8 - Traffic Volume, Speed & Parking

TRANSPORT PLANNING I
VOLUME STUDIES, PARKING ANALYSIS
Ar. Soumya P S
© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
Towards Towards
Banashankari Central silk
Bus depot board
Towards
CR layout
ASSIGNMENT 2
01. Choose any 1 junction within a radius of 2kms from your residence.
Analyze the following:
• Junction Name (Nearest Landmark/Cross road name)
High travel demand
• Junction type
causes congestion on
(Cross
roads used road/roundabout/Interchanges/Compact
by all kinds grade separators)
(3 arm
of motorised andT Junction/ Skew/4 arm/Staggered T junction)
nonmotorised
(Signalized/un-signalized/partially signalized)
travel modes,
as• shown
No ofinarms
Pingyao.
1. (Ex: Arm 1: Towards ____)
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
• Various Junction Segments (Based on the direction of vehicular movement)

Ex: Junction Segment 1 (Connecting _____ to _____)
…
High travel demand
Etc
roads used by all kinds
of• motorised
Average and
waiting time at signals (In seconds)
nonmotorised
• Cycle/pedestrian
travel modes, phase timing
as• shown
Number of Vehicular conflict points
in Pingyao.
• Number of Pedestrian conflict points
• No of arms having zebra crossing
• No of arms having a table top
• DIAGRAM TO SUPPORT THE STUDY* (Plan of the junction)
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
1 Junction Name
SURVEY 2 Junction type
SHEET - 1 3 1.
2.
Number of arms
3.
High travel demand 4.
4 1.
2.
roads used by all kinds Segments 3.
of motorised and nonmotorised 4.
travel modes, 5 Time at signals (Red to green)
as shown in Pingyao.6 Cycle/pedestrian phase timing
7 Number of Vehicular conflict points
8 Number of Pedestrian conflict points
9 No of arms having zebra crossing
10 No of arms having a table top
11 Raised Junction (Present/Absent)
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
SAMPLE
SKETCH
High travel demand

of motorised and nonmotorised
travel modes,
as shown in Pingyao.
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
SAMPLE
SKETCH
High travel demand

travel modes,
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
02. Analysis of performance for any Two Arms

of the above studied junction Arm 2
Arm 1
• Road hierarchy (Arterial / sub Arterial / Collector / LCW Towards Central silk
HighLocal road) board
travel demand RCW

• Lanecongestion
causes and Type (Ex:
on2Lane / 3 Lane) (1 Way/2 Way)
roads
• Avg. used by of
Width allcarriageway
kinds (In Meters)
• Direction of traffic – Considered towards the junction
travel modes,
point)
• (Left Carriage way = LCW,
• Right carriage way=RCV)
Towards
CR layout
Arm 3
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
SURVEY
SHEET - 2
1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
High travel demand
causes
Arm congestion
Road on Lane & Type Avg. Width of Direction ‘C’ ‘V’ V/C Performance
Hierarchy carriageway of traffic
of1.motorised and nonmotorised LCW
travel modes, RCW
2. LCW
RCW
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
• Capacity of traffic – ‘C’ •Peak Hour Volume – ‘V’
High travel demand

• V/C Calculation (Peak hour volume divided by capacity)

• Performance (based on V/C Ratio)
V/C ratio > 1 = Severe congestion
V/C ratio 0.5 to 0.74 = Moderate congestion
V/C ratio 0.75 to 1.0 = Heavy congestion
V/C ratio < 0.5 = Low or no congestion.
AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
SAMPLE
SKETCHES
High travel demand

AR. SOUMYA P S
ASSIGNMENT 2
SAMPLE
SKETCH
High travel demand

AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Volume Studies:
Traffic volume is defined as the
number of vehicles crossing a
section of road per unit time at any
selected
High travelperiod.
demand
Trafficcongestion
causes volume studies
on are
conducted
roads used bytoall
collect
kindsdata on the
ofnumber of vehicles
motorised and/or
and nonmotorised
pedestrians
travel modes,that pass a point on a
ashighway
shown infacility during a specified
Pingyao.
time period. This time period varies
from as little as 15 min to as much
as a year, depending on the
anticipated use of the data.
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Methods of counting volume:

The two basic methods of counting traffic are
1. Manual observation: For collecting small samples of
data at any given location.
High travel demand Used when the efficiency of
causes congestion on automated equipment are not
roads used by all kinds justified
of motorised
Tally Sheets: and nonmotorised
Recording data onto tally sheets is the simplest
travel
meansmodes,
of conducting manual counts. The data can be
as shown with
recorded in Pingyao.
a tick mark on a pre-prepared field form. A
watch or stopwatch is necessary to measure the desired count
interval.
AR. SOUMYA P S
IMPORTANCE OF ROADS
Methods of counting volume:
2. Mechanical counting boards:
3. Electronic counting boards:
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
It is carried out for:

