S.K.N Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur.

PUNYSHOLK AHILYABAI HOLKAR SOLAPUR,

UNIVERSITY.

A
Synopsis Report
On
“Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium alloys due to effect
of alloying element by using ANN”
Submitted by,

Mr. Vedant Shrikant Utpat

Under the Guidance of,

Dr. S. G. Kulkarni

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

M.Tech. MECHANICAL DESIGN ENGINEERING.

Academic Year 2020-21

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI

PANDHARPUR.

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 S.K.N Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the synopsis entitled,

“Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium alloys

due to effect of alloying element by using ANN”
Submitted by,
Mr. Vedant Shrikant Utpat
Is here by approved in partial fulfillment of the Master’s Degree in
M.Tech - Design Engineering.

Dr. S. G. Kulkarni
(Project Guide)

Dr. S. S. Kulkarni Dr. B. S. Gandhare Dr. K. J. Karande

(Head of Dept.) (Head, PG program) (Principal)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering,
Korti. Pandharpur - 413304.
Year 2020-21

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 S.K.N Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur.

DEPARMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

SYNOPSIS FOR M.Tech. (DESIGN ENGINEERING).

SYNOPSIS

1. NAME OF COLLEGE : SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti,

Pandharpur

2. NAME OF COURSE : M.Tech. (Design Engineering)

3. NAME OF STUDENT : Vedant Shrikant Utpat

4. MONTH OF REGISTRATION : February 2021

5. NAME OF GUIDE : Dr. S .G. Kulkarni

6. PROPOSED TITLE OF THE :“ Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium

DISSERTATION alloys due to effect of alloying element by using ANN”

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 S.K.N Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur.

7. RELEVANCE:
In today’s era, metal alloys are mostly used for engineering applications in every sectors. Thus
there are wide range of metal alloys as per respective application. As alloys are formed by
combination of more metals, it is preferred for all such applications where only base metal
cannot give all essential properties which alloys can provide with better results. Thus for
getting combination of different properties, different metals are used for making suitable alloy
for respective application.
Selecting the alloy or making of alloy for particular application is not much easy. It includes lot
of experimental work, need to try lot of different combinations of metals by considering their
natural behavior against the properties. By considering all such scenarios, the formed alloy
need to achieve all required properties and this entire process takes lot of time to get proper
suitable outcomes.
This alloy formation and material selection process is become traditional way for selecting
material for any application in every sector. It not only consume time, but also it takes lot of
experimental work for testing and finding desired properties. If we deals with reduction of time
for this process one alternative in the form of Machine Learning can replace all the entire
process for material selection with desired properties of respective application, and not only
experimental work but it will also save the time required as compare to traditional one.
Machine Learning will be the best alternative for this traditional method for alloy formation
and material selection for desired properties. Without doing experimental test work, properties
can be accurately predicted with the help of different Machine Learning Algorithms.
Machine Learning Algorithm will provide required combination of metals for forming desired
alloy with respective to its application.
In this project, Machine Learning will be used to predict the Mechanical properties of alloy.
This will give the desired properties with better accuracy without doing any kind of
experimental work which takes lot of time from traditional way. It will be quick response
giving way by maintaining its accuracy.
For this work, Artificial Neural Network is supposed to be used as it is one of the most
common machine learning algorithm.

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7.1 Machine Learning

Machine learning is the field, which provides computers the ability to learn without being
certainly programmed. Machine learning discovers the study and construction of an
algorithm that can learn from and make predictions on data. Machine learning is related to
computational statistics, which also focuses in prediction making by computers. Sometimes
Machine learning is consolidated with data mining, where the latter subfield focuses more
on experimental data analysis and is known as unsupervised learning.

Fig. 1 – Machine learning classification tree

There are various kinds of algorithms in machine learning. With respect to desired application,
selection of algorithm is carried out. Following fig shows some most commonly used machine
learning algorithms.

ARIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)

Linear Regression

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)

K-NEAREST NEIGHBORS (KNN)

RANDOM FOREST

Fig.2- List of machine learning algorithms.

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7.2 - Artificial Neural Network

The neural network (or artificial neural network or ANN) is derived from the biological
concept of neurons. A neuron is a cell like structure in a brain. To understand neural
network, one must understand how a neuron works. A neuron has mainly four parts. They
are dendrites, nucleus, soma and axon.

