,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik:

fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd

Njrpa juT kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;
ntq;fNl~;tud; ru;kh> ];nlgdp iyr;l; kw;Wk;
J~hdp fYfynfju
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; ntspaPL
etk;gu; 2018
 ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik:
fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd
Njrpa juT kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;;

%yk;

ntq;fNl~;tud; ru;kh> ];lgdp iyr;l; kw;Wk;

J~hdp fYfynfju

tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; ntspaPL

etk;gu; 2018

Ma;Tnjhlu; ,y. 10 - 2018

MjuT: Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ)

© tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;

Kjw;gjpg;G–2018

ISBN: 978-955-3628-47-3

,yq;if Njrpa E}yfk; - ntspaPl;Lj; juTfisg; gl;baypLjy;

ru;kh, ntq;fNl~;tud;

,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik: fy;tp tha;g;G> juk;

kw;Wk; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd Njrpa juT kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; Æ
ntq;fNl~;tud ruÊkh. –
[rf] ];lgdp iyr;l;, J~hdp fYfynfju. - nfhOkÊG:
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;> 2018. – g. 108 É nrkP. 21. –

(Ma;TnjhluÉ; ,y. 10 - 2018)

ISBN: 978-955-3628-47-3

i. 370.95493 bå 23 ii. jiyg;G

1. ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik

,g;gjpg;gpw;fhd KO gjpg;GupikahdJ tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;Jf;Nf cupikahdjhFk;.

,e;E}ypd; ve;jnthU gFjpAk; E}yhrpupau;/fs; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrpupau;fspd; xg;GjYf;Nfw;g
kPs;gjpg;G nra;ag;glyhk;.

Ma;Tfs;> jpUj;jg;gl;l njhFjpfs;> gzp mwpf;iffs; (working paper)> RUf;fkhd

Mtzq;fs; Nghd;wd jw;NghJ CEPA ntspaPLfspy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Ma;tpy;
ntspaplg;gl;l fz;lwpTfs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufs; Nghd;wd me;je;j gpuNjr nrayfg;
gpupTfspy; cs;s nghJr;Nrit toq;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJr;Nrit ngWeu;fshy;
toq;fg;gl;litfshFk;. CEPA my;yJ ed;nfhilahsu;fspd; fUj;Jfs; my;yJ
nfhs;iffis ,e;j Ma;thdJ gpujpgypf;ftpy;iy.

,g;gjpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s midj;J Gifg;glq;fSk; CEPA Copau;fSf;Nf

cupj;jhdjhFk;.

,e;j gjpg;G njhlu;ghd midj;J tprhuizfSf;Fk; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;F:

tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;

29 Mu;.[p Nrdehaf;f khtj;ij> nfhOk;G 07> ,yq;if.
njhiyNgrp: +94(011) 2676 955> 4690200
njhiyefy;: +94(011) 2676 959
kpd;dQ;ry;: info@cepa.lk
www.cepa.lk

ii
J~hdp fYfynfju 13 tUlq;fSf;F Nky; mgptpUj;jp Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpa xU
RNar;irahd gjpg;ghrpupau; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsu; Mthu;. ,tu; 2008 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G
gy;fiyfÊfofj;jpy; ,Ue;J nghUshjhuj;jpy; KJfiykhzp gl;lj;jpid ngw;wtu;. ,tu;
Kf;fpakhf> epiyahd Mw;wy; kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whu;.
,jw;F Kd;du;> ,tu; Ez;epjp> r%feyd; kw;Wk; gy;fiyfÊfoff; fy;tp Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;.

];lgdp iyr;l; ,yq;ifapy; r%f xj;Jiog;G jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Deutsche Gesellschaftfür

Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) fw;ifapy; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L
cj;jpNahfj;juhf gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;. ,tu; 2015 ,y; Yd;l; gy;fiyfÊfofj;jpypUe;J fy;tp
mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd KJkhzp gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Ws;shu;. ,tu; Kuz;ghLfs;-czu;Tfs;
njhlu;ghd jpl;lq;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gjpYk;> mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;JtjpYk;>
Kuz;ghl;bw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;GfisAk; Muha;tjpy; Mu;tKs;stu;.

ntq;fNl~;tud; ru;kh kNyrpahtpy; cs;s nehl;bq;fhk; gy;fiyfÊfofj;jpy; tu;j;jf

nghUshjhuk; fw;gpf;Fk; cjtpg; Nguhrpupauhf gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;. ,tu; 2015 Mk; Mz;L
nehl;bq;fhk; gy;fiyfÊfofj;jpy; ,Ue;J fyhepjp gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;whu;. fy;tp> Fbafy;T>
,lg;ngau;T> fl;likg;G khw;wk; kw;Wk; fhzp rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Nghd;w njhlu;Gila nfhs;ifrhu;
Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLfpd;whu;. NkYk;> ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J Ntiyf;fhf Gyk;ngau;e;J nry;Yk;
ngz;fshy; FLk;gq;fspy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpah> Neghsk; kw;Wk; [g;ghd;
Nghd;w ehLfspy; epyTk; ,lg;ngau;TfSk; mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk;
Muha;r;rp nra;fpwhu;.

tWik Muha;r;rp epiyakhdJ (Center for Poverty Analysis - CEPA)> tWik njhlu;ghd
mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fspy; xU rpwe;j Gupe;Jzu;tpid toq;Ffpd;w ,yq;ifapd; RahjPdkhd
Ma;T mikg;ghFk;. tWik Muha;r;rp epiyakhdJ RahjPdkhd gFg;gha;T> mgptpUj;jp
tfpgq;fhsu;fspd; jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> kw;Wk; nfhs;if mOj;jq;fSf;fhd
tha;g;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fis Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jp typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
re;ijapd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g gpujpgypf;fpd;w mNjNtis> gykhd mDgtuPjpahd
Mjhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Nrit toq;Fjy; njhlu;ghd vkJ tYthd
Nehf;FepiyahdJ vk;kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsu; Nfhupf;iffspd; %yk;
,e;j re;ij Nehf;Fepiyia tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; guhkupg;gNjhL tWik Muha;r;rp
epiyakhdJ cl;fl;likg;G> Fbg;ngau;T> Rw;Wr;R+oy;> Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; eypdj;Jtk; Nghd;w
Ie;J gue;j fUg;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lxU ,izahd RahjPd
Muha;r;rpapidAk; njhlu;fpd;wJ.

iii
ed;wpAiu
,e;j Ma;tpy; gzpahw;w tha;g;gpid toq;fpajw;Fk;> MjuT kw;Wk; ,lkspj;jikf;Fk;
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpw;Fk; (CEPA), Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale
Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) ,w;Fk; E}yhrpupau;fs; ed;wp njuptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
gz;Grhu; juTfis Nrfupj;Jje;jikf;fhf CEPA FOTf;F E}yhrpupau;fs; ed;wp
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;tNjhL ,t;twpf;ifia kPsha;T nra;J> Ma;tpid tbtikg;gjw;F
gaDs;s fUj;Jf;fisAk;> gpd;D}l;lq;fisAk; toq;fpa epyf;~p b rpy;th kw;Wk; jpU.
Ul;bfu; GSNkhu; MfpNahUf;F ed;wpia njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfg;
gzpg;ghsu;fs;> cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs;> mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; jkJ mDgtq;fis
gfpu;e;Jnfhz;l ngw;Nwhu;fshy; ,t;tha;T rhj;jpakhdJ. HIES juTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
cjtpa CEPA ,d; jpU. Nf. nuhNk~d; mtu;fSf;F E}yhrpupau;fspy; xUtu; jdJ ed;wpia
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;whu;. NkYk;> ,e;j Ma;tpy; rpwg;ghf cjtpa ~ud; ngNuuh
mtu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpia njuptpf;fpwhu;fs;.

iv
 cs;slf;fk;

ed;wpAiu iv
tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; gl;bay; 4
ml;ltizfspd; gl;bay; 5
RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs; 7
epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; 8
mj;jpahak; 1: mwpKfk; 9
1.1 rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; gupkhzq;fs; 9
1.2 rkj;Jtkpd;ikia tiuaWj;jy;-tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk;
tpisTfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghL 10
1.3 Vd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik Kf;fpak; 11
1.4 ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jkpd;ik-tha;g;Gfs;njhlq;fp juk; tiu 14
mj;jpahak; 2: fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik 17
2.1 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikia tiuaWj;jy; 17
2.2 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; cyfshtpa Nghf;Ffs; 18
2.3 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tpisTfs; 20
2.4 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikia mstpLjy; 23
2.5 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd xU fUj;JUthf;fk>
kiwf;fg;glhj gupkhw;wk; 26
2.6 KbTiu 33
mj;jpahak; 3: ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiw> tuyhW kw;wk;
jw;Nghija fl;likg;G 35
3.1 ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpapd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp 35
3.2 ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiw 38
3.3 KbTiu 42
mj;jpahak; 4: ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik - xU Njrpa
uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lk; 44
4.1 rkhkhd fy;tp tha;g;G 44
4.1.1 fw;gtupd; jahu;epiy kw;Wk; Foe;ijg; gUt tsu;r;rp 44
4.1.2 NtWgl;l tifahd ghlrhiyfis mZFjy; 47
4.1.3 Nru;f;if kw;Wk; tUif 50
4.2 fy;tpj; juk; 54
4.2.1 ghlrhiyapd; tif 54
4.2.2 Mrpupau; juk; 56
4.2.3 tsq;fspd; cs;sPL kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; 58
4.3 fw;wy; tpisTfs; 60
4.4 KbTiu 66
.

1
mj;jpahak; 5: fy;tprkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd mDgtuPjpahd
rhd;Wfs; %d;W tpla Ma;Tfs;. 68
5.1 mwpKfk; 68
5.2 juT 72
5.2.1 khjpup tbtikg;G kw;Wk; CRC jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd
Gs;sptpguq;fs; 73
5.3 Ma;TKiwik 77
5.4 KbTfs; 78
5.4.1 fy;tp tha;g;G 78
5.4.2 fy;tpj; juk; 88
5.4.3 fw;wy; tpisTfs; 94
5.5 KbTiu 101
mj;jpahak; 6: 101
KbTiu 105
gpd;dpizg;Gfs 114

2
 tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; gl;bay;

tpsf;fg;glk; 2.1:
fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapid gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd fUj;JUthf;fk; 27
tpsf;fg;glk; 3.1:
,yq;ifapy; fy;tp epiyfs; 39
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.1:
2016 Mk; Mz;L> Jiw mbg;gilapy; ECD tUif 47
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.2:
2016 Mk; Mz;L> nry;te;j epiy mbg;gilapy; ECD tUif 47
tpsf;fg;glk 4.3:
2017 ,y;> Njrpa ghlrhiy guk;gYld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ mur
ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s nkhj;j khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 48
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.4:
2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiy
Nru;f;ifapd; tpfpjk; 49
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.5:
2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapyhd ghrhiyapd; tiffs; 50
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.6:
2016 ,y;> fy;tp epiy mbg;gilapyhd Nru;f;if tpfpjk; 50
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.7:
2016 ,y;> taJ mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiy tUif tpfpj; 51
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.8:
2016 ,y;> khtl;lq;fspy; fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy Mz; kw;Wk;
ngz; gps;isfspd; Njwpa tUif tpfpjq;fs; 52
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.9:
2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; Mrpupau; jFjpfs; 57
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.10:
2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyapd; cfe;j epiy 59
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.11:
2016 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiy epiwT tpfpjq;fs; 60
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.12:
2015 ,y;> juk; 4 khztu;fs; kj;jpapy;NEREC guPl;irfs;
njhlu;ghd kjpg;ngz;fs; 62
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.13:
2016 ,y;> juk; 8 khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; NEREC guPl;irfs;
njhlu;ghd kjpg;ngz;fs; 63
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.14:
2015 guPl;irfspy; khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwd; 64.
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.1:

3
,yq;ifapy; tWikapd; ,lk;rhu; guk;gy; 69
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.2:
khtl;l mbg;gilapy; tWik jyh vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; rhjhuz
jug; guPl;irapd; rpj;jpg;ngw;Nwhu; tpfpjq;fs; 70
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.3:
khtl;l mbg;gilapy; fpuhkg;Gw gz;Gfs; 71
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.4: %d;W Kf;fpa khtl;lq;fspy;> mwpTWj;jy;fspd;
Clfk; mbg;gilapy; ,d uPjpahd fyit kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfs; 72
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.5: ,e;j Ma;tpy; khtl;l nrayfg; gpupTfs; nrYj;jpa
ftdk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tWik epfo;Tfs; 74

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.6 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk;

Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; xNu GN gpupTfspy; cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd
J}uk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;G 81

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.7 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk;

Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy;cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd J}uk; kw;Wk; jdpahu;
tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;G 85
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.8 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd J}uk; kw;Wk; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;tpj;juk;. 88
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.9: 2017 ,y; juk; 5 guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j khztu;fspd; tPjk; 95
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.10: 2017 ,y;> ghy;epiy kw;Wk; tUkhdk; mbg;gilapy;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; juk; 5 guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j
khztu;fspd; tPjk; 96
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.11: Kjy; 10 epiy/tupirf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; nrhj;J
tu;f;fk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy tFg;G 97

4
 ml;ltizfspd; gl;bay;

ml;ltiz 3.1:
fy;tpf; Fwpfhl;bfs; 1940 – 2003/2004 38
ml;ltiz 3.2:
2017 ,y;> ,yq;ifapYs;s ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk;
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 40
ml;ltiz 4.1:
2012 ,y;> Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd tsg;gfpu;T. 55
ml;ltiz 4.2:
2012 ,y;> ghlrhiy tiffSf;Nfw;g rpj;jpaile;Njhu; tPjq;fs; 61
ml;ltiz 5.1:
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; xU Foe;ij ,Uf;fpd;wjh kw;Wk;
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis Foe;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwjh
vd;gJ njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPL 76
ml;ltiz 5.2:
Kiwahd kw;Wk; epoy; fy;tpf;fhd mZfy; njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPL.
ml;ltiz 5.3: ghlrhiy juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp kjpg;gPL. 76
ml;ltiz 5.4: khztDf;fhd jdpahu; tFg;Gr; nryT njhlu;ghd
OLS kjpg;gPL 93
ml;ltiz 5.5: tFg;G epiyfspd; kjpg;gPL 98

5
 RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;

CEPA tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;

CPH Fbrd kw;Wk; tPl;L trjpfs; njhif kjpg;G
CRC Fbkf;fs; mwpf;if ml;il
CSO r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs;
DCS njhif kjpg;G kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;
DOE guPl;irfs; jpizf;fsk;
DSD khtl;l nrayfg; gpupT
ECE Muk;g Foe;ijg; gUtf;fy;tp
ECD Muk;g Foe;ijg; gUttpUj;jp
EPDC fy;tpf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; juTikak;
GCE A-level fy;tpg; nghJj;juh juk;> cau; juk;
GCE O-level fy;tpg; nghJj;juh juk;> rhjhuz juk;
GND fpukhNrtfu; gpupT
HIES Fbj;jdf; $wpd; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryT gw;wpa mstPL
LFS Copag;gil kjpg;gPL
MENA kj;jpafpof;F kw;Wk; tlf;F Mgpupf;fh
MHNIM Rfhjhu> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; RNjr kUj;Jt mikr;R
MNPEA Njrpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tptfhuq;fs; mikr;R
MOE fy;tp mikr;R
MSI Nkhup]; kjpg;ngz; Rl;b
NAR Njwpa tUif tPjk;
NEREC Njrpa fy;tp Ma;T kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L ikak;
NESR tlf;F fy;tp Kiw kjpg;gha;T
NGO murrhu;gw;w epWtdk;
OLS ,opT tu;f;f Nrhjid
PISA ru;tNjr khztu; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
PIRLS ru;tNjr thrpg;G vOj;jwpT fw;ifapy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
PTSD mjpu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;duhdkd mOj;j Neha;
SHN khztu; eyj; jpl;lk;
SHPP ghlrhiy Rfhjhu Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lk;
SLIATE ,yq;if njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghl;Lf; fy;tp epWtdk;
STEM tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; fzpjk;
TIMMS ru;tNjr fzpjk; kw;Wk; mwptpay; fw;if njhlu;ghd fy;tp
,yf;Ffspd; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;j kjpg;gPL
TVEC %d;whk; epiy kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw fy;tp Mizf;FO
TVET njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiwf; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
UNESCO If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu mikg;G
UNICEF If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;
WIDE fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd cyfshtpa juTj;jsk;
ZDE tiyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs;

6
7
 epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;
midtUf;Fk; fy;tpia toq;Fk; tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; nfhs;iffs; ,Ue;jjhy;>
Muk;gf;fy;tp kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fpaJ. MapDk;>
,j;jifa tha;g;Gfs; fy;tpapd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j cjttpy;iy. mz;ikapy; cyf
tq;fpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rp xd;wpd; fzpg;gpd;gb> cyf juj;Jld; xg;gpLk; NghJ
,yq;if khztu;fspd; fw;ifnewp 4.7 tUlq;fs; gpd;jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt> ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;tJk; jukhd fy;tp fw;gJk; xd;whfhJ. Jukhd fy;tpia fw;gjw;F rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;
,y;yhik> epiwthd fy;tpiag; ngwj; jilahf cs;sJ. ,j;jifa xU epiyahy;>
gpd;jq;fpa khztu;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,j;jifa gpd;jq;fpa khztu;fSf;F
gpw;fhyj;jpy; mD$ykw;w Ntiytha;g;GfNs fpilg;gjhy; r%f gpd;dilTfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;.

vdNt ,t;thuha;r;rp> ,yq;ifapy; cs;s fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfspy;
,Uf;Fk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; msit fzpg;gpLtNjhL> ,r;rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; fhuzpfisAk; Njrpa kw;Wk; tPl;lstpy; Muha;r;rp nra;fpd;wJ. fy;tpapd;
rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapd; NghNj tpupthFtjhy;> ,t;thuha;r;rp
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Muha;r;rpfs;> ACTED-CEPA (Fbkf;fs; mwpf;if ml;il) juTfs;> gz;Grhu; Neu;fhzy;fs;
kw;Wk; 2016 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Fbj;jdf; $wpd; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryT gw;wpa fzf;nfLg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpid gad;gLj;jp ,t;thuha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; cs;s fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ik> gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; cs;s fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik> ,tw;Wf;fpilNa cs;s
njhlu;Gfs; Mfpait Muha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;ld.

tWikAk;> fpuhkg;Gw trpg;gplKk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ

,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. ghlrhiyfspd; tif kw;Wk; trjpfspy; cs;s
NtWghLfs;> fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fspd; fy;tp fw;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; tpisTfisAk;
Fiwf;fpd;wd. ghlrhiyfspd; juk;> Kfhikj;Jtk;> tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; juk;
Nghd;wit rhu;e;j juTfs; mupjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> fpilf;ff;$ba
juTfis nfhz;L elhj;jpa Muha;r;rpapy; fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efug;Gw
khztu;fSf;fpilNaAk;> ghlrhiy tiffSf;fpilNaAk; ghupasT fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik
,Ug;gJ njupa te;jJ. ,j;jifa rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; jhf;fq;fs; tWikapy; ,Uf;Fk;
khztu;fspdJk;> fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fspdJk; Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;ir tpisTfspYk;> NEREC
kjpg;gPLfspYk;; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. midtUf;Fkhd Muk;g kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;
fy;tp tha;g;gpid mspf;Fk; ghijapy; ,yq;if gazpj;jhYk;> fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efug;Gw
khztu;fSf;fpilNaAk;> tWikahd kw;Wk; trjpkpf;f khztu;fSf;fpilNaAk; ghupa
fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik ,Ug;gij Muha;r;rp Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd; juk; kw;Wk; fw;wy;
tpisTfs; rhu;e;j Nkyjpf (jukhd) juTfspd; Njit ,Ug;gij ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; NghJ
mwpaKbe;eJ.

8
 mj;jpahak; 1: mwpKfk;
cyf ehLfs; gy jrhg;jq;fshf nropg;gpid mjpfupj;J> tWikiaf; Fiwf;fpd;w
NghjpYk;> cau;e;jsthd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; njhlu;e;J nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ehLfSf;fpilapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ik mjpfupg;gjw;Nfw;g> cyf rdj;njhifapy; miug;gq;F
fhzg;gLfpd;w twpatu;fs; fzprkhdsT tUkhd tsu;r;rpia mDgtpj;j NghjpYk; > 1980
fspy; ,Ue;J fPo;kl;lj;jpy; cs;s 50 rjtPjkhdtu;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; cyfpYs;s xU
rjtPjkhd nry;te;ju;fs; ,uz;L klq;F tsu;r;rpia ifg;gw;wpAs;sdu; (my;tnuNlh kw;Wk;
gyu; 2018) vd;gij Kf;fpa Ma;Tfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. jw;NghJ> cyfpd; nkhj;j
nrhj;Jfspy; xU rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; Fiwe;jsNt fPo;kl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fSf;F
cupikAilajhf ,Ug;gNjhL nry;te;ju;fs; (cau; 10%) 88% nrhj;Jf;fSf;F
cupikAilatu;fshf cs;sdu;. cyf rdj;njhifapy; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s 3.7 gpy;ypad;
kf;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd mNjasthd nrhj;Jf;fis nry;te;ju;fspy; ntWk; 42 Ngu; kl;LNk
nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu; (Credit Suisse Research Institute, 2017).

1.1 rkj;Jkpd;ikapd; gupkhzq;fs;

tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tj;jpd; rkkw;w guk;gy; jtpu> rkj;Jtkpd;ik gy;NtW tbtq;fspy;

ntspg;gLfpd;wd vdNt> epfo;Tfspd; rpf;fyhd jd;ikia Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F mit
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> mgptUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspy;
cs;s Muk;g ghlrhiyapy; trjpahd khztu;fNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> twpa
Foe;ijfspd; gq;Fgw;wyhdJ ehd;F klq;fpw;Fk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (cyf
tq;fp 2016). mgptUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy;> efu;gG ; wq;fspy;
tho;fpd;w ngz;fis tpl fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOk; ngz;fspy; %d;W klq;fpw;Fk;
mjpfkhNdhu; ,we;JtpLfpd;wdu; (UNDP 2018). mJkl;Lky;yhJ> gytPdkw;w R+o;epiyfspy;
tho;fpd;w rdj;njhifNahL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> Nkhjy; R+o;epiyfspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs;
ehd;F klq;F FbePu; gw;whf;Fiwapid vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu; (WHO and UNICEF 2017).

rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ ntWkNd xU nghUshjhu gupkhzj;jpid nfhz;bUf;fhky;>

(Vidatw;Wld;) r%f> fyhrhu> murpay;> ghy;epiy> ,lepiy> Rw;Wr;R+oy;> kw;Wk;
mwpTrhu;e;j mk;rq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhLk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; ,j;jifa
NtWgl;l tbtq;fs; gy tpisTfis nfhz;Ls;sNjhL mtw;wpd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;w jd;ikahdJ> tpisTfspy; ,Ue;J fhuzq;fis NtWgLj;Jtij
fbdkhf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk;> gy;NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; cs;s khWgl;l ntspg;ghLfis
cUthf;Fjy;> guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; kPs cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; R+oy; rhu;e;j
gupkhzq;fshdJ> gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> gy;NtW gupkhzq;fspy; cs;s
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;jpUg;gNjhL mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ
vd;gij ,J njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ (UNESCO 2016).

kf;fs; jhk; nfhz;Ls;s jpwikfs;> Mw;wy;fs;> jdpg;gl;l njupTfs; kw;Wk; tho;f;if Kiw
Nghd;wtw;why; NtWgLfpd;wikahy;> rkj;Jtkpd;ik cyfpd; jtpu;f;f Kbahj gz;ghf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; jkf;F Vw;gLk; mepahak; my;yJ mePjp xd;wpid czu;e;jhy;
kl;LNk rkj;Jtkpd;ikia ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. vdNt> rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; njhlu;ghd
tpthjkhdJ> ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; (];Ltu;l; kw;Wk; gyu; 2010).
rkj;Jtkpd;ik (tUkhdk;> fy;tp my;yJ Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w) njhlu;ghf Muha;tjw;F
gupkhzk; xd;wpid Nju;e;njLg;gJ jtpu> ‘vjDila rkj;Jtkpd;ik?’ vd;w mbg;gilahd
Nfs;tpia milahsg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (nrd; 1992). xU Fwpg;gpl;l gupkhzj;Jf;Fs; ve;j
mk;rj;jpid jPu;khdpg;gJ vd;gJ> xU rkj;Jt Nehf;fj;jpy; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa
fUJfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> fy;tpg; gupkhzq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> rkkhd fy;tp

9
tha;g;gpid miltJ tpUk;gj;jf;fjh (rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;)? my;yJ gy;NtW
FOf;fSf;fpilNa rkkhf gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; tpisTfis miltJ
tpUk;gj;jf;fjh? ,f;fUj;jhdJ> fy;tp tha;g;Gfspd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; fw;wy;
tpisTfSf;fpilNa cs;s mbg;gil fUj;J NtWghLfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

1.2 rkj;Jtkpd;ikia tiuaWj;jy; – tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk;

tpisTfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghL

kf;fs; FOnthd;Wf;fpilapyhd cupikfs;> tha;g;Gfs; my;yJ tpisTfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;

rPuw;w guk;giy rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ (fpyrd; kw;Wk; gyu; 2016). “midj;J
jdpegu;fSk; vq;F tho;fpwhu;fs;> mtu;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp> ghypdk;>
Njhw;wk;> fyhr;rhu milahsk; kw;Wk; gy tplaq;fis nghUl;gLj;jhky;> mtu;fspd;
jpwikfs;> Mw;wy;fs; kw;Wk; jFjp mbg;gilapy; rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;”
vd;w fUj;jpid rkhdhd tha;g;Gfs; tptupf;fpd;wd (UNESCO 2016: 23). “Kd;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; […] tpisTfis ghjpf;fhJ” vd;why; rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;
Vw;gLk; (];Ltu;l; 2013). tWik> ,dk;> ghypdk;> ,lk; my;yJ jdpg;gl;ltupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F
mg;ghw;gl;l Ntnwe;j jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; mstpid rkkhd
tha;g;Gfspd; gFg;gha;thdJ tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. xl;Lnkhj;j rdj;njhifapd; tUkhdk;>
nry;tk;> Ntiytha;g;G> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fw;wy; milTfspd; gfpu;tpid> rkj;Jtkhd
tpisTfs; tptupf;fpd;wd1 (fpyrd; kw;Wk; gyu; 2016).

,t;NtWghlhdJ> gy Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjyhtjhf tpistpw;Fk;>

tha;g;gpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghL El;gkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l> ,J rkj;Jtkpd;ikfspd;
kPs; cUthf;fj;jpid Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rkdw;w
tpisTfshdJ> ngUk;ghYk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdu;fspd; kj;jpapy; rkdw;w tha;g;GfSf;F
toptFg;gNjhL ,J kPz;Lk; rkdw;w tpisTfis tpistpg;gjhy;> ,uz;L mkÊrq;fSk;
neUf;fkhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. FLk;gq;fspd; nghUshjhu tsq;fs; NtWgLkhdhy;
(rkkw;w tpisTfs;)> mtu;fsJ gps;isfs; jq;fSila tho;f;ifia njhlq;Ffpd;w NghJ>
jukhd fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G> MNuhf;fpakhd czT my;yJ ghJfhg;ghd
Rw;Wr;R+oy; (rkkw;w tha;g;Gfs;) Mfpatw;wpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYs;s NtWghLfs; Nghd;w
rPuw;w epiyikfis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,J Foe;ijfs; mtu;fspd; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; nghUshjhu tsq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rhj;jpag;ghLfspy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> jiyKiwfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l NtWghLfspd; khw;wq;fspD}lhf
kl;Lky;yhJ xU jiyKiwapypUe;J ,d;DnkhU jiyKiwf;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
epahakw;w (gpujp$yq;fs;) mD$yq;fspd; gupkhw;wq;fspD}lhfTk; tpisTfs; kw;Wk;
tha;g;Gfspd; rkkw;w jd;ikapidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (cyf tq;fp 2016).

,uz;lhtjhf> kdpj tho;tpd; midj;J mk;rq;fspYk; rkj;Jtj;jpid miltnjd;gJ

mrhj;jpakhFk; mj;NjhL “NtnwhU tifapy; rkj;Jtj;ij Ntz;Ltnjd;gJ Nfhl;ghl;by;
kl;Lky;yhJ xU khwp mbg;gilapy; rkj;Jtj;ij NfhUtJk; Kuz;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk;”
(nrd; 1992: x-xi). jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fs;> Nehapw;F MshFk; jd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfshy;
kf;fs; NtWgLfpd;wdu;. ,uz;L egu;fs; rupahf xNu khjpupahd tha;g;Gfisg;

1xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; cupa rkdhd cupikfshdJ Fiwthf fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l kw;nwhU gupkhzkhFk;.

Vw;fdNt ntWkNd fhzg;gLfpd;w xU cupik my;yJ rl;lkhdJ nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf ,d;Dk;
cj;juthjkspf;fg;gltpy;iy. cjhuzkhf> ghlrhiy fy;tpf;fhd cyfshtpa cupikahdJ> cyfk; KOtjpYk;
cs;s midj;J Foe;ijfSk; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. xU vjpu;kiwahd
tpsf;fkhdJ Vw;fdNt cs;s rl;lj;jpid tptupf;fpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy;> rl;lj;jpd; Neu;kiwahd tpsf;fkhdJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l cupikia epiwNtw;Wtjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ.

10
ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> mtu;fspd; NtWghLfshdJ NtWgl;l tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkYk;>
kf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l njupTfshdJ mtu;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; eydpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Fiwthf ciof;fpd;w xU ngz; mtsJ ghypdj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Ruz;lg;glyhk; my;yJ ghugl;rkhf elj;jg;glyhk;. my;yJ mts; jdJ gzpf;nfd
Fiwthd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s jPu;khdpg;gNjhL ,jdhy; rf Copau; vd;wtifapy; ,tuJ
cw;gj;jp jpwd; tha;e;jjhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. vdNt> rkj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fpd;w (vd;d
rkj;Jtk;?) Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rk; Jy;ypakhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;baJ Kf;fpak; kl;Lky;yhJ>
midj;J tplaq;fspYk; rkj;jJtj;ij mile;Jnfhs;s KbahJ vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> xU mk;rj;jpy; cs;s rkj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;JtjhdJ
Vida mk;rq;fspYs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia epahag;gLj;jyhk; (fpyrd; kw;Wk; gyu; 2016).

,Wjpahf> rkkhdtha;g;Gfspd; nfhs;ifahdJ fUj;jhf;f uPjpapy;

vspikahdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> nraw;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,J xU rthyhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;> tpisTfs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd
mj;NjhL> ,j;jifa KbTfSf;F toptFj;j nrad;Kiwfs; kPJ fz;%bj;jdkhd
ftdj;ijAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Kd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs; kw;Wk;
jdpg;gl;l njupTfs; jtpu Vida fhuzpfspd; msthdJ kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd. xU r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Cf;Ftpg;Gfis cUthf;fp Cf;fj;ijAk; Kaw;rpiaAk; tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;w Ntisapy;> xU cau; r%fkhdJ> ePz;lfhy rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nraw;jpwd;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd xU thapyhfNt ngUk;ghYk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cau; r%fk; xd;wpy;>
Foe;ijapd; nghUshjhu epiy my;yJ fy;tp epiy ngw;Nwhu;fspd; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; fy;tp
epiyapypUe;J RahjPdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; mj;NjhL twpa FLk;gq;fs; tWikapypUe;J
ntspNawTk; KbAk; (ukh kw;Wk; gyu; 2015). xU egupd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f efu;T>
Ntiy kw;Wk; fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; Clhd eLepiy> Ntiy khw;wq;fs;
my;yJ ,lk;ngau;tjw;fhd tpUg;gj; njupT Nghd;wd nghUshjhu nrhj;Jf;fis
jpul;Ltjpy; jdpegu;fsplk; cs;s jpwd; my;yJ Rfhjhuk;> fy;tpr; rhjidfNshL
njhlu;Gila Vida tpisTfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd (ngNuuh kw;Wk; gyu;
2018). xU egupd; fl;Lghl;bw;fg;ghy; Vida fhuzpfs; mtupd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtNjhL ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; my;yJ nghUshjhu gpd;dilTfs; Nghd;w ntspaf
mjpu;Tfshy; mtu;fspd; ey;tho;T ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rkkhd tha;g;Gfis
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ> jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs;> njupTfs;> r%f ,af;fk; ntspaf
R+o;epiyfis NtWg;gLj;JtJk;> fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; vt;tsT fbdkhdJ
vd;gij ,J tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. xU egupd; tho;f;if tl;lj;jpD}lhf mtuJ ey;tho;tpy;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w rkkhd tha;g;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l jdpegu; njupTfs; kw;Wk; fhuzpfspd;
msT Nghd;wtw;wpid ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w mNj rkak;> ngUk;ghYk; rkkw;w tha;g;Gfspd;
gupkhzj;ij milahsk; fhz;gJ vd;gJ> tpisTfspd; guk;gypid $u;e;J
Muha;tjpD}lhf kl;LNk rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ (cyf tq;fp 2015).

