behavior of its members
Lawyers Term which refers to all professionals working the legal profession, it does not
refer to a specific job
Ratify Approve or pass an amendment
Execute Carry out a law
Federalism System where the national government shares power with the state
governments
Republican A form of government
Propose Introduce a new amendment
Solicitor A qualified lawyer who works at a law firm and who generally deals with non-
contentious work or preparing cases for hearings, but who cannot appear as an
advocate in higher court, UK
Attorney US, a person qualified to practice law, protects a client
Barrister UK and Commonwealth, a lawyer that is allowed to plead for a client in the
lower and higher courts (a solicitor is only allowed to plead for a client in the
lower courts, although it is far more common for a barrister to plead and for a
solicitor to instruct the barrister).
Criminal law The law that punishes acts against a person or against property that people
consider to be harmful to the whole community. The state prosecutes criminals
Civil law The law concerning the rights and duties of private individuals and companies
other than criminal matters
A matter A subject or situation, (e.g. a criminal matter, a civil matter)
A will A legal document in which a person gives details of what hey want to happen to
their property after their death
To steal To take something that belongs to someone else with the intention of keeping it
To be in dispute To have a serious disagreement with another person
A party to a court The claimant or the defendant
case
To owe money to To have to pay someone for something that they have done for you or given to
someone you
Legal costs The court fees and payments for the lawyers who are acting for the parties
A procedure A decided way of doing something

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To prosecute To take legal action against someone in the criminal court
Tort Wrongful or unlawful injury or damage that is not the result of a crime or which
is tried in the civil courts
To deal with To do business with someone or to take the correct action in an area of work
someone or
something
Legal Allowed by the law
Valid Legally correct and acceptable
To draft a To write a document
document
To have a right (in intellectual property law) to have a legal interest in something; it is yours
Robber A person who steals money or property while using or threatening to use
violence
A divorce The legal ending of a marriage
To merge (in company law) when two companies join together to form one
To be based To be established somewhere as the main place where you work or live
somewhere
Goods Things that are produced so that they can be sold
Fund An amount of money that a person or organization keeps to pay for something in
particular
Ownership To have ownership of a property means that the property belongs to you
Assets Things that a person or company owns
Debts Sums of money that you owe
Rent The money that someone pays, usually every month, to use a flat, a house or an
office that belongs to someone else
Fixed Something that is fixed, is a certain and cannot be changed
Torts Civil wrongs recognized by the law as grounds for a lawsuit
Compensatory Damages that pay, or compensate, an injured person for being harmed
damages
Battery In which a person intentionally makes contact with another person in a harmful
or offensive way
Assault A person intentionally causes someone to fear immediate harm
Consent Where a defendant has the plaintiff’s consent to commit an act of assault or
battery, the plaintiff may not later bring a lawsuit
Lawsuit A legal procedure started in a court of law and which is not a criminal procedure;
a civil proceeding by one party against another in a court of law
Negligence Paying victims for the injuries that have been caused by someone else’s conduct
Liable Legally responsible for something
A principle of law An established idea that is used as the basis for a particular area of law
Trespass To enter another person’s land without their consent
Nuisance Something that causes harm or annoyance to a person or to property
Defamation The fact of damaging someone reputation
Slander When you say something about someone that is not true that damages their
reputation
Grounds Justification
Foreseeable Time or situation that can be easily be known about, imagined or guessed before
it happens

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Deterrent Something that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing
something
Redress Money that is paid to someone, or something that is done for someone, to
compensate them for loss, injury or for some other problem
Distress The act of seizing (: taking possession of something with legal authority) the
assets of a person or company to secure the performance of a duty (e.g. the
payment of money owed)
Incur Suffer a negative effect or to take on an obligation
Nuisance Something that causes harm or annoyance to a person or to property
Acceptance A set of arguments in a situation that might become legal or is already legal in
nature
Offeror A person who makes an offer
Precedent A decision of a judge in an earlier case that other judges must follow if the
circumstances of the situation are the same or similar
Unconditional Absolute, without any doubts or suggestion of change
Ratio decidendi The principle, ground or reason for the decision in a case, often a statement of
law
Obiter dictum Something said in a judgement that is not essential to the decision and which is
not binding precedent
A source of law A place where law comes from for example, a civil code
A body of laws A collection of laws. All of them together
A pronouncement And old-fashioned word meaning a judge’s words at the end of a case giving
his/her decision.
A principle of law An accepted idea that forms part of the law
A factor Something that is important to consider when making a decision
Relevant Of significance or importance to a particular situation
Account When the word is used as a bill or an invoice that someone must pay
Third party Someone who is not one of the two main parties involved in a contract or a
particular situation
Jurisdiction Legal power over a geographical are or people
Condition Something that you have to do in order for something else to happen
Entire Complete or whole
Disclose Tell
Consequential It is something that you suffer as a direct result of the breach of contract
loss
To suggest an To propose
amendment
To hand down a To pronounce a verdict
judgement
A contract Prevederi contractuale
provision
A third party to a Is a person who has not signed the contract but may be affected by it
contract
An injunction Un ordin / indicație / avertizare
The extent of an To provide assistance, it covers at least minimum core obligations
obligation
Detrment Harm or damage

