The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control:

Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'

CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb headed up the agency's secret MK-ULTRA program, which was
charged with developing a mind control drug that could be weaponized against enemies.

Courtesy of the CIA

During the early period of the Cold War, the CIA became convinced that communists had
discovered a drug or technique that would allow them to control human minds. In response,
the CIA began its own secret program, called MK-ULTRA, to search for a mind control drug
that could be weaponized against enemies.

MK-ULTRA, which operated from the 1950s until the early '60s, was created and run by a
chemist named Sidney Gottlieb. Journalist Stephen Kinzer, who spent several years
investigating the program, calls the operation the "most sustained search in history for
techniques of mind control."
Some of Gottlieb's experiments were covertly funded at universities and research centers,
Kinzer says, while others were conducted in American prisons and in detention centers in
Japan, Germany and the Philippines. Many of his unwitting subjects endured psychological
torture ranging from electroshock to high doses of LSD, according to Kinzer's research.

"Gottlieb wanted to create a way to seize control of people's minds, and he realized it was a
two-part process," Kinzer says. "First, you had to blast away the existing mind. Second, you
had to find a way to insert a new mind into that resulting void. We didn't get too far on
number two, but he did a lot of work on number one."

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Kinzer notes that the top-secret nature of Gottlieb's work makes it impossible to measure the
human cost of his experiments. "We don't know how many people died, but a number did, and
many lives were permanently destroyed," he says.

Ultimately, Gottlieb concluded that mind control was not possible. After MK-ULTRA shut
down, he went on to lead a CIA program that created poisons and high-tech gadgets for spies
to use.

Kinzer writes about Gottlieb and MK-ULTRA in his new book, Poisoner in Chief.

On how the CIA brought LSD to America

As part of the search for drugs that would allow people to control the human mind, CIA
scientists became aware of the existence of LSD, and this became an obsession for the early
directors of MK-ULTRA. Actually, the MK-ULTRA director, Sidney Gottlieb, can now be
seen as the man who brought LSD to America. He was the unwitting godfather of the entire
LSD counterculture.

In the early 1950s, he arranged for the CIA to pay $240,000 to buy the world's entire supply
of LSD. He brought this to the United States, and he began spreading it around to hospitals,
clinics, prisons and other institutions, asking them, through bogus foundations, to carry out
research projects and find out what LSD was, how people reacted to it and how it might be
able to be used as a tool for mind control.

Now, the people who volunteered for these experiments and began taking LSD, in many
cases, found it very pleasurable. They told their friends about it. Who were those people? Ken
Kesey, the author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, got his LSD in an experiment
sponsored by the CIA by MK-ULTRA, by Sidney Gottlieb. So did Robert Hunter, the lyricist
for the Grateful Dead, which went on to become a great purveyor of LSD culture. Allen
Ginsberg, the poet who preached the value of the great personal adventure of using LSD, got
his first LSD from Sidney Gottlieb. Although, of course, he never knew that name.

So the CIA brought LSD to America unwittingly, and actually it's a tremendous irony that the
drug that the CIA hoped would be its key to controlling humanity actually wound up fueling a
generational rebellion that was dedicated to destroying everything that the CIA held dear and
defended.

On how MK-ULTRA experimented on prisoners, including crime boss Whitey Bulger

Whitey Bulger was one of the prisoners who volunteered for what he was told was an
experiment aimed at finding a cure for schizophrenia. As part of this experiment, he was
given LSD every day for more than a year. He later realized that this had nothing to do with
schizophrenia and he was a guinea pig in a government experiment aimed at seeing what
people's long-term reactions to LSD was. Essentially, could we make a person lose his mind
by feeding him LSD every day over such a long period?

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Bulger wrote afterward about his experiences, which he described as quite horrific. He
thought he was going insane. He wrote, "I was in prison for committing a crime, but they
committed a greater crime on me." And towards the end of his life, Bulger came to realize the
truth of what had happened to him, and he actually told his friends that he was going to find
that doctor in Atlanta who was the head of that experiment program in the penitentiary and go
kill him.