• Design and extension of existence road, intersections, signal timings.
• To check effectiveness of a traffic control measure.
High travel demand

 Estimate traffic trend and pattern to know the capacity of the below mentioned points.
• Geometric and structural design of new road, design of footpath, cross wall, Pedestrian signals,
of• motorised
Plan for one
and way traffic
nonmotorised
travel modes,
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Objectives for volume studies:

• To determine of vehicle composition in traffic stream. (%of cars/busses/autos/vans etc)
• To determine the service flow rate in PCU/PCE unit. (Passenger car unit)
• To estimate of ADT based on expansion factor.
High
• To travel demand
determine the directional distribution (DD). (Volume of vehicles moving in 1way/2 way)
• To draw flow fluctuation curves. (Time based fluctuation)
ofTo obtain certain
motorised volume characteristics some of which are:
and nonmotorised
1. Average
travel modes, Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
as2.shown in Pingyao.
Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
3. Peak Hour Volume (PHV)
4. Vehicle Classification (VC)
5. Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)
AR. SOUMYA P S
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:
Daily Volumes: A common time interval for volumes is a day.

• Daily volumes are frequently used as the basis for highway planning and general observations of
trends.
• Daily Volume commonly used daily volume parameters
• Average
High travel demand
Annual Daily Traffic (AADT): The average of 24-hour counts collected every day of the
year
roads used by Daily
• Average all kinds
traffic (ADT): The average of 24-hour counts collected over a number of days
greater than one but less than a year.
travel modes,
Peak Hour Volume (PHV): the maximum number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a
period of 60 consecutive minutes.
Vehicle Classification (VC): with respect to the type of vehicles for cars, two-axle trucks, or three-
axle trucks
Flow Rate Vehicles: Vehicles /15min or Vehicles /1hr.
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess
traffic-flow rate on a highway. A Passenger Car Unit is a measure of the impact that
a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density)
compared to a single standard passenger car. This is also known as passenger car
High travel demand
equivalent. For example, typical values of PCU (or PCE) are:
Standard PCU
roads used by all kinds Values
travel modes,
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Counting Periods
The time and length that a specific location should be counted depends upon the data desired and the application
in which the data are used.
1.24-hour counts normally covering any 24-hour period between noon Monday and noon Friday. If a specific day
count
High is desired,
travel demand the count should be from midnight to midnight.
2.16 hour counts usually 5:30 am to 9:30 pm or 6 am to 9 pm.
3.12 hour counts usually from 7 am to 7 pm
roads used
4.Peak by allcounting
Period kinds times vary depending upon size of metropolitan area, proximity to major generators and
of the
motorised and nonmotorised
type of facility. Commonly used periods are 7 to 9 am and 4 to 6 pm.
travel modes,
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
3.0.1 Numerical Example

The table below shows the volumetric data observed at an intersection. Calculate the peak hour volume, peak
hour factor (PHF), and the actual (design) flow rate for this approach. VEHICLE COUNT METHOD
High travel demand

travel modes,
Table 1: Volumetric data
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Solution: We can locate the hour with the highest volume and the 15 minute interval with the highest volume. The
peak hour is shown in blue below with the peak 15 minute period shown in bold font.
The peak hour volume is just the sum of the volumes of

the four 15 minute intervals within the peak hour (219).
High travel demand The peak 15 minute volume is 65 in this case.
causes
The peak hour factor (PHF) is found by dividing the
peak hour volume by four times the peak 15 minute
volume. PHF = = 0.84 The actual (design) flow rate can
be calculated by dividing the peak hour volume by the
PHF, 219/0.84 = 260 vehicles/hr, or by multiplying the
peak 15 minute volume by four, 4 × 65 = 260 vehicles per
hour.
AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Numerical Example 2
The table below shows the volumetric data collected at an intersection: Calculate the peak hour volume, peak
hour factor (PHF), and the actual (design) flow rate for this approach. PCU COUNT METHOD
High travel demand

