Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Strengthening Mechanism in Metals
Strengthening Mechanism in Metals
Strengthening
Mechanism in Metals
Dr. Suwaree Chankitmunkong
CONTENTS
Womanising
02 Solid-Solution Strengthening
mooniaonmwoadslvbrrouiriw.nrbwdoniluisn.am
Vow98 matrix ciohowhbaui
.
,
03 Precipitation Strengthening W
mdmnminoqmner.fr
bnhdonivn.org , oivghoggogfnq ,
} Whitened
04 Strain hardening
tanks homie
( bar heat treatment
Aluminium
copper
Design Principle
simian 's - morning'oggioo9 dislocation .
- -
Possible Ways
↳ www.winmrvngggggogmirnoovni
Dislocation interaction with dislocation
TOUHOU
• grain boundaries -- grain boundary strengthening
airframe
• solute atoms -- solid solution strengthening
Misbwaonmnm nor
:
~yJ javggsmrtnaoghiclbiamomnm.no
Dislocation in
-
1. Reduce Grain Size
"
gniooaoiirmnroom minions .
E→
• Grain boundaries are barriers to slip. damn grain size a. advovgrain
vovgraindivagoggmol.no'o8nd
-
• Barrier "strength"
-
levitin
increases with increasing angle of misorientation. dislocation .
• Hall-Petch Equation:
σ yield = σo + k y d −1 / 2
- OO -
↳
~
4 pinioned wound
/
anguished
brow
( Vostok : )
In fungo g gang in H
The influence of grain size on the yield
strength of a 70 Cu–30 Zn brass alloy.
Note that the grain diameter increases
from right to left and is not linear.
Hardness vs Grain size
p.wfsn.bifsnogrivn.bbfsldthmg.bg gorier
-
↳ @grn49uinaonaimeofdUi
bodedqIVqzVogfh0JlU8otln.l
polarising's a. browsing immense :b
'm to on :D"
to :@ simian wow
-
,
goin
' '
winning
.
how
Solid-Solution Strengthening
RIINAEgg
Impurity generates local stress at A and B Impurity generates local stress at C and D
that opposes dislocation motion to the right. that opposes dislocation motion to the right.
9
Dislocation Lattice Strains
dislocation density in now rig dis )
p
.
strain
• small impurities tend to concentrate at dislocations
• reduce mobility of dislocation \ increase strength
e
• large impurities concentrate at dislocations on low density side
(a) Representation of tensile lattice strains imposed on host atoms by a smaller substitutional impurity atom.
(b) Possible locations of smaller impurity atoms relative to an edge dislocation such that there is partial cancellation of impuri
ty–dislocation lattice strains.
10
The effects of alloying elements on
the yield strength ofIcopper
own o Mon:
Be Sh Icu
~ ,
↳
unt of alloying element increases solid solu
tion strengthening.
0
at Be.
Ni En -
cu
,
The Science & Engineering of Materials Donald R. Askeland
% banian pawn .
11
Solid Solution Strengthening in Copper
Ni
i n c u
c-
l
l
←
O e
Ni r
im not n
1 m.
• Result: σy ~
S 1. to
13
Application: Precipitation Strengthening
M
: robin mammoth'd Alloys
-
A transmission electron micrograph showing th
e microstructure of a 7150-T651 aluminum all
oy (6.2Zn, 2.3Cu, 2.3Mg, 0.12Zr, the balance
Al) that has been precipitation hardened. The li
ght matrix phase in the micrograph is an alumi
num solid solution. The majority of the small p
late-shaped dark precipitate particles are a trans
ition phase, the remainder being the equilibriu
(
. m (MgZn2) phase.
.
precipitates
Mgl he
14
Age-hardening heat treatment in Al-Cu alloy
( faq :n'
liquid
patient ¥1 solution
quo
:
treatment
termite
B ferirte
-
-
① ⑧
546C
g-
⑨
drowning mine's
0 am
a
-7dg ,
:n.µu
120-1502 -
quenching
-
asi
@ ④ or
.
voguish
-
Supersaturated
.
↳
-
At
% hisniomnmiroh
1A v.
-
Ai
-
a
-
(
:
has less coherent strains when it grows in size and increases in amount.
peak
now wit n
①
:*
o
① * >
16
Dislocation Cutting Through Precipitates
win
Pinning
slaivoggminnogni
'
dislocation NO cutting
Off ) 118911008001
Phromphong Pandee, Ph.D. 18
Maximum Hardness
peak strength
Minnie )
• Most metals strain harden at room temperature.