1.3 Vd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik Kf;fpak;

rkj;Jtkpd;ik cyfpy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj xU gFjpahFk; vd;gNjhL jdpegu; kw;Wk; FLk;g

elj;ijfs;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mbg;gil nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
NtWgl;l tbtpyhd rkj;Jtkpd;ikfspd; tpisTfs; Nghd;wd fy;tprhu;
xOq;FKiwfspYk; nghJ gpr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;rhuq;fspYk; tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld
mj;NjhL kpfTk; xj;jj;jd;ikAilajhf ,Uf;fpd;w nraw;jpwd;> Ma;T tbtikg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; R+o;epiyfs; njhlu;ghf ,Jtiu ve;jnthU xUkpj;j mDgtuPjpahd tplaKk;
Njhw;wk; ngwtpy;iy. rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tpisTfs; gpur;rpidf;Fupait my;y.
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Neu;kiwahd tpisTfs; kpf Kf;fpakhf rhjfkhd
Cf;Ftpg;G fl;likg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpid epyTfpd;w thjq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. MapDk;>

11
gy;NtW gupkhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd ghupa rkj;Jtkpd;ikfshdJ> ghjfkhd jdpegu; kw;Wk;
r%f tpisfis Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjhf njupfpd;wJ.

rkj;Jtkpd;ik> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tWik Nghd;wtw;Wf;fplapyhd njhlu;gpid

nghWj;jtiu> rkj;Jkpd;ikahdJ tWikia Fiwtiltij jilnra;fpd;w mNjNeuk;
ruhrup tsu;r;rpahdJ KO tWikia Fiwf;fpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (cyf
tq;fp 2016). nghJthf> Fiwe;J tUk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikNahL
tsu;r;rpahdJ ,ize;jpUf;FNkahdhy; tWik Fiwg;gpd; kPJ xU ghupa tpisit ,J
Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkYk;> tYthd tsu;r;rp> tPo;r;rpaile;J tUk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik Nghd;wd KO
tWikf; Fiwtij Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd (fpyrd; kw;Wk; kpry;N`hu;d; 2008). nghUshjhu
tsu;r;rpapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; jhf;fj;ij Muha;e;J rkj;Jtkpd;ik xU r%fj;jpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j eyid kPWtjhf ,Ue;jhy; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; vd;gJ R+oy; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;. rpy
Ma;Tfs; ghjfkhd tpisit Fwpg;gpLfpd;w Ntisapy; Vidait rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfis
cUthf;Ftjhf> ePt;]; kw;Wk; gyuhy; (2016) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ 2.
MapDk;> tsu;r;rpapd; kPjhd rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; jhf;fkhdJ vjpu;kiwahdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ
kw;Wk; nry;te;j ehLfis tpl kpff; FiwthfNt tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ. rkj;Jtkpd;ik
kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wtw;Wf;fplapyhd cwTf;F R+oy; Kf;fpak; vd;gij ,j;jifa
fz;lwpTfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhtjhf> tsu;r;rpaile;j kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpaile;J
tUk; ehLfSf;fpilapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w NtWgl;l
jhf;fkhdJ> NtWgl;l tbtpy; NtWgl;l gupkhw;w topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa jdpr;rpwg;Gfs; mtw;w pd; cwTfspy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ> nfhs;if nry;thf;fpw;fhd tha;g;gpid
gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. %d;whtjhf> rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; cyfshtpa tbtq;fis cUthf;f
Kaw;rpg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> cs;s+u; gupkhzq;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;> rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u;
gz;Gfs; kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nghUshjhu fUj;jhf;fq;fisj; jhz;ba efu;thdJ> rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; gue;j murpay;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G gw;wpa Muha;r;rpiaAk;> xU ehl;bd; r%fg; Nghf;Ffs;
njhlu;ghd jPu;khdkw;w Mokhd ghu;itiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ed;F
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; rpy tpisTfshf> nghUshjhu uPjpapy; rkj;Jtkw;w
r%fq;fspd; Fiwe;j Rfhjhu epiyikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd;
typikahdJ vr; Rfhjhu tpistpy; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ
nghJthf> tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G> tajhdtu;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G> kd Neha; kw;Wk;
cly; gUkd; Nghd;wd rkkhd jd;ikAila r%fq;fspy; FiwthfNt cs;sd. NkYk;>
cau; tUkhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; nfhz;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;f s; ,stajpNyNa
kuzkilAk; Mgj;J mjpfupj;Js;sJ> kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd Ra kjpg;gPl;L RfhjhukhdJ
mtu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiy> taJ my;yJ ghypdk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J
RahjPdkhf ,Ug;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ (nfhz;Nlh kw;Wk; gyu; 2010).3 cau; fpilkl;lg;
nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfupj;J tUk; Fw;w tpfpjq;fSf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;gpid kw;nwhU xUkpj;jf; fUj;J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ (tpy;fpd;rd; kw;Wk; gpNfl; 2009).

2,Ug;gpDk;>gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd Nghypfspd; cs;slf;fk;> rkj;jJtkpd;ik jtpu;e;j Vida gpuhe;jpa fhuzpfis

fzf;fpLjy; Nghd;wd ,e;j tpisit fzprkhdsT gytPdg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (ePt;]; kw;Wk; gyu; 2016> ePt;]; kw;Wk;
jtu]; rpy;th 2014).

3,Ug;gpDk; tUkhd rkkpd;ik kw;Wk; Rfhjhu tpisTfSf;fplapyhd njhlu;gpd; fhuzk; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

mjhtJ> Ra kjpg;gPl;L Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f tUkhd rkkpd;ik Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l njhlu;G
KOikahf fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhj mNjNeuj;jpy;> jdpegu; tUkhdk;> fy;tp> ,dk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpak;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ nghJ Rfhjhuk; kPjhd tUkhd rkkpd;ikapd; tpisitf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
rpy Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu; (b kupNah 2011).

12
Vida fsq;fspy; cs;s cau; Vw;wj;jho;TfSld; ,ize;j fpilkl;lg; nghUshjhu
rkj;Jkpd;ikia fUJfpd;w NghJ> gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilapy;
Kuz;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghL fzprkhd msT mjpfupf;fpd;wJ (];Ltu;l;
kw;Wk; gyu; 2010). NkYk;> twpatu;fspd; tYthd kdf;FiwfshdJ Kuz;ghL xd;wpy;
fye;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd my;yJ njhlq;Ftjw;fhd re;ju;g;gr; nryTfis Fiwj;jy;> kw;Wk;
tsq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy; my;yJ tpahghu tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;w nghUshjhu ,yhgq;fSf;F
td;Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;gpid mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wld; ,ize;J
rkj;Jtkpd;ikahy;> Nkhjy; gupkhzq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; (ukh kw;Wk; gyu;).
nghUshjhu rkkpd;ikiaf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gJ> murpay; kw;Wk; r%f ];jpuj;jd;ik kw;wk;
jdpg;gl;l ek;gpf;iff;F cfe;jjhf ,Ue;jhy;> Nfs;tpfs; Fwpj;J mjpfsT tpthjq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mj;NjhL> ,J ehl;bd; tWik epiyAld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ mjhtJ>
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; nghJf;nfhs;iffs; tWikiaf; Fiwj;J nghUshjhu
Vw;wj;jho;Tfis milahsg;gLj;jtpy;iy vdpy;> murpay; cWjpaw;wj;jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;
(cyf tq;fp 2016). NkYk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;igj; jil
nra;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpw;F ve;j ed;ikAkpd;wp nghUshjhu ,yhgj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w
(thlif-Nfhupf;if) elj;ijf;fhf toq;fg;gLfpd;w mjpfsthd Cf;Ftpg;GfspD}lhf>
nghJg;gz;lq;fspd; juk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ mj;NjhL nry;te;ju;fSf;F nghJr;Nritfisj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F tpUg;gk; ,Ue;jhy; (nghJ Rfhjhu eyDf;Fg; gjpyhf jdpahu;
Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Nghy)> Nritfspd; juk; NkYk; Nkhrkilaf;$Lk; (ukh kw;Wk;
gyu; 2015).

vdNt> ,t;tplaj;NjhL fy;tp vt;thW nghUe;Jfpd;wJ? nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfspd; gy

tpisTfs; ePz;lfhykhf ,Ug;gNjhL kPsTk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd Vnddpy; cau;
nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; nfhz;l r%fq;fs; kpff; Fiwe;jsthd r%f efu;tpidNa
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;tpahdJ r%f efu;tpd; xU tYthd ,af;fpahf fUjg;gl;lhYk;
$l> ,e;j tpisT Vw;wj;jho;Tila r%fq;fSf;Fjilahf miktNjhL nghUshjhu
uPjpahf rkkhd r%fq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; ruhrup fy;tp kjpg;ngz;fs; FiwthfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd (tpy;fpd;rd; kw;Wk; gpNfl; 2009). jiyKiwf;Fs;shd kw;Wk;
jiyKiwf;fpilapyhd rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; gy;NtW tbtq;fSf;fhd xU gupkhw;w
Clfkhf fy;tp nray;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd; tbtikg;gpidg; nghWj;J> r%fnkhd;wpYs;s
kf;fSf;Fk;> FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis tpupTgLj;jNth my;yJ Fiwf;fNth
KbAk;. vdNt> nghshjhu uPjpahf kl;Lky;yhJ> nghJr; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ey;tho;T> Fbf;fs;
gq;Fgw;wy;> nraw;ghl;L epWtdq;fs;> nghJr; Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJg; ghJfhg;G
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; juk; Nghd;wd Fwpj;j> gue;j r%f Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;fhd tpisTfshfTk;>
Cf;fkhfTk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

(nghUshjhu) rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; ghjfkhd r%f tpisTfs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; mbg;gil

gq;fhdJ> ,e;j epfo;Tfspd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;>xU ,af;fpahfTk; fUjg;gLtNjhL ,e;j
Ma;thdJ> ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp tha;g;Gfisg;
ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; Muha;fpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; ,e;j Ma;thdJ>
rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; R+oy; rhu;e;j jd;ikia xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;wJ kw;Wk; cyfshtpa
rkj;Jtkpd;ik tbtq;fis NjLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u; Nghf;Ffis
Nehf;fpa xU cyfshtpa Muha;r;rpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rkj;Jkpd;ikfspd; gy;NtW
gupkhzq;fSf;Fk; ,jd; %yk; Vw;gLfpd;w cs;s+u;
tpisTfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iltpidg; gw;wpa rpwe;j Gupe;Jzu;nthd;wpid
toq;Ffpd;wJ. Foe;ijg;gUt fy;tpapypUe;J %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp
tiuapyhd ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiwg; gw;wpa xU fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid toq;FtNjhL> fy;tp
KiwapD}lhf Vw;gLfpd;w ntt;NtW gupkhzq;fis mDkjpf;fpd;w> fy;tpj;juk; kw;Wk;
tha;g;G mbg;gilapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> juTfspd;
fpilf;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t fy;tp KiwfSf;fpilNa fy;tp

13
rkj;Jtkpd;ik mjpfstpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;w xU tplakhf khwp cs;sjd;
fhuzkhf ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp Fwpj;J ,J Kf;fpakhf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

1.4 ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik – fy;tp tha;g;G njhlq;fp

fy;tpj; juk; tiu

fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fspy; ,yq;if jdJ fy;tp tha;g;gpid tpupTg;gLj;jpAs;sJld;

ftuf;$ba vOj;jwptpidAk;> fpl;lj;jl;l cyfshtpa Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fisAk;
mile;Js;sJ. 2015 ,w;F Kd; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ed;fwpag;gl;l Muk;gf; fy;tp
topKiwapd; Gj;jhapuk; Mz;L tsu;r;rp ,yf;NfhL njhlu;Gila fy;tpia miltjpNyNa
ehl;bd; ntw;wp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;ifg;gb> nghJthf
,yq;ifapy; xU khztd; 13 tUl ghlrhiy fhyj;ij (Muk;g epiy fw;ifapypUe;J
,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp tiu) epiwT nra;fpd;w mNjNtisapy;> fw;wy; juj;jpid
rupnra;fpd;w NghJ xU khztd; 8.3 tUlq;fSf;F ,izahd fw;wiy kl;LNk
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL> 4.3 tUlq;fs; gpd;jq;fpAs;sjhfTk; fzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (cyf tq;fp
2018b). ePz;l fhy tpisTfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w ,yq;if khztu;fSf;F ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpahdJ fw;wNyhL njhlu;Gila tplakhf kl;Lk; ,Uf;fhJ. midtUf;Fkhd cau;
fy;tpj;juj;jpd; cs;shu;e;j kjpg;G jtpu> mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fshdJ ghlrhiyr; Nru;f;iff;F
kl;Lky;yhJ> ePz;lfhy nropg;G kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij `D~f;
kw;Wk; nth];kd; (2015) MfpNahu; jkJ Ma;tpd; %yk; typAj;jpAs;sdu;.

,jd;%yk;> ,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiy Nru;ifapy; Vw;gl;l tpiuthd tsu;r;rpahdJ fw;wy;

kl;lj;jpYk; mNjasthd tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gij gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilNa
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. cyfpd; Vida gFjpfisg; Nghy njw;fhrpahtpYk;>
khztu;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu gpd;dzpahdJ> mtu;fspd; fy;tp milTfSf;fhd
tYthd Kd;fzpg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> jdpg;gl;l FLg;gg;
gz;GfshdJ> khzt milTfspy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l khWghLfis kl;LNk tptupf;fpd;wd.
njw;fhrpahtpy;> Mrpupau;fs; my;yJ ghlrhiy tsq;fs; Nghd;w ghlrhiy rhu;e;j jukhd
fhuzpfspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpw;F Nkyhd khWghLfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd> ,J
cyfpYs;s Vida gFjpfis tpl mjpfkhFk; (`ypy; kw;Wk; gyu; 2014).

NkYk;> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; mjNdhL ,ize;j tiuaWf;fg;gl;l r%f ,af;fk;

Nghd;wd ,yq;ifapy; r%f mikjpapd;ikf;F toptFj;Js;sJ. jkpo; ,isQu;fSf;fhd
rkkw;w gy;fiyfof tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; Copar; re;ijapd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tha;g;Gfs;
Nghd;wd ,yq;ifapy; fpl;lj;jl;l %d;W tUl fhy Aj;jj;Jf;F toptFj;j Jauq;fspy;
xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (ypl;y; kw;Wk; n`bNf 2013). 1971 Mk; Mz;by; ,isQu;fspd;
mikjpapd;ik kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahf>1987-1989 ,y;> Vw;gl;l fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efug;Gw
,isQu;fSf;fpilapyhd Ntiytha;g;G> r%f ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
mjpfupj;j NtWghLfSf;fhd gpujpgypg;ghf mike;jJ (,isQu;fs; njhlu;ghd [dhjpgjp
Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if> 1990). vdNt> (fz;lwpag;gl;l) fy;tp rkj;JtkhdJ ,yq;ifapd;
tuyhw;Wld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

vdNt> khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w jukhd fy;tp Fwpj;J khztu;fspd; fy;tp

tha;g;Gfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w nghwpKiwfis Muha;tjw;fhf Mu;tkpf;f tpla
Ma;nthd;wpid ,yq;if toq;Ffpd;wJ. gy;NtW FOf;fs; jkJ fl;likg;G uPjpapyhd
NtWghLfis vt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd? kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gLjypd; Vida mk;rq;fSld;
mtu;fs; vt;thW njhlu;GgLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij ,t;tpla Ma;thdJ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

14
Ma;T tpdh kw;Wk; Ma;T Kiwik

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> ,e;j Ma;thdJ ,uz;L Ma;T tpdhf;fis milahsk;

fhz;fpd;wJ:

(m) ,yq;ifapy; jukhd fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ve;jstpw;Fr; rkkhf cs;sd?

(M) ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?

gpwg;gpd; NghjpUe;j jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfspd; fl;likg;G

Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w ghlrhiyapd; fw;wy; juk; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fUJfpd;w Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;nghd;wpid ,f;fw;ifahdJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Vw;fdNt fy;tp rhu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfis
2 njhlf;fk; 4 tiuahd mj;jpahaq;fs; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;Ls;sd. gy;NtW
FOf;fSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfis epu;tfpf;fpd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fspd; R+o;epiyapid
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tNjhL> ACTED-CEPA (Fbkf;fs; mwpf;if ml;il) Ma;tpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;l Kjy;epiy juTfs;> 2016 Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Fbj;jdf; $wpd;
tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryT gw;wpa mstPl;bd; (HIES) %yk; ngwg;gl;l juT> kw;Wk; %d;W
khtl;lq;fspYs;s tyaf; fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fSld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gz;Grhu; Neu;fhzy;fs; Nghd;wd mj;jpahak; 5 gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gq;fspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfs;

,e;j Ma;thdJ fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F xU KOikahd Njhw;wj;ij toq;fhJ vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; mjhtJ> kj kw;Wk; ,d uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fs; Nghd;w rkkw;w
tha;g;Gfspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; rpy fhuzpfs; kPjhd juTfs; kw;Wk; fy;tpj;juj;jpid
mstpl;L xg;gpLtjw;fhd Fwpfhl;bfs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,y;iy. khwhf> ,e;j Ma;T
,yq;ifapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd xU fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wJ Fwpg;ghf>
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp njhlu;ghf Nrfupf;fg;gl;l juTfs; RUf;fkhf $wg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk;
Nkyjpf Ma;Tfs; Njitg;gLk; gFjpfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
kw;Wk; fw;wy; kPjhd ftdk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fg;ghy;> ,e;j Ma;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj;
juj;jpy; ghupa juT ,ilntspfisf; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. ,t;tha;thdJ> jdpj;Jtkhd
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;nghd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jpAk; mNjNghy> kl;lf;fsg;G>
nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fSf;fhd mDgt uPjpahd
gFg;gha;nthd;wpD}lhfTk; (jdpegu;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; msTUf;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L) fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd cs;shu;e;j ghu;itia toq;Ffpd;wJ.

mj;jpahaq;fspd; RUf;fk;
mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahakhdJ> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; mk;rq;fs; gw;wp Muha;e;jwpe;J>
cyfshtpa Nghf;FfisAk;> mjd; tpisTfisAk; kw;Wk; ,e;j Ma;tpid
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mstpLtjw;Fkhd topfs; gw;wpAk; tpthjpf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tj;jpahakhdJ> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;gpid
mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ mj;NjhL kw;w mj;jpahaq;fSf;fhd mbg;gilg; gFg;gha;tpidAk;;
toq;Ffpd;wJ. tpla Ma;tpw;fhd njspthd tpsf;fj;jpid mikg;gjw;F ,yq;ifapd;
jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiwikapd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd xU tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia mj;jpahak;
3 toq;Ffpd;wJ. fy;tp tha;g;G> jukhd fy;tp toq;fy;> kw;Wk; fy;tp rhu; tpisTfs;
(nraw;jpwd; mbg;gilapy;) Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fy;tp
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; njhlu;ghd xU Njrpa uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid mj;jpahak; 4
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j Ngupd uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij njhlu;e;J> mDgt uPjpahd gFg;gha;T
xd;wpD}lhf kl;lf;fsg;G> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fspd; tWikahd
gFjp kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Fwpj;J
,d;Dk; Mokhd gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lnkhd;wpid mj;jpahak; 5 toq;Ffpd;wJ.
15
,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ jdpegu;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; R+o;epiyfshdJ> fy;tp
Kiwikapy; cs;s gy;NtW tpisTfs; kPJ vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd vd;gij
gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wJ. ,Wjp mj;jpahaj;jpy;> ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk;
jukhd fy;tpia xU khztd; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w gpwg;gpd; Nghjhd
Kf;fpa jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfis tpthjpg;gjd; %yKk;> fy;tp rkj;Jtk; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;Jk; vjpu;fhy Ma;tpw;fhd gupe;Jiufs; kw;Wk; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
toq;FtjD}lhfTk; ,e;j Ma;thdJ epiwtilfpd;wJ.

16
 mj;jpahak; 2: fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik
];lgdp iyr;l;

2.1 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikia tiuaWj;jy;

fy;tp ePz;l fhykhf mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpegu;fs;

mu;j;jKs;s tho;f;ifia tho;tjw;Fk;> cw;gj;jp jpwd; cilatuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;>
r%fq;fs;> r%f uPjpahfTk; nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; nropj;Njhq;f ,J kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jukhd fy;tpf;fhd rkkhd tha;g;gpd; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ>
ru;tNjr khehLfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa nfhs;iffspd; Clhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfshtpa kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f
kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu cupikfs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if Mfpa ,uz;Lk;> jFjpiaAk;>
jdpg;gl;l jpwidAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fy;tp midtUf;Fk; rkkhf fpilf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. epiyahd mgptUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; (SDGs) kw;Wk; SDG 4
Mfpatw;wpid nraw;gLj;jpajd; Clhf> “rkdhd fy;tpj; juk; kw;Wk; tho;ehs; KOtJk;
midtUf;Fkhd fw;wy; tha;g;Gfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;” Nghd;wtw;wpid cWjpnra;tjd; %yk;
ru;tNjr epfo;r;rp epuypy; fy;tp rkj;JtkhdJ cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (If;fpa ehLfs;
2015:2017). vdNt> ghypdk;> gpwe;j ,lk;> ,dk;> kjk;> nry;tk; my;yJ CdKw;Nwhu; Nghd;w
xU egupd; fl;Lghl;bw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfshy; jukhd fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk;
fw;wy; tpisTfs; ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ.

cs;sPLfs;> nrad;Kiwfs;> ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs;> fy;tp kjpg;gPL> toq;Fdu;fs;>

fw;gtu;fs; kPjhd ftdk; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspypUe;J fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ik Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ma;tpy;> fy;tp tha;g;G> fy;tpj; juk;> kw;Wk;
fw;wy; tpisTfs; Nghd;w %d;W gupkhzq;fspy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ
kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mZfy; kw;Wk; juf;$Wfs; fy;tp rhu; tha;g;Gfspy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis khztu; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; Mfpad fy;tprhu;
tpisTfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd mj;NjhL ,it khztu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s tha;g;Gfspd;
(XusT) tpisTfshFk;. ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; nraw;ghl;il khj;jpuk; mZfy;
fUjtpy;iy khwhf> fw;gtupd; jahu;epiy> mwpthw;wy;> r%fj;jpwik kw;Wk; Foe;ij Muk;g
epiyg; ghlrhiyf;Fs; Eiofpd;w NghJ fw;wy; nraw;ghl;by; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F jahuhf
,Uj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,J fUJfpd;wJ. ghlrhiy fw;if njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;JtjpD}lhf fy;tpj; juk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tp %ykhf khztu;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fspd; xU gz;Grhu; khw;wj;jpw;F toptFf;fpd;w
ghlrhiyapd; nraw;jpwid ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ (cyf tq;fp 2018a). ghlrhiyapYs;s
gy;NtWgl;l fhuzpfs;4 ntw;wpfukhf rPuikf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ> jFjpAila kw;Wk;
Cf;fkspf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs;> nghUj;jkhd ghlrhiy cs;sPL kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs;> kw;Wk;
fw;gtiu ikag;gLj;jpa ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhfTk; fw;wy; nrad;Kiw
eilngWfpd;wJ. fzpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; guPl;irfspy; khztu;fs; fhl;Lk; nraw;ghLfNs fy;tp
tpisTfshFk;.

Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb> fy;tp tha;g;G> juk;> my;yJ fy;tp

tha;g;Gfspd; Vida tbtq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpisTfspd; NtWghLfspy; ,Ue;J kl;LNk

4fy;tpf;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; r%f <LghL Nghd;w jukhd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpNahL njhlu;gila ntspaff;
fhuzpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd Mdhy;> mit ,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy

17
cUthf KbAk;. xt;nthU khztdpd; fw;wy; tpisTfspy; ,Ue;J xl;Lnkhj;j
rkj;Jtj;ij miltJ vd;gJ mrhj;jpakhFk; Vnddpy;> tpisTfspd; NtWghLfshdJ>
jdpegupd; jpwik kw;Wk; Mw;wypy; cs;s NtWghLfs; mNjNghy xU egupd; njupT kw;Wk;
Cf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. MapDk;> Foe;ijapd; r%fg; nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp
kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tsq;fspd; tif Nghd;w Vida fhuzpfSk; fy;tp
tpisTfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JtNjhL fl;likg;G uPjpahd fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F
toptFf;fpd;wd. fy;tp rkj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf tpthjpf;fpd;w NghJ> NtWgl;l fy;tp
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w jdpg;gl;l ntspaf R+o;epiyfSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;w
fy;tprhu;e;j khwp xd;wpd; kPJ ehk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. nry;tk;> ghypdk;> rkak;
my;yJ ,lk; Nghd;w Kf;fpa fhuzpfSldhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf Ma;T ftdk;
nrYj;Jtij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

2.2 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; cyfshtpa Nghf;Ffs;

tYthd gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> fy;tpNahL njhlu;Ggl;l

ey;tho;tpd; gupkhzq;fis kjpg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> xU cyfshtpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid
fhzKbfpd;wJ. cyfshtpa fy;tp tpupthf;fkhdJ> Muk;g epiy> ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk;
epiy fw;iff;fhd Nru;f;ifia cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;> mjpfupj;J tUk; vOj;jwpT
tpfpjq;fSf;Fk; toptFj;jJ. Mdhy; cyfshtpa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> rpy
gFjpfs; fzprkhdsT gpd;jq;fpAs;sd.

miu E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;> fpl;lj;jl;l fhy; gq;F ,isQu;fs; mbg;gil fy;tpawpTj;

jpwd;fs; mw;wtu;fshf fhzg;gl;l mNjNeuk;> 2016 Mk; Mz;by;> 10% ,w;Fk;
Fiwthdtu;fNs mbg;gil thrpg;G mwptw;wtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. taJte;Njhu;
vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l 100%-I mile;Js;sJ vdpDk; njw;F
r`huh Mgpupf;fh (65%) kw;Wk; njw;fhrpah (72%) Nghd;w gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; gpd;jq;fpa
epiyapYs;sd. ,d;W tiu 20 ehLfs; mjpfsthd vOj;jwptw;wtu;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd mjhtJ> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> <uhf; kw;Wk; n`a;b jtpu;e;j Mgpupf;fj; Jiz
r`huhtpy; cs;s midj;J ehLfSk; 50% ,w;Fk; Fiwthd vOj;jwpT tpfpjj;jpidNa
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd (UNESCO 2017). cynfq;fpYk; Muk;g epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd Nru;f;if
tpfpjk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ vdpDk;> Kf;fpakhf ghypdk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; FLk;g nrhj;JfSld;
njhlu;Ggl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; kw;Wk; ehl;by;> tYthdJk;> epiyahdJkhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
fhzg;gLfpdwd. Mapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; taJila
Foe;ijfspy; 85% Mdtu;fs; kl;LNk ghlrhiyapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL 2016 Mk;
Mz;by;> mNj taJf; FOitr; Nru;e;j 92% Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
fpl;lj;jl;l cyfpYs;s ghjp ehLfs; cyfshtpa Muk;gf;; fy;tpia mile;jpUe;jhYk;5>
Fiwe;j tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jsthd eLj;ju tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; Muk;g epiyf;
fy;tpapd; ruhrup kl;lk; 74 rjtPjkhf kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfk; KOtjpYk;> Muk;g
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; taJila (6-11 tUlq;fs;) 58 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; fPo;kl;l
cau;epiyg; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; taJila (12-14 tUlq;fs;) 63 kpy;ypad; ,sk;
gUtj;jpdu; vd;wtifapy;> 2007 Mk; Mz;L tiu ghlrhiyf;F nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w
Foe;ijfspd;6 tPo;r;rpahdJ Klf;fptplg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzk; ngUk;ghYk;> xJf;fg;gl;l

5 95% ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Njwpa Nru;f;if tpfpjk; my;yJ Njwpa tUif tpfpjk;.

6“Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhj> Muk;g my;yJ fPo;kl;l cau;epiyg;
ghlrhiy taJila ve;jnthU Foe;ijAk; ghlrhiyapy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhikNa ‘ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;yhjtu;fs;’ vd;gJ fUJfpd;wJ. Kd; Muk;gf;fy;tp kw;Wk; Kiwahd fy;tpiaf; fw;fpd;w Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd Foe;ijfis ,J cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ”.

18
Foe;ijfSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis tpupthf;Ftjpy; murhq;fq;fs; Njhy;tpaile;jikNa MFk;
(UIS and UNICEF 2015). Nkw;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mgpupf;fhtpYs;s Fiwe;j nrayhw;Wk; jpwd;
nfhz;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;> Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; taJila> fhy;gq;fpw;Fk;
mjpfkhd Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu; (UNICEF 2018).
ghlyhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w midj;J Foe;ijfspy; %d;W gq;fpw;Fk;
mjpfkhNdhu; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; cs;s ,isQu;fs;
vd fzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Mgpupf;fh> kj;jpa fpof;F kw;Wk; njw;fhrpah Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; Muk;gf; fy;tpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ngz;fs; ,d;W tiu gpd;jq;fpa
epiyapNyNa cs;sdu; (cyf tq;fp 2018a). Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghLfs; jtpu>
efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfNshL xgg;gpLfpd;w NghJ efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s
fpl;lj;jl;;l ,uz;L klq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhd Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu; ,jd; %yk;> xU tYthd efu kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw gpstpid
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,J nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;TfSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ Vnddpy;>
trjpahd khztu;fspy; 93 rjtPjkhNdhu; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUfpd;w
Ntisapy;> 70 rjtPjkhd twpa Foe;ijfs; kl;LNk Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf;F tUif
jUfpd;wdu; (UNICEF 2018). NkYk; twpa Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;jhYk; $l>
mtu;fsJ trjpahd rf khztu;fistpl Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpNyNa nrayhw;Wtjhf Njrpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fy;tp kjpg;gPLfs; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wd (Nuh]; kw;Wk; gyu;. 2017).

,jdhy;> ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUfpd;w khztu;fspy; gyu; ghlrhiyia

tpl;L ,iltpyFfpd;wdu; my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy; juj;jpid g+u;j;jp nra;a
jtwptpLfpd;wdu;. jw;NghJ> ruhrup Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; cs;s Muk;gg;
ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fspd; Nru;f;if tpfpjk; ruhrup cau; tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspd;
tpfpjj;NjhL rkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l> fy;tpj;juj;jpy; ghupasthd NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tpj;juk; njhlu;ghf ,d;W tiu tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;fpilNa
tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTj;njhFjp kw;Wk; cyfshtpa juTj; njhFjpapd; Muk;gf;
fz;lwpTfshdJ> tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; fw;wy; tpisTfs; cyfshtpa mstPl;by;
Fiwthf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjhf Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. tsUk; ehLfspy; nraw;jpwd;
khWghL mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpDk;> tsUk; ehLfspy; cs;s cau; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;
tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; cs;s fPo; kl;l nraw;ghl;lhsu;fis tpl FiwthfNt
nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. nghJthf> tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; 86 rjtPjkhd khztu;fNshL
xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> tsUk; ehLfspy; cs;s 50% ,w;Fk; Fiwthd khztu;fNs Fiwe;jgl;r
Nju;r;rpapd; kl;lj;ij mile;Js;sdu; (my;bNehf; kw;Wk; gyu; 2018). ntspg;gilahff;
$Wtjhapd;> ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tJk; fy;tp fw;gJk; xd;whfhJ> vd;gjhy; fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia Muha;fpd;w NghJ> Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fs; Fiwe;jsthd xU
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpidNa toq;Ffpd;wJ. UNICEF mwpf;ifapd; gb> cyfstpy; gj;jpy; ehd;F
khztu;fs; ehd;fhk; tFg;G Kbtpy; Fiwe;jg;gl;r fy;tpj; jFjpia mile;Jnfhs;sj;
jtwptpLfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf tsUk; ehLfshd Mgpupf;f Jiz rfhuh ehLfspd; Fiwe;j
nraw;jpwd; fhuzkhf gpd;jq;fpa epiyapNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (UNICEF 2018). vOj;jwpT
kw;Wk; vz;zwptpw;fhd ru;tNjr khztu; fzpg;gpLfspd; gb7> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk;
ehLfspy; cs;s ruhrup khztu;fs;> cau; tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; cs;s 95%
khztu;fis tpl Nkhrkhf nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. cau; tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; cs;s
fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J Muk;g ghlrhiy khztu;fSk; Muk;gf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy;> thrpg;G
kw;Wk; fzpj mwptpw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r nraw;jpwd; ,yf;Fkl;lj;jpid rpj;jpailfpd;w
mNjNtis> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; 14 rjtPjkhf ,e;j vz;zpf;if
Fiwtile;Js;sNjhL> Fiwe;j eLj;ju tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; ,J 37 rjtPjkhf

7
ru;tNjr thrpj;jy; vOj;jwpT Ma;T (PIRLS), kw;Wk; ru;tNjr fzpj kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ma;T Nghf;Ffspd;
(TIMSS) Kd;Ndw;wk;.

19
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> cau; eLj;ju tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; $l %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F Foe;ijfs; kl;LNk ,e;j Fiwe;jg;gl;r jpwid milfpd;wdu;. nkJthd fw;wyhdJ>
tWikNahL kl;Lky;y ghypdk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw-efug;Gw gpsT Mfptw;NwhLk;
njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; xt;nthU tUlKk; rpwpastpNyNa
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; ,jdhy;> Muk;gf; fw;wYf;fhd ,ilntsp mjpfupf;fpd;wJ mj;NjhL
Fiwe;j juKila ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfspy; cs;s Mrpupau;fspd;
Nkhrkhd nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf fw;gpj;jiy tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
rhj;jpakw;wjhfpd;wJ (cyf tq;fp 2018a).

ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfy; mjpfupf;fg;gl;L ghlrhiy Nru;f;ifapy; cs;s r%fg;

nghUshjhu NtWghLfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s rkaj;jpy;> fw;wy; tpisTfs; kw;Wk;
ghlrhiyj;juk; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s ,ilntspfs; tpupthfj; njhlq;fpAs;sd vd;gNj ,jd;
mu;j;jkhFk;8. midtUf;Fkhd fy;tpia toq;fj; jtwpaikahdJ tWik> ,lk;> ,dk;>
ghypdk; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; Vw;fdNt ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; NkYk; gpd;jq;fpa
epiyf;F js;sg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> fy;tp KiwikahdJ r%f ,ilntspia
Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf tpupTgLj;Jtjhf mikfpd;wJ.