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To revoke an offer The withdrawal of a previous offer to engage in some sort of legally binding
contract
Breach To break or violate a law, obligation, duty or contract term
Grounds Reason for something
Acquisition Achiziționarea
Legally binding Contract valid
contract
Rectify a problem Fix a problem
A batch of goods An amount
Onus If the onus is on you to do something, then it is your responsibility to do it. The
term is often used in relation to difficult or official tasks
Redress Money that is paid to someone
Reliance When one party depends on or trusts another party to act in a certain way,
especially when combined with action based on that dependence or trust
Tenancy An agreement that gives someone the right to use land or a property
Rescind Cancel
Uberrimae fidei Cu maximă bună credința
Caveat emptor Buyer beware
Liable Legally responsible
Hold Seek
Lease Let
Shareholder An person, company or organization that owns shares in a company
Auditor Someone whose job is to examine, in an official capacity, the financial records of
a person, company or other organization to see whether they are accurate
Accountant A person whose occupation is to keep and examine the books and financial
records of companies and individuals
Director Manages of a company or other organization
Creditor Person or business that is owed money
Debtor A person, organization that owes money
Dispute To question whether a statement or allegation is true, to argue that a statement
or allegation is not true
Statutory Required, relating to, enacted, permitted or regulated by a statute
Insolvency Occurs when your debts are greater than the assets you have available to pay
them
Acquisition The act of gaining possession of something, the purchase
Shadow lawyer Appointed, duplicate lawyer as an auxiliary or alternate
Convence To arrange a meeting, to meet for a particular purpose
Liquidate To bring a company to an end by converting assets into cash
Liquidation Concluding a company’s affairs by selling its assets and paying its debts with any
surplus being distributed to the owners.
Mortgage Security interest in real property for money borrowed, the transfer of legal title
of property; often land; to another as security for payment of a debt
Merger Combination of usually two companies which results in effectively no transfer of
control, and the two groups of shareholders are in a position to continue their
shareholdings as before but on a combined basis
Quorum The number of people required to be present before a meeting can conduct
business

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Show of hands Voting method, the first one, after that comes the pool
Receivership When a company is controlled by a receiver
Strike off A work stoppage
2nd semester
Term Definition
employer a person or entity which hires the services of another / angajator
employees subject to payroll tax code rules / angajați
Staff Staff refers to all of the employees at a business, or especially a school, where
the teachers as a group are called "the staff." / personal
manager a person who possesses the same rights, duties, obligations, and privileges as a
person who is both a director and officer of a corporation for profit. / manager
Secretary a particular category of worker within the legal profession / secretar
Admin work Administrative workers are those who provide support to a company. / munca
de administrator
Payroll The total amount of money that a company needs to pay its employees /
salarizare
Part-time Part-time employees typically work fewer hours in a day or during a work week
Salary A reward or recompense for services performed / salariu
Pay to settle (a debt, obligation, etc.), as by transferring money or goods / plăți
Wages A compensation given to a hired person for his or her services / salarii
Order a written direction or command delivered by a court or judge / ordin
Full-time considered between 30-40 hours a week, while part-time employment is usually
less than 30 hours a week
Remuneration the total of the financial and nonfinancial benefits to the employee of all the
elements in the employment package / remunerație
Invoices an itemized statement furnished to a purchaser by a seller and usually specifying
the price of goods or services and the terms of sale / facturi
Suppliers the natural person, private or government entity, or a combination of the above,
whose bid to perform the Contract has been accepted by the Purchaser and is
named as such in the Contract Agreement. / furnizori
Applicant The person or party who makes an application to a court or some other person
or organization to intervene and assist. / solicitant
Maternity leave a period during which a woman is absent from work because she is pregnant or
has given birth to a child / concediu de maternitate
Covering letter A cover letter is a written document commonly submitted with a job application
outlining the applicant's credentials and interest in the open position / scrisoare
de însoțire
Retailing industry The industry involved in buying goods and selling them to public / comerț
Windows- Preparing a shop windows in an attractive way so that the public are interested
dressing in buying things from the shop / vitrină
Cash register The machine into which a shop or some other business puts the money when a
customer pays for something. Also called a ‘till’. / casierie
Procedure The accepted or correct way of doing something / procedură
Absence When somebody is not in the place where you expect that person to be / absent
Fund An amount of money that a person or an organization keeps for a particular
purpose / fond