• Deformation at room temperature (for most metals).
• Common forming operations reduce the cross-sectional
area:
20
Common forming operations change
the cross sectional area
tneudvmor
plastic deformation Gang , ",
luv' n
strain hardening
③ r
"
ma
O
(a) Rolling. (b) Forging (open and closed die). (c) Extrusion (direct and indirect). (d) Wire drawing. (e) Stamping.
21
Dislocations During Cold Work
BO
ppg
• Dislocation motion becomes
more difficult.
22
Percent cold work (%CW)
Edo
④ Eg
( t CW)
-
Where A0 is the original area of the cross section that experiences def
ormation, and Af is the final cross-sectional area after deformation. t0 i
s the initial sheet thickness and tf is the final thickness.
23
Impact of Cold Work
% car 9 → strength9
A. HIS Hoofs
at work hard ing
/
TO jog, gg
O q
O "
"
9g
."
&
Materials Science and Engineering William D. Callister, Jr.
24
Impact of Cold Work
→
For 1040 steel, brass, and copper, (a) the increase in yield strength, (b) the increase in tensile strength, and (c) the
decrease in ductility (%EL) with percent cold work.
25
Mechanical Property Alterations Due to
Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility
after cold working Cu?
πDo2 πDd2
Copper −
Cold %CW = 4 4 x 100
Work πDo2
4
Do2 − Dd2
Do = 15.2 mm Dd = 12.2 mm = x 100
Do2
%CW =
(15.2 mm) 2 − (12.2 mm) 2
(15.2 mm) 2 0
x 100 = 35.6%
26
26
Mechanical Property Alterations Due to Cold Working
60
700 800
ductility (%EL)
40
500 600
300
300 MPa Cu
Cu 400 340 MPa 20
Cu 7%
100 200 00
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 20 40 60
% Cold Work % Cold Work % Cold Work
27
Effect of Heat Treating After Cold Working
'
apologia 008
ductility (%EL)
500
2. Recrystallization
ductility 20
300
28
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
1. Recovery
iennnirllwoi Testino montage innovation DIN lrgtnhieogrisoimowuailg
'
: : →
29
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
2. Recrystallization
Meghan's
• New grains are formed that:
-- have low dislocation densities dislocation rings
-- are small in size
-- consume and replace parent cold-worked grains.
diuoiggiwdbehr
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
innmrinnwnnheai
30
As Recrystallization Continues…
'
bring rainbow
• All cold-worked grains are eventually consumed/replaced.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
⑦
After 4
seconds
After 8
seconds
31
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
3. Grain Growth
32
The scale of features is vital
boating's Winnowing
• Empirical Relation:
coefficient dependent
on material and T.
exponent typ. ~ 2
elapsed time
grain diameter d n − d on = Kt
at time t.
33
Recrystallization temperature
'
1- I 620 c
melt , Al
TR = recrystallization temperature =
temperature at which recrystallization
just reaches completion in 1 h.
0.3Tm < TR < 0.6Tm
Q.im """
34
The scale of features is vital
decimated
1- cold work 1h49
'
± 35
Recrystallization and Melting Temperatures
for Various Metals and Alloys
36
Diameter Reduction Procedure - Solution
Brass
Cold
Work
Do = 10 mm Df = 7.5 mm
& A − Af # & A #
%CW = $$ o !! x 100 = $$1 − f !! x 100
% Ao " % Ao "
& πD 2 4 #! & & 7 .5 # 2 #
= $1 − f x 100 = $1 − $ ! ! x 100 = 43.8%
$ πD 2 4" ! $ 10 " !
% o % % "
37
Diameter Reduction Procedure – Solution (cont.)
38
Diameter Reduction Procedure – Solution (cont.)
39
Diameter Reduction Procedure – Solution (cont.)
40
Diameter Reduction Procedure – Summary
Doink
Stage 1: Cold work – reduce diameter from 10 mm to 8.39 mm
& & 8.39 mm #2 #
%CW1 = $1 − $ ! ! x 100 = 29.6
$ % 10 mm " !
% "
Stage 2: Heat treat (allow recrystallization)
Stage 3: Cold work – reduce diameter from 8.39 mm to 7.5 mm
41
*
42
Summary
43
THANK YOU
suwaree.ch@kmitl.ac.th