2.3 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tpisTfs;

nghJthf> mjpfsthd fy;tp tUlq;fshdJ rpwe;j Rfhjhuk;> mjpfsthd tUkhdk;>

tYthd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> Fiwthd jha; Nra; kuzk;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSld;
njhlu;Gila Fiwthd ,wg;Gfs;> Fiwe;j sthd Nkhjy;> kw;Wk; kf;fspd; <LghL
Nghd;wtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. vdNt> midtUk; jukhd fy;tp tha;g;gpid
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jdpegu; kw;Wk; r%f eyidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
midtUf;Fkhd rpwe;j kw;Wk; ePz;l ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; xl;Lnkhj;j mk;rq;fSk; ed;F
fl;baikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> tsUk; ehLfspy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tpisTfs;
(kw;wtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf xU rpyu; gpd;jq;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gLjy;) njhlu;ghd
Ma;Tfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jukhd fy;tpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYs;s NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfspy; cs;s ghupa Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
Nghd;wd nkJthd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> Nkhjy; kw;Wk; td;Kiwahy; Vw;gLfpd;w
cau;e;jsthd Mgj;J Nghd;w ghjfkhd tpisTfSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wd vd;gij ,e;j
Ma;thdJ gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

fy;tpg; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; jdpegu; tpisTfs;

fy;tp epiyfs;> cau; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j Ntiyapd;ik vd;gtw;Wld;
njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ ,J> Kjd;Kjypy; jdpegu;fs; fy;tp kPJ KjyPL
nra;tjw;fhd ,af;fpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ruhrupahf> xU fy;tp Mz;lhdJ Copa
tUkhdq;fspd; 10% mjpfupg;NghLk;> Mgpupf;fh Jiz rfhuhtpy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kPjhd
cau;e;j tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;WlDk; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ (r[hNuhNghy]; kw;Wk; me;Njhdp
2018). cjhuzkhf> vjpNahg;gpahtpd; tWikf; Fiwg;gpy; Vw;gl;l ntw;wpahdJ> fpuhkg;
Gwq;fspy; Muk;gf; fy;tp tha;g;gpy; Vw;gl;l tpupthf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
twpatu;fisg; Nghy> jiyikj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhz;l fpuhkg;Gw FLk;gq;fspy; 16
rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthdtu;fs; kl;LNk Muk;gf; fy;tpia G+u;j;jp nra;Js;sdu;.

8MapDk;> mZfypd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;Fk;> cau; fy;tpj; juj;jpid guhkupg;gjw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; tu;j;jf kPjpia
jtpu;f;f KbahJ. 1950 fspy; nfhupaf; FbaurhdJ> ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpf;F xNuasthd
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;Ftjw;F Kd;> ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fSf;fhd tha;g;ig tpupTgLj;jpa mNjNtis> Muk;gf;
fy;tpj; juj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd ftdk; nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpaJ. fy;tp tha;g;gpd; tpupthf;fj;jpd;
NghJ ,e;j %NyhghakhdJ> gukhz;lkhd fw;wy; KbTfis toq;fpaJ. vdNt> ghlrhiyf;fhd mZfiy
tpiuthf mjpfupj;jhYk;> jukhd fy;tpia cWjp nra;af;$ba rhj;jpag;ghl;bid ,J Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

20
FLk;gq;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;w NghJ>
tpisT ,d;Dk; tYthf mikfpd;wJ. tpal;ehkpYk; ,NjNghd;w mikg;G Kiw
cUthfpd;wJ. twpatu;fisg; Nghy;yhky;> FLk;gj; jiytu;fspy; 24% ,w;Fk; mjpkhNdhu;
fPo;kl;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpawpitf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNtis FLk;gj;
jiytu;fspy; cau;kl;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jtu;fSf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghL
31% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ (UNESCO 2014). vdNt> tWikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F fy;tp
Kf;fpakhFk;.

NkYk;> fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwfSf;fpilNa tWik gupkhw;wg;gLtij jLf;fpd;wJ

Vnddpy;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; kj;jpapy; fy;tp cau; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ mtu;fSila
gps;isfs; ghlrhiyapy; nrytpLfpd;w tUlq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
1990-2009 Mz;LfSf;fpilNa 56 ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 142 Fbj;njhif kw;Wk;
Rfhjhu Ma;Tfis kPsha;T nra;jjpy;> jhapd; fy;tpapd; Nkyjpf xt;nthU tUlq;fSk;
ruhrpahf xU Foe;ij Nkyjpfkhf 0.32 fy;tp tUlq;fis ngw;Ws;sijAk;> ngz;fSf;fhd
ed;ikfs; NkYk; mjpfupj;Js;sijAk; ‘gNyhj;uh kw;Wk; gyu;’ 2013 Mk; Mz;by;
Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpe;Js;sdu; (ghNyhl;wh kw;wk; gyu; 2013). ,e;j
fz;lwpTfs; mg;Jy;yh> lf;Nyhahfh]; kw;Wk; khdpq; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fs; %yk;
Mjupf;fg;gl;ld mjhtJ> cau; tUkhdk; ciog;gtu;fspd; tUkhdg; gq;fpid Fiwf;fpd;w
mNj Neuj;jpy;> fPo;kl;l ciog;ghsu;fspd; gq;fpid mjpfupg;gjpd; Clhf fy;tp
tha;g;Gfspd; rkdhd gfpu;thdJ tUkhdk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikis Fiwf;fpd;wJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. fy;tpapd; ,e;j kPs; gfpu;tpd; tpisthdJ> Fwpg;ghf> Mgpupf;f Jiz
rfhuhtpy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis Fiwg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;fpd;wd (mg;Jy;yh 2013).
vdNt> xJf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; fy;tpj; juj;jpid mile;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; fy;tp tha;g;gpid
tpupthf;FtjhdJ> nrhj;jpd; gue;j ,ilntspiaf; Fiwj;jy;> r%f efu;tpidf; Fiwj;jy;
kw;Wk; tWikia xopj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd Kf;fpa epge;jidahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Rfhjhuj;ij nghWj;jtiu> fy;tp fw;wtu;fs; MNuhf;fpkhdtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;

Vnddpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;fs; njhlu;ghf mtu;fs; ed;F mwpe;j pUg;gJld; me;Nehapd;
ghjpg;gpypUe;J mtu;fis vt;thW ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; njupe;Jitj;Js;sdu;.
cyf Rfhjhu Ma;tpd; gb> fy;tp mwptw;wtu;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> fPo;kl;l ,uz;lhk;
epiyg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;jtu;fs; Nkhrkhd Rfhjhu epiyf; Fwpj;J
Gfhuspf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghL 18% My; mjpfupj;Js;sJ vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J elj;ij khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhfNt Vw;gLfpd;wJ NkYk;> ed;F
gbj;jtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk;> Rfhjhu Nritfis ehlTk;> mtw;iw jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jTk;
Kidfpd;wdu;9; (tpl;typal; kw;Wk; gyu;. 2012). NkYk;> fy;tp fw;w jha;khu;fSila
Foe;ijfs; kpfTk; MNuhf;fpkhdtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; mjhtJ> mNuhf;fpakhf
gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijf;fhd vjpu;ghu;g;G> MNuhf;fpakhd Cl;lr;rj;jpid toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
jLg;G+rpia cWjpnra;jy; Nghd;wd ghlrhiy fy;tp kl;lj;NjhL Neu;kiwahd njhlu;gpidf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd (UNESCO 2014).

jukhd fy;tp tha;g;gpid ,y;yhky; nra;af;$ba kw;WnkhU tpisthdJ> gpw;fhyj;jpy;

fpilf;ff;$ba tho;f;iff;fhd tha;g;Gfis Fiwf;fpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd r%fj;jpy;> rpwe;j
Ntiytha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j Ntiyapd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpd; Clhf Nky;Nehf;fpa r%f
efu;tpw;F fy;tp toptFf;fpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU r%fj;jpy; cs;s cau; nghUshjhu
rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> r%f ,af;fj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Ma;thdJ
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL cau; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ cau; fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ikAld; tYthf njhlu;GgLtjhy;> ,J njhlu;e;J epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ>

9mtu;fs;Rfhjhu ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf mjpfstpy; nrytopf;f$ba epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;> ,J cau; tUkhdk;

Fwpj;j Ke;ija njspTj;jd;ikNahL XusTf;F njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

21
NkYk; ,jd; %yk; fy;tp fw;wtu;fs; kl;LNk gadiltNjhL Nky;Nehf;fp efu;tjw;fhf
fy;tp njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; thf;FWjpapid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F rpwpa tha;g;gpidNa
jdpegu;fSf;F tpl;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ (tpy;fpy;rd; kw;Wk; gpNfl; 2009).

fy;tp gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; njhlu;ghd r%f tpisTfs;

jdpg;gl;l tpisTfs; jtpu> jukhd fy;tp KiwfshdJ> jpwikahd njhopyhsu;fs;>
mwpthw;wiy tpupthf;Fjy;> cw;gj;jpj; jpwid cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
tifapyhd cyfshtpag; nghUshjhuj;ij cUthf;FtNjhL tskhd> GJikahd kw;Wk;
Nghl;bj;jd;ikAila nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. fy;tp kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpapd; njhlu;ghdJ ed;F fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ 10 kw;Wk; xU tUlj;jpw;fhd tUlhe;j
tsu;r;rpahdJ 2% ,ypUe;J 2.5% Mf mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; ehl;bd; rdj;njhiff;fhd ruhrup
fy;tp milT kl;lj;jpy; xU mjpfupg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ (UNESCO 2014). vdNt> ehLfSf;Fs;
kw;Wk; ehLfSf;fpilapy; epyTfpd;w fy;tpg; guk;gypy; cs;s NtWghLfshdJ cs;ehl;L>
gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cyfg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf>
2.7 tUl ruhrup fy;tp kl;lj;jpYs;s NtWghlhdJ> 1965 ,ypUe;J 2010 tiuapy;>
fpof;fhrpah kw;Wk; Mgpupf;f Jiz rfhuh Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu
tsu;r;rpapd; NtWghLfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

mJkl;Lky;yhJ> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh njhlu;ghf f];nly;Nyh fpisnkd;l; mtu;fshy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;gPl;L Ma;T (fh];nly;Nyh fpisnkd;l; 2013)> gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fs;>
fy;tp miltpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rkj;Jtkpd;ik> kw;Wk; khWgl;l tsu;r;rp Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. vdNt> gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fs;Ns Vw;gLfpd;w fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd;
tpupthf;fkhdJ> gpue;jpag; nghUshjhu gpd;diltpd; tpupthf;fj;jpid mjpfupg;gNjhL> gpupT
2.3 ,y; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l tpupthd nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; ghjfkhd tpisTfis
epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ. nkJthd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaj; jhz;b> Fiwe;j fy;tp kl;lj;jpd;
fhuzkhf ngwg;gLfpd;w Fiwe;j tUkhdj;jpD}lhf fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> ehl;bd;
tupj;jsj;ijf; Fiwf;fpd;w mNjNeuk;> Ntiyapd;ikapd; NghJ toq;fg;gLfpd;w cjtp
Nghd;w r%f ed;ikfSf;fhd nrytpid mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> xU nghUshjhu
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ>jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; jpwikahdJ jFjp mbg;gilapy;
mZfg;glhjjd; fhuzkhf fl;likg;G uPjpahd fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ (xU
Foe;ijapd; gpd;dzpahdJ mtu;fspd; fy;tp rhjidfis jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ)> cfe;j
nghUshjhu epiynahd;Wf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ (tpy;fpy;rd; kw;Wk; gpNfl; 2009). NkYk;>
Fbkf;fspd; <Lghl;bid Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; fy;tpahdJ xU ehl;bd; murpay;
mgptpUj;jpia gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mjpf fy;tpawpT nfhz;ltu;fs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy;
thf;fspg;gNjhL murpay; eltbf;iffspYk; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdu;. fy;tp> murpay; gpur;rpidfis
kf;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mjpy; <LgLtjw;Fk; cjTtNjhL Fbkf;fs; jpwd;fis
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;>fy;tp fw;w kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifAilatu;fshfTk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik
cilatu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL mikjpahd r%fnkhd;Wf;F toptFf;fpd;wdu; (cyf tq;fp
2018a). vdNt> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpg;ghf FOf;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w fpilkl;l
rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpj;J rkhjhd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. fy;tp tha;g;gpy;
cs;s epahakw;wj; jd;ik murhq;fj;Jldhd mjpUg;jpia mjpfupf;fyhk; kw;Wk; r%fg;
gpsTfSf;F toptFf;fyhk;. jukhd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
FOf;fs; tpyf;fg;gLfpd;wd cjhuzkhf> ghFghlhd nkhopf; nfhs;iffs;> rkkw;w nghJr;
nryTfs; my;yJ epahakw;w xJf;fPLfs;> ,e;jf; FOf;fspd; fy;tp milTfs;> fy;tp
mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; gl;lg;gbg;gpd; gpd;duhd tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkhrkhf ghjpg;gijf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. fy;tp Kiwf;Fs;shd ,e;j ghFghLfs; vjpu;fhy tho;f;ifapy; ghjfkhd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;JtNjhL> Kuz;ghLfis mjpfupf;fpd;w rf;jptha;e;j FiwghLSf;F

10tpupthd fye;JiuahlYf;fhf> `D~f; kw;Wk; nth];kd; MfpNahuhy; 2015 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpidg;
ghu;f;fTk;.

22
toptFf;Fk;. 1986 kw;Wk; 2003 Mk; Mz;LfSf;fpilapy; 55 Fiwe;j kw;Wk; eLj;ju
tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy;> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd;
msT ,ul;bg;ghf;fg;gl;ljhy;> Nkhjy; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;G 3.8% ,ypUe;J 9.5% Mf
mjhtJ> ,uz;L klq;fpw;Fk; Nkyhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ (X];l;Ng
2008). ,J Vida tbtpyhd td;Kiwf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. 1960 ,ypUe;J 2006 tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpapy;> Mgpupf;f Jiz rfhuh kw;Wk; Mrpah Nghd;w gFjpfspYs;s cs;s 55
gpujhd efuq;fspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp fw;w Mz; ,isQu;fspd; tPjkhdJ
mjpfupj;Js;sJ ,J> kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba R+o;epiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gl;l
fzprkhd tPo;r;rpAld; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jJ (Urdal and Hoelscher 2009).

r%f gupkhw;wj;jpNyNa xl;Lnkhj;j fy;tpAk; mlq;fpAs;sJ Vnddpy;> tWikiaf;

Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> kf;fSf;F mjpfhukspg;gjw;Fk;> nghJr; Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
murpay; <Lghl;bid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> xU r%fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; xw;Wikia
tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia J}z;Ltjw;Fkhd rhj;jpaj;ij ,J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> mj;jpahak; 1 ,y; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpidfNshL
njhlu;Gila gue;j rkj;Jtkpd;ikia jPu;g;gjw;F ,J Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia ,y;yhky; nra;tjpy;> tha;g;G kw;Wk; fw;wypy; cs;s fl;likg;G uPjpahd
NtWghLfis jtpu;f;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;> Kjypy; ,J njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis
milahsg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. trjpahd khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w mNjasT fy;tp
tha;g;Gfis twpa khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Ffpd;w NghJ twpa kw;Wk; trjpahd
khztu;fSf;fpilapyhd fw;wy; ,ilntspahdJ fzprkhdsT Fiwtilfpd;wJ
vd;gij ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> cfz;lh kw;Wk; nfd;ah Nghd;w ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Ma;T fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. rpwe;j kw;Wk; rkkhd fy;tp Kiw %yk;> Muk;g tWik -
fw;wy; ,ilntspapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpidf; Fiwf;f KbAnkd ,J kjpg;gpl;Ls;sJ
(Nuh]; kw;Wk; gyu;. 2017). mj;NjhL> cau; nraw;jpwd; nfhz;l ghlrhiy KiwfshdJ
Fiwthd nraw;jpwd; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfSf;F rkkhd Kiwapy; ts xJf;fl P ;bid
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd vd;gij ru;tNjr khztu; kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd OECD ,d; epfo;r;rp
jpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l KbTfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (UNESCO 2014). vdNt>
Kw;Nghf;fhd nghJf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;> rkkhd fy;tp Kiwfis NkYk;
miltjw;fhd xU topia toq;Ffpd;wJ ,J> r%f uPjpahd rthy;fspy; Neu;kiwahd
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tbtq;fs; R+oYf;F Vw;g NtWgLtjhy;
rkkhd fy;tp KiwfSf;fhd cyfshtpa jPu;ntd;gJ ,y;iy vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. kpfTk; nghUe;jf;$ba nfhs;iffs; (Tailor-made policies)> rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;
Nghd;wd cWjpahdJk;> njhlu;r;rpahdJkhd mDgt uPjpahd Muha;r;rpia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> fl;likg;G uPjpahd fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwptJ mtrpakhtNjhL NtWgl;l
R+oy;fSf;Fs;Ns xNu khjpupahd Row;rpia J}z;Lfpd;w nghwpKiwfSk;
mtrpakhfpd;wd. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiu> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; mstPLfs;
njhlu;ghf mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahak; kjpg;gPL nra;tNjhL fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; tpisTfs;
Nghd;wd vt;thW mstplg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

2.4 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikia mstpLjy;

rkj;Jtkpd;ik xU rpf;fyhd tplakhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ntt;NtW tiuaiwfis> vz;zw;w

juTj;njhFjpfis kw;Wk; Fwpfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mjid mstpLtjw;F
gy;NtW topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. juTj;njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; Fwpfhl;bfs; njhlu;ghd
njupTfs; eLepiyahdit my;y vd;gijAk; fzprkhdsT fz;lwpTfisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd
vd;gijAk; epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; > Vd;
rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; Nghf;Ffis mDgtg;G+u;tkhf ep&gpg;gJ rthyhf mikfpd;wJ vd;gij

23
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;Fs; nry;tjw;F Kd;du;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis
mstpLtjw;fhd guprPyidfisAk;> rthy;fisAk; ,e;jg; gpupT tpthjpf;fpd;wJ.

tUkhdk; my;yJ nry;tj;jpd; gfpu;T Nghd;w ehzaf; Fwpfhl;bfs; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;Jtjd; %ykhf nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; rkj;Jtkpd;ik fzg;gplg;gLtjhy;>
tpisTfspd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ 11. Fiwthd gjpyspg;G tPjk;
kw;Wk; mtu;fSila nrhj;Jf;fis rupahf mstpLtjpy; cs;s rpukq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;Nfw;g cau; my;yJ rpwe;j nraw;jpwd; ntspg;gLj;jg;glhky; ,Ug;gJ
nghUshjhuk; my;yJ rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; NtW VNjDk; tbtj;jpid mstpLtjw;fhd xU
nghJthd rthyhf mikfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;> ngUk;ghyhd rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; (tUkhdk;)
mstPLfs; xNu FwpaPlhf guk;giy RUf;fptpLfpd;wd> vdNt> ,k;kjpg;G guk;gy; khw;wq;fis
kiwj;Jtplyhk; (Alvaredo et al. 2018)12.

tplaj;jpd; rpf;fyhd jd;ikf; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w NghJ> Fwpfhl;bfs; xNu

gupkhzj;jpypUe;J gy gupkhzf; Fwpfhl;bahf khw;wkile;j mNjNtis kjpg;gPL
nra;ag;gLk; gupkhzq;fspd; msTNkYk; tpuptilfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> Nru;f;if> vOj;jwpT
tpfpjq;fs; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp tUlq;fs; Nghd;wd fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; msit
mstpLtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd gjpypfshFk;. jukhd Rfhjhuj;jpidg;
ngw;Wnfhs;tjpy;> gpwg;gpd; tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G> Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk; kw;Wk; Nghrhf;F
epiy Mfpad xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. R+oy; rhu;G kw;Wk; jdpegu; tpUg;gq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wd fhuzkhf> ve;j gupkhzq;fs; kw;Wk; mk;rq;fis xg;gpLtJ
njhlu;ghf jPu;khdpf;fpd;w NghJ> jdpegu;fs;> FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ ehLfspd; gytifahd
jd;ikia gpujpgypf;ff;$ba nghUj;jkhd gz;Gfis milahsk; fhz;gJ
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> fy;tp milT kw;Wk; Rfhjhu epiy Nghd;wd jtpu> tof;fkhd
msTUf;fisf; nfhz;L Fwpfhl;bfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sNjhL Vida njhlu;Gila
gz;Gf;$Wfs; kPJ cld;ghLfs; ,y;iy. ,jdhy;> rdj;njhifapd; gzuPjpaw;w eyid
cs;slf;ff;$ba Fwpfhl;bfis fz;lwptJ fbdk; Mfpd;wJ (cyf tq;fp 2015).

Gwepiy mZFKiwfisj; jtpu> ey;tho;tpd; fz;Nzhl;lk; rhu;e;j mstPLfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthUf;Fk; xU ey;y tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf
mtutUf;nfd;W fhzg;gLfpd;w nrhe;j Gupjy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW kf;fs; FOf;fspd; ey;tho;T
njhlu;ghd cs;shu;e;j Ra kjpg;gPL gw;wpa Gupjy; Nghd;wd %yk; Gwepiy rhu;e;j
rkj;Jtkpd;ik mstPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij ,J xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;wJ (ukh
kw;Wk; gyu; 2015). ,e;j cs;shu;e;j tho;f;if kjpg;gPL Kf;fpakhf> Ra mwpf;ifaply; %yk;
cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ13. NtWgl;l FOf;fSf;fis xg;gpl;L jug;gLj;Jtij tpl> jdpegu;fs;
mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifapy; vt;thW jpUg;jpailfpd;wdu; vd;gij ,f;FwpaPLfs;
mstpLfpd;wd. ,J> jdpegu; czu;Tfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ mj;NjhL ,J> ‘Gwepiy
ajhu;j;jj;NjhL’ nghUe;jyhk; my;yJ nghUe;jhkYk; tplyhk;. ,J jtpu> kf;fs; Ra
mwpf;if mk;rq;fs; ‘cz;ikahdJ’ vdf; fUJtJ

11gy;NtW
ehzaf; Fwpfhl;bfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; Mokhf tpthjpg;gjw;F 2016 kw;Wk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bw;Fupa
cyf tq;fp mwpf;ifiag; ghu;itaplTk;.

12cjhuzkhf> xU nghUshjhu fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J> xU ehL tWikf; Fiwg;ig mDgtpf;fpd;w

mNjNeuj;jpy;> tUkhdg; gq;F 10% Mf cau;tilAk;. tWik xopg;G fpdp ngWkjpiaf; Fiwfpd;w Ntis
tUkhd jpul;rp cau;tilifapy; fpdp ngWkjp mjpfupf;Fk;. ,U tpisTfisAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkepiyg;gLj;j
KbAk; vd;gNjhL ,J xU epiyahd fpdp ngWkjpia tpistpf;fyhk;> tUkhdg; gq;fPL khw;wkilatpy;iy vd;w
czu;tpid cUthf;Ffpd;w NghJ> cz;ikapy; eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu; mOj;jj;jpw;F cs;shfpd;wdu; (my;Ntu;Nlh
kw;Wk; gyu; 2018).

13
cyf kjpg;G Ma;T> A+NuhgNuh kPll
; u; my;yJ Nfhyg; cyf thf;nfLg;gpy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy.

24
Nfs;tpf;Fupajhf ,Ug;gNjhL ,r;rkj;Jtkpd;ikfspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu tpisTfis
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F kf;fs; Ra mwpf;if mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhfpd;wd (];Ltu;l; 2010).

NkYk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikia mstpLfpd;w NghJ> xg;gPl;L myF Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. ,Jtiu>

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l midj;J mZFKiwfSk; fpilkl;l rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd> kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; my;yJ FLk;gq;fspd; epiyg;ghl;bid Muha;fpd;wd.
mj;NjhL> xg;gPl;L myFfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPl;L kw;Wk; KO rkj;Jtkpd;ikia
mstpLtjw;fhf mit jug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd (c.j: trjpahdtu;fspy; ,Ue;J twpatu;fs;
tiu) vd;gij ,J fUJfpd;wJ. ,J jtpu> rKjha FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia mstpl KbAk; vd;gjhy; ,J> FO mbg;gilapyhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik
my;yJ fpilkl;l rkj;Jtkpd;ik vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> kjk;> ,dk;> gpuhe;jpak;
Nghd;w murpay; uPjpahf njhlu;Gila Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j NtWghLfs; my;yJ
milahs-FOf;fSld; jdpegu;fs; my;yJ FLk;gq;fs; FOf;fshf;fg;gl;L>
xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fis vt;thW tifg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ R+oy;
rhu;e;jjhf ,Ug;gNjhL> ,J kf;fspd; Ra epiyg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; (];Ltu;l; kw;Wk; gyu; 2010). ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tZFKiw> Nkw;$wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;
rhu;e;j mstPLfis ek;gpapUg;gjhy;> Ra milahsg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; FO rhu;e;jpUj;jy;
Nghd;wd mfepiy rhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

fy;tpia ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> fy;tp tpisTfs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfspy; cs;s

rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; vt;thW mstplg;gl Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ fy;tpj; juk; kw;Wk; nraw;jpwd;
Nghd;wd vt;thW kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd xUkpj;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;
Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. fy;tpr; rkj;Jtkpd;ik
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mjpfupf;ff;$Lk; vd;gjhy;> fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; my;yJ fw;wy; tpisTfspd;
NtWghLfs; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs; xU ehl;bd; fy;tp Kiwapd; Muk;g tFg;GfspNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; mj;NjhL rhj;jpakhapd;> Foe;ijg; gUt tpUj;jpapy; Vw;gLfpd;w
Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Kd; Muk;gf; fy;tp KiwapNyNa Fiwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp Row;rp kw;Wk;
NtWgl;l fy;tp epiyfSf;fpilapyhd khw;wq;fspD}lhf fy;tpapd; Fwpj;j xU epiyj;
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w NghJ> gpujp$yq;fis mjpfupf;ff;$ba nrad;Kiw
jtu;f;fg;gLk; (UNESCO 2018).

jutpd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> ehLfSf;fpilapyhd fy;tp

rkj;Jtkpd;ikia xg;gpLfpd;w Muk;g Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;> ghlrhiyf; fy;tp tUlq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if my;yJ fy;tp epiyfs; (Kjy; epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy> my;yJ %d;whk; epiy
Nghd;wd) Nghd;w fy;tp milTfs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,uz;L
Fwpfhl;bfSk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mk;rk; xd;wpid kl;LNk
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd Vnddpy;> fy;tp KiwfSf;fpilapyhd ju NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; jpwd;
tpUj;jpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w ghlrhiyay;yhj fhuzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhuzkhf>
NtWgl;l ehLfSf;fpilapy; (my;yJ xU ehl;bw;Fs; fhzg;gLk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilapy)
xU tUlj;jpw;fhd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ngWkjp xNuasthf ,Ug;gjpy;iy (`Dn~f;
kw;Wk; nth];kd; 2015). vdNt khztu; nraw;jpwd;fs; njhlu;ghf xg;gplj;jf;f Nrhjidfs;
Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fspy;> xj;j mwpthw;wy; milT
Fwpj;J gy;NtW Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd> mtw;Ws; ru;tNjr khztu;
kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd OECD ,d; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (PISA), ru;tNjr fzpjk; kw;Wk; mwptpay; fw;if
njhlu;ghd fy;tp ,yf;Ffspd; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;j kjpg;gPL (TIMSS), kw;Wk; ru;tNjr thrpg;G>
vOj;jwpT fw;ifapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; (PIRLS) Nghd;wd ed;fwpag;gl;litfshFk;. khztu;fspd;
FLk;gg; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; ghlrhiy jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf ngwg;gl;l juTfs; %yk;
,g;gupNrhjidfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLtjd; %yk;> ghypdk;> nry;tk;> fpuhk-efu
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> kw;Wk; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiy Mfpatw;wpy; xd;wpizf;fg;glhj
rdj;njhiff;fpilNaahd kjpg;ngz;fspd; guk;gy; Fwpj;j cs;shu;e;j ghu;itia

25
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j kjpg;gPLfs; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; juk; kw;Wk; tha;g;G
Nghd;w rkkw;w tpisTfs;> mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;j tpupthd jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;w mNjNeuk;>
ngUk;ghYk; ,it gFg;gha;tpd; Kf;fpa ftdkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy (fy;tp rkepiy Ma;T
Kaw;rp> 2016). juTfspd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf
,Ug;gJ tpku;rdj;Jf;Fupa ,uz;lhtJ tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd Vnddpy;> Ma;Tfs;
ngUk;ghYk; cau; kw;Wk; eLj;ju tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfis cs;slf;fpAs;sd> ,jd;
tpisthf> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspd; Fiwe;j nraw;jpwd; njhlu;ghf
fz;%bj;jdk; xd;wpid ,J cUthf;Ffpd;wJ (UIS 2018).

NkYk;> cyfshtpa mgptpUj;jp nraw;gl;baypy;> If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF)>

If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu mikg;G (UNESCO)> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik
njhlu;ghd cyfshtpa juTj;jsk; (WIDE)> fy;tpf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; juTikak; (EPDC)
Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; Kf;fpak; ngWtNjhL rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; gy;NtWgl;l gupkhzq;fSld;
gpupf;fg;gl;l fy;tp njhlu;ghd Gs;sptpguq;fis cyf tq;fp Nrfupf;fj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
,e;jj; juTj;jsq;fs; tPl;Lj;Jiwf; fzf;nfLg;G> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk;
rdj;njhif my;yJ ghlrhiyf; fzf;nfLg;G Nghd;w> rw;W NtWgl;l Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J
juTfis njhFf;fpd;wd. midj;J juTj;jsq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l ghypdk;> fpuhk
kw;Wk; efug; gpuNjrq;fs;> kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; jtpu> epWtdq;fspd;
Mu;tq;fSf;Nfw;g gy;NtW FOg;gz;GfSk; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf>
rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; gupkhzq;fs; gy;NtWgl;l juTj;jsq;fspy; ngupjhf
jug;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy (fy;tp rkepiy Ma;T> 2016). nghJthf> NtWgl;l kf;fs;
FOf;fspd; ruhrupfshdJ> ve;jnthU ntspg;gilahd rkj;Jtkpd;ik mstPl;Lj;
juepiyfisAk; gad;gLj;jhky; xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd Ma;tpy;
,ilj;njhlu;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> xNu khjpupahd
gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;l gpupTf; FOf;fspypUe;J xd;wd; kPJ xd;W rhu;e;Js;s FOf;fis
Nehf;fp nkJthf efu;tiltjhy;> juTj;jsq;fspd; mDgt uPjpahd Moj;ij ,J
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> fpuhkj;jpYs;s trjpahd ngw;Nwhiuf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ngz;
gps;isfSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> fpuhkj;jpYs;s xU twpa FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngz;
gps;is vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gy ghjfkhd tplaq;fis NkYk; KOikahf Muha Kbfpd;wJ
(Kaaber 2010).
mZfy; kw;Wk; juk; mbg;gilapyhd rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;> kw;Wk; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
fw;wy; tpisTfspd; rkkhd guk;gy; Nghd;w %d;W mk;rq;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fk;
njhlu;ghf mj;jpahak; 5 ,y; tpupthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

2.5 fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd xU fUj;JUthf;fk; - kiwf;fg;glhj

gupkhw;w topfs;

ghlrhiy Nru;f;if ,ilntspAld;> tpuptilAk; ju NtWghLfshdJ> NghJkhd

nfhs;iffis tFg;gjw;fhf> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;Fg; gpd; fhzg;gLfpd;w
nghwpKiwfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. jukhd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
khztu;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;w tha;g;Gf;fs;> mtu;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l jdpg;gl;l
R+o;epiyfspdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j rkj;Jtkw;w tha;g;Gf;fs; rkj;Jtkw;w
tpisTfSf;F toptFf;fpd;wd> mit> r%f ,af;fk; kw;Wk; kPs; gq;fPl;L nfhs;iffs;
Nghd;w gue;j r%f mk;rq;fspD}lhf tpupthf;fg;gl;L my;yJ Fiwf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fspd;
tho;f;ifapy; rkkw;w tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtNjhL mtu;fspd; Foe;ijfspd; jdpg;gl;l
tho;f;if R+o;epiyfSf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. vdNt> mtu;fs; ,ize;Js;s ghupa
r%fj;Jf;Fs;> mtu;fs; (kPs;) cUthf;Ffpd;w fy;tp Kiwfs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;LbAs;sJ.