The dendrites receive electrical signals. Soma processes the electrical signal. The output of
the process is carried by the axon to the dendrite terminals where the output is sent to next
neuron. The nucleus is the heart of the neuron. The inter-connection of neuron is called
neural network where electrical impulses travel around the brain.
Neural networks offer a very powerful and general structure for representing a non-linear
mapping of several input variables for several output variables. A neural network can be
considered a suitable choice for functional forms used for encryption and decryption
operations. The NN topology is an important issue, since the application of the system
depends on it. Therefore, since the application is a calculation problem, a multi-layered
topology was used. Neural networks offer a very powerful and general structure for
representing a non-linear mapping of several input variables for several output variables.
The process of determining the values of these parameters on the basis of a dataset is
referred to as training and therefore the data set is usually referred to as a training set. A
neural network can be considered a suitable choice for functional forms used for encryption
and decryption operations. A neural network is a structure (network) consisting of a set of
interconnected links (artificial neurons). Each link has a characteristic input / output and
implements a local calculation or function. The output of any link is determined by the
characteristics of its input / output, its relationship with other links, as well as external

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inputs, if any. A 5 layer neural network in back propagation was used. The speed of
learning was 0.6, the inertial coefficient was 0.5, the test mass tolerance was 0.02 and the
tolerance of the learning set was 0.03

Learning speed 0.6

Inertial coefficient 0.5

Test mass tolerance 0.02

Tolerance of the learning set 0.03

Number of layers 5
Table -1. Parameters of the Neural Network (NN).

 7.3 ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS

Aluminum and its alloys are rather popular in the construction, marine and aircraft
industries because of its ease of fabrication, non-toxicity, strength (pound-for pound), and
resistance to the corrosive atmospheres of industry and marine environments. Aluminum
and its alloys are divided in two categories, cast and wrought, and each group is further
subdivided into classes according to the composition. Every aluminum alloy has its own
properties and characteristics which distinct it from the other aluminum alloys, and every
aluminum alloy is consisted of a number of alloying elements in different percentages.
Each alloying element has its particular effect to the alloy’s properties such are electrical
conductivity, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance, thermal expansion, melting
temperature, strength yield and hardness.

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8. LITERATURE REVEIW:

While doing study of machine learning application in material science field, it is observed that
in most of cases, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is preferred for predicting mechanical
properties of material. Also for predicting Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), ANN gives most
accurate result.
In paper of N.D. Ghetiya and K.M. Patel [1], ANN model were developed to predict tensile
strength. Model were developed with 25 experimental data of AA8014 Aluminium alloy. Also
different Network Architectural Structures were experimented while building model. With this
model, the networks prediction observed much closed to the experiment results. Overall R
value for training, validation and testing is bigger than 0.99. And out of 5 different Network
architectural Structures, 4-8-1 ANN architect gives less than 3 percent error in measured and
predicted values less than 3 percent.
In [2], David Merayo states that ANNs have proven to be a powerful tool for predicting the
tensile properties of highly relevant industrial materials without the need for costly and
complicated stress-strain tests. It can be of interest to study whether it is possible to design an
artificial intelligence based system capable of predicting these properties using the results of
other widespread hardness tests such as Rockwell. In this work also ANN were used for
predicting UTS of aluminum alloy Al 7010. In this study, the average deviations observed for
Yield Strength and UTS are, respectively, 3.67% and 4.26%.
In the work made by Ramkumar S. [3], Quasi-Newton back-propagation (QNBP), Bayesian
Regulation backpropagation (BRBP), Gradient Descendant back-propagation (GDBP),
Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation (LMBP) was trained and tested. For this, randomly
oriented short E-glass/unsaturated polyester composite material was used in 20 sample set. It is
observed form result that LMBP has lower variation in error than the other for prediction
values of UTS.
In this paper [4] A. K. LAKSHMINARAYANAN described the use of design of experiments
(DOE) for conducting experiments. Two models were developed for predicting tensile strength
of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminum alloy using response surface methodology and
artificial neural network (ANN). It is observed that, the predictive ANN model is found to be
capable of better predictions of tensile strength within the range that they had been trained.
Also the results of the ANN model indicates that, it is much more robust and accurate in