travel modes,
Table 1: Volumetric data

AR. SOUMYA P S
TRAFFIC VOLUME
Solution The first step in this solution is to find the total traffic
volume for each 10 minute period in terms of passenger car units. For
this purpose the PCU values given in the table are used.
The peak hour volume is the sum of the volumes of the six 10 minute
intervals within the peak hour (743.6 PCU). Adding 6 highest values
(shown next to tick mark)
High travel demand
causes congestion on Standard PCU
The peak 10 minute volume is 146.5 PCU in this case. shown in a
Values
roads used by all kinds darker shade of blue.
of motorised and
The peak hour factor (PHF) is found by dividing the peak hour volume by six times
the peak 10 minute volume.
The actual (design) flow rate can be calculated by dividing the peak hour volume
by the PHF, 743.6⁄0.85 = 879 PCU⁄hr, (0.85 for minor street inflows and outflows)
Table 1: Volumetric data or by multiplying the peak 10 minute volume by six, 6 × 146.5 = 879 PCU⁄hr.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SURVEY METHODS
•Types of volume counts: Various types of traffic counts are carried out, depending on the anticipated use
of the data to be collected. They include:
1. Cordon Counts:
Imaginary line
High travel demand Priority of study
causes
Thesecongestion
are made at onthe perimeter of an
roads usedarea
enclosed by all(CBD,
kindsshopping center etc.).
ofVehicles
motorised and nonmotorised
or persons entering and leaving
travel modes,
the area during a specified time period
asare
shown in Pingyao.
counted.
The study area covered should be such that they are built up
and are likely to grow along the city which forms the core
area, and the people living within have some dependency
towards the city area and commute often in that direction.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SURVEY METHODS
Screen Line Count

These are classified counts taken at all streets intersecting an imaginary line
(screen line) bisecting the area. These counts are used to determine trends,
expand urban travel data, traffic assignment etc.
High travel demand

Pedestrian Count
Thesecongestion
causes are used in evaluating
on sidewalk and crosswalk needs, justifying
pedestrian
roads used bysignals, traffic signal timings etc.
all kinds
Intersection Count
travel modes,
These are measured at the intersections and are used in planning turn
asprohibitions,
shown in Pingyao.
designing channelization, computing capacity, analyzing high
accident intersections etc.
AR. SOUMYA P S
PARKING SUPPLY AND DEMAND STUDIES
1. TYPE OF LANDUSE (Potential parking generators)

High travel demand 2. TRIP RATES
PARKING DEMAND IS
causes congestion on 3. QUALITY OF TRAVEL ALTERNATIVES (Public transport systems)
INFLUENCED BY –
roads used by all kinds 4. PARKING DURATION AND PRICING
5. CITY’S PLANNING AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS
travel modes, 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (That give scope for parking needs)
as shown in Pingyao. 7. VEHICULAR POPULATION
AR. SOUMYA P S
In villages and the smaller towns and in the outer areas of larger towns
parking policy is often based on providing enough parking spaces (supply) to meet the demand (vehicles).
In large towns and cities,

High travel the
however, demand
overall transport objectives of reducing accidents and safeguarding (a) the accessibility of the
uses congestion
central area (byon
reducing traffic congestion on the radial roads and in the town centre) and (b) the quality of life
in and about the central area (by reducing air, noise and environmental pollution) usually become paramount,
roads
and parking policy may be aimed at controlling the parking supply so as to induce appropriate shifts in the
modal split in favour of public transport (and, thereby, to reduce the parking demand). Priority for on- and
off-street parking at the places provided in all town centres is normally given to selected groups, e.g. residents,
people with disabilities, shoppers, and people on personal business.
AR. SOUMYA P S
The control of the parking supply and the enforcement of the parking regulations:
In the case of new developments,