26
,g;gpuptpd; fPo;> khztu;fspd; fy;tp tha;g;Gfis jPu;khdpf;fpd;w ntt;NtW jdpg;gpl;l
R+o;epiyfspd; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd gupkhw;wy; topfs; njhlu;ghf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j
jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ilj;njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> jukhd
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ khztu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w xl;Lnkhj;j jilfisAk;
milahsg;gLj;jp> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j R+o;epiyfspd; msT kw;Wk; ghjpg;G Nghd;wd
R+oy; rhu;e;jitahFk; vd;gijAk;> xU R+oypy; nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gLk; tplak;
kw;nwhU R+oypy; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;gijAk; njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> fy;tp rkj;Jtj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;w cyfshtpa fhuzpfis Kd;itf;fpd;w
KOikahd gl;bay; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; epWtg;gl;l
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; tpthjpf;fg;gl;L> Nfhl;ghlhf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F toptFf;fpd;w fy;tp tha;g;Gfs;> mZfy; kw;Wk; juk;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd fl;likg;G NtWgLfpd;wJ. juk; kw;Wk; mZfy; njhlu;ghd
rkkw;w fy;tp tha;g;Gfs;> rkkw;w fw;wy; tpisTfshf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ngsjpf
mZfy; kw;Wk; fw;gtupd; jahu;epiy Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mZfiy Gupe;Jnfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ. Mrpupau; juk;> ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ts cs;sPL Nghd;w %d;W
Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fis kjpg;gpLtjd; %ykhf fy;tpj;juk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
fUj;Jf;fs; cyf tq;fpapdhy; 2018 Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cyf mgptpUj;jp
mwpf;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ld. mikg;G uPjpahd fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis fl;likg;G
milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Mw;wy;> jpwd; kw;Wk; Cf;fk; fhuzkhf khztu;
nraw;jpwdpy; Vw;gLfpd;w NtWghLfs; fl;likg;gpd; gFjpahf cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy.

tpsf;fg;glk; 2.1: fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; njhlu;gpid gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd

fUj;JUthf;fk;

(E}yhrpupau;fspd; nrhe;j tpsf;fk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ)

27
fy;tpf;fhd rkkhd mZfypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs;
fy;tp epiyaq;fSf;fhd mZfy;> ngsjpf uPjpahd mZfy; kw;Wk; fw;gtu;fspd;
jahu;epiyia milahsk; fhZjy; Nghd;wd fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikg; gw;wp NgRfpd;w NghJ
Vw;gLfpd;w KjyhtJ jilahFk;. Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; thOjy;> ghypdk;>
tWik> ,lk;> ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp epiy> ,ayhik kw;Wk; ,dk; my;yJ gpuhe;jpak; Nghd;w
jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; %yk; fy;tp tha;g;G ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghlrhiyapd; tpupthf;fj;jpy;> Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fs; ghupastpy; tpyfpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjy; R+oypy; tho;fpd;w khztu;fs; ngUk;ghYk;> ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;yhky; ,Ug;gNjhL> Muk;gf; fy;tp epiyia G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F Kd;dNu
ghlrhiyapypUe;J ,iltpyFgtu;fshfTk;> Nkhjyw;w R+o;epiyfspy; tho;gtu;fis tpl
cau;e;j ghypd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j vOj;jwpT kl;lq;fis nfhz;ltu;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (cyf tq;fp 2018a). ,lk;ngau;e;j Foe;ijfSf;F> jilfs; ,d;Dk;
mjpfkhFk;> Vnddpy;> xt;nthU ,uz;L mfjpf; Foe;ijfspy; xU Foe;ij kl;LNk Muk;g
epiyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ vdNt> mfjpahf ,Uf;fpd;w xU Foe;ij
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w msT ruhrup Foe;ijia tpl> Ie;J klq;fpw;Fk;
mjpfkhFk; (UNHCR 2016). mtrufhy R+o;epiyfspy; fy;tp tha;g;G ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk;>
ghJfhg;gw;w (topfSf;F kw;Wk; topfspy; ,Ue;J) ghlrhiyfs;> fl;lha ,lg;ngau;T>
(fl;lhag;gLj;jp) Foe;ijg; Nghuhspfs;> my;yJ mjpfupf;fpd;w tWik epiy Nghd;wd
Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w epiyikia mjpfupf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;
ngsjpf uPjpahd mZfy; ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyf;F
r%fkspf;fhik> tsq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw my;yJ td;Kiwfshy; Vw;gLk; Ntjidfs;
Nghd;wd fw;wy; nraw;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tpj; juj;ij jLg;gNjhL Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia NkYk; njhlu;t jw;fhd
rhj;jpag;ghl;il Fiwf;fpd;wd.

xU Foe;ij ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ njhlu;ghf fzpg;gpLfpd;w

NghJ> ,lk;> tPl;L tUkhdk; kw;Wk; taJ Nghd;wtw;Wld; ,ize;j ghypdk; njhlu;ghd
fz;Nzhl;lk; kw;Wk; kughdJ> mjid jPu;khdpf;fpd;w ,uz;lhtJ fhuzpahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 58 kpy;ypad; Muk;g ghlrhiyf; Foe;ijfspy;; 31 kpy;ypad; ngz;
Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;F nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu; (UIS and UNICEF 2015). ngz;fspd; gq;F
ghuk;gupakhf> mtu;fsJ FLk;gk; kw;Wk; FLk;gg;gzpfis ftdpj;J f;nfhs;tNjhL
njhlu;Ggl;bUg;gjhy;> Kiwahd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mtrpak;
mtu;fSf;fpy;iy. NkYk;> gy fyhrhuq;fspy; ngz;fs; jdpahf gazpg;gJ
ghJfhg;gw;wjhf my;yJ Kiwaw;wjhf fUjg;gLtjhy;> J}uj;jpy; mike;Js;s
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tJ mtu;fSf;F fbdkhf mikfpd;wJ. xU FLk;gj;jpy; gy
gps;isfs; ,Ue;jhy;> FLk;gj;jpy; epyTk; ghugl;rk; kw;Wk; epjp neUf;fbfs;> ngz;
gps;isfis tpl Mz; gps;isfisNa ghlrhiyf;F mDg;gf;$ba R+o;epiyf;F
toptFf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> gy ehLfspy; cs;s Copar; re;ijfs; Mz;fs; rhu;ghdjhfNt
mike;Js;sJ> ,J fy;tpapy; KjyPL nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cau;e;j
kw;Wk; tpiuthd tUkhdj;ijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. fPo;kl;l ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiy
taij milfpd;w NghJ ngz;fspd; ghlrhiy Nru;f;if tpfpjk; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf
tPo;r;rpailfpd;wJ> Vnddpy;> ,J gUtkilaf;$ba kw;Wk; jpUkzk; nra;af;$ba tajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ14 ,JNt Nky;kl;;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd Nkyjpf tPo;r;rpahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (UNESCO 2015). Foe;ijfs; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij jLf;fpd;w
Vida fhuzpfSld; ,ize;Js;s ghypdk; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fs; fhuzkhf>
Vidatu;fis tpl rpy ngz; gps;isfs; ghlrhiyapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWtjw;fhd tha;g;G

14NkYk;> gy ngz; gps;isfs; jkJ Muk;gepiyf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;tjw;F Kd;dNu jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

28
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf> twpa FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngz;fs;> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
cs;s twpa ngz;fs; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; mj;NjhL fpuhk kw;Wk; twpa r%fq;fspd; ghypd khjpupfs;> fy;tpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij rhjfkw;wjhf;Ffpd;w Kf;fpa tplakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghlrhiyfis mZFtjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$wpid ghjpf;fpd;w kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf

tWik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. twpa FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyapy;
Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia njhlq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;G mtu;fSf;F
FiwthfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ Vnddpy;> tWikapd; fhuzkhf gy khztu;fs; ghlrhiyia
tpl;L tpyfp Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk;
ehLfspy; cs;s twpa Foe;ijfspy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;fpdu; kl;LNk Muk;g epiyg;
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia G+u;j;jp nra;tNjhL> ghypd mbg;gilapy; juTfisg; gpupf;fpd;w
NghJ ,e;j ,ilntspahdJ tpuptilfpd;wJ. tWik kw;Wk; ghypdk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;jhd
tpyfy; ,ul;bg;ghf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; ehLfspYs;s twpa
ngz; gps;isfspy; 25% Mdtu;fs; kl;LNk Muk;g epiyf; fy;tpia G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wdu;
(cyf tq;fp 2018a). twpaf; FLk;gq;fSf;fhd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;F tu;j;jf kPjp
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fl;lzq;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs; my;yJ rPUilfSf;fhf fl;lzk; nrYj;Jjy;>
kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; Nghd;w Neubahd nryTfs; jtpu> Ntiytha;g;gpid
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ciof;fpd;w tUkhdk; my;yJ Copag; gilapd; ,og;G Nghd;w
kiwKf mikar;nryTfSk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkj;jpYs;s twpa
FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfis ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gtijf; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> mUfpYs;s ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd J}uk; xU Kf;fpa gq;fpid
tfpf;fpd;wJ> NkYk; r%f newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G gw;wpa fupridfs;
fhzg;gLtjhy;> Foe;ijfs; (Fwpg;ghf ngz; Foe;ijfs;) tPl;bypUe;J J}uk; gazk;
nra;tJ fbdkhfpd;wJ (`Pj; kw;Wk; n[ar;re;jpiud; 2017). Vio khztu;fSf;fhd
tha;g;gpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w kw;WnkhU khwpahf> Copar; re;ij my;yJ “jpUkzr;
re;ij” fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. twpa ngw;Nwhu;fs; fy;tpapd; %yk; ngwf;$ba
tUkhdj;ij/tpisTfis Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl;lhy;> kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; juk;
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhf czu;e;jhy;> jkJ Foe;ijfis fw;gpg;gjpy; KjypLtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; (,J njhlu;ghf mj;jpahak; 5 ,y; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;). ,J kPz;Lk;>
fy;tpj;juk; FiwtiltNjhL njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ (UIS and UNICEF 2015).

tWikahdJ ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp epiyAld; tYthf njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. twpa FLk;gq;fisr;

Nru;e;j Foe;ijfSf;fhd Foe;ijg;gUt tpUj;jp nkJthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fy;tp epiyahdJ
tWikAld; tYthf njhlu;GgLtNjhL> khztu;fspd; Nru;f;if kw;Wk; milT
kl;lq;fSld; vjpu;kiwahf njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> fy;tp mwptw;w
FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUfpd;w NghJ> mbg;gil
fy;tpawpT kw;Wk; fzpj uPjpahd jpwd;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk;> Vw;fdNt
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fiwfis jPu;g;gjw;Fk; cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;. Jujp~;ltrkhf> Muk;g
tFg;Gfspy;> tFg;giwfspy; ,lneUf;fb kpf Nkhrkhdjhf ,Ug;gNjhL kpfTk;
jFjptha;e;j Mrpupau;fs; nghJthf cau; tFg;GfspNyNa Ntiyf;fku;j;jg;gLfpd;wdu;
(cyf tq;fp 2018a).

fy;tp tha;g;ig epu;tfpf;fpd;w Ie;jhtJ Kf;fpa jdpg;gl;l mk;rkhf> FLk;gj;jpd; miktplk;>

efu;g;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw NtWghl;bd; jPtpuk; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;
njhiyJ}ug; gFjpapYs;s khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;y mjpf J}uk; gazk;
nra;aNtz;b ,Ug;gjhy;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryT mjpfupg;gjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. Muk;gg;
ghlrhiy mUfpy; mike;jpUe;jhYk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy my;yJ %d;whk; epiyf;
ghlrhiyfs; njhiytpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> rpyNeuq;fspy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fisr; Nru;e;j
khztu;fs; jkJ fy;tpia njhlu Ntz;LkhfapUe;jhy;> epue;jukhf kPs;FbNaw Ntz;ba

29
Njit Vw;gLfpd;wJ (UIS kw;Wk; UNICEF 2015). NkYk;> fy;tp juk; Fwpj;j fpuhkg;Gw-efu;g;Gw
NtWghl;bw;fhd fl;likg;G uPjpahd fhuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mit mLj;j cg
mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

NghJkhd Foe;ijg;gUt tpUj;jpapd; (ECD)15 Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fspy; ,Ue;J tha;g;G kw;Wk;

fw;gtupd; jahu; epiy Nghd;wtw;wpd; ,uz;lhtJ mk;rq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. Foe;ijfs;
Muk;g epiyg; ghlrhiyf;Fs; Eiotjw;F Kd;Ng> mtu;fs; tsu;e;j tpjkhdJ>
mtu;fSila ngsjpf tsu;r;rp> eyd;> %is tsu;r;rp> mwpthw;wy;> jpwd;fs;> kw;Wk; r%f
czur;rpapd; tpUj;jp Mfpatw;wpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Foe;ijg;gUt tpUj;jpapd;
NtWgl;l tpisTfshdJ> FLk;gj;jpd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiy kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
miktplj;Jld; tYthf njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ mj;NjhL twpag; gpd;dzpfspy; ,Ue;J
tUfpd;w khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;w NghJ gpujp$yq;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
rpwe;j ghlrhiyapYk;> twpa khztu;fs; mtu;fSila rf khztu;fis tpl FiwthfNt
jahu;g;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> ,e;jf; Foe;ijfs; FiwthfNt fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

Kd; gs;sp Nghrhf;F FiwghL MokhdjhfTk;> khw;w KbahjjhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wikahdJ> gaDs;s fy;tpia nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w nkhop> Qhgfk; kw;Wk;
nghwpfs; njhlu;ghd jpwd;fs; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. tho;ehs; fy;tp kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kPjhd xU Foe;ijAila Nghrhf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;Fs; Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;gpd; Nghjhd vil kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wd ghlrhiy
tpisTfNshL njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sijAk; NtWgl;l Ma;Tfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd (cyf
tq;fp 2018a). Ie;J tajpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mwpthw;wypd; NtWghLfshdJ> 8 kw;Wk; 12
taJfSf;fpilapyhd fy;tpNahL tYthf njhlu;Ggl;bUg;gjhy;> ,J> gpw;fhyj;jpy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tha;g;GfSf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Nuh]; kw;Wk; gyuhy; 2017 Mk;
Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpWgUtj;jpd; Fiwe;j mwpthw;wy; tpUj;jpahdJ> nrhj;Jf;fs;> ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tpawpT

kw;Wk; Nghrhf;fpd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; mstplg;gLfpd;w Fiwe;j r%fg; nghUshjhu
epiyAld; neUf;fkhf njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tpawptpd;ikahdJ> fw;wYf;fhd
mbg;gilia cUthf;Ffpd;w Foe;ijfspd; Muk;gfhy thrpg;G> nkhop kw;Wk; vz;fzpj
jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;iw ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j khztu;fs; ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapy; khw;wk;
ngWtjw;F NghuhLtNjhL mtu;fSila ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtu;fsJ tPl;Lg;ghlq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s cjTtjw;F NghuhLfpd;wdu; (cyf tq;fp 2018a). NkYk;> Foe;ij guhkupg;ghsu;
kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;ghdJ> xU Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rp nray;Kiw>
mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; czu;jpwd;fspd; tsu;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. guhkupg;gpw;F fpilf;f$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w NeukhdJ Foe;ijf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;w guhkupg;gpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ> Foe;ijg; guhkupg;gpw;F fpilf;ff;$ba
Neuk; twpa FLk;gq;fspy; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfsT nefpo;jpwdhdkw;Wk;
MNuhf;fpakhd Foe;ijfs; Neha; my;yJ Vida Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf
ghlrhiyf;F tUif juhky; ,Uf;fpd;w ehl;fs; kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fiwe;j ghlrhiyf; fy;tp> Fiwe;j fw;wy; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
Clhf> jiyKiwfSf;fpilapyhd tWikapd; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F> Muk;gfhy tsu;r;rpapd;
FiwghLfs; fzprkhdsT gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. cyfstpy;> ghyu; ghlrhiy
Nru;f;iff;fhd tUkhdk; my;yJ nrhj;jpd; NtWghlhdJ> Muk;gg; ghlrhiy Nru;f;ifia
tpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJ> gzf;fhu Foe;ijfs; ed;F jahuhf;fg;gl;L ghlrhiyfSf;F

15Ma;tpd;
mbg;gilapy;> ECD MdJ xU Foe;ijapd; 6 njhlf;fk; 8 taJ tiuahd fhyg;gFjpia
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

30
mDg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xU Kd; gs;spf; Foe;ijapd; tpUj;jpahdJ tPl;L
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; KjyPLfspd; tpisthFk;> me;j tifapy; r%fk; kw;Wk; Kd; gs;sp
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wd Foe;ijfis Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; ,jd; fhuzkhf nfhs;ifapy; jiyapLtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ,J
toq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gijAk; cyf tq;fpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rp gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ
(cyf tq;fp 2018a).

fw;wy; juj;jpidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

xU khztd; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fy;tpapd; juj;jpy; mk;khztd; nry;fpd;w ghlrhiy
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;sf$ba kw;Wk; tpUj;jpailaf;$ba
cau; juKila ghlrhiyahdJ> jpwikahd kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;ghd Mrpupau;fs;> fw;gpj;jy;
kw;Wk; fy;tpia trjpg;gLj;jf;$ba gaDs;s ghlrhiy cs;sPLfs; (cgfuzq;fs;>
c;lfl;likg;G trjpfs;> fw;;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wit) kw;Wk; fw;gtiu
ikag;gLj;jpa ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (cyf
tq;fp 2018a). ,lk;rhu;e;j my;yJ nrhj;J Nghd;w fhuzpfs; rupahd Kiwapy; rkkhf
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> rpy r%ff; FOf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w fy;tpj;
juj;jpy;> fl;likg;G uPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;.

jpwikahd fw;wYf;fhd Kf;fpa ghlrhiy kl;l fhuzpahf Mrpupau;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;>

NkYk; Fwpg;ghf fpuhk kw;Wk; twpa gpuNjrq;fspy;> gad;juf;$ba jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
ce;Jjy;fs; mtu;fsplj;jpy; gw;whf;Fiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU Mrpupau; khztdpd;
fy;tp kPJ ghupastpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;j KbAnkd Ma;Tfs; fz;lwpe;Js;sd mj;NjhL>
mjpfsthd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAila Mrpupaupd; fPo; fy;tp fw;fpd;w khztd; xU fy;tp
Mz;bw;Fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w 1.5 ju epiyfNshL xg;gpLifapy; jpwikaw;w Mrpupau;fspd;
fPo; fw;fpd;w khztu;fs; 0.5 ju epiyfis kl;LNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij
mnkupf;fhtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;thdJ Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ (uhf;M/g; 2004 cyf tq;fp
2018a). tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfspy;> khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwd; kPJ jpwikahd kw;Wk;
jpwikaw;w Mrpupau;fSf;fpilapyhd tpisT ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gij fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ (ght; kw;Wk; jh]; 2017). xU Mrpupaupd; jFjp> fw;g;gpj;jy; mDgtk; kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiw Nghd;wd mtuJ nraw;jpwidg; ghjpf;fpd;w Mokhd fhuzpfshFk;.
cj;jpfNahG+u;t Mrpupau; jFjp njhlu;ghf> cyf ehLfs; Mrpupau;fSf;fhd Fiwe;jg;gl;r
jFjp epiyfis tFj;Js;sd> Mdhy; mtw;wpd; Njrpa NjitfSf;F Vw;g jFjpAila
NghJkhd Mrpupau;fisg; ngWtjpy; gy ehLfs; ,d;Dk; NghuhLfpd;wd. mJkl;Lky;yhJ>
nghJthf> Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s Mrpupau;fspd; jFjp
epiyfs; cyfpd; Vida gFjpfis tpl Mgpupf;fh Jiz rfhuhtpy; Fiwthf
fhzg;gLtNjhL> ,e;j gpuhe;jpakhdJ Nghjpa jFjptha;e;j Mrpupau;fis (mtu;fspd; Njrpa
juj;jpd; gb) toq;Ftjw;F kpfTk; NghuhLfpd;wJ (UIS 2006). Mdhy;> Fiwe;jgl;r Mrpupau;
jFjpfis Kiwahf mile;Jnfhs;tJ> Mrpupau;fsplk; ghlk; njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;w
mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fis Nghd;wy;y. Mrpupau; toq;fy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp njhlu;ghf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l UNESCO ,d; cyfshtpa Ma;nthd;wpy;> 14 Mgpupf;fh Jiz rfhuh
ehLfspy; thrpg;G njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhz;l Nrhjidapy;> 6 Mk; juj;jpy; fw;gpf;fpd;w ruhrup
Mrpupau;fs;> mNj juj;jpy; fy;tp fw;fpd;w cau; nraw;jpwDila khztu;fis tpl rpwg;ghf
nraw;gltpy;iy vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ (cyf tq;fp 2018a). fw;gpj;jy; mDgtk; Fwpj;J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy Ma;Tfs; fw;gpf;fpd;w Kjy; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs; Mrpupau;fspd;
jpwd; kw;Wk; mjd; %yk; khztu;fspd; fy;tp kPjhd Mrpupau;fspd; tpisit
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT mjpfupf;fpd;wJ (cjhuzkhf> ght; kw;Wk; jh]; 2017> muhN[h kw;Wk;
gyu; 2016> n[l;b kw;Wk; gyu; 2014). mjhtJ ,sk; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtkw;w
Mrpupau;fspd; cau;e;j tUkhdkhdJ fy;tp juj;ij fLikahf fl;Lg;gLj;J fpd;wd.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;ifapy;> Mokhd fw;wy;> Mrpupau;fs;; tpupTiufspy;
Neuj;ij nrytpLjy;> nray;Kiw rhu; Ntiy my;yJ gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;F rpwpJ
31
Neuj;ij xJf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gy fy;tp Kiwfs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
NkYk;> Mrpupau;fs; tFg;GfSf;F r%fspf;fhik kw;Wk; fy;tp fw;fpd;w Neuj;jpd; ,og;G
(Nkyjpf ghlj;jpl;l epfo;Tf;fhd xj;jpiffs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; my;yJ Rj;jk; nra;Ak;
gzpfs; Nghd;w Vida ghlrhiy eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf) Nghd;wd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd;
juj;ij Fiwg;gNjhL> Mrupau;fs; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mtrukhf Kbg;gjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ
(cyf tq;fp 2018a). Kd;dwptpj;jypd;wp ghlrhiyf;F nrd;w NghJ> ruhrupahf 20% Kjy;
24% Md Muk;gf; fy;tp fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhky; ,Ue;jNjhL
nghJthf> twpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhky; ,Uf;fpd;w
tpfpjq;fs; cau;thf ,Ue;jikia gq;fshNjrk;> ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,e;jpah> ngU kw;Wk;
cfz;lh Nghd;w ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ (Kuspjud;
kw;Wk; gyu; 2017> [t;Jup 2006). Fwpg;ghf nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;ij epiwT nra;fpd;w
NghJ my;yJ khztu;fSf;F NghJkhd fw;wy; nraw;ghLfis toq;fpr; nry;fpd;w NghJ
Mrpupau;fs; jkJ Fiwe;j Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; epahakpd;ikia mwpe;jpUf;fyhk; ngUk;ghYk;
mtu;fs; twpa khztu;fspd; fy;tpapy; rpwpjsT jhf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf
czUfpd;wdu; (cyf tq;fp 2018a). ,Ug;gpDk;> Mrpau;fs; ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhky;
,Ug;gJ Kfhikj;Jt gpur;rpidfspy; xd;whfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ> ,J njhlu;ghf fPNo
Nkyjpfkhf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlrhiy Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpau; ifNaLfs;> ghybg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;l foptiwfs;

kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l tFg;giwfs; Nghd;w ghlrhiy cs;sPL fy;tpj; juj;ij
jPu;khdpf;fpd;w ,uz;lhtJ khwpahFk;. gy ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf cyfpd; njd;gFjpapy; fy;tp
tpupthf;fj;ij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> ts cs;sPlhdJ Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fspd;
mjpfupg;gpw;Nfw;g mjpfupg;gjpy;iy. fle;j ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; gy ehLfspy; khztu;-Mrpupau;
tpfpjk; mjpfupj;Js;sik ,jw;F rhl;rpahf mikfpd;wJ. NghJkhd fw;wy; cgfuzq;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida cs;sPLfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> fw;gtu;fs; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau;fSf;fpilapyhd cwT mjpf cw;gj;jpjpwd; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;>
Gj;jfq;fs;> Mrpupau; ifNaLfs;> kw;Wk; gzpj;jhs;fs; (worksheets) Nghd;wd
ghlrhiyfshy; toq;fg;glhkypUg;gpd; my;yJ mit Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;glhky; ,Ug;gpd;> cs;sPLfis vt;tsT mjpfupj;jhYk; juk; Nkk;gLj;jg;glhJ.
,J ghlrhiy epu;thfk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Rahl;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ>
Vnddpy; ghlrhiyfs; mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fy;tp rhu; cgfuzq;fs; vit vd;gij
ed;F mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ghybg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;l foptiwfs; kw;nwhU nghUj;jkhd
cs;sPlhFk;> ,J mZfNyhL njhlu;GgLtNjhL fzprkhdsT ghlrhiy Nru;f;if
tpfpjq;fisAk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ> vdpDk; ,J fw;wiy mjpfupf;Fkh vd;gJ re;NjfNk
(mJfpah 2017).

ghlrhiyj; juj;ij epu;tpfpf;Fk; %d;whtJ Kf;fpa mk;rkhf jpwikahd ghlrhiy

Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rakhf jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; jpwd; Nghd;wdfhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
ghlrhiyfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfis jpwikahf vjpu;nfhs;s cjTfpd;w d.
cjtf;$ba R+oiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w jiyikj;Jtk;> Mrpupau;fs; fy;tp kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy;> kw;Wk; ,ilA+Wfspy; ,Ue;J fw;gpj;jy; Neuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wd
cau;thd fy;tp tpisTfSf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gij 27 Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ (nuhgpd;rd; kw;Wk; gyu;
2008). fy;tp Rahl;rpahdJ> fy;tpr; Nrit toq;fiy Nkk;gLj;JtJld; tYthf
njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ> Mdhy; Kiwahf epakpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; gy mjpgu;fs; kw;Wk;
ghlrhiy nraw;FOf;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F jaq;Ffpd;wdu; (g;&d;];
kw;Wk; Y}f; 2015).

Mrpupau;fs;> cs;sPL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpa %d;W ju epu;zaq;fSk;

ehLfSf;fpilapy; rkkw;W gutpf; fhzg;gLtNjhL Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw-efu;g;Gw
NtWghlhdJ> ghlrhiyfshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tpapd; juj;ij ghjpg;gjhf
32
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> gy fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfs; jFjptha;e;j Mrpupau;fis <u;f;fTk;>
jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; rpukq;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd> ngUk;ghYk; ,g;gFjpfspy; ,isa
kw;Wk; mDgtk; Fiwe;j Mrpupau;fNs Ntiyf;fku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,J cau; tUkhdk;
ciog;gjw;F toptFj;jhYk; Mrpupau; kw;Wk; khztu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwit jLf;fpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwf; fhuzkhf> fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; cs;s Mrpupau;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
jkJ jFjpfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; gy ghlq;fis fw;gpf;f Ntz;bAs;sNjhL
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thf kw;Wk; tFg;giw cjtpiaNa ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. UNESCO
My; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPlhdJ> Mgpupf;f Jizr; rfhuh gFjpfspy;
cs;s fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfspy; fzprkhdsT Fiwe;j jFjpAila Mrpupau;fNs
fhzg;gLtNjhL> efug;Gw ghlrhiyfNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ Fiwe;jgl;r Njrpa
NjitfisNa epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdu; (UIS 2006). rpwg;G ghl Mrpupau;fis epakpf;f ,ayhj
fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfspy; efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfis Nghd;W mNjasthd fy;tpia toq;f
KbahJs;sJ. fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fis fw;gjw;F rpy tha;g;Gfisg;
ngw;Ws;sdu;> Fwpg;ghf rpNu~;l tpQ;Qhd ghlg;gpupTfs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;Fg;
gpd;duhd fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; NrUtjw;F mtrpakhfpd;wd. fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfspy; ,e;j
ghlg;gpupTfis toq;Ffpd;w NghJ> rpwg;G Nju;r;rpg;ngw;w Mrpupau;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
fhuzkhf> rpy Neuq;fspy; tpQ;Qhd ghlky;yhj Vida ghlq;fspy; rpwg;G Nju;r;rpaile;j
Mrpupau;fs; ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; tpisthf> ,uz;lhk; epiyf;Fg;
gpd;duhd fy;tpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfis njhlu;tjpy; fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fspd; jpwd;
Fiwtiltjhy;> xU fy;tp epiyapd; juk; kpfTk; FiwtiltNjhL ,J mLj;j fy;tp
epiyia mile;Jnfhs;tjpy; jilfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> efu;g;Gwg; gFjpfspy;
rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;w ghlrhiyfs; tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; mjpfsthd gq;fpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy;> nghJ nrytpdq;fspd; FiwghLfs; tYT+l;lg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;>
fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfs; efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfis tpl Fiwthd
trjpAilaitahf ,Ug;gNjhL (jsghlq;fs;> fy;tp rhu; cgfuzq;fs;> ICT) ghupasthd
tsg; gw;whf;Fiwia vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd (fw;wy; njhlu;ghd fNdbad; rig 2006).

2.6 KbTiu

gy ehLfs; fy;tp tha;g;Gfis mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> fy;tp juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,ilapy;

gw;whf;Fiw xd;wpid vjpu;nfhz;ld> Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,e;jf; fl;lk; fle;Jtpl;lJ. ,d;W
cynfq;fpYk; cs;s fy;tp KiwfshdJ> rpwpjhf;fg;gl;l Nru;f;if ,ilntspfs; %yk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> ,Ug;gpDk; juk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; tpuptilfpd;wd.
tWik> ghypdk; kw;Wk; ,Ug;gplk; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfSld; twpa kw;Wk;
xJf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fis ,e;j “fw;wy; neUf;fb” kpfTk; Nkhrkhf jhf;FtNjhL Fiwe;j
fy;tp tpisTfSf;F fhuzkhfpd;w fw;gtupd; jahu; epiy jhkjkiljy; kw;Wk; jukhd
ghlrhiyfis mZFtjpYs;s jil Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,J toptFf;fpd;wJ. Muk;g epiyg;
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;F Kd;dpUe;Nj fw;wy; ,ilntspfs; Vw;gl Muk;gpj;J tpl;ld>ve;jnthU
cWjpahd jiyaPLfSkpd;wp ghlrhiyf; fy;tp tUlq;fs; KOtJk;
mf;fw;wy; ,ilntspfs; tpuptilfpd;wd. NtWgl;l FLk;g gpd;dzpapypUe;J tUfpd;w
Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp epiyia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Mw;wiy fy;tp Kiwfs;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ,it> mtu;fSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpid
mjpfupf;fpd;wd.

nkJthd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> murpay; cWjpaw;wj; jd;dik> Fiwe;j Fbkf;fs;

gq;Nfw;G> kw;Wk; Fiwe;j nghJ Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w vjpu;kiwahd jdpegu; kw;Wk; r%f
tpisTfis kl;LNk fy;tpahdJ nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;>jdpegu;fspd; tho;f;if
njupTfs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wd Fiwe;j fy;tpj; juk; kw;Wk; fy;tp tpisTfspD}lhf
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J jtpu> jukhd fy;tpf;fhd rkkhd tha;g;G> ngUk;ghyhd
r%fq;fSf;F xU cs;shu;e;j kjpg;gPlhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

33
fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; gupkhzq;fs; Nghd;wd R+oy; rhu;e;jitahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd> cs;s+u; kl;lj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j fy;tpj; juk;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpid ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njitia
cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;> vd;d tifahd rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;sPLfs; vd;gtw;iw
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tp Kiw Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. xU jdpegupd; elj;ij kw;Wk;
mgpyhi~fshdJ ajhu;j;jk; %yk; kl;Lk; tbtikf;fg;gLtjpy;iy> ,jpy;
Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk; ntspg;gilahff; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;> mfepiy
eltbf;iffSk; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpa kPsha;tpy;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l fy;tpj; juj;jpw;fhd mZfiy epu;tfpf;Fk; Kf;fpa jdpg;gl;l
epu;zaq;fs; njhlu;ghftoq;fg;gl;l fl;likg;Gfs; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wd.
fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpapd; ikaf;fUj;ij fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
GupjiyAk; ,J gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahaq;fspy;> ,yq;ifr; R+oYf;F
Vw;g ,e;j fl;likg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

34
 mj;jpahak; 3: ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiw> tuyhW kw;wk;
jw;Nghija fl;likg;G
J~hdp fYfynfju

mj;jpahak; 2 ,y; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;ig gad;gLj;jp> ,yq;ifapy;

fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf Muha;tjw;fhf> ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp Jiwia
tbtikg;gjw;fhd xU tuyhw;W uPjpahd gpd;dzpiaAk;> jw;NghJs;s fy;tp Kiw
njhlu;ghd fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; ,e;j mj;jpahak; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ehl;bd; nghJf;fy;tp
Kiwapy;> fy;tp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jitahf fhzg;gLifapy; ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tp njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

3.1 ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpapd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ngsj;j kw;Wk; ,e;J Nfhtpy;fs;> gpupntdhf;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhkz

ghlrhiyfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpNa ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp KiwahdJ cUthdJ.
kjFUkhu;fs16;> jdpg;gl;l FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;> r%fk; my;yJ rhjpfspy; cau;e;jtu;fs;
MfpNahUf;F kl;LNk fy;tp tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ (Prasangani 2014). 1505 ,y;
Nghu;j;JNfau;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;J fiuNahu khfhzq;fis ifg;gw;wpdu;. mtu;fspd;
Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tpahdJ rkag;gzp mikg;Gfspd; (missionaries) fPo; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lNjhL>
mtu;fs; jkJ Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpid gug;Gtjw;fhfNt ghlrhiyfis epWtpdu;
(MOE 2013). ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; Nghu;j;JNfa nkhopapNyNa fw;gpf;fg;gl;lNjhL fj;Njhypf;f
kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fSf;F kl;LNk fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ (Baldsing
2013). mbg;gilf;fy;tp ghuprpy; ,Ue;j mtu;fsJ Foe;ijfSf;F kl;LNk toq;fg;gl;l
mNjNtis> Nghu;j;JNfa ,uhZtk;> rptpy; mjpfhhpfs; my;yJ cs;s+u; jiytu;fspd;
Foe;ijfSf;Nf ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghlrhiyfs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jd (MOE 2013). 17 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpag;gFjpapy;> xy;yhe;ju;fs; Nghu;j;JNfau;fis ntw;wpf;nfhz;ldu;. rptpy;
epu;thfj;ijAk;> tu;j;jfj;ijAk; Mjupf;Fk; tifapy;> xy;yhe;ju;fs; ehl;by; fy;tp Kiwia
tpupTg;gLj;jpdu;. fiuNahu khfhzq;fspy; ghlrhiy tiyaikg;G tpupthf;fg;gl;lNjhL>
gd;dpuz;L taJ tiuahd Mz; gps;isfSf;Fk;> 10 taJ tiuahd ngz;
gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ (mj;JUgNd 2009> g.2).

1815 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;wj;jpy;> Gjpa fhyzpj;Jt epu;thfj;jpd; NjitfisAk;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; G+u;j;jpnra;Ak; tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiw rupnra;ag;gl;lJ.
kf;fSf;F cs;s+u; nkhopfspy; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLk; Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tpAld; $ba ,ul;il Kiwf;fy;tp cUthf;fg;gl;L> efu;g;Gw FLk;gq;fs; Mq;fpy
fy;tpia fw;gjw;F fl;lzk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ (b rpy;th 2013). cs;s+u; nkhopfspy; fw;gpf;Fk;
ghlrhiyfs; r%fj;jpd; twpag; gpuptpdUf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lNjhL> mtu;fSf;fhd fy;tp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; FWfpajhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ> mj;NjhL Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfs;
rpwpastpdUf;fhf kl;LNk cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> mjpf tsq;fis nfhz;bUe;jNjhL>
,uz;lhk; epiy tiu cau; juKila fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

1931 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jkhdJ> cs;sf uPjpahd Rahl;rp

kw;Wk; midtUf;Fkhd thf;Fupik Kiwia ehl;bw;F toq;fpaJ. 1939 Mk; Mz;L
gpd;gw;wg;gl;l fy;tp fl;lis ,y. 17 ,d; gb> khepy rig kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpw;F

16
ngsj;j JwtpfSf;F fy;tp Gfl;Ltjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}upfNs ,e;j gpupntdhf;fshFk;.