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estimating the values of tensile strength when compared with the response surface model.
AA7039 Aluminium alloy were used for this work and 20 sample set were taken as
experimental design matrix.
In Sathyabalan P and Kumar R. S. works [5], Simulink of MATLAB is used for testing
purpose and the neural network modelling has been enabled using the Neural Network tool box
of MATLAB. LM6 Aluminium alloy composites with SiC and flyash as reinforcements is used
for this work. Mean square error has been chosen the error parameter in this back propagation
network for 31 dataset which were given as input and Multi layered feedforward networks have
been trained using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for prediction purpose. From this work, it is
observed that the errors obtained from the ANN models have been limited to 4% and 5% for
tensile strength and elongation respectively.
In [6], Bilal M. Zahran made his work to predict the Hardness of Aluminium Alloys and for
this work he Use Neural Networks. In this work he did more than 72 experiments on dataset
and Every time he kept one parameter constant and the others changed in order to reach the
best value for the parameters. After testing several different combinations of the alloying
elements in the experiments, he made statement that Fe and Cu are the elements which increase
the hardness of the alloy. Mg, Mn and Si. Has no significant effect on the hardness.
In [7], Cristiano Fragassa did his work on Predicting the Tensile Behavior of Cast Alloys by a
Pattern Recognition Analysis on Experimental Data He used the Random Forest, the Artificial
Neural Network and the K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN) methods for pattern recognition on two
datasets of tensile properties of two different foundry alloys—ductile and compact graphite cast
irons In particular, he found an extremely accurate correspondence between experimental and
predicted data along the full range of values emerges in the case of Ultimate Tensile Strength
(UTS) and Yield Strength (YS), with errors lower than 1%.
In [8], Mohan Singh and Harminder Kaur worked on Artificial neural networks in material
science research they have presented an extensive and exhaustive review of the literature
regarding the applications of artificial neural network techniques in materials science and
engineering research. Also they mentioned that the artificial neural network techniques are
appropriate and very efficient at handling imprecise, uncertain, ambiguous, incomplete, and
subjective data and information.

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In [9], Xinyu Cao, Yingbo Zhang* and Hui Chen worked on Predicting Mechanical
Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated 7N01 Aluminum Alloy by Machine
Learning Methods. In their work mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of different
heat-treated 7N01 aluminum alloys are measured. A novel approach is proposed by them to
establish the relationship between heat-treated processing parameters and the properties using
machine learning methods. In their work generalized regression neural network (GRNN),
support vector machine (SVM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) are applied in the
prediction of mechanical properties, while GRNN and SVM, two prevalent machine learning
methods, are also employed to predict the corrosion resistance.
The comparison done between coefficient of determination (R2) and mean absolute percentage
error (MAPE), they demonstrate, GRNN and SVM are indeed useful machine leaning methods
for both modeling and predicting. From this work they found that both single-stage aging and
retrogression re-aging can make the alloy reach higher strength values than double-stage aging,
however the corrosion resistance of double-stage aging alloy is better than that of single-stage
aging
In [10], Chun-Teh Chen did his work on Machine learning for composite materials. In his
work he give a brief overview of some basic ML algorithms and review recent studies using
ML models to predict mechanical properties of composites. ML models were applied to
approximate physics based modelling tools such as MD and FEM with a computational cost
orders of magnitude less.

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9. OUTLINE OF PURPOSED WORK:

9.1 Research Objective:

1. To study the Machine Learning tools and algorithm.

2. To identify the scope of Machine Learning in the field of material science and
engineering for Al alloys.
3. To collect the essential data required for establishing the relationship between effect of
type and content of alloying element on Mechanical Properties of Al alloy from
standard sources, research papers, books and authentic sites.
4. To use the Artificial Neural Network to identify the Mechanical Properties of
Aluminium alloys by using Python.
5. To study the effect of change in number of Neurons, no. of Hidden Layers and
Activation function to establish effective relationship between effect of type and content
of alloying element on mechanical properties of Al alloy.
6. To validate the equation with available result.

