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CE 682 - L2 Intro To Stiffness Analysis
CE 682 - L2 Intro To Stiffness Analysis
1
2. Modify the structure such that it fixed-end forces are vectorially
is kinematically determinate or added at the nodes/joints to
restrained, i.e., the identified produce the equivalent fixed-end
displacements in step 1 all structure forces, which are
equal zero. labeled Pfi for i = 1, 2, …, n later
3. Calculate the member fixed-end in the notes.
forces in this kinematically 4. Introduce a unit displacement at
restrained state at the nodes/ each displacement degree of
joints of the restrained structure freedom identified in step 1 one
due to the member applied at a time with all others equal to
loads. Tables of member fixed- zero and without any loading on
end forces due to member loads the structure, i.e., di = 1 with d1,
for the kinematically restrained …, di-1, di+1, …, dn = 0 for i = 1,
members are available later in 2, …, n. Sketch the displaced
5 6
these notes. The member
…, n and j = 1, 2, …, n.
2
Illustration 1: Determine the degree of
kinematic indeterminacy. The only
To illustrate the stiffness method of unknown node/joint displacement
analysis, we will first consider occurs at node B and it is a
continuous beam structures. Start rotational displacement. Thus, the
off by considering the two-span rotation at node B is labeled d1.
beam shown in Figure 1. 2: Kinematically restrain the
structure such that the displace-
ments identified in step 1 equal
zero. See Figure 2.
3
Calculate the fixed-end forces for 4: Impose a unit displacement at
the structure by vectorially adding each kinematic degree of freedom
the member-end fixed-end forces. (DOF) to establish the structure
Figure 4 – Joint Equilibrium at stiffness equations.
the Kinematic Degree of
Freedom for the Restrained
Two-Span Beam of Figure 1
4
the displacement DOF where a
point force or moment is applied at Sij force at displacement DOF i
the corresponding displacement due to a unit displacement at
DOF. DOF j (i.e., dj = 1) with all other
displacement DOF equal to
The structure stiffness matrix zero (i.e., di = 0 for i = 1, …, j-1,
coefficients are obtained by j+1, …, n). Stiffness coeffi-
performing equilibrium at the nodes cients have units of force/
displacement (or moment/
for each structure DOF using the
rotation).
member-end stiffness coefficients.
These structure stiffness matrix The structure stiffness coefficients
coefficients are designated as Sij are obtained by performing
and i = 1, 2, …, n and j = 1, 2, …, n. equilibrium calculations at the
structure displacement degrees of
freedom.
17 18
5
Vfb
M = Member Fixed-End
{Qfb } fb
Vfe Force Vector
M fe
21 22
6
6EI qL
In order to apply equation (1) to the 2 16
AB L
calculation of element end forces, b
V 2EI qL2
M
L qL 48
3
compatibility between element
{Q}AB b
displacements ui (i=1,2,3,4) and the Ve 6EI 96EI qL
M e L2 16
structure displacements dj (j=1,2, 2
4EI qL
…, n) must be established. For the L 24
example beam: 6EI
2
eAB d1 ; bBC d1 ; all others 0 BC L
Vb 4EI 1
{Qfb }AB {0} L qL3 qL L / 6
BC M b
{Q}
{Qfb }BC qL / 2 1 L / 6 1 L / 6 T Ve 6EI 96EI 2 1
L2
M e
L / 6
2EI
Since only one displacement is L
T
nonzero for each member, the 21qL qL2 27qL 5qL2
member end forces are 48 24 48 48
25 26
7
Referencing the previous figure on
stiffness superposition, the first
column of the figure represents the
kinematically determinate state,
i.e.
{d} 0 {Pf } {P}
The second column of the figure
represents the kinematically
released state, i.e.
[S] {d} = {P} - {Pf}
from which we can calculate the
displacements
{d} = [S]-1 ({P} - {Pf})
29 The last column of the figure is the
30
31 32
8
Modified Stiffness Calculations
– Zero End Moment
Simplification of the stiffness
analysis is possible if we take into
account the fact that the bending
moment at an end simple support
is zero (node C in the previous
example). This leads to a reduc-
tion of one rotational degree of
freedom for each zero moment
location. Inclusion of this modify-
cation results in a reduction of the
number of member displacement
and force degrees of freedom from
33 34
4 to 3.
35 36
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Modified Bending Modified Member End
Stiffness Matrices Force Calculations
For the propped cantilever beam
of a – Simple-Fixed (S-F) Beam: {QbM }3x1 [k bb
M
]3x3 {u bM }3x1
1 1 L {QfMb }3x1
3EI
[kS-F
bb ] 1 1 L
L3 2 {QbM } modified member-
L L L end force vector
Simple-Fixed Beam
Example Continuous Beam –
Modified Equations EI = constant
VbS F 3EI (v b ve ) 3EI S F
e Vfb q
L3 L2 A
C
VeS F 3EI S F B
3
(v b ve ) 3EI
2 e
Vfe L L
L L d1 = 1
S F
M e 2 (v b ve )
3EI 3EI e MSfe F
L L
39 40
10
Member AB End Forces
Stiffness Coefficient Summary
3qL
Vb 6EI
2 1
d 28 In stiffness analysis of structures
L
that ignore axial deformation,
qL2
M b 2EI
L 1
d 28 there are only four sets of
3qL member – displacement stiffness
Ve 6EI d1 28
L2 results that need to be applied for
qL2
M e 4EI
L 1
d 14 prismatic members (elements).
43 44
11
Braced Frame Example
12 kN 12 kN
3 kN/m
24 m-kN 24 m-kN
LAB = LDC = 12 m
LBC = 20 m
IAB = IDC = I
IBC = 2I
Equivalent Loaded
Structure
d3
d1
d2
Kinematic DOF
47 48
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