35
mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lNjhL> fy;tp rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fk; toptFj;jJ> ,yq;ifapd;
KjyhtJ fy;tp mikr;ruhd fyhepjp lgps;A. lgps;A. fd;dq;fuh mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd;>
,r;rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;> fd;dq;fuh rPu;j;jq;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. 1937 Mk; Mz;L
fhzg;gl;l fy;tp Kiwf;Nfw;g> rdj;njhifapy; 39% Mdtu;fs; kl;LNk fy;tpawptpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNjhL> 8% Mdtu;fNs ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;
(Sedere 2005). vdNt> midtUf;Fkhd rkkhd fy;tp toq;fy; kpf Kf;fpakhf fhzg;gl;L>
ehl;bd; KjyhtJ gy;fiyfofj;ij jpwe;J itj;jik> kj;jpa ghlrhiyfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik> kw;Wk; NtWgl;l fy;tp kl;lq;fSf;fhd tha;g;ig tpupthf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; ,ytr fy;tp kNrhjhit epiwNtw;wpaik Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Vw;fdNt cUthf;fg;gl;l jha;nkhopapy; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; fl;lzk; ngWk;

Mq;fpy nkhop %y ghlrhiyfs; jtpu 1940 ,y;> kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; fy;tp Kiwapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Fiwe;jsthd ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fpuhkpa kf;fSf;F
jukhd fy;tpia toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,ytrf; fy;tpia Foe;ijfSf;F
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; Nghd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
mf;fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; kl;LNk elhj;jg;gl;l gy;fiyfoff; fy;tp tha;g;gpw;Fk;
,J toptFj;jJ. fyhepjp. fd;dq;fuh mtu;fs; 1944 ,y;> kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; Fwpj;J
khepy rigapy; milahsg;gLj;jpa NghJ> ‘Gdpj Njhk];> nt];yp> Mde;jh my;yJ Nuhay;
Nghd;w ghlrhiyfis mZfKbahj njhiyJ}uj;jpYs;s khztu;fspd; eyDf;fhf> ehk;
,e;j ghlrhiyfis epWTNthk;’ vdTk;. ngupa efuq;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs; kl;Lk;
cau;fy;tp %yk; ngwf;$ba ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;? (b rpy;th 2013>
g.150)vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. fhyzpj;Jt Kiwikapd; fPo; nghJr;Nritapy;
Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> epu;thf epakdq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Mq;fpy mwpT kpf Kf;fpakhf ,Ue;jJ (gpurq;fdp 2014). vdNt> Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd
,ytrf; fy;tpia mZFtJ vd;gJ> r%f mLf;FfSf;fpilapyhd r%f ,af;fj;ij
vspjhf;Fk; xU topahf fUjg;gl;lJ.

1945 ,y;> ,aw;wg;gl;l ,ytrf; fy;tp kNrhjhthdJ> fy;tpj;Jiw khw;wj;Jf;fhd gpujhd

Cf;fpahf ,Ue;jNjhL> r%f ePjp kw;Wk; r%f nray;jpwd; mbg;gilapy;> Foe;ijfs;
ghlrhiy Kjy; gy;fiyfofk; tiu ,ytr fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s toptFj;jJ
(Sessional Paper XXIV 1943: mj;jpahak; XI: 64 – 66). fy;tp Kiwapy; rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; ,d;ik>
Mq;fpy nkhop %y kw;Wk; jha; nkhop %y ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik
Nghd;wd> fy;tp njhlu;ghd rpwg;Gf; FO kNrhjhit cUthf;fpa NghJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld (Hansard 1944). ,jdhy;> fl;lzq;fs; uj;J nra;ag;gl;L> murpdhy; fy;tp
epWtdq;fSf;F khdpaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. fw;gpf;Fk; nkhop %yj;ij Njrpa nkhopfSf;F
(Muk;gj;jpy; Kjy; epiyg; ghlrhiyfspy; rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfNs fw;gpj;jYf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld)17 khw;Wjy;> ghlj;jpl;lq;fis khw;Wjy; kw;Wk; khztu; eyj;jpl;lq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa tifapy;> fyhepjp. fd;dq;fuh mtu;fspd; fy;tp
,yhf;fh mike;jpUe;jJ (c.j: gpd;jq;fpa FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fSf;fhd
cjtpj;njhiffs; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Foe;ijfSf;fhd ,ytr kjpa czT) (MOE 2013).

,ytr jq;Fkpl trjpfis toq;ff;$ba kj;jpa ghlrhiyfSf;F mUfpYs;s gFjpfspy;

,Uf;Fk; khztu;fs; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd tha;g;gpid toq;Ftjw;F
juk; 5 Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir 1948 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ (guPl;irfs; jpizf;fsk;

17Muk;gepiy ghlrhiyf;Fg; gpd;duhd fy;tpia Mq;fpy nkhopapy; njhlu KbAk; vd;wnthU tpUg;gj; njupTld;>
Muk;g epiy ghlrhiyfspy; rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfs; fw;gpf;Fk; Clfq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld (b rpy;th
2013).

36
(DOE) 2015; b rpy;th 2013). ,e;jg; Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir ,d;W tiu njhlu;fpd;wJ. ,e;j
guPl;irahdJ> guPl;irfs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; (DOE) epu;tfpf;fg;gLtNjhL> jw;NghJ
,g;guPl;ir %yk; Gyikg;guprpiy toq;Ftjw;fhf> cau;e;j milT kl;lj;ijf; nfhz;l
gpd; jq;fpa khztu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gNjhL> cau; jukpf;f ghlrhiyf;F rpwe;j khztu;fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

fy;tpapid Njrpastpy; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; mbg;gilapy; 1960 – 1961 ,y;> gpupTfshf;fg;gl;l

ghlrhiyfs;18; murhq;fj;jpdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld (MOE 2013). ,jd; tpisthf>
ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfs; murhq;f fl;Lghl;Lf;F fPo; te;jd. murhq;fkhdJ> gy r%f
eyj; jpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpajpd; %yk;> fy;tp trjpfis mjpfupg;gjw;F
Kaw;rpj;Js;sJ. kjpa czT kw;Wk; Gyikg;guprpy;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;
kw;Wk; rPUilfs; Nghd;wdTk; toq;fg;gl;ld19 kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpdhy;> ghlrhiy
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd khdpa cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;lNjhL> twpa Foe;ijfSf;fhd ,ytr gy;
guhkupg;G kw;Wk; fz;zhbfs; cs;slq;fpa ,ytr kUj;Jt trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
(mNjE}y;).

Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;> jw;NghJ ehl;bd; Kd;dzp murhq;f ghlrhiyahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd>

1980 fspy; ghlrhiyfspd; xU tifahf khwpaNjhL> 1985 ,y;> fy;tp mikr;R Njrpa
ghlrhiyfSf;fhd msTNfhiy mikj;jJ (b rpy;th 2009). Muk;gj;jpy; 18 ghlrhiyfs;
(Vida ghlrhiyfspd; kj;jpapy;) ,e;j msTNfhiy nfhz;bUg;gjhf milahsk;
fhzg;gl;bUe;jd. ,e;j ghlrhiyfs; tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; Nghd;w gpupTfspy;
NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd 2000 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khztu;fspd; Nru;f;ifia
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> ed;F epWtg;gl;l fy;Y}upg; gpupthf fhzg;gl;ld> ,g;ghlrhiyfspd;
cau;jug; (c/j) guPl;irapd; KbTfshdJ mg;ghlrhiyapd; Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tpj; juj;ij
ntspg;gLj;jpaNjhL> gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s rpwe;j ghlrhiyahf r%fj;jhy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld (mNjE}y;). 1990 ,y; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l ,e;j msTNfhyhdJ>
$l;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd trjp kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G tejpfspd; Njitfs;> cau;
juKila nray;jpwd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; fy;tpg; nghJ juhju cau; ju tFg;Gfspy;
tpQ;Qhdg; gpuptpy; 200 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khztu;fis nfhz;bUj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd (Mdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy). ,e;j msTNfhy;fSf;F ,zq;FtJ
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwtile;J tpl;lJ mj;NjhL Njrpa ghlrhiyfspd; epiyg;ghlhdJ>
mtw;Wf;fhd epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ murpay; jiyaPLfSf;F20
toptFj;Js;sJ (mNjE}y;). ,jdhy; 2017 ,y;> 1C (cau; juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd ghlg;gpupT
toq;fg;glhjit) tifiar; Nru;e;j 27 ghlrhiyfSk;> ,uz;lhk; tifiar; (fhjhuz juk;
tiuapyhd tFg;Gfs; kl;Lk;) Nru;e;j 3 ghlrhiyfSk; Njrpa ghlrhiyfshf milahsk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd (MOE 2018a).

gy jrhg;jq;fshf ehl;bd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F fy;tp KiwAk;

nghWg;Gilajhf mikfpd;wJ. 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; 33 Mk; ,yf;f cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t rl;lk;
kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopr; (rpwg;G Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk; (,yq;if xUq;fpize;j rl;lq;fs; 1958)
Nghd;wd khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ jha;nkhopapy; (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;) fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijf; fUJfpd;wd (khu;bd; 2013). mjidj; njhlu;e;J> 1978 Mk; Mz;bd; 13 MtJ
rPu;j;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; 1987 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; 18 MtJ gpupT Mfpatw;wpy;> rpq;fs
kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfs; Njrpa nkhopfshfTk;> Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahfTk;

18gpupTfshf;fg;gl;l ghlrhiyfshdJ> Fwpg;gpl;lnthU rkag;gpupTld; njhlu;Gila ghlrhiyfshFk;.

19,ytr ghlE}y;fSf;fhd tpepNahfk; 1983 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 1983 ,y; ,ytf rPUilfs;
toq;fg;gl;ld.
20Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlrhiyfis/mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Njrpa ghlrhiyfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ murpay; uPjpahd

iky;fy;ypid miltjw;fhd xU topahFk; (b rpy;th 2009).

37
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopapy; fw;gpf;Fk; Muk;g epiy kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jikAk; cs;s+u; nkhopfspy;
gy;fiyfof fw;iffis njhlq;fpaikAk; ,f;nfhs;iffspd; tpisTfshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2017 Mk; Mz;L> ehl;bYs;s midj;J mur ghlrhiyfspYk; rpq;fsk;
kw;Wk;/my;yJ jkpo; nkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mj;Jld; 10>194 mur
ghlrhiyfspy; 778 ghlrhiyfspYs;s Fiwe;jJ xU tFg;gpyhtJ %d;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l ghlq;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd (MOE 2018a)21.

ml;ltiz 3.1: fy;tpf; Fwpfhl;bfs; 1940 – 2003/4

Fwpfhl;b 1940 1960 1980 2003/4

vOj;jwpT 40% 72% 88% 93%
% ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 68 26 15 8
% ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp 11 27 42 62
%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2005 ,y;> nrluu; mtu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Ma;tpYs;s ml;ltiz 1 ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

Rje;jpuj;Jf;F gpd;du;> nghJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fy;tp tha;g;gpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; fy;tp

rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ (ml;ltiz 3.1 ,y; rpy r%fg;
nghUshjhu Fwpfhl;bfs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ). ,Ug;gpDk;> Kf;fpakhf 1990 fspd;
Muk;gj;jpy;> 1997 kw;Wk; 1999 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfis ,yf;fhff;nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fy;tp tha;g;Gfis rkkhf gfpu;e;jspg;gjw;F cjTk; Kaw;rpfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Njhy;tpaile;jd (ypl;y; 2011). epu;thf nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fspy;
Vw;glf;Fba FiwghLfspdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba Njhy;tpf;F ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdu; cjhuzkhf> Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiwfs;> ghlrhiy jpl;lq;fis
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; cs;s murpay; jiyaPLfs;> Nkhrkhd Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; fz; fhzpg;G
Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; (mNjNghy;). ghlj;jpl;l khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;giw trjpfis cs;slf;fpa ntw;wpfukhd Muk;g epiyf; fy;tp
Kiwik (ngUk;ghYk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ) Nghd;w rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fis
ntw;wpfukhf elj;Jtjw;F midj;J gq;Fjhuu; epiyfspYk; cs;s murpay; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpg;gNjhL> ,e;j ntw;wpf;F Muk;g nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPjhd [dhjpgjpapd; jdpg;gl;l <LghLk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;gij ypl;by;
vd;gtu; 2011 ,y; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

3.2 ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiw

cyfshtpa fy;tpf;F murhq;fj;jpd; ePz;l fhy flikg;ghl;il vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Nkw;gb

RUf;fkhd tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijaLj;J> jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiw Fwpj;J
Muhag;glTs;sJ. ,J fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd fz;lwpTfis
R+o;epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ,j;jifa rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis mjpfupf;fpd;w my;yJ Fiwf;fpd;w
fhuzpfis my;yJ ,lu;ghLfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.

21nkhopmurpay; kw;Wk; fy;tp murpay; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpatifapy; ,yq;ifapd; ,d Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghf

tuyhw;W uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ‘,yq;ifapy; ,d Kuz;ghL: tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%f murpay;
uPjpahd xU ghu;it’ vd;w ngNuuh mtu;fspd; (2001) Ma;tpidg; ghu;f;fTk;.

38
 tpsf;fg;glk; 3.1: ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp epiyfs;

Foe;ij tsu;g;gfk; (ECE)

Kd; gs;sp> ghyu;

ghlrhiy (ECE)

Kjy; epiyf; fy;tp

(juk; 1-5)

fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf;

fy;tp (juk; 6-9) njhopy; Kiw
fy;tp
rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf;
njhopy; Kiw
fy;tp fh.ngh.j. rhjhuz
gapw;rp
juk; (juk; 10-11)
njhopy;El;gf;
fy;tp
rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tp fh.ngh.j.
cau; juk; (juk; 12-13)
Nkk;gl;l
%d;whk; njhopy;El;gf;
epiyf; fy;tp fy;tp
njhopy;rhu; kw;Wk;
gy;fiyfof gy;fiyfofk; my;yhj
,sq;fiy khzt %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp
fy;tp

gl;lg;gbg;gpd;
gpd;duhd fy;tp

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): MOE 2013> 27

,yq;if 98 fy;tp tyaq;fis cs;slf;fpa 25 khtl;lq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Foe;ijg;

gUtf; fy;tp (ECE)> Muk;g epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp
Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk; jdpahu; kw;Wk; mur epWtdq;fs; ehl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Foe;ijg; gUtf; fy;tp vd;gJ fy;tp Kiwg; gw;wpa xU Foe;ijapd; Kjy; mwpKfkhf
,Ug;gNjhL> 1997 fy;tp rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspy; ,jDila Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,yq;if
mq;fPfupj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ECE epWtdq;fspy; Foe;ijfspy; Nru;f;if gpd;jq;fpa
epiyapYs;sJ. Foe;ijg; gUtf; fy;tp 3 Kjy; 4 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F Fwpg;ghf
jdpahu; epWtdq;fshf toq;fg;gLtNjhL> ,f;fy;tp kPjhd murhq;fj;jpd; KjyPL
gw;whf;Fiwahdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Dundar et al.2017). Foe;ijg; gUtf; fy;tp tha;g;G
kw;Wk; tUif Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; njhlu;ghf gpupT 4.1.1 ,y; Muha;fpd;wJ.

39
,q;ifapy; mur ghlrhiyfspd;> Muk;g fy;tpahdJ Kjy; 5 ghlrhiy tUlq;fis (juk;
1 Kjy; 5 tiu) cs;slf;fpAs;s mNjNtis ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpahdJ (juk; 6 –
13)> fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp vd;w ,U epiyfis
cs;slf;fpapUg;gij tpsf;fg;glk; 3.1 fhl;bepw;fpd;wJ (MOE 2013).2017 ,y;> 265 ru;tNjr
ghlrhiyfs;> 80 jdpahu; ghlrhiyfs; (36 ghlrhiyfs; fl;lzk; mwtpLfpd;wd> 44
ghlrhiyfs; fl;lzk; mwtpLtjpy;iy)> 26 rpwg;G ghlrhiyfs;> 753 gpupntdhf;fs;> kw;Wk;
10>194 murhq;f ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa gytpjkhd ghlrhiyfs; ,Ue;jhYk;>
,yq;ifapy; Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fspy; Rkhu; 94%
Mdtu;fis murhq;f ghlrhiyfNs cs;slf;fpapUf;fpd;wd (MOE 2018a).

mur ghlrhiyfs;> Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiyfs; vDk; ,U gpupTfshf

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; ehl;by; rpwe;j Muk;g epiy/,uz;lhk; epiyf;
fy;tpia toq;Fk; ghlrhiyfshf mq;ff P huk; ngw;Ws;sNjhL> ml;ltiz 3.2 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> Kf;fpakhf> 1AB kw;Wk; 1C tifahd ghlrhiyfisNa
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. 2017 ,y;> 91% Md 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gl;ld (MOE
2018a). ,e;j ghlrhiyfspd; nry;thf;F> rpwe;j trjpfs; kw;Wk; cau; juq;fSf;fhd
mjpkhd ghl tha;g;Gfis toq;Ftjw;fhd jpwd;> Muk;g epiyf; fy;tpapy; ,Ue;J
njhlu;r;rpahd fy;tpia toq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;why; ,e;j ghlrhiyf;F nry;tjw;F
fLikahd Nghl;b Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; 3.5 rjtPjkhditfs; kl;LNk Njrpa
ghlrhiyfshf fhzg;gLtNjhL 19.5 rjtPjkhd khztu;fNs ,j;jifa ghlrhiyfspy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nkhj;j nghJf; fy;tp nrytpy; Rkhu; 35% gpujhdkhf
Njrpa ghlrhiyfSf;Nf xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd (Dundar et al.2017)22.

ml;ltiz 3.2: 2017 Mk; Mz;L> ,yq;ifapYs;s ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk;

khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

ghlrhiy toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tp nkhj;j nghJg; khztu;

tif ghlrhiyfspd; rjtPjk; njhifapd;
(Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz rjtPjk;
mbg;gilapy;)
1AB juk; 1–13 my;yJ 6–13> fh.ngh.j. 10% 40%
cau; juf; fy;tp gpuptpw;;fhd Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; 323.
midj;J %d;W ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; khfhz ghlrhiyfs; 706.
toq;Fjy; (fiy> tu;j;jfk;> kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdk;)
1C juk; 1–13 my;yJ 6–13> cau;juk; 18% 25%
tiuahd tFg;Gfs;> fiy Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; 27
kw;Wk;/my;yJ tu;j;jfg; gpupTfs; khfhz ghlrhiyfs; 1>791
fhzg;gLfpd;wd Mdhy; tpQ;Qhd
gpupT ,y;iy
2 juk; 11 tiuahd tFg;Gfs; 32% 19%
(fh.ngh.j. fhjhuz juk;) Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; 3
khfhz ghlrhiyfs; 3>285
3 ghlrhiyfs; 1-5 my;yJ 1-8 40% 16%
tiuahd tFg;GfisNa Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; 0
nfhz;Ls;sd khfhz ghlrhiyfs; 4>059
%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):MOE 2013, MOE 2018a

22khfhzghlrhiyfs; khfhz rigfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L> epjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis Njrpa

ghlrhiyfs; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L epjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;wd (Dundar et al.2017).

40
ml;ltiz 3.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> mur ghlrhiyfSk; ehd;F tifahf
gpupf;fg;gLtNjhL> mit fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; juq;fis jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdNt>
1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> mjpf
vz;zpf;ifahd khztu;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rpy ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gf; fy;tpapypUe;J
cau;juk; tiu njhlu;r;rpahd fy;tpia toq;FtJld;> cau;juf; fy;tpapy; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;
njupitAk; toq;Ffpd;wd> ,it 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfspd; Nfs;tpf;F fhuzkhfpd;wd.
2 Mk; kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tifiar; Nru;e;j ghlrhiyfs; ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfspy; %d;wpy;
,uz;L gq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lhYk;> mit cau;juf; fy;tpia toq;Ftjpy;iy
kw;Wk; 1AB tif ghlrhiyfis tpl Fiwe;jsthd khztu;fisNa cs;slf;fpAs;sd.
,t;NtWgl;l tifahd ghlrhiyfspd; Gtpapay; uPjpahd guk;gypd; jhf;fq;fSk;> khztu;-
Mrpupau; tpfpjq;fs; kPjhd jhf;fq;fSk; mj;jpahak; 4 ,y; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

murhq;f ghlrhiyapy; juk; 1 ,w;fhd EiothdJ> tpz;zg;gjhupfs; ghlrhiyf;F mUfpy;

cs;s gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; (Gs;spapy; 50%)> khztdpd; ngw;Nwhu;fs;
mg;ghlrhiyapd; gioa khztuhf ,Uj;jy; (25%) kw;Wk; mtu;fSila rNfhjuu;fs;
Fwpj;j ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUjy; (15%) Nghd;w Kf;fpa epge;jidfSldhd Gs;sp
mbg;gilapyhd EioT Kiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ (MOE 2018b). ghlrhiy
mZfy; njhlu;ghd ,e;j epge;jidfspd; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghf Fiwthd Ma;TfNs
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. vjpu;fhy Ma;tpw;fhd xU rhj;jpakhd gFjpahf ,e;epge;jidfs;
Fwpg;ghf>trpg;gplk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jupikf;fhd Mjhuk; Nghd;wit ,Uf;f KbAk; mj;NjhL>
Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; jq;fs; fy;tp tyaq;fspy;
cs;s Kd;dzp ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tij jLf;fpd;wd.

Fwpg;gpl;l ghlk; njhlu;ghf gapw;rp ngw;w Mrpupau;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sdu;. Kd;

Nritg; gapw;rpfs; (Mrpupauhf Ml;Nru;f;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;duhd gapw;rp) kw;Wk; Nritapd;
Nghjhd gapw;rpfs; (Mrpupauhf gzpahw;Wk; Nghjhd gapw;rp) vd;w mbg;gilapy;
Mrpupau;fSf;F gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. gl;lg;gbg;G gapw;rpf;fhd tha;g;G
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> Fwpg;ghf ehl;by; ,uz;L gy;fiyfofq;fspy;
kl;LNk fy;tpf;fhd gpupT fhzg;gLtNjhL> %d;W gy;fiyfofq;f spy; kl;LNk fy;tpj;
jpizf;fsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gy;fiyfof Mrpupau; fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs;> cz;ikahd
tFg;giw mDgtj;ij toq;Ftjpy;iy> NkYk; fiyg;guptpy; toq;fg;glhj tpQ;Qhdk;> ICT
kw;Wk; Vida ghlq;fspy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jpwikAld; gl;ljhupfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;
(NrJq;f kw;Wk; gyu; 2016).18 Njrpa fy;Y}upfs; Nritf;F Kd;duhd gapw;rpia (Ntiy
gapw;rp/,d;ld;~pg; xd;wpidAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ) toq;Ffpd;wd kw;Wk; Muk;g epiy
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpia fw;gpf;Fk; jFjpiaAila bg;Nshkh fw;ifia epiwT
nra;jtu;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j fy;Y}upfspy; NghJkhd tsq;fs;
,y;iy> ,f;fy;Y}upfspy; khztu;fs; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd gzpfs; gytPdkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; ,f;fy;Y}upfs; Vida fy;tp epWtdq;fSld; xUq;fpizg;gpid
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy (mNjE}y;). Nritapd; Nghjhd gapw;rpahdJ gy;fiyfofq;fs;> Njrpa
fy;tp epWtdk;> Mrpupa gapw;rp fy;Y}upfs; kw;Wk; Mrpupa ikaq;fs; Nghd;w gy
epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehl;by;> Nritf;F Kd;duhd kw;Wk; Nritapd; Nghjhd
Mrpupag; gapw;rp jpl;lq;fs; ghlrhiyfspd; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F NghJkhdjhf
,y;iy> ,jd; tpisthf jFjptha;e;j kw;Wk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau;fs; NghJkhd
vz;zpf;ifapy; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

fy;tp Kiwapy; Nghl;b epyTfpd;wikahy;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfSf;F rpwe;j

fy;tpia toq;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;> Muk;gf; fy;tp Muk;gpj;jTlNd jkJ
Foe;ijfis jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;F mDg;Gtjdhy;> epoy; fy;tp tFg;Gfs; ,yq;ifapy;
mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> juk; 5 Gyikguprpy; guPl;irfs;> f.ngh.j. rhjhuz juk;
kw;Wk; cau;juk; Nghd;w Njrpa guPl;irfspy; jFjpailtjw;F jkJ Foq;ijfis
41
jahu;g;gLj;Jtjw;F> ghlrhiy Kbtile;jd; gpd; my;yJ thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; jkJ
Foe;ijfs; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nrd;W fw;gjw;F ngw;Nwhu;fs; fl;lzk; nrYj;j jahuhf
cs;sdu;. ,yq;ifapYs;s jdpahu; tFg;G Kiwfs; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;glhjitahf
,Ug;gNjhL> jdpegUf;fhd tFg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J FO/kz;lgq;fspy; elhj;jg;gLk; tFg;Gfs;
(gy;Nynfju 2011) tiu fy;tp tFg;Gfs; NtWgLtjhy;> ,J ghlrhiyf; fy;tp Kiwapd;
rkj;Jtj;ij mr;RWj;Jtjhf mikfpd;wJ> ,jd; mk;rq;fs; gpupT 4.3 ,y; ngl;b 1 ,y;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gy;fiyfof fy;tp vd;gJ> ,sk; taJilatu;fs; fy;tp KiwapypUe;J ntspNaWfpd;w

jskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> ,Ug;gpDk; ,yq;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; mtu;fsJ
cau;juf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;j gpd;du; gy;fiyfoq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy. ,yq;if 20
gy;fiyfofq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld;> mtw;Ws; 15 gy;fiyfof khdpaq;fs;
Mizf;FOtpd; fPo; tUfpd;wd. Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapd; tpupthf;fk;
gy;fiyfof fy;tpf;fhd Nfs;tpia mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL ,f;Nfs;tpf;F mur gy;fiyfofj;
Jiwahy; <LnfhLf;f Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 2017 ,y;> 160>517 khztu;fspy; 19.7%
khztu;fNs gy;fiyfofj;jpw;Fs; Eioa mDkjpg; ngw;wdu; (kj;jpa tq;fp 2018)> kPjKs;s
ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; jk;khy; fy;tpf;fhd nryit <Lnra;a KbAkhapd; ntspehl;Lg;
gy;fiyfofq;fSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu;> jdpahu; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu; my;yJ
Copag;gilAld; ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;wdu; (tpN[= 2017).

Foe;ijfs; juk; 9 ,w;fhd fy;tpia epiwT nra;jTld; gy;fiyfofq;fSf;Fr; nry;yhky;>

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTfpd;w kw;Wk; gy;fiyfofk;
my;yhj my;yJ njhopy;rhu; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpf;Fs; Eiotjw;fhd tha;g;ig
toq;Ffpd;w njhopw;Jiw fy;tpapy; <LgLfpd;w du;. njhopy;El;g njhopw;Jiw fy;tpahdJ
Njrpa rhd;wpjo;fs;> bg;Nshkhf;fs; kw;Wk; ,skhdpg; gl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpid toq;Ffpd;wJ 23.
2015 ,y;> 417 gapw;rp toq;Fdu;fs; %d;whk; epiy fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiwf; fy;tp
Mizf;FOtpd; (TVEC) fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lNjhL> 44>148 Njrpa njhopy; jFjp24
rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld (TVEC 2017). khztu;fs; jkJ cau;juf; fy;tpia epiwT
nra;jjd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; njhopy;El;g fy;tp epiyaj;jpd; fPo; njhopy;El;g ghlnewpfis
gpd;gw;w KbAk; (SLIATE) [MOE 2013]. ngUk;ghYk;> ntspehl;Lg; gy;fiyfofq;fSld;
,izf;fg;gl;l ,y;yJ njhopy;rhu; ghlnewpfis toq;Ffpd;w cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fSk;
,Uf;fpd;wd (CIMA Nghd;wit).

3.3 KbTiu

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp

KiwahdJ> twpa kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; fw;wy;
tpisTfspd; rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhy
nfhs;iffs; gy ,d;Wk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;whYk;> ,d;W fy;tp Kiwapy;
Vw;gl;l gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf cjhuzkhf ts xJf;fPL kw;Wk; murpay;kakhf;fy;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mtw;wpd;
tpisthdJ nrayw;Wg;NghdJ. fy;tp mikg;gpy; jw;NghJs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiyfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL> cau;thd

23tptrhak;>
fl;Lkhdk;> fy;tp> kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp (mdhy; ,f;fw;if newpfs; kl;Lky;y) Nghd;w fw;if newpfis
,j;Jiwfs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd (TVEC 2017).

24Njrpa njhopy; jFjp vd;gJ> %d;whk; epiy kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; (TVEC) mq;fPfhuk;
ngw;w gapw;rp tFg;Gfshy; kl;Lk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w ju cj;juthjk; mspf;ff;$ba xU jFjp KiwahFk; (TVEC
2017).

42
Nghl;b kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fy;tp tha;g;G Nghd;wd ‘ey;y ghlrhiyfspd;’ rkj;Jtj;ij
re;Njfj;Jf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahaj;jpy;
NkYk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

43
 mj;jpahak; 4: ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik - xU Njrpa uPjpahd
fz;Nzhl;lk;

J~hdp fYfy;nfju kw;Wk; ntq;fNl~;tud; ru;kh

midtUf;Fk; cyfshtpa kw;Wk; rkkhd fy;tpia toq;Fk; tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

,yq;ifapd; ,ytrf; fy;tp kNrhjh kw;Wk; Njrpa nfhs;iffs; %ykhf ehl;by; Vw;gl;l
tpaj;jF fy;tp milTfspd; Gs;sptpguq;fs; njhlu;ghf ml;ltiz 3.1 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>mj;jpahak; 2 ,y;> mZfy;/fy;tp tha;g;G (fw;gtu; jahu;epiy
kw;Wk; ngsjpf mZfy;)> juk; (fw;wy; nray;Kiw) kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfs; (fy;tp
nray;jpwd;) Nghd;w %d;W Kf;fpa gFjpfs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fy;tp
toq;fypy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpj;J ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. ghypdk;>
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; ,lk;rhu; gupkhzq;fs; mbg;gilapyhd Foe;ijapd; jdpg;gl;l
R+o;epiyfNshL njhlu;GgLj;jp ,g;gFjpfs; njhlu;ghf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

4.1 rkkhd fy;tp tha;g;G

,yq;ifapy;> Muk;g epiy kw;wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if gy
jrhg;jq;fshf mjpfupj;j NghjpYk;> fy;tp fw;fpd;w Mz;L KOtJk; jukhd fy;tpia
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l r%fq;fspy; cs;s Foe;ijfs; rthiy vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
ngsjpf uPjpahd fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; fw;gtupd; jahu;epiy Ngd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;>
xU Foe;ijapd; fy;tp tha;g;gpid ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghf ,g;gpupT ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. khztu;fspd; Rfhjhuk;> ghlrhiyf;F nry;tjw;fhd mtu;fspd; jpwd;
kw;Wk; tpUg;gk; Nghd;wd fw;gtupd; jahu;epiyia ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfspy;
cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4.1.1 fw;gtupd; jahu;epiy kw;Wk; Foe;ijg; gUt tsu;r;rp

xU Foe;ijapd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; tpUj;jpapd; Muk;gfhy tUlq;fshdJ> mtu;fsJ

tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Kiw %ykhd mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd Kf;fpa njhlf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mj;jpahak; 2 ,y;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb>Muk;gfhy Foe;ij Rfhjhuj;jpy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;TfshdJ> ghlrhiy
mZfypYk;> nraw;jpwdpYk; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikfSf;F toptFf;Fk; kw;Wk; mj;jifa
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia tYg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ij Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;
Nghrhf;F Nghd;wtw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtJ> mtu;fsJ GyDzu;T jpwd;fs;> kw;Wk; rpwe;j
Muk;gfhy Foe;ijg; gUt Nghrhf;F epiyNghd;wtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jp guPl;ir ngWNgWfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjfkhd jhf;fk; Vw;gl toptFf;fpd;wJ (Wisniewski 2009). mNjNghy> xU
Foe;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w Muk;gfhy Foe;ij gUt tpUj;jpahdJ (ECD), tPl;Lf;F
ntspapYs;s R+oypy; mf;Foe;ijapd; r%f czu;r;rp jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> Kjyhk;
juj;jpypUe;J Kiwahd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> fy;tpawpT kw;Wk;
fzpj uPjpahd jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l Foe;ijia jahu;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ (DCS&
MHNIM 2017).