9.2 Methodology:

• PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION -:
These days, while making a new alloy it takes lot of experimental work and consume lot
of time. There is no any system which can give instant solution for predicting any
mechanical property for new alloy or to design new alloy in such way. Thus to solve
this problem, in this project mechanical properties prediction by using Artificial Neural
network will be done.

• LITERATURE REVIEW -:
For this project, collection and study of literature is done for properties prediction with
ANN. Particularly ANN used for Mechanical Properties prediction for Aluminium
alloy, more than 40 literatures were collected and studied.

• DATA COLLECTION -:
For implementation of ANN, Aluminium alloy data were collected from published
standards, academic literature, and supplier documentation.

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• DATA PROCESSING -:
Processing of data is done before implementation of ANN on it. Basically it contains-
i. Finding Missing values from dataset
ii. Finding Corrupted values, such as invalid entries
iii. Date range errors like dates that makes no sense

• USE OF ALGORITHEM -:
Artificial Neural Network will be used as algorithm for prediction of Mechanical
Properties of Aluminium alloys

• OUTPUT VALIDATION -:
After the ANN model development, results will be compared with predefined standards
for validation purpose.

10. EXPECTED CONCLUSION:

1. This study will helps to predict the Mechanical Properties value for Aluminium alloy by
using Artificial Neural Network.

2. This study will also help to select the best alternatives for material selection method for
desired Mechanical Properties.

3. This study will also reduce the time and experimental work required for finding
properties by traditional way.

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11. EXPECTED DATE OF COMPLITION OF WORK:

11.1 Proposed Project Plan:

Work activity Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
(2021-22) 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022
Problem
Identification
Literature Survey
Data Collection
Data Processing
Algorithm
Implementation
Result Validation
Draft for
Publication
Report writing
and submission

11.2 Expected Date of Completion of Work: Feb 2022

12. AVAILABLE FACILITIES:

1) Library Facility (Journals): -

a) National Journals :- 39 numbers
b) International Journals :- 37 numbers

13. REFERANCES:
1. N.D. Ghetiya, K.M. Patel - Prediction of tensile strength in friction stir welded
aluminium alloy using artificial neural network- Procedia Technology 14 (2014) 274 –
281

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2. David Merayo, Alvaro Rodríguez-Prieto and Ana María Camacho - Prediction of

Mechanical Properties by Artificial Neural Networks to Characterize the Plastic
Behavior of Aluminium Alloys - Materials 2020, 13, 5227; doi:10.3390/ma13225227
3. Ramkumar S. - Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Ultimate Tensile Strength of
Randomly Oriented Short Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composite Specimen Using Acoustic
Emission Parameters - Advanced Composites Letters, Vol. 24, Iss. 5, 2015
4. K. Lakshminarayanan, V. Balasubramanian - Comparison of RSM with ANN in
predicting tensile strength of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminium alloy joints- Trans.
Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 19(2009) 9−18
5. Sathyabalan P, Kumar R S - Prediction of Tensile Strength and Elongation In Hybrid
Aluminium Composite Using ANN - International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 249–254, Article ID:
IJCIET_08_09_028
6. Bilal M. Zahran - Using Neural Networks to Predict the Hardness of Aluminum Alloys
- Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, 757-759
7. Cristiano Fragassa, Matej Babic, Carlos Perez Bergmann and Giangiacomo Minak -
Predicting the Tensile Behavior of Cast Alloys by a Pattern Recognition Analysis on
Experimental Data - Metals 2019, 9, 557; doi:10.3390/met9050557
8. Mohan Singh and Harminder Kaur - Artificial neural networks in material science
research -Current Reports on Science and Technology (ISSN : 2455-023X)
9. Xinyu Cao, Yingbo Zhang* and Hui Chen - Predicting Mechanical Properties and
Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated 7N01 Aluminum Alloy by Machine Learning
Methods - IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 774 (2020) 012030 IOP
Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/774/1/012030
10. Chun-Teh Chen, - Machine learning for composite materials-MRS Communications
(2019), 1 of 11 © Materials Research Society, 2019 doi:10.1557/mrc.2019.32

Date : Place : Pandharpur

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Mr. Vedant Shrikant Utpat Dr. S. G. Kulkarni

(M.Tech. Student) (Guide)

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