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Material Important, significant / significant
Notice A warning period / notificare
Grievance a cause of distress (as an unsatisfactory working condition or unfair labor
practice) felt to afford a reason for complaint or dispute especially/ plângere
Harassment the act of systematic and/or continued unwanted and annoying actions of one
party or a group, including threats and demands. / hărțuire
Constructive is where an employer has committed a serious breach of contract, entitling the
dismissal employee to resign in response to the employer's conduct. / concediat pe
nedrept
Appraisal A valuation or an approximation of value by impartial, properly qualified
persons; the process of determining the value of an asset or liability, which
entails expert opinion rather than express commercial transactions. / evaluare
Seminar A formal presentation by experts where the attendees are encouraged to ask
questions and discuss the matter to hand. / seminar
Contentious work relates to a dispute between two or more parties, which could involve litigation,
mediation or arbitration (amongst others). / lucru contencios
Allegation A claim of fact not yet proven to be true. / afirmație
Dock pay When an employer reduces an employee's pay, it is called pay docking / oprirea
salariului
Strike A work stoppage; the concerted refusal of employees to perform work that their
employer has assigned to them in order to force the employer to grant certain
demanded concessions, such as increased wages or improved employment
conditions. / grevă, lovitură
Trade union A defined group of employees formed for the purposes of representing those
employees with the employer as to the terms of a collective contract of
employment. / sindicat
Shares A portion or part of something that may be divided into components, such as a
sum of money. A unit of stock that represents ownership in a corporation /
acțiuni ca sens financiar
Criminal intent intent is a subjective state of mind that must accompany the acts of certain
crimes to constitute a violation. / intenții criminale
Juvenile a person who is under age (usually below 18), who is found to have committed a
delinquency crime in states which have declared by law that a minor lacks responsibility and
thus may not be sentenced as an adult. / delincvență juvenile
Felonies are the most serious class of criminal offense. They are generally defined as
crimes punishable by imprisonment of more than one year, and the prison
sentences are usually served in a federal or state penitentiary rather than a
county jail. / infracțiuni
Larceny Larceny (commonly known as theft) is the wrongful taking of money or personal
property belonging to someone else. / furt
Forgery Falsely making or altering any writing (for example the signature of another
person). / falsificator
Bribery Bribery is offering or giving to a government official money or anything of value
which the official was not authorized to receive in order to influence
performance of an official duty / mită
Conspiracy Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to do an unlawful
criminal act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. / conspirație