44
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Muk;g Foe;ijg; gUt tpUj;jp
,yq;ifapy;> ngw;Nwhupd; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; fy;tp epiyfs; Nghd;wd Foe;ijfspd;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. 2016 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Fbj;njhif
kw;Wk; Rfhjhu fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb (mNjE}y;)> ,yq;ifapd; 5 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfspy;
17% Mdtu;fs; tsu;r;rp Fd;wpatu;fshfTk; (mtu;fsJ tajpw;F cauk; Fiwe;jtu;fshf)>
15% Mdtu;fs; nkypTw;wtu;fshfTk; (mtu;fsJ taJf;F nkypthdtu;fshf)> 21%
Mdtu;fs; Fiwe;j vilAilatu;fshfTk; (mtu;fsJ taJf;F vil Fiwe;jtu;fshf)
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu25;. tsu;r;rp Fd;wpatuhf kw;Wk; nkypTw;wtuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> jhapd; fy;tp
epiy kw;Wk; FLk;g nrhj;J Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fkpilapy; xU vjpu;kiwahd njhlu;G
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> efu kw;Wk; fpuhk gFjpfis tpl ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy;> tsu;r;rp
Fiwe;j my;yJ vil Fiwe;j Foe;ijfspd; rjtPjk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gNjhL> Etnuypah
khtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ,e;j rjtPjk; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gadw;wtu;f shf
,Uf;fpd;w 5 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; nkhduhfiy (25%)> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk;
mk;ghe;Njhl;il (22%) khtl;lq;fspy; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mwpthw;wy;
tsu;r;rpf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd ,Uk;Gr;rj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w msT efu;g;Gwq;fspy;
cs;s Foe;ijfs; kj;jpapYk; tajhd jha;khu;fs;> trjpahd FLk;gj;jpdu;fs; kw;Wk; cau;
kl;l fy;tpawpitf; nfhz;l jha;khu;fs; kj;jpapYk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;>
fy;tpawptw;w jha;khu;fisf; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fspy; xU Foe;ij fLikahd Rthr Neha;>
fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F Nghd;w Neha;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ 26(DCS &
MHNIM 2017). xU Foe;ijapd; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; FLk;g nrhj;Jf;fs;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; ,J njhlu;GgLtNjhL> MNuhf;fpakpd;ik fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba
Neha;> tFg;giwapy; ghlq;fs; kPJ Nkhrkhf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd
nray;jpwd; Nghd;wtw;Wld; xU Foe;ijapd; fw;wy; jahu;epiyapy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
Vw;gLtjw;F ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp epiy fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

cly; MNuhf;fpak; jtpu> kdey uPjpahd gpur;rpidfSk; Foe;ijfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j eyd;

kw;Wk; fy;tp nray;jpwid jLf;fpd;wd. gy jrhg;jq;fshf ,lk;ngw;w cs;ehl;L fytuq;fs;
kw;Wk; 2004 Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fshy; ,yq;if kf;fs;
kd mOj;jpid mDgtpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;w khfhzq;fspy; cs;s
Foe;ijfs; Fwpg;ghf ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> Catani kw;wk;
gyuhy; (2008) tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; cs;s 296 jopo; ghlrhiy khztu;fSld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy;> Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l Foe;ijfspy; 82.4% Mdtu;fs; Fiwe;jJ
Aj;jj;NjhL njhlu;Gila xU epfo;tpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf fhzg;gLtNjhL> 96.5%
Mdtu;fs; FLk;g td;Kiwf; fhuzkhf Fiwe;jJ xU ghjfkhd tpisitahtJ
mDgtpj;jpUg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. 30.4 rjtPjkhd khztu;fs; mjpu;r;rpapd; gpd;duhd
kd mOj;jj;jpw;F MshfpAs;sdu; mj;NjhL Neu;fhzy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l khztu;fspy;
19.6% Mdtu;fs; ngUk; kdr;Nrhu;tpid re;jpj;Js;sNjhL> 22.6% Mdtu;fs; fle;j
fhyq;fspy; jw;nfhiyf;F Kaw;rpj;jpUf;fpd;wdu; (mNjE}y;). NkYk;> 5 Mk; ju Gyikguprpy;
Nghl;bg;guPl;irahdJ> khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; mOj;jj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;NjhL>
ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp epiy kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;fpd; mbg;gilapy;> kd mOj;jj;jpd; kw;Wk;
vjpu;kiwahd kdey ghjpg;Gfspd; msT khWgLfpd;wJ (gPup];> 2015 nla;yp kpuu;

25kWGwj;jpy;> cly; gUkd; kw;Wk; ePupopT ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. bNuf; kw;Wk; gyuhy; (2014)
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy;> ,yq;if kpif kw;Wk; gw;whf;Fiwfs; cr;rkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w xU ‘Nghrhf;F
khw;wj;jpw;fhd’ nrayhf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

26rhjfkhd gpizg;gpd; ghuk;gupa mikg;Gf;F vjpuhf> jhapd; cau;e;j fy;tp kl;lj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJ 5
taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijf;F jLg;G+rp toq;ff;$ba epiyiaf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

45
gj;jpupifapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ). kdey ghjpg;Gfs;> fy;tpNahL njhlu;Gila kd
mOj;jq;fs;> xJf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs; kPjhd ghjpg;G fs; njhlu;ghd
Ma;Tfs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf> mjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba kw;Wk; twpa

Foe;ijfSf;fhd> ‘fy;tp epiyia rkd; nra;fpd;w’ jpwikahd xU topKiwahf
ghlrhiy Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Nghrhf;F epfo;r;rp jpl;lq;fs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL>
,e;epfo;r;rp jpl;lq;fs; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;w d ([{f;];kw;wk; gyu; 2008).
1918 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,yq;if khztu; Rfhjhu jpl;lnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;jJld; (SHN)>
jw;Nghija jpl;lq;fshd fy;tp Nritfs;> gy; rpfpr;ir> ghlrhiy kUj;Jt gupNrhjidfs;
kw;Wk; czT toq;Fk; jpl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpa Rfhjhu Nritfs; Nghd;wd fy;tp
mikr;rpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd (l;Nuf; kw;wk; gyu; 2014). ghlrhiy Rfhjhu Nkk;ghl;L
epfo;r;rpjpl;lkhdJ (SHPP) cstpay;-r%f jiyaPLfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ> ,J tlf;F
kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fis ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> Rfhjhuf; fy;tp kw;Wk;
tho;f;if jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> ePu;> tbfhy; trjpfs; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu eilKiwfis
Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Kaw;rpfisAk; Kd;ndLf;fpd;wJ (mNje}y;).

Muk;g Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp

,yq;ifapy; cs;s Foe;ijfs;; Muk;gfhy Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tpapy; njhlq;fp

rpWtajpypUe;Nj Vw;wj;jho;Tfis mDgtpj;J tUfpwhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapy;> 60% Foe;ijfs;
kl;LNk Kd;gs;spfs; kw;Wk; Muk;g Foe;ijg; gUt tpUj;jp epiyaq;fSf;F nry;yf;$ba
tha;g;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sdu; (DCS & MHNIM 2017). mbg;gilapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,f;fy;tpr;
NritahdJ jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; my;yJ muR rhuh epWtdq;fshNyNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ>
,it Fiwe;j my;yJ xOq;FKiw mw;witahfTk;> fw;wy; tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;JgitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kd; gs;sp kw;Wk; Muk;g Foe;ijg;gUt tpUj;jp
epiyaq;fspy; Foe;ijfspd; tUif kpfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd mj;NjhL> efu;g;Gw
Foe;ijfis tpl fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; Njhl;lg;Gw Foe;ijfspd; kj;jpapy; tUifahdJ
fzprkhdsT FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.1 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;).
fpuhkg;gw/Njhl;lg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; Muk;g Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
kw;Wk; Muk;g Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs; kPjhd ngw;Nwhu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gw;whf;Fiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wik fhuzkhf tUifapy; Vw;wj;jho;T Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
murpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Muk;gfhy Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ>
,jdhy; twpa FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ xJf;fg;gl;l r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j Foe;;ijfSld;
xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ trjpahd FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs; mjpfkhdsT Muk;g Foe;ij
gUtf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.2 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). jw;NghJ
,yq;ifapy; Muk;g Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp juk; Fwpj;J fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;s juTfs;
gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ug;gNjhL> Muk;g Foe;ij gUtf; fy;tp mZfypy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
vjpu;fhy fw;wy; tpisTfis vt;thW ghjpf;fyhk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j juTfSk;
gw;whf;FiwahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

46
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.1: 2016> Jiw mbg;gilapy; ECD

tUif

80
70
60
50
rjtPjk;

40
30
20
10
0
efu;g;Gwk; fpuhkg;Gwk; Njhl;lg;Gwk;

Jiw
Kd;gs;sp my;yJ Muk;g Foe;ij gUt tpUj;jp
epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;

%yk;:DCS & MHNIM 2017

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.2: 2016> nry;te;j epiy mbg;gilapy; ECD

tUif
80
70
60
50
rjtPjk;

40
30
20
10
0
Fiwe;j ,uz;lhk; eLj;ju ehd;fhk; cau;e;j
epiy epiy epiy epiy epiy
FLk;gr; nrhj;jpd; gbepiy
Kd;gs;sp my;yJ Muk;g Foe;ij gUt tpUj;jp
epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;
%yk;: DCS & MHNIM 2017

4.1.2 NtWgl;l tifahd ghlrhiyfis mZFjy;

mj;jpahak; 3 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW> ,yq;ifapy; murhq;f ghlrhiyfs; ,uz;L

gpujhd tiffshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit> Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiyfshfTk;> 1
Mk; (1AB kw;Wk; 1C)> 2 Mk;> kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tif ghlriyfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;NtWgl;l tifapyhd ghlrhiyfspd; guk;gy; Fwpj;J ,e;j gpuptpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ

47
kw;Wk; ,t;NtWgl;l tifahd ghlrhiyfis vt;thW mZFtJ vd;gijAk; ,g;gpupT
fhl;b epw;gNjhL> fy;tp mDgtk; xU Foe;ij trpf;Fk; ,lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

Njrpastpy; murhq;f ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s khztu;fspd; guk;gYld; xg;gpl;L Njrpa

ghlrhiyfspd; guk;gy; njhlu;ghd xU Muk;g fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid tpsf;fg;glk; 4.3
toq;FtJld;> fk;g`h kw;Wk; mEuhjGuk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l fz;Nzhl;lk;
njhlu;ghf gw;whf;Fiw epyTtij fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy;
khztu;fspd; NkNyhl;lkhd rk guk;gyhdJ (vz;zpf;ifapy;) ghlrhiyfspd; rkkhd
mZfiy cWjpgLj;Jtjw;F NghJkhdjy;y vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;. Gtpapay; uPjpahd guk;gy;> fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs;> ghlrhiy jpwd; kw;Wk;
khtl;lj;jpy; fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fspd; tpfpjk; Nghd;wd mZfypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tplk; rhu; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fspd;
NtWghLfSf;F toptFf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> tpsf;fg;glk; 4.4 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;;Ls;sgb> 25
khtl;lq;fspy; 16 khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fspd;
Nru;f;ifahdJ 20 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; FiwthdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhOk;G> fhyp> kw;Wk;
khj;jiw Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fspd; Nru;f;if 30
rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis Etnuypah> fpspnehr;rp Nghd;w
khtl;lq;fspy; Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fshdJ KiwNa 5% kw;Wk; 7% Mf Fiwtile;Js;sJ
(MOE 2018a). tpsf;fg;glk; 4.3 ,d; gb> fpspnehr;rp khtl;lk; khztu;fSf;fhd Njrpa
ghlrhiyfspd; tpfpjhrhu vz;zpf;ifia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ> ,Ug;gpDk; gue;j Gtpapay;
guk;gy; kw;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; fpuhkg;Gwj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Nghd;wd
khtl;lj;jpYs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; Fiwe;jsthd khztu; Nru;f;if tpfpjj;ij
nfhz;bUg;gjw;F fhuzkhfpd;wd.

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.3: 2017 ,y;> Njrpa ghlrhiy guk;gYld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ mur
ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s nkhj;j khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if*

12
10
ehl;bYs;s
8 Njrpa
rjtPjk;

ghlrhiyfspd;
6 rjtPjk;
4
2
0 mur
kl;lf;fsg;G
nfhOk;G

fz;b

nghyd;dWit
fSj;Jiw

Etnuypah

mk;ghiw
jpUNfhzkiy

gJis
fk;g`h

fhyp

FUehfy;
aho;g;ghzk;

Gj;jsk;
tTdpah

,uj;jpdGup
Ky;iyj;jPT

Nffhiy
khj;jis

khj;jiw
mk;ghe;Njhl;il

mEuhjGuk;

nkhduhfiy
fpspnehr;rp
kd;dhu;

ghlrhiyfspy;
khztu;fspd;
Nru;f;if tPjk;

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): MOE 2018* ghlrhiyapd; (fspd;) msT ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy

48
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.4: 2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz
ghlrhiy Nru;f;ifapd; tpfpjk;

100%
khztu;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk;

80%
khfhz ghlrhiy
khztu;fspd;
60% rjtPjk;
40%
20%
Njrpa ghlrhiy
0% khztu;fspd;
rjtPjk;

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2017 ,d; MOE fzf;nfLg;gpid (MOE) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;kh mtu;fspd; Ma;tpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;lJ

khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; Njrpa ghlrhiyfspd; rkkw;w guk;gy; fhzg;gLtNjhL

kl;Lky;yhJ> ghlrhiy tiffspd; guk;gypYk; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.5
,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW). ,yq;ifapy;> 19/25 khtl;lq;fspy; 30% ,w;Fk; FiwthfNt 1AB
kw;Wk; 1C tifahd ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd mjhtJ> gy khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
%d;wpy; 2 gq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhd ghlrhiyfspy; cau;ju tFg;Gfs; ,y;iy (ru;kh 2018).
Gtpapay; guk;gy; fhuzkhf ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfSf;fhd J}uk; mjpfupg;gjhy;>
nkhduhfiy> mEuhjGuk;> Gj;jsk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfisr;
Nru;e;j khztu;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;ytjw;F rpukj;ij vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;
(mNjE}y;). ,e;j gFjpfspy;> ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;y ek;gfkhd nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpid
ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. NkYk;> tlf;F khfhzj;jpYs;s 50 rjtPjkhd ghlrhiyfspy;
8 Mk; juj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l tFg;Gfs; ,y;iy (mNjE}y;). ,jdhy; mjpf njhiytpy; cs;s
Foe;ijfs; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfis mZFtjw;F rpukq;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

49
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.5: 2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapyhd ghlrhiyapd;; tiffs;

100%
ghlrhiyfspd; tpfpjhrhuk;

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
nfhOk;G

fhyp

aho;g;ghzk;

Gj;jsk;

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fk;g`h

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kd;dhu;

mk;ghiw

FUehfy;

nkhduhfiy
tTdpah

nghyd;dWit
fSj;Jiw

mEuhjGuk;
khj;jis

khj;jiw

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Ky;iyj;jPT

jpUNfhzkiy
fz;b

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Etnuypah

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1AB 1C 2 Mk; tif 3 Mk; tif

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2017 MOE ghlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L> 2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;kh mtu;fspd; Ma;T

4.1.3 Nru;f;if kw;Wk; tUif

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.6: 2016 ,y;> fy;tp epiy mbg;gilapyhd Nru;f;if tpfpjk;

rjtPjk;

Muk;gf; fdp~;l rpNu~;l cau;

fy;tp ,uz;lhk; epiyf; ,uz;lhk; fy;tp
Nj.t.tP fy;tp Nj.t.tP epiyf; nkh.t.tP
fy;tp Nj.t.tP

nkhj;jk; Mz; ngz;

50
 %yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2017 ,y;> fy;tp rhu; Gs;sptpguj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L>
Dundar kw;Wk; gyuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; g.3 ,y; cs;s tpsf;fg;glk; 0.1

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.7: 2016 ,y;> taJ mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiy tUif tpfpjk;

tPjk;

taJ
%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): DCS & MHNIM 2017, tpsf;fg;glk; 3.4, g. 32

,yq;ifapy; cs;s Muk;g ghlrhiyfspy; Nru;f;if tpfpjq;fs;; 99 rjtPjkhfTk;> fdp~;l

,uz;lhk; epiy ghrhiyfs; 84 rjtPjkhfTk;> rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfs; 70
rjtPjkhfTk; fhzg;gLtJld;> NtWgl;l fy;tp epiyfSf;fpilapyhd Nru;f;if
tpfpjq;fspy; kpf neUf;fkhd ghypd NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Dundar et al. 2017).
,Ug;gpDk;> tpsf;fg;glk; 4.6 kw;Wk; 4.7 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> fy;tp
epiyfSf;fpilapyhd Nru;f;if kw;Wk; tUif tpfpjq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf
tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sd. mj;Jld;> rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpia
fw;fpd;w NghJkhztu;fs; rpukq;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ftij ,t;tpsf;fg;glq;fs;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 15 Kjy; 17 taJ tiuahd khztu;fs; kw;Wk; ngz; gps;isfis
tplTk; Mz; gps;isfs; mjpfupj;j tPo;r;rpia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. me;jtifapy;
khztu;fs; rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapy; Nruhky; ,Uf;fpd;w ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
,g;gpuptpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. gy;fiyfofq;fSf;fhd Fiwe;jsthd Nru;f;if
tpfpjq;fshdJ> khztu; Nru;f;if jpwNdhL njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

Kiwrhuh Jiwapy; Muk;gj;jpNyNa fpilf;fpd;w Ntiytha;g;Gfs; fhuzkhf> ,uz;lhk;

epiyf; fy;tp kw;Wk; cau; fy;tpepiyfspy; ,Ue;J Mz;fs; mjpfstpy; ,iltpyFfpd;wdu;
vd mj;JUgNd (2017) vd;gtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. nghJthf> Copar; re;ijapy; ngz;fis
tpl Mz;fSf;Nf mjpf Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLtJld;> Copag;gilapYs;s mjpfkhd
Mz;fs; ngz;fis tpl cau;juk; my;yJ mij tpl Fiwe;j fy;tp milT kl;lj;ijNa
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu; (mUzjpyf 2017). ,J Mz; gps;isfs; Copar; re;ijf;Fs; Eiofpd;w
NghJ> ghlrhiyapy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;fhd mikar;nryit mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. Mz; gps;isfs;
ghlrhiyia tpl;L ,iltpyFtjw;F r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahd jhf;fq;fSk; xU
Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd> me;jtifapy; ngz; gps;isfis tpl Mz; gps;isfs;
,aw;ifahfNt Gj;jprhypahf ,Ug;gjhfTk;> rpwe;j Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
mtu;fSf;F mjpfsT fy;tp mwpT Njitapy;iy vdTk; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu; (mJUgNd 2017).

Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapy; fhzg;gLk; cau;e;jsthd Nru;f;if
kw;Wk; tUif tpfpjq;fs;> jw;NghJs;s ghypdk; kw;Wk; khtl;l uPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis

51
 kiwf;fpd;wd. tpsf;fg;glk; 4.8 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp
epiyapy;> Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fs; Fiwe;jsthd tUif tpfpjq;fis
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fspy;> Mz;fis tplTk;
ngz;fspd; Njwpa tUif KiwNa 8.2 kw;Wk; 10.9 tPjq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis>
mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; ngz;fis tpl Mz;fspd; tUif 11.7 tPjk; mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gy;NtWgl;l khtl;lq;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; nghUshjhu> ,lk; kw;Wk;
fyhrhu mk;rq;fis> ghypd Vw;wj;jho;Tfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;fpd;w NghJ> ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> vjpu;fhy Ma;tpw;fhd xU tplakhfTk; ,J mikaf;$Lk;
(Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fs; mj;jpahak; 5 ,y; ,d;Dk; neUf;fkhf
Muhag;gLfpd;wd).

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.8: 2016 ,y;> khtl;lq;fspy; fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy Mz; kw;Wk;
ngz; gps;isfspd; Njwpa tUif tpfpjq;fs;

90
85
Mz; Nj.t.tp
80
75 ngz; Nj.t.tp
70
65 nkhj;j Nj.t.tp
fk;g`h

tTdpah
khj;jiw
mk;ghe;Njhl;il

kd;dhu;

mk;ghiw

FUehfy;
nfhOk;G

fhyp

Gj;jsk;

nkhduhfiy
fz;b

aho;g;ghzk;

nghyd;dWit
mEuhjGuk;

,uj;jpdGup
khj;jis

Ky;iyj;jPT
fSj;Jiw

fpspnehr;rp
Etnuypah

kl;lf;fsg;G

jpUNfhzkiy

Nffhiy
gJis

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):DCS & MHNIM 2016

rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; cau; fy;tp epiyfspy;> tUkhdk; mbg;gilapy; fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ik kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfTk;> nghUshjhu FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
tUif tpfpjq;fisg; gpujpgypg;gjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 2010 Mk; Mz;L> Fiwe;j
nghUshjhu gbepiyapd; kj;jpapy;> rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd Njwpa Nru;f;if
tpfpjk; 29 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ> ,J cau;e;j gbepiyia (84%) tplTk; FiwthFk;
(mj;JUgNd kw;Wk; gyu;> 2014). mNj tUlj;jpy;> 24 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;j cau; gbepiyNahL
xg;gpLifapy;> Fiwe;j gbepiyf;fhd cau; fy;tp jpl;lq;fspd; Nru;f; ifahdJ 4 rjtPjkhf
tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ (mNj E}y;). vdNt> Fiwe;j tUkhdKila FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j
khztu;fs; cau; fy;tpia njhluhky; Muk;g tajpNyNa (ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fspd; fdp~;l
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp epiwtile;j gpwF) fy;tp KiwapypUe;J tpyfp tpLfpd;wdu;.

,yq;ifapy;> xU khztd; Muk;g tajpNyNa fy;tpapypUe;J ntspNaWtjhdJ> mtu;fsJ

ngw;Nwhupd; tUkhdk;ciof;Fk; jpwDlDk;> mtu;fsJ ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp epiyfSlDk;
njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. rhjhuz juk; my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhd fy;tp epiyiaf; nfhz;l FLk;gj;
jiytiuAila FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s Foe;ijfs; fw;wy; jtpu;e;j Vida eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLtJ FiwT (DCS & MNPEA 2017). NkYk;> xU egupd; tUkhdk; ciof;Fk; jpwikahdJ
mtupd; fy;tp milT kl;lq;fNshL Neubahf njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ (mj;JUgNd> 2012).

52
,jdhy;> Fiwe;j fy;tp kl;lq;fisAila ngw;Nwhu;fspd; Foe;ijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Fiwe;j
tUkhdk; ciof;Fk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fshfTk;> ghlrhiyr; Nru;f;if> tUif
kw;Wk; nray;jpwidg; ghjpf;ff;$ba gzp njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffspy; <LgLgtu;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; jiyKiwfSf;fpilapyhd gupkhw;wk; (mjhtJ

jiyKwfSf;fpilapyhd fy;tp Kiwfs;) kPs; cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL> fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> mj;Jld; fy;tpawpT
Fiwe;j ngw;Nwhu;fis tpl ed;F fy;tp fw;w ngw;Nwhu;fNs jkJ Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kPJ
mjpfkhd KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapy;> ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd;
jiyKiwfSf;fpilapyhd gupkhw;wk; Fiwtile;J ,Ug;gpDk;> ,yq;ifapy;
ngw;Nwhu;fspd; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp mtu;fsJ Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fkhdJ fle;j jrhg;jq;fspy; Fiwtile;jpUg;gij mj;JUgNd kw;Wk; bNahyypfu;
MfpNahu; (2011) jkJ Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. fl;lhaf; fy;tpapd; mwpKfk;> Muk;g epiy
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp Kiwapd; tpupthf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,e;epiy
Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wk; ,Ue;jhYk;> tUkhdk; ghlrhiy tUif kPJ jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JtJld;> gy jrhg;jkhf tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; fy;tp kPjhd nryT mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ.
me;jtifapy;> tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; fy;tp kPjhd khjhe;j nryT ruhrupahf 2006 Mk; Mz;L
&. 632 ,ypUe;J 2016 Mk; Mz;L &. 2066 Mf mjpfupj;Js;sJ mjhtJ> fpl;lj;jl;l 227
rjtPjkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ (DCS 2008, DCS 2018). ,yq;ifapy;> gzpGupfpd;w 63>414
gps;isfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfisr; Nru;e;j 15 njhlf;fk; 17
taJf;Fw;gl;l ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhjtu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (DCS & MNPEA 2017).
kl;lf;fsg;G> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy Nghd;w twpa khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s tya
fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf; Foe;ijfSf;F kjpa cztpid
toq;FtJ vd;gJ> twpa FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; ghlrhiy tUifia
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> xU Neu cztpid toq;Ftjpy; mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; epjpr; Rikia
eptu;j;jp nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdu;27 (ru;kh 2018). NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit
midj;Jk; tUkhdj;Jf;Fk;> gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tUkhdk; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fspy;
,Ue;J tUk; khztu;fshy; vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhlu;r;rpahd rthy;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;gpid Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

tUkhdj;NjhL njhlu;Gila tifapy;> ghlrhiyapy;; cs;s xU khztdpd; njhlu;r;rpahd

Nru;f;if kw;Wk; tUifahdJ> khztu;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; vt;thW fy;tpapidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. 2016 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
khztu;fs; eltbf;if Fwpj;j Ma;tpd; gb> 15 njhlf;fk; 17 tiuahd taJ FOitr;
Nru;e;j khztu;fspy;28 ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ghrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk;> mtu;fSs;
Ie;jpy; xU gq;fpdu; (71>139 Foe;ijfs;) fy;tp fw;gjw;F Mu;tkw;wtu;fshf my;yJ
fy;tpapd; kjpg;Gf; Fwpj;J ftdkw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gNj ghlrhiyf;F tUif juhky;
,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. 12 njhlf;fk; 14 taJ FOtpw;Fs; (5240
Foe;ijfs;) mlq;Fk; khztu;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky;

27100khztu;fSf;Fk; Fiwthdtu;fisf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; MOE My;

kjpa czT toq;fg;gLtNjhL> 100 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l khztu;fisf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 5
tiuahd tFg;GfSf;F kl;Lk; czTfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd (bNuf; kw;Wk; gyu;> 2014). MOE My;> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
ghy; toq;Fk; jpl;lk; xd;wpd; fPo; Foe;ijnahd;Wf;F xU ghy; Nfhg;ig my;yJ japu; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. If;fpa
ehLfspd; cyf czT jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> tlf;F khfhzj;jpYs;s juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuahd tFg;Gfspy;
cs;s khztu;fSf;fhf czTfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

28,jpy;miug;gq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; rhjhuzjug; guPli

; r ngWNWfSf;fhf my;yJ cau;ju tFg;Gfis
njhlu;tjw;fhf fhj;jpUg;gtu;fshtu;.

53
,Ug;gjw;Fk; ,Nj fhuzq;fNs Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd> fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapy;
njhlq;fp ,f;fy;tp Kiwahy; Vw;gLk; epjpr;RikfshYk;>mtu;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;w
Ntiytha;g;GfspdhYk; khztu;fs; kd cisr;rYf;F Mshfp tUfpwhu;fs; (DCS MNPEA
2017). ,J fl;lha ghlrhiy fy;tpapd; gpd;duhd fy;tpiaj; njhlu;tJ njhlu;ghd
khztu;fspd; jPu;khdj;jpy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf;F
r%kspf;fhik njhlu;ghd khztu;fspd; jPu;khdkhdJ> fy;tpj; juj;jpy; Neubahf
njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sjh vd;gJ njhlu;ghd gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf> ,J Fwpj;J
kjpg;gPL nra;tJ fbdkhf cs;sJ (,e;jf; Foe;ijfs; nry;fpd;w ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs;
kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; gFjpapYs;s fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;). 5 – 11
kw;Wk; 12 – 14 taJ FOf;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fspy; KiwNa 14.1% kw;Wk; 30.9% Md
khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F ,ahyhikNa fhuzk; vd;gJ
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> CdKw;w Foe;ijfspd; rpwg;G Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;F NghJkhd trjpfs; ,y;yhikahdJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nru;f;if> tUif kw;Wk;
ghypd rkj;Jk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpfpjq;fspy; njspthd tPo;r;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sikAk; (midj;Jk;
khtl;l Vw;wj;jho;TfSld; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ)> rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk;
epiy fy;tp kl;lq;fspy; ghypd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wikAk; Nkw;$wpa
tplaq;fspypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. ,t;thW tPo;r;rpailfpd;w Nru;f;if kw;Wk; tUif> kw;Wk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tpapd; kjpg;G njhlu;ghf khztu; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhupd; fz;Nzhl;lKk; >
toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tpapd; juKk; tUkhdj;NjhL (kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp kl;lq;fNshL
njhlu;Gila tplaq;fNshL) njhlu;GgLfpd;wd.

4.2 fy;tpj; juk;

ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfspd; gy;tifg;gl;l gz;GfshdJ> midj;J khztu;fSk; xNu

jukhd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gijf; fUJfpd;wd. ,e;jg; gpupthdJ>
ghlrhiyapd; tif> Mrpupau; juk;> ghlrhiy trjpfs; kw;Wk; ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;> fw;wy; nraw;ghLfis ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfspD}lhf fy;tpj; juk;
njhlu;ghf Muha;fpd;wJ.

4.2.1 ghlrhiyapd; tif

,yq;ifapy; cs;s ghlrhiyfspd; tifahdJ xU khztd; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fy;tpapd;

juj;ij jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ml;ltiz 3.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW>
toq;fg;gLfpd;w trjpfs; Nghy ghlnewpfSk;> tFg;GfSk; ghlrhiyfspd; tiffSf;Nfw;g
NtWgLfpd;wd. gpupT 4.1.2 tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlrhiy tiffspd; rkkw;w guk;gyhdJ>
rkkw;w jukhd fy;tp tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mur ghlrhiyfspy; rpwe;j Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpia toq;Ffpd;w
ghlrhiyfshf Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpfpjhrhukw;w
guk;gyhdJ fy;tp juj;jpy; ,lk; rhu;e;j Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. mj;jpahak; 2
,y; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy> fy;tp kPjhd rkkw;w tsg;gfpu;thdJ (kdpj> epjp kw;Wk;
epWtd uPjpahd tsq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;)> Njrpa ghlrhiyf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> khfhz ghlrhiyfSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; vt;thW
jfty; njhopy;El;g trjpfs;> E}yfq;fs;> kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd Mrpau;fs; mjpfstpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gij ml;ltiz 4.1 tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;
efu;g;gFjpfspNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mtw;Ws; 54 rjtPjkhd ghlrhiyfs; Nkw;F> kj; jpa
kw;Wk; njw;F khfhzq;fspy; mike;Js;sNjhL 1AB tifahd Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;
54
 mjpfstpy; Nkw;F> njw;F kw;Wk; Cth khfhzq;fspy; mike;Js;sd. ehl;bYs;s
Foe;ijfspy;;> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s Foe;ijfs; 77.7% vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (DCS
MNPEA 2017) vdNt> ehl;bYs;s ngUksthd Foe;ijfSf;F> mtu;fsJ trpg;gplj;Jf;F
mUfpYs;s mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l jukhd fy;tpiaAila ghlrhiyfSf;fhd nry;tjw;fhd
tha;g;Gfpilg;gjpy;iy vd;gij ,jd; %yk; Cfpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.29

ml;ltiz 4.1: 2012 ,y;> Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd tsg;gfpu;T

ghlrhiy ghlrhiyf khztu; jfty; jfty; E}yfq;fs;( Mq;fpy cau; ju
tif spd; Nru;f;iff njhopy;El;g njhopy;El;g ghlrhiy ghl tpQ;Qh
vz;zpf;if spd; Ma;Tf; ghl tifspd; Mrpupa d ghl
rjtPjk; $lq;fs; Mrpupau;fs; mbg;gilap u;fs; Mrpupau;
(ghlrhiy y; rjtPjk;) fs;
tiffspd;;
mbg;gilapy;
rjtPjk)
Njrpa 342 19.7 78.30 153 97.95 3>185 2>519
khfhzk; 9563 80.2 9.42 869 54.68 17>229 1>937

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2012 ghlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> 2016 ,y;

uzrpq;fPj; kw;Wk; gyuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpYs;s ml;ltiz 11> 22 kw;Wk; 24
Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

xU khtl;lj;jpYs;s 1AB> 1C> 2 Mk; kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tifahd ghlrhiyfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l

rpy gpupTfs;> fy;tpr; Nritfspd; juj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khtl;l uPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F
fhuzkhfpd;wd mj;NjhL ghlrhiyfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tha;g;GfshdJ> ,uz;lhk; epiy
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp njhlq;fp gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp tiuahd khztu;fspd; ghlnewp
njhlu;ghd njupTfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. khztu; milT> fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy;
fzpg;gPL> ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ts Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz; L>
2017 ,y; ehl;bYs;s fpl;lj;jl;l 3 ,y; 2 gq;fhd ghlrhiyfspy; MOE My; ju kjpg;gPL
xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. midj;Jg; ghlrhiy tiffspYk; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd
ghlrhiyfspd; juk; jpUg;jpfukhdjhf my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ljhf kjpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhYk;>
1AB> 1C> 2 Mk; kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tifahd ghlrhiyfspy; KiwNa 6.1% (46 ghlrhiyfs;)>
7.7% (118 ghlrhiyfs;)> 12.2% (318 ghlrhiyfs;) kw;Wk; 11.7% (288 ghlrhiyfs;) Md
ghlrhiyfSf;F mgptpUj;jp/cldb mgptpUj;jp mtrpakhfpd;wJ (MOE 2017).

ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfs; cau;juf; fy;tpia toq;Ftjpy;iy kw;Wk; Fiwe;jsthd

ghlrhiyfs; $l cau;juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;njupTfis toq;Ftjpy;iy vd;gJ> fy;tp
toq;fypy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;> NtWgl;l
gy;fiyfofg; gl;lg;gbg;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cau; juj;jpy; NtWgl;l ghlnewpfis
cs;slf;Fjy; mtrpakhfpd;wd. 2017/2018 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J> capupay; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk;
ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; gy;fiyfof mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
khztu;fs; cau;juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fis (capupay;> ngsjpftpay;> Ntjpay; kw;Wk;
fzpjk; Nghd;wtw;iw) fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ (gy;fiyfof
khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FO> jp.,). ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfspy;> 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfs;
kl;LNk cau; juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd ghlnewpia toq;Ftjhy;> xU khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

29
gpupT 4.1,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW>rpy Njrpa ghlrhiyfspd; jukhdJ> cg rkkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> gJis khtl;lj;jpy; Njrpa ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> 1992
,y; 1 Mf ,Ue;J 1994 ,y; 27 Mf mjpfupj;Js;sJ> MdhYk; ,e;j midj;J ghlrhiyfSk; Njrpa
ghlrhiyfSf;fhd msTNfhy;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdth vd;gJ njspTg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy (b rpy;th 2009).

55
mj;jifa ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> Fwpg;gpl;l khtl;lj;jpypUe;J
gy;fiyfofq;fSf;F tpQ;Qhd gpuptpy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> 2015 ,y;> fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhu; kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT
Nghd;w khtl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfs; fpl;lj;jl;l 1 rjtPjkhf
kl;LNk fhzg;gl;ld. 2016/2017 Mk; Mz;by; tpQ;Qhd gpuptpD}lhf gy;fiyfofq;fSf;F
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F jFjpAila khztu;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy (MOE 2015> kj;jpa tq;fp 2018).
toq;fg;gl;l gy;fiyfof ghlj; njupthdJ> taJ te;Njhupd; njhopy; njupTfs; kw;Wk;
tho;f;if tha;g;Gfis ghjpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp kl;lj;jpy;
cs;s ghlj;njupTfs; njhlu;ghd tiuaiwfs; ghupa tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.