local authorities are able to control parking supply through the application of parking standards which define the maximum
or minimum numbers of parking spaces to be applied to any new land use activity.
In the Case of existing public parking spaces under their control the local authorities may decide to:
• Reduce the total number of spaces (particularly on-street places)
High travel demand
• Impose time restrictions, to discourage commuting vehicles
uses
• use congestion
mechanisms onthat give priority of parking to selected groups:
roads
 control pricing in off street car parks and on-street parking in shopping and business areas
 providing pre-paid licenses (or free permits) to residents to enable them to park on-street adjacent to their homes.
• Provide appropriate amounts of peripheral parking for long-stay commuter parkers outside the town centre and perhaps
on the outskirts of the town or city.
• Use variable message information systems to assist drivers in finding available parking spaces, consequently reducing
traffic congestion on central area streets.
• Provide more public parking spaces adjacent to bus stations, railway, BRTS and metro stations.
AR. SOUMYA P S
Parking studies involves:
• Reconnaissance Survey and Selection of potential Parking Generators
• Parking Inventory Survey: To determine width of road, width of footpath, length of curb, type of parking
provisions (On-street/off-street) Parking supply (no. of lots provided), Parking signs etc.
• Parking Usage Survey by Patrol: Selection of time frame, selection of intervals, recording the vehicle registration
High number.
travel demand
uses congestion on
Demand Supply Analysis and Findings
roads
Parking Volume, Parking Accumulation, Parking Load, Parking Duration, Parking Index, Parking Turn-over etc. have
been done with the collected data.
The demand and supply scenario have been analyzed. Possibilities of parking deficit or parking surplus has been
identified.
Recommendation
Policy measures adopted for the land and buildings and regulatory bodies ensure improved parking condition.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
Traffic Speed Analysis: Spot speeds, free flow speeds, travel speed, design speed
High travel demand
uses congestion on
roads
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
Definition of Speed:
In simple words, speed is defined as the distance travelled in a unit time. Speed is expressed in Km/h or mph.
Spot speed
Spot speed is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle as it passes a specified point along a road. Spot speeds
may be determined by manually measuring (with use of electronic or electromechanical devices.
High travel demand

uses congestion on
roads
Free flow speed:

The desired speed of drivers in low volume conditions and in the absence of traffic control devices. In other
words, the mean speed of passenger cars that can be maintained in low to moderate flow rates on a uniform
freeway segment prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
Travel speed
Travel speed is the effective speed of the vehicle on a journey between two points and is the distance
between the two points divided by the total time taken for the vehicle to complete the travel including any
stopped time. If the journey speed is less than running speed, it indicates that the journey follows a stop-go
condition with enforced acceleration and deceleration. Uniformity between travel and running speeds
denotes comfortable travel conditions
Design speed
Design speed is defined as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of
highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway govern the speed. This
definition implies that the design speed should be selected based on drivers expectations, the type of highway
and terrain and topography.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
Why the study speed is required?
• Speed is an important measure of the quality of travel and safety of road network.
• Free flow speed is used to determine general speed trends, to help determine reasonable speed limits
(Upper and lower speed limit), and safety measures. (Since free flow speed is the driver’s choice,
unaffected by existing congestions if any.
• Spot speed studies are used to determine the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location.
The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine
 Speed trends,
 Traffic control planning,
 Accidental analysis,
 Geometric design,
 Research studies.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
Why the study speed is required?
• To compare the velocity of various types of vehicles moving through the same intersection or a road. This
will help in deciding if channelization needs to be designed for the intersection or if medians / priority
corridors need to be designed on the road.
• For determining level of services of infrastructure

Ex: Loss of speed at a particular interval is due to narrow road width or Un authorized on-street parking or
poor road conditions or due to irregular road geometry, or high signal density or extensive queuing at critical
intersection and appropriate signal timing.
• In case if running speed is less than design speed, It means the road designed is unsuitable for the
prevailing traffic volume. Hence designs can be upgraded or recommendations for the same can be made.
AR. SOUMYA P S
SPEED STUDIES
AR. SOUMYA P S
P B No. 6404, Govindapura, Gollahalli
Off International Airport Road NH-7, Yelahanka
Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India.
T : +91 80 2216 7900 / 903 / 904

F : +91 80 2216 7902
M : +91 99722 41144
E : nittesoa@nitte.edu.in
director_nittesoa@nitte.edu.in
W : www.nittesoa.ac.in

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TRANSPORT PLANNING I

VOLUME STUDIES, PARKING ANALYSIS

• Various Junction Segments (Based on the direction of vehicular movement)

High travel demand

High travel demand

02. Analysis of performance for any Two Arms

HighLocal road) board

travel demand RCW

• Capacity of traffic – ‘C’ •Peak Hour Volume – ‘V’

High travel demand

• V/C Calculation (Peak hour volume divided by capacity)

High travel demand

High travel demand

Methods of counting volume:

Methods of counting volume:

2. Mechanical counting boards:

3. Electronic counting boards:

It is carried out for:

High travel demand

Objectives for volume studies:

Daily Volumes: A common time interval for volumes is a day.

Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

3.0.1 Numerical Example

High travel demand

Table 1: Volumetric data

The peak hour volume is just the sum of the volumes of

High travel demand

Table 1: Volumetric data

Screen Line Count

High travel demand

1. TYPE OF LANDUSE (Potential parking generators)

In large towns and cities,

In the case of new developments,

High travel demand

Free flow speed:

Why the study speed is required?

Why the study speed is required?

• For determining level of services of infrastructure

T : +91 80 2216 7900 / 903 / 904

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