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Extortion Extortion (commonly known as blackmail) is obtaining money or other property
from a person by wrongful use of force, fear, or the power of office. / șantaj
Arson Arson is the willful and illegal burning of a building. Under early common law,
the courts sought primarily to protect human life. / incindiere
Mugger The act of physical attack upon an isolated pedestrian on a public street at night
and the taking of money and effects from his person. / hoț, tâlhar
To betray is the breaking or violation of a presumptive contract, trust, or confidence that
produces moral and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst
individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. /
să își trădeze
Misdemeanors is considered a crime of lesser seriousness, and a felony one of greater
seriousness. / contravenții
Computer crimes Stealing computer data for various reasons
False pretenses obtaining property by lying / pretexte false
Pardon To use the executive power of a governor or president to forgive a person
charged with a crime or convicted of a crime / grațiere
Perjury making a false statement under oath / sperjur
Probation Probation allows a person convicted of a crime the chance to remain in the
community instead of going to jail / Eliberare condiționată
Parole the release of a prisoner, either temporarily for a special purpose or completely
before the expiry of a sentence / Eliberare condiționată
Abduction taking a person away by means of persuasion, fraud, or force / răpire
Homicide is when one human being causes the death of another. Not all homicide is
murder, as some killings are manslaughter, and some are lawful, such as when
justified by an affirmative defense, like insanity or self-defense. / omoucidere
Manslaughter is the act of killing another human being in a way that is less culpable than
murder / omoucidere
Assassination The targeted, covert killing of an individual without legal process and usually for
reasons of, though not necessarily limited to, political or military expediency. /
assasinare
Libel is a method of defamation expressed by print, writing, pictures, signs, effigies, or
any communication embodied in physical form that is injurious to a person's
reputation, exposes a person to public hatred, contempt or ridicule, or injures a
person in his/her business or profession. / defăimare
shoplifts The willful theft of merchandise from a retail establishment without the
knowledge or consent of the seller with the intention of converting those goods
for one's personal use and without having paid the purchase price. / furt din
magazine
busking To play music or perform entertainment in a public place, usually while soliciting
money. / cântare pe strazi
pickpocketing steals from the pockets or person of another without putting the person in
fear. / furt de buzunare
embezzling Fraudulent taking of personal property by someone to whom it was entrusted /
delapidare
till a money drawer in a store or bank also: cash register / casierie
Polygamy The condition or practice of having more than one spouse at the same time. /
poligamie

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Vagrancy vagrancy laws made it a crime for a person to wander from place to place
without visible means of support. / vagabondaj
Jaywalking Jaywalking occurs when a pedestrian walks in or crosses a roadway that has
traffic, other than at a suitable crossing point, or otherwise in disregard of traffic
rules. / travesrare în loc nepermis
Adultery refers to sexual acts between a married person and someone who is not that
person's spouse. / adulter
Pimping a person who procures a prostitute for customers or vice versa, sharing the
profits of the woman's activities. Supposedly he provides protection for the
prostitutes, but quite often he will threaten, brutalize, rape, cheat and induce
drug addiction of his women. / proxenetism
To brandish means showing the weapon, or exhibiting it to another person, “in a rude, angry
or threatening manner” or using it in a “fight or quarrel.” / expunerea armei
Coercive measures to get people to join your club, it means that you intimidate or force
people to make them feel like they have to join. / coercitiv
Compulsory required by or as if by law compulsory education. / obligatoriu
Settlement An agreement that ends a dispute and results in the voluntary dismissal of any
related litigation. / soluționare
Extradition the formal process of one state surrendering an individual to another state for
prosecution or punishment for crimes committed in the requesting country's
jurisdiction / extradare
Survey The act by which the quantity of a piece of land is ascertained; the paper
containing a statement of the courses, distances, and quantity of land, is also
called a survey. / sondaj
Undertake A written promise offered as security for the performance of a particular act
required in a legal action. / garant
Espionage The act of spying on or monitoring the activities of a government or company in
order to gather secret information. / spionaj
Bigamy the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to
another. / bigamie
Blackmail involves a threat to do something that would cause a person to suffer
embarrassment or financial loss, unless that person meets certain demands. /
șantaj
Sovereign refers to the fact that the government cannot be sued without its consent. /
immunity imunitate jurisdicțională
Universal Classically defined as' a legal principle allowing or requiring a state to bring
jurisdiction criminal proceedings in respect of certain crimes irrespective of the location of
the crime and the nationality of the perpetrator or the victim; / jurisdicția
universală
Protocol In the legal sense, it is defined as an international agreement that supplements
or amends a treaty. In the diplomatic sense, the term refers to the set of rules,
procedures, conventions and ceremonies that relate to relations between states.
/ protocol
Sovereignty a political concept that refers to dominant power or supreme authority. In a
monarchy, supreme power resides in the "sovereign", or king. / suveranitate
Sentence in law refers to punishment that was actually ordered or could be ordered by a
trial court in a criminal procedure / sentință

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Copyright refers to the legal right of the owner of intellectual property. / drepturi de autor
Citizenship the legal link between an individual and a state or territory as a result of which
the individual is entitled to certain protection, rights and privileges, and subject
to certain obligations and allegiance. / cetățenie
Contend to put an idea forward as an assertion, position, or an argument. "We contend
that the defendant acted in bad faith." / susținere
Reluctance the quality or state of being reluctant. feeling or showing aversion, hesitation, or
unwillingness / ezitare
Respondent The respondent is the party against whom a petition is filed, especially one on
appeal. / pârât