4.2.2 Mrpupau; juk;

,yq;ifapy;> Mrpupau; Nritapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F njhopy;Kiw rhu;e;j

jFjpiaf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtrpakhdjy;y mj;NjhL> MrpupaUf;fhd
Ml;Nru;g;G njhlu;ghf njhlu;e;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffSk; ,y;iy (NrJq;f
kw;Wk; gyu;> 2016). Mrpupau;fspd; mDgtk;> kw;Wk; mtu;fs; fw;gpf;ff;$ba ghlq;fSf;fhd
gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;Wf;Nfw;g Copau;fspd; guk;gy; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; juk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd (mNj E}y;). Vida ghlrhiy tiffis tpl 1AB tif
ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjq;fs; mjpfk; (xU MrpupaUf;F 21 khztu;fs;)
vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;w NghjpYk;>juTfshdit toq;fg;gl;l fy;tpj;juk; njhlu;ghf
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy (MOE 2018a). 1AB tif ghlrhiyfs; kpfTk; jFjp tha;e;j Mrpupau;fis
nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> nghJthf mjpf trjpfis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd> ,jdhy; Fiwe;j
khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjq;fisf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tpia tpl ,e;j
ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fy;tp mDgtk; Nkk;gl;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehL KOtJk; jFjptha;e;j Mrpupau;fspd; guk;gypy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ,Ug;gJld;> Etnuypah

khtl;lk; kw;Wk; tl khfhzj;jpYs;s ngUk;ghyhd khtl;lq;fs; gapw;rp
ngwhjtu;fis/gapYdu;fis/Vida tif Mrpupau;fis mjpfkhf nfhz;Ls;sd
(tpsf;fg;glk; 4.9 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). fy;tp mikr;R kw;Wk; khfhz/tyaf; fy;tp
jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; ‘fbdkhd Nritfspd; mbg;;gilapy;’30 khtl;lq;fSf;fhd
Mrpupau;fis kw;Wk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;glhj Mrpupau;fis epakpf;fpd;w NghJ ghlrhiyfspd;
Mrpupau;fs; Fwpj;j Njitfs; myl;rpak; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd (NrJq;f kw;Wk; gyu; 2016). rpy
Mrpupau;fs; murpay; kw;Wk; gpw nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp mtu;fsJ tpUg;gg;gb xU
ghlrhiyf;F ,lkhw;wj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; (mNj E}y;).

Fiwe;jsthd gl;ljhupfis cUthf;Ffpd;w khtl;lq;fs; (Etnuypah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT

Nghd;wd) Fiwe;jsthd gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fisNa (ngUk;ghYk; Mrpupau;fs; mtu;fSila
nrhe;j khtl;lk;/khfhzj;jpy; gzpGupaNt tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;) nfhz;Ls;sd mj;NjhL>
Gtpapay; uPjpahd epyg;gFjp %yk; jukhd Mrpupau;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;gpd;
rkdw;wj;jd;ik njhlu;e;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpd;wJ. xU khfhzj;jpy; my;tJ xU
khtl;lj;jpy; jFtha;e;j Mrpupau;fspd; (mjhtJ gl;ljhupfs;/gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;)
tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; fzprkhdsT NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtJld;> fbdkhd R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk;

30murpdhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F xU fbdkhd my;yJ kpfTk; fbdkhd ghlrhiyapy; gzpahw;w
Ntz;baJ xU Mrpuaupd; fl;lhakhFk; (Fiwe;jJ %d;W tUlq;fs;) [ghyR+upa 2013].

56
 gw;whf;Fiwahd trjpfs; fhuzkhf efu;g;Gwg; gFjpfis tpl> fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfs;
Fiwe;jsthd gl;ljhupfisAk;> gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.9: 2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; Mrpupau;fspd;; jFjpfs;

Mrpupau;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk;

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
aho;g;ghzk;
Etnuypah
fSj;Jiw
fz;b

FUehfy;

nghyd;dWit
fk;g`h

kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiw
jpUNfhzkiy
fhyp
nfhOk;G

gJis

,uj;jpdGup
mk;ghe;Njhl;il

tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT

mEuhjGuk;

,yq;;if
khj;jis

khj;jiw

fpspnehr;rp

nkhduhfiy

Nffhiy
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhu;

gapw;Wtpf;fg;glhj my;yJ Vida Mrpupau;fs;

gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau;fs;
gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fs;

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2017> MOE My; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;kh mtu;fshy; 2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T.

khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNahL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ ghlrhiyfspy; Mrpupau;fspd; guk;gy;

fzprkhdsT NtWgLfpd;wJ. 2017 ,y;> 262 ghlrhiyfs; 15 khztu;fis my; yJ
mijtpl Fiwe;j khztu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> ehl;bYs;s 54 ghlrhiyfs; xNunahU
Mrpupaiu kl;LNk nfhz;bUe;jd (,jpy; 23 ghlrhiyfs; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; tTdpahtpYk;
fhzg;gl;ld) [MOE 2018a]. xU Mrpupaiuf; nfhz;l 54 ghlrhiyfspy;> Ie;J
ghlrhiyfspy; xU khztd; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jNjhL> xU ghlrhiyapy; 101 khztu;fs;
(my;yJ mjw;F Nky;) ,Ue;jdu;.

guk;gypd; ,e;j Vw;wj;jho;thdJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fSf;fhd

Foe;ijfspd; mZfiy gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Mq;fpyk;> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; fzpj
ghlq;fSf;fhd Mrpupau;fSf;F gw;whf;Fiw epyTfpd;wJ (uzrpq;f kw;Wk; gyu; 2016). 2012
,y; 205 khztu;fSf;F xNunahU MrpupaNu ,Ue;jjhf uzrpq;f mtu;fs; (2016)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ,r;rpf;fy;fis NkYk;
ngupJgLj;JtJld;> Mrpupau;fspd; tpLKiw ehl;fs; nkhj;j ghlrhiy ehl;fspy; ruhrupahf
15% Mf ,Uf;fpd;wJ kw;Wk; khztu; milT kl;lk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;w ghlrhiyfspy;
Mrpupau;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpLKiw ehl;fspd; msTk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (IPS 2017). vdNt toq;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs;> Mrpupau; juk; kw;Wk;
ghlrhiyfSf;F r%kspj;jy; Nghd;wd khztu;fspd; fy;tp mDgtj;jpy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

NtWgl;l ghlrhiyfSf;fpilNa (Njrpa/khfhz> 1AB/1C/2/3 Mk; tif) jukhd

Mrpupau;fspd; guk;gy;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> Mrpupau; ifNaLfspd; mZfy; kw;Wk; gad;ghL>
Mrpupau; tUkhd tpfpjq;fs;> kw;Wk; fw;wy; Neuj;jpd; ,og;G (ghlrhiyapd; Vida
eltbf;iffs; kPJ Neuj;ij nrytpLtjd; fhuzkhf) Nghd;wd njhlu;ghf fpilf;ff;$ba

57
juTfspd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf Mrpupau; juk; Fwpj;J NkNy jug;gl;l gFg;gha;thdJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4.2.3 tsq;fspd; cs;sPL kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk;

2016 Mk; Mz;by; fy;tp kPjhd murpd; nrytPdk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 3.5%
,w;Fk; FiwthFk;>fle;j Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; 2% ,w;Fk; Fiwthf fhzg;gl;l nrytPdj;NjhL
xg;gpLifapy; ,J cau;thfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (cyf mgptpUj;jp Fwpfhl;bfs;). Nkhrkhd
fy;tp tpisTfisf; nfhz;l twpa khtl;lq;fSf;F mjpfsT epjpAjtpia toq;Fk;
tifapy;> Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd ‘Njit mbg;gilapyhd
epjpaply;’ Kiwnahd;wpid ,yq;if gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (Dunder kw;Wk; gyu; 2017).
,yq;ifapy; nkhj;j khfhzg; ghlrhiyfs; 96.5% Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> ehl;bYs;s
khztu;fspy; 80.5 rjtPjkhdtu;fSf;F mg;ghlrhiyfs; %yk; fy;tp toq;fg;gLfpd;w
NghjpYk; (MOE 2018a)> nkhj;j nghJf; fy;tpr; nryTfspy; 65 rjtPjj;ij kl;LNk khfhz
ghlrhiyfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL> 35 rjtPjj;ij Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhdJ (mNj E}y;)> epjpaplypy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; Vw;gl;bUg;gij
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ (MOE 2018a). fy;tp tsg;gfpu;Tfspy; (kdpj> epWtd kw;Wk; epjpapay;)
Vw;gl;Ls;s rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd Gs;sptpguk; xd;wpid ml;ltiz 4.1 toq;Ffpd;wJ.
mj;Jld;> khfhz ghlrhiyfSld; xg;gpLifspy; Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; tsq;fis rkkw;w
msT nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;tp rkepiy vd;gJ fy;tp rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd xU
Kd;epge;jidahf ,Ug;gJld; (gpupT 2.1 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;)> fy;tp rkepiyapd;ik vd;gJ
fw;wy; tpisTfspy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F toptFf;Fk;.

ehl;by; rpwpa ghlrhiyfs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (14.6 rjtPjkhd mur

ghlrhiyfspy; 50 ,w;Fk; Fiwthd khztu;fisNa nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd) [MOE 2018a]. 2017
,y; Nkw;nfs;sg;gl;l ghlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb> 433 mur ghlrhiyfspy; Kjyhk;
juj;jpw;fhd Gjpa khztu;fs; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gNjhL ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; 323
ghlrhiyfs; 2 Mk; kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tifiar; Nru;e;j ghlrhiyfshf ,Ue;jd (mNj E}y;).
,yq;if Mrpupau; rq;fj;jpd; nghJr; nrayhsUld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU Neu;fhzypy;>
ehl;by; 16 gpugy;akhd ghlrhiyfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLtjhfTk;> cau;e;jsthd trjpfs;
kw;Wk; NghJkhd Mrpupau;fs; fhuzkhf khztu;fs; ,e;jg; ghlrhiyfspy; Nru;tjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu; (News First 2018). ,e;epiy ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;> vdpDk;> rpy
ghlrhiyfs; rpwpastpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> twpa Foe;ijfSf;fhd
ghlrhiyfshfTk;> njhiyJ}ug; gFjpfspy; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghy> Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapypUe;J mjpfsthd khztu;fis
<u;g;gjw;fhd trjpfis (kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J) Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfspy;
khztu;fspd; rkkhd guk;gy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd tha;g;ig Muha;tJ Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.

58
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.10: 2017 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyapd; cfe;j epiy
ghlrhiyfspd; tpfpjhrhuk;

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Ky;iyj;jPT

mk;ghiw
fz;b
fk;g`h
fSj;Jiw

Etnuypah

nghyd;dWit
jpUNfhzkiy
fhyp

aho;g;ghzk;

kl;lf;fsg;G

FUehfy;
tTdpah

,uj;jpdGup
gJis
nfhOk;G

khj;jis

mk;ghe;Njhl;il
khj;jiw

mEuhjGuk;

nkhduhfiy
Nffhiy
fpspnehr;rp
kd;dhu;

Gj;jsk;
kpfTk; cfe;j epiy cfe;j epiy cfe;j epiyapd;ik fbdk; kpff;fbdk;

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2017> MOE My; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;kh mtu;fshy; 2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T.

NkYk; ePu;> kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; kyry$l trjpfs; Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfs; $l ,y;yhj
ghlrhiyfs; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYs;s 16 rjtPjkhd ghlrhiyfspy; ePu;
trjpfs; ,y;iy vd;gNjhL kj;jpa> tlNky; kw;Wk; Cth khfhzq;fspy; cs;s
ghlrhiyfspy; Rkhu; fhy;gFjpia ,J cs;slf;fpAs;sJ (MOE 2018a). tpsf;fg;glk; 4.10
MdJ> ghlrhiyfspd; cfe;j R+o;epiyia31 tpsf;Ffpd;wJ mj;NjhL> Aj;jj;jpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; tTdpah Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;
cs;s fpl;lj;jl;l 50% ghlrhiyfs; cfe;j R+o;epiyfsw;witahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd>
mjhtJ Fiwthd tha;g;G> kw;Wk; Nghjpa trjpfs; ,y;yhjjd; fhuzkhf cfe;j fw;wy;
R+o;epiyfs; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ (ru;kh 2018).
nfhOk;gpYs;s ghlrhiyfspy; ,e;epiy Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ljhf cs;sJ mjhtJ>
fpl;lj;jl;l 70% Md ghlrhiyfs; fw;wYf;fhd cfe;j R+o;epiyiaf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

31cfe;j R+o;epiyia mstpLfpd;w NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; fhuzpfspy; mbg;gil tsq;fspd; (kpd;rhuk;>
ePu;> njhiyNgrp> E}yf trjpfs;) fpilf;Fk; jd;ik> Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fis (Gifg;gl efy;
,ae;jpuq;fs;> njhiyfhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdpfs; Nghd;wd) gad;gLj;jf;$ba fhyk;> gad;gLj;jf;$ba
kyryf;$lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fspd; msT> mjpgu; mYtyfk; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fsf;fhd
nghJ miwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik> Mrpupau;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; jFjpahd Mrpupau;fspd;
Nru;f;if (njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; gl;ljhup)> ghlrhiyapypUe;J mUfpy; mike;Js;s Ng&e;J epiyak; my;yJ
Gifapuj epiyaj;jpw;fhd J}uk;> Kw;gfy; 7-8 kzpf;fpilapy; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; gazq;fspd; vz;zpf;if>
kw;Wk; Kf;fpa fy;tp mikr;R mYtyfq;fs;> mUfpYs;s tq;fp> jhghy; epiyak;> mur itj;jparhiy
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd J}uk; Nghd;wd cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

59
ghlrhiyfis rkepiyahf epu;tfpf;ff;$ba cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw
epyTfpd;wJ. 2012 ,y;> Rkhu; 9000 ghlrhiyfSf;F 1000 Rj;jpfupg;Gj; njhopyhsu;fs;
kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lNjhL> ghlrhiyapy; cs;s E}yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 95 MfTk;
fhzg;gl;lJ (uzrpq;f kw;Wk; gyu; 2016). JujpU~;ltrkhf> ghlrhiy tiffs;
(Njrpa/khfhz> 1AB/1C/1/2/3 Mk; tif) mbg;gilapyhd cfe;j R+o;epiy njhlu;ghd
tpupthd juTfSk; ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd tsg;gfpu;T njhlu;ghd jw;Nghija
juTfSk; gfpuq;fkhf fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
mbg;gilf; fy;tp trjpfs;> cl;fl;likg;G> kw;Wk; Copag; gw;whf;Fiw Mfpatw;wpd;
gpuhe;jpag; gw;whf;FiwahdJ> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp mikg;gpYs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia NkYk;
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

4.3 fw;wy; tpisTfs;

fy;tp juj;jpy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; msit kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd xU top khztu;fspd;
fy;tp rhu; nray;jpwd; MFk;. Njrpa guPl;irfs; (juk; 5> rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; cau;juk; )
kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L epiyaj;jpd; (NEREC) kjpg;ngz;fspd;32
nray;jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,e;j gFg;gha;T mikfpd;wJ. PISA, TIMMS kw;Wk;
PIRLS Nghd;w ru;tNjr khztu; kjpg;gPl;Lg; guPl;irfs; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy;
elhj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJ gpupT 2.4 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpsf;fg;glk; 4.11: 2016 ,y;> khtl;l mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiy epiwT tpfpjq;fs;

100%
jdpegu;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk;

90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
jpUNfhzkiy
fz;b

Etnuypah

nghyd;dWit
fk;g`h
fSj;Jiw

fhyp
khj;jiw

FUehfy;
aho;g;ghzk;

kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiw

,uj;jpdGup
tTdpah
nfhOk;G

khj;jis

gJis
mk;ghe;Njhl;il

Ky;iyj;jPT

mEuhjGuk;

nkhduhfiy

Nffhiy
fpspnehr;rp
kd;dhu;

Gj;jsk;

ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhik juk; 5 tiu (r.tP)

juk; 5 ,w;Fk; rh.j ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; rh.juk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky; (r.tP)

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2016> HIES jutpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;kh mtu;fshy;

2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T.

32Mq;fpyk;>fzpjk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdk; (juk; 8 ,w;fhd) Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; khztu;fsplk; cs;s mwpthw;wy;
jpwid guPlr
; pj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; fUtpfSld;> ehl;bYs;s juk; 4 kw;Wk; juk; 8 khztu;fSf;fhd fw;wy; tpisTfs;
njhlu;ghd Njrpa uPjpahd kjpg;gPnlhd;wpid NEREC Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ (NEREC 2017).

60
tpsf;fg;glk; 4.11 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> jFjptha;e;j rpwe;j Mrpupau;fisAila
khtl;lq;fs;> ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs; (mjhtJ> Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;> 1AB tif)
kw;Wk; murhq;fk; kw;Wk;/my;yJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; fy;tp kPjd mjpf nrytPdk; Nghd;wd
Njrpa kl;lj;jpyhd fy;tpj; jFjpiaf; nfhz;l (rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky;)
rdj;njhifia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 2016 ,y;> ehl;bd;
rdj;njhifapy; 15.3% Mdtu;fNs mjpfsT fy;tpj;jifikahf rhjhuz juf; fy;tpapid
ngw;Ws;s mNjNtis> 13.9% Mdtu;fs; cau;juk; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fw;ifiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu; (DCS 2018). vdNt> ehl;bYs;s 2/3 gq;fhd ghlrhiyfs; rhjhuz
juf; fy;tpapid toq;Ftjpy;iy. ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapy;> ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd;ikahdJ
(10.1%) cau;e;j rjtPjj;jpYk;> rhjhuzjuk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fy;tpapid epiwT
nra;fpd;w tPjk; (8.5%); FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jJ (mNj E}y;). rhjhuzjuf; fy;tpia epiwT
nra;fpd;w msTfspy;> khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd> mjhtJ
nfhOk;G khtl;lk; 40% MfTk; fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; Etnuypah khtl;lq;fspy;
KiwNa 14%> 17%> kw;Wk; 19% MfTk; fy;tp jifik mbg;gilapy;
tupirg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd (ru;kh 2018). ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspd; Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; Fwpg;ghf
rk;gsk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; ,J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 4.2: 2012 ,y;> ghlrhiy tiffSf;Nfw;g rpj;jpaile;Njhu; tPjq;fs;

ghlrhiy tif Gyikguprpy; rhjhuz juk; cau; juk;

Njrpa ghlrhiy 19.42 71.96 57.44
khfhz ghlrhiy 9.93 42.45 51.98

murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs; 11.40 49.98 54.65

ngUe;Njhl;lg; ghlrhiyfs; 4.61 31.16 48.68
%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2012 fhlrhiy fzf;nfLg;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 2016
,y; uzrpq;f kw;Wk; gyuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpYs;s ml;ltiz 25 ,ypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ.

,yq;ifapy; fy;tp nray;jpwdpYs;s Vw;wj;jho;TfshdJ> khztu;fs; tUif jUk;

ghlrhiyapd; tif kw;Wk; FLk;g tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. tpsf;fg;glk;
4.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> khfhz ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy;
khztu;fs; Fwpg;ghf Gyikg;guprpy; kw;Wk; rhjhuz jug; guPl;irfspy; rpwg;ghf
nrayhw;Wfpd;wdu; (uzrpq;f kw;Wk; gyu; 2016). ngUe;Njhl;lg; ghlrhiyfspy; (mjhtJ
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;/Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfs;) cs;s murhq;;f
ghlrhiyfspYk; khztu;fs; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wfpd;wdu; (mNj E}y;). NkYk;> rpwpa
ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; 1C tif kw;Wk; 2 Mk; ghlrhiyfs; rhjhuz jug; guPl;irfspy;
Fiwe;jsthd nraw;jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sd (IPS 2017). ngw;Nwhu;fspd; cau;e;j fy;tp epiy
kw;Wk; mjpf fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; fhuzkhf cau; tUkhdk; ciof;Fk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j
khztu;fs; juk; 5 Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;irfspy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;G
Vw;gLfpd;wJ (DOE 2015d). mNjNghd;w nraw;jpwd; tpisTfis rhjhuz ju guPl;irfspYk;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gij tpsf;fg;glk; 5.2 (mj;jpahak; 5) tptupg;gNjhL tWik kl;lk;
kw;Wk; rhjhuz ju guPl;irfspy; cs;s nray;jpwd; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd jiyfPo;
njhlu;gpidAk; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.

61
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.12: 2015 ,y;> juk; 4 khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; NEREC guPl;irfs;
njhlu;ghd kjpg;ngz;fs;
80
guPl;ir kjpg;ngz;fs;

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
fpof;F khfhzk;

rpq;fstu;

ehL KOtJk;
1rP
njw;F khfhzk;

2 Mk; tif

3 Mk; tif
1 V.gP
kj;jpa khfhzk;

Mz;
tlkj;jpa khfhzk;

rg;ufKt khfhzk;
tlNkw;F khfhzk;

Nkw;F khfhzk;

Cth khfhzk;

ngz;
tlf;F khfhzk;

jkpou;
juk; 4 Mq;fpyk; juk; 4 fzpjk;

%yk; (nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2016 NEREC I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;kh mtu;fshy;

2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T

juk; 4 kw;Wk; juk; 8 khztu;fspd; nray;jpwd; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NEREC ,d;

mwpf;iffs; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd nray;jpwdpy;
NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gij fhl;bd. tpsf;fg;glk; 4.12 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gb> Cth> tlf;F
kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; cs;s juk; 4 khztu;fs; Mq;fpyg; ghl guPl;irapy; Fiwthd
kjpg;ngz;fis ngw;Ws;sNjhL> Njrpa ruhrupfNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ fzpjg; ghl
guPl;irapYk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kjpg;ngz;fs; NkhrkhdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;fs
khztu;fNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ jkpo; khztu;fs; Fiwe;j nray;jpwd; cilatu;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfspy; ,e;j Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mjpfstpy;
fhzg;gLtJld;> juk; 8 ,w;fhd Mq;fpy ghl guPl;irapy; Njrpa ruhrup kjpg;ngz;fshdJ
36 rtPjkhf kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;by; Cth> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs;
Mq;fpyk;> fzpjk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fspy; Fiwe;jsthd kjpg;ngz;fisNa kWgbAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sd (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.13 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;) [ru;kh 2018]. 1C tifahd
ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s khztu;fis tpl 1AB tif ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;w khztu;fs;
25% Kjy; 35% tiuahd cau; kjpg;ngz;iz ngw;Ws;sdu;. 9% Kjy; 10% My;> rpq;fs
khztu;fis tpl jkpo; khztu;fs; Fiwthd kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Ws;sNjhL> 3 Kjy; 5
rjtPjq;fSf;fpilapy; ngz; gps;isfis tp;l Mz; gps;isfs; Fiwe;jsthd
nraw;jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. NkYk;> Mq;fpyk;> fzpjk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fspy; juk;
8 khztu;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j Njrpa nray;jpwd; Nkhrkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (mNjE}y;).

62
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.13: 2016 ,y;> juk; 8 khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; NEREC guPl;irfs;
njhlu;ghd kjpg;ngz;fs;

60
kjpg;ngz;fs;

50
40
guPl;ir

30
20
10
fpof;F khfhzk;

rpq;fstu;
1rP
njw;F khfhzk;

2 Mk; tif
Nkw;F khfhzk;

1 V.gP
kj;jpa khfhzk;

tlkj;jpa khfhzk;

rg;ufKt khfhzk;

Mz;

ngz;
tlNkw;F khfhzk;

tlf;F khfhzk;

Cth khfhzk;

ehL KOtJk;
jkpou;
juk; 8 Mq;fpyk; juk; 8 fzpjk; juk; 8 tpQ;Qhdk;

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): 2016 NEREC I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;kh mtu;fshy;

2018 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T

ghlrhiyapy; ghypdk; mbg;gilapy;> ngz; khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwdhdJ> fy;tp fw;fpd;w

Mz; khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwDf;F rkkhdjhf my;yJ mjpfkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ>
vdNt ghypd mbg;gilapy; ghlnewpfspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. 2015 ,y;>
,lk;ngw;w %d;W gpujhd Njrpa guPl;irfspy; Mz; gps;isfis tpl ngz; gps;isfs;
rpwg;ghf nraw;gl;Ls;sJld; (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.14)> guPl;irfspy; nray;jpwd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
cau;e;jstpy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.33(,Nj Nghd;w nraw;jpwd; NtWghLfis juk; 4 kw;Wk; juk;
8 ,w;fhd NEREC guPl;irfspYk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ – tpsf;fg;glq;fs; 4.12 kw;Wk;
4.13). cau; ju guPl;irfspy; ngUk;ghyhd Mz; gps;isfs; ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk;
nghwpapay; njhopy;El;g ghlq;fSf;F Njhw;wpAs;s mNjNtis> ngz; gps;isfs; capupay;
tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy kw;Wk; capuay; rhu; mikg;Gfspy; mjpf tpUg;gk; fhl;bas;sdu;. 10%
Md mur ghlrhiyfNs cau; juf; fy;tpapy; tpQ;Qhd ghlj; njupTfis toq;FtjhdJ>
Mz; gps;isfs; rhjhuz juf; fw;ifapd; gpd;du; ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;tjw;F
ngz;gps;isfs; fiyg;gpuptpy; jdJ fy;tpia njhlu;tjw;Fk; toptFf;fpd;wJ (ne/g; kw;Wk;
b rpy;th 2017 – Nguhrpupau; rpwp n`l;bNf cldhd Neu;fhzy;) .

33
,J xl;Lnkhj;jkhf rpj;jpaile;Njhu; tPjq;fis tpgupf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;> mLj;j epiyf;F (Gyikguprpiyg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf my;yJ gy;fiyfof Eiotpw;fhf) nry;tjw;F jFjp ngw rpwe;j Kiwapy; nraw;gl;ltu;fs;
njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

63
 tpsf;fg;glk; 4.14: 2015 guPl;irfspy; khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwd;

80
70
60
50 Mz;
rjtPjk;

40 ngz;
30
20
10
0
juk; 5 Gyikguprpy; - fh.ngh.j. rhjhuz juk; - cau; fh.ngh.j. cau; juk; -
Nkw;$wg;gl;l khtl;lq;fspd; juj;jpw;F jFjp ngw;w gy;fiyfof mDkjpf;F jFjp
ntl;Lg;Gs;spfSf;Nfw;g khztu;fspd; rjtPjk; ngw;w khztu;fspd; rjtPjk;
khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
kjpg;ngz;fspd; tPjk;

*xt;nthU cg gupTfspYk; cs;s khztu;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Ls;sJ** khtl;l ntl;Lg;Gs;spfspdhy; tpsf;fg;glq;fspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): DOE 2015a, DOE 2015b, DOE 2015c.

ngl;b 1: ,yq;ifapy; jdpahu; tFg;Gfs;

Njrpa guPl;irfspy; jkJ gps;isfspd; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;Fk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpYk;

gps;isfspd; ghlrhiyf; fw;ifapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;Ak;
tifapYk;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtu;fis jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;F mDg;Gfpd;wdu;>
,yq;ifapy; ,j;jifa jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; xU epoy; fy;tp Kiwahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 1990 fspy; xU Mlk;gu nghUshf ,Ue;j jdpahu; fy;tp xU
mj;jpahtrpag; nghUshf khw;wkile;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ tUlhe;jk; tFg;Gfs; kPjhd
tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; nrytPdk; mjpfupj;Js;sikapd; %yk; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l mjpfupj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;f Kbfpd;wJ (gy;Nynfju 2011). gy
tUlq;fshf fy;tp kPjhd nrytPdq;fs; mjpfupj;J tUtNjhL> ,r;nrytpy; jdpahu;
tFg;Gfs; ghupasthd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd. ,J> 2016 Mk; Mz;L fy;tp kPjhd
tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; khjhe;j nrtPdj;jpy; 48% Mf fhzg;gl;lJ (DCS 2018). fy;tp rhu;
nray;jpwd; kPjhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd> jkae;jp mtu;fspd;
Ma;thdJ (2018)> ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp> nghUshjhu epiy kw;Wk; Ra fw;wy; Neuq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;jpwd; Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPjhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd;
jhf;fj;jpid Fiwf;f KbAk; vd;gij fz;lwpe;Js;sJ (jkae;jp 2018).

64
jdpau; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;G ngUk;ghYk; Foe;ijfs; trpf;Fkplk;> FLk;g tUkhd epiy
kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhf jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk;
Njhl;lj;Jiwfspy; cs;s khztu;fis tpl efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s khztu;fSf;F
jdpahu; tFg;GSf;fhd tha;g;G kw;Wk; njupT mjpfstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd. fpuhkpa kw;Wk; twpa
gpd;dzpfisf; nfhz;l gy khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;G epiyaq;fSf;F nry;fpd;wdu;> ,J
50 khztu;fspy; ,Ue;J 1000 khztu;fs; tiu NtWglyhk; (gy;Nynfju 2011). khztu;fs;
jq;fSila gFjpfspy; jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj NghJ mtu;fs; nfhOk;G my;yJ
efug;gFjpfSf;F jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu;. fpuhkg;Gw my;yJ Njhl;lg;Gw
FLk;gq;fis tpl mjpfkhd efu;g;Gw FLk;gq;fs; jkJ gps;isfis jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;F
mDg;Gfpd;wdu; vd;gij gy;Nynfju (2011) jdJ Ma;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpe;Js;shu;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; Njhl;lg;Gw FLk;gq;fSf;fpilapyhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; kPjhd nryTfshdJ
mjpfupj;J tUtJld;> 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; kPjhd nrythdJ fpuhkg;Gw
kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw FLkq;fspy; KiwNa 19.19% MfTk;> 14.85% MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ> ,jNdhL
xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ 2006 ,y; jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; kPjhd nrytPdkhdJ fpuhkg;Gw FLk;gq;fspy;
64.38 rjtPjkhfTk;> efu;g;Gw FLk;gq;fspy; 58.19 rjtPjkhfTk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ (mNjE}y;).
jdpahu; tFg;Gf;F xU Foe;ij nry;tjw;Fk;> mtu;fsJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; tUkhd kl;lk; kw;Wk;
fy;tp kl;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neu;kiwahd njhlu;Gk; fhzg;g Lfpd;wJ (mNjE}y;).
gzf;fhu ngw;Nwhu;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfSf;fhf jdpg;gl;l tFg;GfSf;F mjpfkhf nrytopf;ff;
$batu;fshf my;yJ jukhd tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;ff; $batu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;> ,J
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghUshjhu mLf;fikTfSf;fpilapyhd fy;tp Vw;whj;jho;tpid
epiyj;J epw;fr; nra;fpd;wJ.

ehl;by; Ntfkhf tsu;e;JtUk; jdpahu; tFg;G Kiw Fwpj;j ehl;bd; fy;tp Kiw njhlu;ghd
ftdkhdJ> 2014 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tlf;F khfhz fy;tp Kiw gw;wpa Ma;T
mwpf;ifia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ (NESR). tlf;fpy; jdpahu; fy;tp tFg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if
fzprkhdsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpy tFg;Gfspy; 200 Kjy; 500
tiuahd khztu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (tlf;F khfhz fy;tp mikr;R 2014). rpy Mrpupau;fs;
kw;Wk; rpy tya cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfis elhj;JtNjhL> ,J> Mu;t Kuz;ghL
gw;wpa Nfs;tpia vOg;GfpwJ> CoYf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ mj;NjhL guPl;ir tpdhj;jhs;fis
jpUj;Jtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l Mrpupau;fs; miof;fg;gLtjhy; guPl;ir tpdhf;fs; gw;wpa cs;shu;e;j
mwpitf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. Mrpupau;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tFg;Gfspy; ed;whf fw;gpf;fhik
my;yJ ghlj;jpl;lq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;ahky; ,Ug;gjhdJ> khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr;
nry;tjw;F typAWj;JtNjhL> ,J ghlrhiy fy;tp juj;jpy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;> rpy khztu;fs; ghlrhiy Neuq;fspy; jdpahu; fy;tp tFg;Gfspy;
ngw;Nwhu;fs;> mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp epu;thfpfSf;F njupag;gLj;jp mtu;fsJ
xg;GjYld; fye;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu; (mNjE}y;). cjhuzkhf> juk; 13 khztu;fs; cau;ju
guPl;irfSf;F jq;fis jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf [dtup kw;Wk; [{iy khjq;fspy;
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ‘fy;tp tpLKiwia’ (,J mjpfhug;g+u;tkhf mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy)
ngw;W jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu; (tlf;F khfhz fy;tp mikr;R 2014).
,jdhy;> jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; newpg;gLj;jg;glhj> fy;tp Kiwapy; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpd;w
epfo;Tfshfptpl;ld. jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; kPjhd ,j;jifa rkkw;w FLk;g KjyPL kw;Wk;
mZfy; Nghd;wd fy;tp tha;g;Gfspy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tbtkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlrhiy fy;tp Kiw kw;Wk; khztu; nray;jpwd; kPJ jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; nfhz;Ls;s
jhf;fkhdJ NkYk; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

65
4.4 KbTiu

,yq;ifapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ,ytrf; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffspdhy; Muk;g epiy

ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;w fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSk; fy;tpawpitg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy; njw;fhrpahtpy; mjpfsT fy;tpawpTila ehLfspy;
xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> fy;tp tha;g;Gfspy; Fwpg;ghf jukhd fy;tpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Muk;g
epiyf; fy;tp kl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk;
epiyf; fy;tp kl;lq;fspy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j mj;jpahak;> xU
Foe;ijapd; gpwg;gpd; Nghjhd jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs; (xU Foe;ijapd; ghypdk;> fw;gtu;
jahu; epiy> ,dk;> tprpf;Fk; ,lk; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ ngw;Nwhupd; fy;tp kw;Wk; tUkhd
kl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy34;) mf;Foe;ijapd; fy;tp mDgtj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa
gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd vd;w cz;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

,yq;ifapy;> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw/Njhl;lg;Gw FLk;gq;fs;

Nghd;w gpd;jq;fpa r%fg; gpupTfSf;fpilapy; fy;tp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. jukhd
fy;tp kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahd fy;tpia mZFtjw;F xU Foe;ijaplk; cs;s jpwid
epu;zapf;Fk; fhuzpahf FLk;gj;jpd; tUkhd epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. khfhz
ghlrhiyfis tpl Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s rpy fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; Njhl;lg;Gw
khztu;fSk;> Njrpa guPl;irfspy; Kd;G rpwg;ghf nraw;gl;l khztu;fSk; twpatu;fSf;F
jukhd fy;tpia rkkhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu; . Njhl;lg;Gw
khztu;fspd; (Kf;fpakhf jkpo; ,dk;) fy;tp rkepiyapd;ik mjpfkhf Ngrg;gLtJld;>
Njhl;lg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfis tpl mur ghlrhiyfs; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> jkpo; khztu;fis tpl rpq;fs khztu;fs; rpwg;ghf
nrayhw;Wgtu;fshfTk;> Mz;fis tpl ngz;fs; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wgtu;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

khtl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwdpy; cs;s

NtWghLfshdJ> Gtpapay; uPjpahf Vw;gLfpd;w fy;tp Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Cth> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy;35; khztu;fs; Njrpa uPjpahd Mq;fpy kw;Wk;
fzpj ghl kjpg;gPLfspy; Nkhrkhd kjpg;ngz;fis ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,e;j khfhzq;fs;
ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfis kpf mjpfstpy; nfhz;bUg;gJld; cfe;j R+o;epiy mjhtJ>
xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j tpfpjhrhuj;ijAila gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fs;> (tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F
tplaj;jpy;) kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khfhzq;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w Rfhjhu kw;Wk; r%fg; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy;> ,g;ghlrhiyfs; ‘kpfTk; fbdj;ij’ vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ghlrhiyfshf
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Etnuypah> fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>
rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fy;tp kl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;ltu;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk;
Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; Etnuypah khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
Foe;ijfs; Muk;g tajpy; Rfhjhuk; rhu; rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tNjhL> Etnuypah
khtl;lj;jpy; Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfspd; Nru;f;if tPjKk;
Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; fpspnehr;rp khtl;lq;fspy; ehl;bYs;s ‘kpf
fbdj;ij’ vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w cfe;j R+o;epiyfsw;w ghlrhiyfs; cau; tpfpjhrhuj; jpy;

34kjKk; xU fhuzpahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ> ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j njhlu;ig cWjpg;gLj;j NkYk; Muha;r;rp Njit
vd;gij gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

35
tlf;F khfhzkhdJ aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp>kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; tTdpah Nghd;w khtl;lq;fis
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. fpof;F khfhzkhdJ kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lq;fis
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mNjNghy Cth khfhzkhdJ gJis kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

66
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit> Gj;jsk;> tTdpah kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy
khtl;lq;fspy; fy;tp milT kl;lq;fs; Fiwe;jstpy; fhzg;gLtNjhL fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk;
juk; njhlu;ghd rpf;fy;fis ifahs Ntz;ba epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gtu; jahu;epiy>
fw;wy; nraw;ghL kw;Wk; gpwg;gpd; Nghjhd jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfis ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfspd;
msthdJ> mDgt uPjpahd Ma;nthd;wpd; %yk; kl;LNk kjpg;gplf;$ba jukhd fy;tp
tha;g;gpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;j KbAk;. kl;lf;fsg;G> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy Nghd;w
khtl;lq;fSf;fhf> ,e;j Kf;fpa fhuzpfspy; rpy gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd> mtw;wpd;
KbTfs; mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

67
 mj;jpahak; 5: fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghd mDgt
uPjpahd rhd;Wfs; - %d;W tpla Ma;Tfs;
ntq;fNl~;tud; ru;kh

5.1 mwpKfk;

gpupT 1.4 ,y; milahsq;fhzg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpahd “,yq;ifapy; fy;tp

rkj;Jtkd;ikf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?” njhlu;ghf ,e;j mj;jpahak; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,yq;ifapy; jukhd fy;tpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s
NtWghLfis tpsf;ff;$ba jdpegu;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; fhuzpfis
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;;F ,e;j mj;jpahak; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPT Mfpa %d;W khtl;lq;fspd; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpahdJ ,e;j
mj;jpahaj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gFg;gha;tpd; ikakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. twpa kw;Wk;
fpuhkg;Gw gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;l khztu;fSf;fhd fy;tp juj;jpy; cs;s NtWghLfis
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjhy;> ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp Fwpj;J typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (Ke;ija
mj;jpahaj;jpy; gpupT 4.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Mjhuq;fisg; ghu;f;fTk;). tWik tpfpjk;>
fpuhkg;Gw gz;G kw;Wk; ,dk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nru;f;if njhlu;ghf tpthjpg;gjw;fhf NkNy
milahsq;fhzg;gl;l %d;W khtl;lq;fSk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld.
m) 2012 ,y;> ,k;%d;W khtl;lq;fSk; cau; jyhtWik tPjq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd
(tpsf;fg;glk; 5.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ).