On the CIA hiring Nazi doctors and Japanese torturers to learn methods

The CIA mind control project, MK-ULTRA, was essentially a continuation of work that
began in Japanese and Nazi concentration camps.

Stephen Kinzer, author of 'Poisoner in Chief'

The CIA mind control project, MK-ULTRA, was essentially a continuation of work that
began in Japanese and Nazi concentration camps. Not only was it roughly based on those
experiments, but the CIA actually hired the vivisectionists and the torturers who had worked
in Japan and in Nazi concentration camps to come and explain what they had found out so
that we could build on their research.

For example, Nazi doctors had conducted extensive experiments with mescaline at the
Dachau concentration camp, and the CIA was very interested in figuring out whether
mescaline could be the key to mind control that was one of their big avenues of investigation.
So they hired the Nazi doctors who had been involved in that project to advise them.

Another thing the Nazis provided was information about poison gases like sarin, which is still
being used. Nazi doctors came to America to Fort Detrick in Maryland, which was the center
of this project, to lecture to CIA officers to tell them how long it took for people to die from
sarin.

On the more extreme experiments Gottlieb conducted overseas

Gottlieb and the CIA established secret detention centers throughout Europe and East Asia,
particularly in Japan, Germany and the Philippines, which were largely under American
control in the period of the early '50s, and therefore Gottlieb didn't have to worry about any
legal entanglements in these places. ...

CIA officers in Europe and Asia were capturing enemy agents and others who they felt might
be suspected persons or were otherwise what they called "expendable." They would grab
these people and throw them into cells and then test all kinds of, not just drug potions, but
other techniques, like electroshock, extremes of temperature, sensory isolation — all the
meantime bombarding them with questions, trying to see if they could break down resistance
and find a way to destroy the human ego. So these were projects designed not only to
understand the human mind but to figure out how to destroy it. And that made Gottlieb,
although in some ways a very compassionate person, certainly the most prolific torturer of his
generation.

On how these experiments were unsupervised

This guy [Sidney Gottlieb] had a license to kill. He was allowed to requisition human subjects
across the United States and around the world and subject them to any kind of abuse that he
wanted, even up to the level of it being fatal — yet nobody looked over his shoulder.

Stephen Kinzer
[Gottlieb] operated almost completely without supervision. He had sort of a checkoff from his
titular boss and from his real boss, Richard Helms, and from the CIA director, Allen Dulles.
But none of them really wanted to know what he was doing. This guy had a license to kill. He
was allowed to requisition human subjects across the United States and around the world and
subject them to any kind of abuse that he wanted, even up to the level of it being fatal — yet
nobody looked over his shoulder. He never had to file serious reports to anybody. I think the
mentality must have been [that] this project is so important — mind control, if it can be
mastered, is the key to global world power.

On how Gottlieb destroyed evidence about his experiments when he left the CIA

The end of Gottlieb's career came in [1973], when his patron, Richard Helms, who was then
director of the CIA, was removed by [President Richard] Nixon. Once Helms was gone, it
was just a matter of time until Gottlieb would be gone, and most important was that Helms
was really the only person at the CIA who had an idea of what Gottlieb had been doing. So as
they were both on their way out of the CIA, they agreed that they should destroy all records of
MK-ULTRA. Gottlieb actually drove out to the CIA records center and ordered the archives
to destroy boxes full of MK-ULTRA records. ... However, it turns out that there were some
[records] found in other places; there was a depot for expense account reports that had not
been destroyed, and various other pieces of paper remain. So there is enough out there to
reconstruct some of what he did, but his effort to wipe away his traces by destroying all those
documents in the early '70s was quite successful.

Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget
Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the Web.

Correction Oct. 27, 2019

In the audio of this interview, as in a previous Web version, Stephen Kinzer incorrectly says
the end of Sidney Gottlieb's CIA career came in 1972. It actually ended in 1973.

Previously posted Sept. 9: A previous photo caption incorrectly referred to the CIA's MK-
ULTRA program as MS-ULTRA.