68
 tpsf;fg;glk; 5.1: ,yq;ifapy; tWikapd; ,lk;rhu; guk;gy;

HIES (2015)36,ypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ)

36,e;j Ma;thdJ gpd;tUk; ,iza Kftpup %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;:

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/SpatialDistributionOfPoverty2012_13.pdf

69
 tpsf;fg;glk; 5.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sgb> ,e;j %d;W khtl;lq;fSf;Fk;> kd;dhu;
khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; kl;LNk jiyf;Fupa tWikr; Rl;nlz; 12.7 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kf;fpa gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; rpwe;j Gtpapay; uPjpahd guk;giy
cWjpnra;tjw;F ,e;j Ma;tpd; xU gFjpahf kd;dhu; khtl;lkhdJ
,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

M) fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfs; (Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy;

tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy) mbg;gilapy; kpfTk; fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpa khfhzq;fshf
tlf;F> fpof;F> Cth (kw;Wk; tl kj;jpa) Mfpa %d;W khfhzq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp
kl;lj;jpy; tWik kw;Wk; fy;tp tpisTfSf;fpilapyhd tYthd jiyfPo; njhlu;gpid
Muha cjTfpd;wJ (tpsf;fg;glk; 5.2 fPo; ghu;f;fTk;).

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.2: khtl;l mbg;gilapy; jiyf;Fupa tWik kw;Wk; rhjhuz jug;

guPl;irapy; rpj;jpg;ngw;wtu;fspd; tpfpjq;fs;

40% 20%
30% 16%
12%
20%
8%
10% 4%
0% 0%

rhjhuz juk; rpj;jpaile;Njhu; Ms; tPj tWik

Fwpg;G: rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;Njhu; tpfpjk; Y mr;rpd; ,lJ Gwj;jpYk;>

jiyf;Fupa tWik tyJ Gwj;jpYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): HIES (2016)

,) %d;W khtl;lq;fSk; rpwe;j Gtpapy; uPjpahd gutyhf;fj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sNjhL>

,yq;ifapd; epyg;gug;gpy; 17% I cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.gue;j Gtpapay; uPjpapy;>
efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; Fiwe;j nrwptpid ,k;khtl;lq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;>
njhiyJ}uj;jpYs;s ghlrhiyf; fy;tp tha;g;G njhlu;ghf Muha;tjw;fhd rpwe;j
khtl;lq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd (tpsf;fg;glk; 5.3 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). mj;NjhL
efu;Gwg; gFjpfSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ fpuhg;Gwq;fspYk;> Njhl;lg;Gwq;fspYk;
tWikapd; nrwpthdJ cau;thf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (CEPA 2017)37. Ky;iyj;jPT

37gpd;tUk;
,izaj;js KftupapD}lhf fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s tiuglj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;:
http://www.cepa.lk/content_images/upload/images/povertyhead-count-sector.jpg

70
 kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J FLk;gq;fSk;;
fpuhkq;fs; my;yJ Njhl;lg;Gwq;fisr; Nru;e;jitahfTk;> kl;lf;fsg;G
khtl;lj;jpYs;s 2/3 gq;fhd FLk;gq;fs; fpuhkg;Gwj;ijr; Nru;e;jitahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.3: khtl;l mbg;gilapy; fpuhkg;Gw gz;Gfs;

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

efuk; fpuhkk; Njhl;lk;

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):HIES (2016)

<) %d;W khtl;lq;fspy; ,d FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhop %y ghlrhiyfs;
rpwe;j fyitapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (tpsf;fg;glk; 4.4 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). nkhduhfiy
khtl;lj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf rpq;fstu;fSk;> Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj; jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf jkpou;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; jkpo;
kw;Wk; K];ypk;fspd; fyitahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> gpupT 5.2.1 ,y;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gb> ,k;khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd tyaq;fspd; njupthdJ rpq;fsk;>
jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fye;j khtl;l mstpyhd gFg;gha;tpd;
fyitnahd;wpid mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

71
 tpsf;fg;glk; 5.4: %d;W Kf;fpa khtl;lq;fspy;> mwpTWj;jy;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
,d uPjpahd fyit kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfs;
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
nkhduhfiy Ky;iyj;jPT kl;lf;fsg;G

rpq;fstu; jkpou;
K];ypk; VidNahu;
rpq;fs ghlrhiy jkpo; ghlrhiy
rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; ghlrhiy rpq;fs kw;Wk; Mq;fpy ghlrhiy

%yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):CPH (2012)kw;Wk; MoE (2018a)

mLj;jg; gpuptpy;> ,e;j %d;W khtl;lq;fspd; fy;tp toq;fiy Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf juT
kw;Wk; Ma;T Kiwik Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gij mj;jpahak; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

5.2 juT

gFg;gha;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l juthdJ ehd;F ts Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ:

1) kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk ;Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; elhj;jg;gl;l ACTED-

CEPA ,d; CRC (Fbkf;fs; mwpf;if ml;il) Ma;Tfs;. ACTED-CEPA ,d; “r%f
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp ,iz cUthf;fk;: rpwe;j r%f ey NritfSf;fhf
r%f Nrit mikg;Gfs; (Community Service Organizations-CSOs) kw;Wk; mur
mjpfhupSf;fpilapy; cs;s xUq;fpizg;gpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Jiznra;jy;” vDk; CRC
jpl;lj;jpw;F INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpdhy; epjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. “Nrit toq;Feu;fspd;
nghWg;Gzu;tpw;F cWjpaspf;fpd;w mNjNtis> rpwe;j tha;g;gpid
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfTk;> nghJr; Nritfspd; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; mur
mjpfhupfSld; ,ize;J xj;Jiog;gjw;F rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; jpwid
tYg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjiy” jpl;lkhdJ Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mur ghlrhiyfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpahdJ nghJ
Nritfspy; xd;whf Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2) HIES 2016 juTj;njhFjp. HIES MdJ Njrpasit gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tPl;Lj;Jiw

fzf;nfLg;ghFk;> ,J xt;nthU 5 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw njhifkjpg;G kw;Wk;
Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsj;jhy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;L gbepiyapy; vOkhw;W
khjpup tbtikg;nghd;wpid njhifkjpg;G kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;
gad;gLj;JtNjhL> gpujhd khjpup myFfshf 2500 Fbj;njhif njhFjpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mit FLk;g myFfspd; vz;zpf;iff;fhd tpfpjhrhukhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ khjpup tbtikg;ghf FLk;g myFfs;
fhzg;gLtNjhL> 10 FLk;g myFfshdJ xt;nthU 2500 Muk;g epiy khjpup
tbtikg;G myFfspy; ,Ue;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. HIES MdJ> njhFjp

72
 epiwfis gad;gLj;jp gjpyspf;fhj FLk;gq;fis rup nra;fpd;wJ. HIES jutpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;l Kf;fpa khwpfspd; RUf;fkhdJ ,izg;G A1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

3) Kf;fpa %d;W khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fspy; ,Ue;J

fpilf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; epiy juTfs;. tpisTfis Fwpg;ghf> juk; 5> fh.ngh.j.
rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; cau; juk; Nghd;w guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpaile;Njhu; tpfpjq;fis
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Fwpg;ghf ,e;j juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
tyaq;fspy; toq;fg;gLk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp juj;jpid milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
juT gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4) tyaf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUld; kw;Wk; vOkhwhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; epiy

ghlrhiyf; Foe;ijfspd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; VO NgUld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl; l
Neu;fhzy;fs;.

5.2.1 khjpup tbtikg;G kw;Wk; CRC jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd Gs;sptpguq;fs;

kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s 60 fpuhk

cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupTfis (GNDs) CRC nraw;jpl;lkhdJ cs;slf;fpAs;sJ (Ma;Tg;
gpuNjrq;fs; ,izg;G A2 ,y; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ). xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk; 20 fpuhk
cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupTfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd38. ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s 10 khtl;l
nrayfg; gpupTfspd; (DSDs) gFjpahf ,e;j fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j khtl;l nrayfg; gpupTfspd; Gtpapay; uPjpahd guk;giyAk;> mtw;wpd; tWik
epiyfisAk; gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F jaTnra;J tpsf;fg;glk; 5.5 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; khtl;l nrayfg; gpupTfshf: VwhT+u; efu; (tiuglj;jpy; 164)>
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F (162)> kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F (169)> kw;Wk; Nghwj;jPTg;gw;W (170)
Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd> nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpd; khtl;l nrayfg; gpupTfshf:
gly;Fk;Gu (298)> nkjfk (295) kw;Wk; kLy;y (294) Nghd;w fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mNjNghy
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpd; khtl;l nrayfg; gpupTfshf: xl;Lr;Rl;lhd; (151)> ntspXah (153)
kw;Wk; fiuJiwg;gw;W (152) Mfpad fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tWik kw;Wk; ,dk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
Nru;f;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L GN gpupTfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (kpfTk;
rkepiyahd Xu; Ma;tpid cUthf;Ftjw;F). 20 (+5%) FLk;gq;fs; xt;nthU GN gpuptpw;Fs;
,Ue;J vOkhwhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; 400 (+5%)
FLk;gq;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf> 1200 FLk;gq;fshf khjpup msthdJ
jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp Fwpj;J Ma;T ftdk; nrYj;jpajpy; ,Ue;J>
,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;Fk; taJila Foe;ijfisf; nfhz;l
FLk;gq;fs; kl;LNk Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld (,J rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l
gl;baypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ). CRC juTj;njhFjpf;Fs; ,Ue;J nkhj;jkhf 1248 FLk;gq;fs;
(kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; 421 FLk;gq;fs;> nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; 417 kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; 410) Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. CRC jutpd; rpy mbg;gil tpsf;fg;
Gs;sptpguq;fs; ,izg;G A3-A ,ypUe;J A3-C tiu fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

38,yq;ifapy;>khtl;lj;ij njhlu;e;J kpf cau;e;j epu;thfg; gpupthf khfhzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khtl;lq;fs;

DS gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mit gpd;du; GN gpupTfs; vDk; cg gpupTfshd gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

73
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.5: ,e;j Ma;tpy; khtl;lnrayfg; gpupTfs; nrYj;jpa ftdk; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; tWik epfo;Tfs;

kl;lf;fsg;G
khtl;lk;

Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lk;

nkhduhfiy
khtl;lk;

IdjPd; (2018a, 2018b kw;Wk; 2018c) ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ)

74
ehl;bd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;s kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lkhdJ> 520>000 rdj;njhifia
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ> ,jpy; 72.6% Mdtu;fs; jkpou;fshfTk;> 25.5% Mdtu;fs;
K];ypk;fshfTk;> 1.17% Mdtu;fs; rpq;fstu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (CPH, 2012).
,k;khtl;lkhdJ %d;W jrhg;j fhy ePz;l cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL>
tpsf;fg;glk; 5.5 ,y; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy> rpy twpa DS gpupTfis ,e;j khtl;lk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. CRC kw;Wk; HIES jutpd; mbg;gilapy;> (Vida khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
DS gpupTfSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJk; $l) khtl;lj;jpd; trjpahd gpupthf VwhT+u;
fhzg;gLtNjhL> khtl;lj;jpd; Vida DS gpupTfNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ K];ypk;fspd;
(80% I tpl mjpfk;) nrwptpid mjpfkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;fpYs;s
FLk;gq;fNs khjpupapy; kpf tWikahd gpupthff; fhzg;gLtNjhL> DS gpupTfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ehl;by; ,uz;lhtJ twpag; gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (HIES, 2015).
Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W> kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F kw;Wk; Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F Nghd;w gpupTfspy;
cs;s FLk;gq;fs; xNu khjpupahd Fbj;njhif kw;Wk; Gtpapay; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
mUfpYs;s efuj;jpypUe;J 5 fp.kP njhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; ruhrup FLk;gj;Jld; ,e;j %d;W
DS gpupTfs; NkYk; ,lk;rhu;e;j Kiwapy; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Gtpapay; uPjpahf
nrwpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w FLk;gq;fs; fhuzkhf> VwhT+upy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs;
efuj;jpypUe;J ruhrupahf 2 fp.kP njhiytpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gl cgak;: md;ld; F&];:,yq;if kl;lf;fsg;G fly;ePNuup kPd;gpb glFfs;> CCBY-SA 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17403523

ehl;bd; Cth khfhzj;jpy; cs;s nkhduhfiy khtl;lk; 440>000 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd

rdj;njhifiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ> 94.5% Mdtu;fs; rpq;fst;fs;> 3.3% Mdtu;fs; kw;Wk;
2% Mdtu;fs; K];ypk;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (CPH, 2012). ehl;bYs;s tuz;l gFjpfspy;
xd;whf ,k;khtl;lk; fhzg;gLtNjhL> jhdpaq;fs;> gUg;G tiffs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfis
cs;slf;fpa tptrhaj;Jiwf;F gpugykhd khtl;lkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tuyhw;W uPjpahf
kpfg;ngupa tWik rhu; epfo;Tfis khtl;lkhdJ nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> 2016 HIES juTfspy;
tpsf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy tWikiaf; Fiwf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ
75
(RUf;fkhf ,q;F fhl;lg;gltpy;iy). nkjfkapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs; Vida ,U DS
gpupTfis tplTk; trjpahdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ (ACTED jutpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ)>
mj;NjhL efuj;jpypUe;J 8-9 fp.kP njhiytpYs;s Vida ,U DS gpupTfspYk; cs;s
FLk;gq;fNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l gpupthdJ efuj;jpw;F mUfpy; (6 fp.kP)
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf> nkhduhfiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs;> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s FLk;gq;fis tpl Gtpapay; uPjpahf gue;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

glk; cgak;: vy;. kQ;R: nfhlntn`ufy NfhtpYs;s kzp> CC BY-SA 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], tpf;fpkPbah fhkd;]; ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ

ehl;by; tl khfhzj;jpy; cs;s Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lk; 100>000 ,w;F Fiwthd

rdj;njhifia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd mj;NjhL> 88.4% Mdtu;fs; jkpou;fshfTk;> 9.6%
Mdtu;fs; rpq;fstu;fshfTk;> 2% Mdtu;fs; K];ypk;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; (CPH, 2012).
%d;W jrhg;jq;fshf cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupdhy; ,e;j khtl;lk; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
mj;NjhL> CRC jutpd; mbg;gilapy;> %d;W gpupTfspd; kj;jpapy; fiuJiwg;gw;wpy; cs;s
FLk;gq;fNs trjpahditfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; Vida DS gpupTfNshL
xg;gpLifapy; efuj;jpw;F mUfpy; mike;Js;sd. ntypXahtpy; cs;s FLk;gq;fNs (rpq;fs
kf;fis ngUk;ghd;ikahf nfhz;Ls;sJ) efuj;jpypUe;J kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;sd.
ntspXahtpy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs; mUfpYs;s efuj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;F ruhrupahf 7 fp.kP
gazpf;f Ntz;bAs;s mNjNeuj;jpy; xl;LRl;lhd; kw;Wk; fiuJiwg;gw;W Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s
FLk;gq;fs; mUfpYs;s efuj;jpw;Fr; nry;y 3-4 fp.kP kl;LNk gazpf;f Ntz;bas;sJ.

76
glk; cgak;: k`pk;rd;: ,yq;ifapd; Ky;iyj;jPT Nfhl;il>CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53972517

5.3 Ma;T Kiwik

fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Nritfspd; (,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf; fy;tp) jpUg;jp
Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf FWf;F ml;ltizfs;
kw;Wk; epak ,opT tu;f;f (standard ordinary least squares-OLS) kjpg;gPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpid
,e;j Ma;thdJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; fy;tp tpisTfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpid jPu;khdpf;Fk; %d;W Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mitahtd: (1)
tUkhdk; (CRC jutpYs;s nry;t tsr; Rl;b>HIES jutpy; cs;s tPl;Lj;Jiw nrytPL>
Vida ,izkhwpfs; %yk; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ)> (2) fpuhkg;Gw gz;G (efuj;jpw;fhd J}uj;jpd;
%yk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ)> (3) Fbj;njhif fhuzpfs; (FLk;gj; jiytupd; fy;tp>
Foe;ijapd; taJ> ghypdk; kw;Wk; ,dk; Nghd;wd).

,e;j mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapy;> ehq;fs; gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;il kjpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;:

𝐷𝑖𝑗𝑙 = 𝛼 + 𝛽1 𝑊𝑘𝑙 + 𝛽2 𝑍𝑘𝑙 + 𝑋𝛾 + 𝑙 + 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙

fy;tp tha;g;G> fy;tp toq;fy; kw;Wk; tpisTfis mstpLfpd;w tpisT khwpfspd;

njhFjpiaNa 𝐷𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 Fwpf;fpd;wJ> ,jpy; 𝑖 jdpegiuAk;> j khtl;lj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ (,e;j
tpisT khwpfshdJ> Foe;ij ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wjh> Foe;ij mNj GN gpuptpYs;s
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wjh> jdpahu; tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> xU Foe;ijf;fhd
jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; nrytpdk;> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp>
khztu;fSf;F ghFghL fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wjh my;yJ tu;f;f mbg;gilapy; xU khztd;
jug;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whdh Nghd;w tplaq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ). 𝑊𝑘𝑙 vd;gJnry;tj;jpd;
gjpypahf fhzg;gLfpd;w khwpfspd; xU flj;jpahFk;> 𝑍𝑘𝑙 vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gw gz;Gfspd;
gjpypahf fhzg;gLfpd;w khwpfspd; xU flj;jpahFk;. 𝑋 vd;gJ jdpegu; kw;Wk; tPl;Lj;Jiw
gz;Gfspd; xU flj;jpahFk;. 𝑙 vd;gJ khtl;l uPjpahd epiyahd tpisTfshFk;> ,J

77
fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; tpisTfs;> jdpegupd; nrhj;J kw;Wk; fpuhkpag; gz;G Nghd;wtw;iw
ghjpf;fpd;w> mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; mtjhdpf;fg;glhj Neuk; khWglhj khtl;lk; rhu;e;j
fhuzpfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd fl;Lg;ghlhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 𝜀 vd;gJ gpioiaf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; tpisTfis ghjpf;fpd;w Kf;fpa jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfspy; xd;whf

nry;tk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gb> nry;te;j
FLk;gq;fs; rpwe;j fy;tp tha;g;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nrytpid Nkw;nfhs;s
jahuhf cs;sdu; (Fwpg;ghf jdpahu; tFg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;). nry;t j;ij
jpwk;gl mstpLtJ xU Kf;fpa rthyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. CRC juTfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gFg;gha;tpy;> FLk;gj;jpd; nry;t epiyf;fhd gjpypahf Nkhup];
kjpg;ngz; Rl;b (Morris Score Index-MSI) (Nkhup]; kw;Wk; gyu;2000) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j Ma;tpy; MSI ,d; gad;ghL njhlu;ghf ,izg;G A4 ,y; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

HIES kw;Wk; CRC jutpypUe;J kjpg;gplg;gl;l KbTfis mj;jpahak; Muha;fpd;wJ.

5.4 KbTfs;

Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l %d;W Kf;fpa fUg;nghUl;fshd fy;tp tha;g;G>

juk; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; Mfpad njhlu;ghd KbTfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis NkYk; Muha;tjw;fhf HIES gFg;gha;thdJ
khtl;l mbg;gilapYk;> CRC gFg;gha;thdJ tya mbg;gilapYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5.4.1 fy;tp tha;g;G

mj;jpahak; 2 ,y; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fl;likg;gpid cUthf;Ftjpy;>

,g;gpupthdJ> xU Foe;ijapd; ghlrhiy Nru;f;ifapy; tWik kw;Wk; Fbj;njhif
fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wjh vd;gij Kjypy; kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;wJ. tWik kw;Wk;
tPl;Lj;Jiw rhu;e;j ,izkhwpfspd; njhFjp Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Vw;g xU khztd;
ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghl;bid ml;ltiz 5.1 kjpg;gPL
nra;fpd;wJ. xU FLk;gk; tWikapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gjw;F
,ul;il khwp xd;wpid ,y;iyadpy;> DCS My; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l khjnkhd;Wf;F xU
egUf;F &gh. 4>166 vDk; tWikf; Nfhl;lstpid gFg;gha;thdJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
FLk;gj;jpw;fhd jdpegu; tUkhdk; &gh 4>166 ,w;F Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd;> tWik vDk;
,ul;il khwpapd; ngWkjp xd;whfTk; kw;wg;gb G+[;[pakhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tWik
vDk; khwp kl;LNk Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU
Foe;ijapd; fy;tp miltpd; tYthd fzpg;ghdhf tWik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ,J
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPohd FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j fdp~;l ,uz;lhk;
epiy ghlrhiy khztu;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Nru;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; 3 rjtPjkhf Fiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.39 khtl;lk;> nghUshjhuj;Jiw> ,dk; kw;Wk; ghypdk; Nghd;w d Gs;sptpgu
uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpistpidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.40

39tWikf;Fg; gjpyhf jdpegu; FLk;gr; nrythdJ gad;gLj;jg;gLkhdhy;> ,Nj Nghd;w KbTfs; ngwg;gLk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> tpisTfspd; msT Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> mjhtJ jdpegu; nrytpy; Vw;gLfpd;w 10%
mjpfupg;ghdJ xU Foe;ij ghlrhiyia tpl;L ntspNaWtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid 0.6% My; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

40
,izg;G A5 MdJ midj;J khtl;lq;fSf;Fkhd ,NjNghd;w gFg;gha;tpid tptupf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j gFg;gha;tpy;>
ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNaWtjpy; khztu;fspd; taJk; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjfkhd
78
 ml;ltiz 5.1: ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; xU Foe;ij ,Uf;fpd;wjh kw;Wk; jdpahu;
tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis Foe;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwjh vd;gJ njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPL

ghlrhiyf;Fr; jdpahu;
nry;yhj tFg;Gfisg;
Foe;ijfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w
Foe;ijfs;

Ky;iyj;jPT 0.020 0.024

(0.014) (0.013)
kl;lf;fsg;G 0.015 0.023*
(0.012) (0.011)
nkhduhfiy -0.001 -0.000
(0.011) (0.010)
fpuhkpaj; Jiw -0.000 -0.007
(0.008) (0.008)
Njhl;lj; Jiw -0.003 -0.004
(0.036) (0.038)
taJ 0.001 -0.001
(0.002) (0.001)
FLk;gj;jpYs;s Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if 0.003 -0.000
(0.003) (0.003)
FLk;gj; jiytupd; fy;tp epiy (ghlrhiyf; -0.001 0.000
fy;tp Mz;Lfspy;) (0.001) (0.0008)
tWik (= 1 tWik vdpy;> = 0 ,y;iynadpy;) 0.032** 0.006
(0.012) (0.011)
ghypdk; (= 1 ngz;> = 0 Mz;) -0.007 -0.005
(0.006) (0.005)
,yq;ifj; jkpou;fs; -0.013 -0.0200*
(0.011) (0.010)
,e;jpaj; jkpou;fs; -0.026 -0.031
(0.024) (0.022)
,yq;if K];ypk;fs; -0.013 -0.013
(0.010) (0.009)
khwpyp -0.004 0.026
(0.036) (0.017)

tpisnthd;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Vida Gtpapay; gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfNshL xg;gpLifapy;

kd;dhu;> Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; Njhl;lj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd rhj;jpak;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

79
 mtjhdpg;Gfs; 922 2>143
R-tu;f;fk; (R-];Fahu;l;) 0.023 0.004

Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05. 2016

HIES juTfs; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; 10-14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis khjpupahdJ
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ (,J fl;lhakhf ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yf;$ba tajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ). xg;gl P ;L
khtl;lkhf nfhOk;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfiy Fwpg;ghf> %d;W Kf;fpa khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf;fhd mZfiy epu;zapf;Fk; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
Gtpapy; uPjpahd J}uk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.6 ,e;j typAWj;jy;fis cWjpg;gLj;jJfpd;wJ. 50% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd

khztu;fs; efuj;jpypUe;J 5 fp;.kP njhiytpy; trpg;gjhy;> ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfis
mZFtjw;F mtu;fsJ GN gpupTfSf;F ntspNa gazpf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.41 ,e;j
khtl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fSf;fhd ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp tha;g;gpid
fbdkhf;ff;$ba fy;tp toq;fypy; cs;s fl;likg;G uPjpahd rpf;fy;fis ,J
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ (CRC jutpid mbg;gilapy;> 25% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd khztu;fs;
mtu;fsJ ghlrhiyapypUe;J 5 fp.kP njhiytpNyNa trpg;gjhfTk;> nkhduhfiy
khtl;lj;jpy; ,J 64% MfTk;> kLy;y DS gpuptpy; Fwpg;ghf> 70% MfTk; ,Ue;jJ).42
,Ug;gpDk;> ,uz;L khwpfSf;fpilapyhd ,izj;njhlu;G NghJkhdsT tYthf ,y;iy
(Nghiwj;jPT (kl;lf;fsg;G)> gly;Fk;Gu (nkhduhfiy) kw;Wk; ntspXah (Ky;iyj;jPT)
Nghd;w ntspaf fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf> ghlrhiyfspd; gutyhd fpilf;Fk; jd;ikahdJ
GN gpuptpw;Fs; Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyfis ,yFthf mZFtij rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;wJ).
Gtpapay; uPjpahf njhiytpy; mike;jpUg;gjpd; tpisthdJ jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd
tha;g;gpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.43 efuj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;jJ 5 fp.kP
njhiytpYs;s %d;W gq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhd khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy (kPz;Lk; Nghiwj;jPTgw;W> gly;Fk;Gu kw;Wk; ntspXah Nghd;w
tpjptpyf;fhf mikfpd;wd). Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidfs; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fspd;
ghlrhiy tUifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ vd;gJ kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;e;j
ngw;Nwhuhy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lNjhL mtu;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; xNunahU Ng&e;J Nrit kl;LNk
fhzg;gl;lJ. “epjpapay; uPjpahd f~;lq;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w FLk;g gpd;dzpfis
nfhz;ltu;fshfNt ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; fhzg;gLfpwhu;fs;. vdNt> mtu;fsJ
Foe;ijfis Kr;rf;fu tz;bapy; mDg;Gtjw;F NghJkhd gzk; ,y;iy vd;gNjhL vy;yh
FLk;gq;fSk; jkJ Foe;ijfis jpdKk; ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf irf;fps;fis
thq;f Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. fle;J nry;fpd;w ghijapy; xU fhl;bidAk;>
Fiwe;jsthd rdj;njhifiaAk; nfhz;l gFjpahf fhzg;gLtjhy; jdpahf ele;J
nry;tJ Mgj;jhdjhf mikfpd;wJ” vd;gij ngw;Nwhu; xUtu; Rl;bf;fhl;bapUe;jhu;.

41Ma;tpy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s jutpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntl;Lg; Gs;sp tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

42njhiytpy; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfyhdJ> jukhd nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritapd; fpilf;Fk;

jd;ikapy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. CRC juTj;njhFjpapy; ,J njhlu;ghd juTfs; ,y;yhj epiyapy;>
khtl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; ,J Xupdj;jd;ikAilajhf ,Ug;gjhf ,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ fUJfpd;wJ> vd;whYk; ,J
kpfTk; cWjpahd xU fUJNfhs; ,y;iy vd;gij xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

43
,yq;ifapYs;s jdpahu; fy;tpj;JiwahdJ epoy; fy;tp Kiwahf fUjg;gLtNjhL ghlrhiy fy;tpf;F
,izahd kw;Wk; cau;e;j fy;tpapid toq;Ftjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ru;kh kw;Wk; gupd;Jup (2016)
MfpNahu; tptupf;fpd;wdu;.

80
 tpsf;fg;glk; 5.6 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lq;fspy; xNu GN gpupTfspy; cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd J}uk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;G

60%
kl;lf;fsg;G
40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
-20%

VwhT+u; Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F

kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W

60% nkhduhfiy

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km

gly;Fk;Gu nkjfk kLy;y

81
 60% Ky;iyj;jPT

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km

xl;LRl;lhd; ntspXah fiuJiwg;gw;W

GN gpuptpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghlrhiy xd;wpw;F nry;fpd;w kw;Wk; jdpahu; tFg;gpw;Fr;

nry;fpd;w ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiy khztu; xUtupd; OLS kjpg;gPLfis ml;ltiz 5.2
toq;Ffpd;wJ. NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy> xNu GN gpuptpy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy
ghlrhiy xd;wpw;F xU Foe;ij nry;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjw;fhd xU rpwe;j
fzpg;ghdhf efuj;jpw;fhd J}ukhdJ mikatpy;iy vd;whYk; DS gpupTfSf;fhd rpwe;j
fzpg;ghdhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (tpupthd KbTfs; RUf;fkhf ,q;F jug;glhtpl;lhYk;>
,izg;G A6 ,y; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sd). kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;ijr; Nru; e;j
khztu;fis tpl nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fs;
mtu;fsJ GN gpuptpw;Fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;tJ FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ.
VwhT+u; efuk; kw;Wk; Nfhuisg;gw;W gpupT (kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy;) Nghd;w gFjpfspy;
nfhj;jzpahf fhzg;gLfpd;w FLk;gq;fs;> GN gpuptpy; cs;s khztu;fSf;fhd ghlrhiyfs;
mUfpy; mike;jpUg;gij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ vdpDk;> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT
Fwpg;ghf nkjfk (nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy;)> kw;Wk; fiuJiwg;gw;W (Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lj;jpy;) Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s DS gpupTfspy; ,e;epiy fhzg;gltpy;iy Vnddpy;
gue;jsthd rdj;njhifahdJ xt;nthU GN gpuptpYk; ghlrhiyfs; mike;jpUg;gij
fbdkhf;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYk;> nry;t tsr; Rl;bahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> jkf;F nrhe;jkhd

FbapUg;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; (nry;tk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;fpd; kw;WnkhU mstPL)
FLk;gq;fshdJ> mtu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd GN gpupTfspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy
ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUtjw;fhd xU Foe;ijapd; tpUg;gj;jpy; 46%- 47% vd;w tifapy;
Neu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.44 trjpg;ngw;w FLk;gq;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfis
mtu;fsJ GN gpuptpw;Fs; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyf;F mDg;gf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.45

44mUfpYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l ghlrhiyfspy; (Fwpg;ghf Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;) mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

FbapUg;gpw;fhd cupikia (my;yJ trpg;gplj;jpw;fhd cWjp) nfhz;bUg;gJ Kd; epge;jidahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
(Kf;fpa egu;fSldhd Neu;fhziy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ). Mifahy;> trpg;gplj;jpw;fhd cupikiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ Foe;ijfs; mtu;fsJ GN gpuptpw;Fs; cs;s ghlrhiyf;fhd rpwg;ghd mZfiy mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

45vt;thW trpg;gplj;jpw;fhd cWjpia ngw;Nwhu;fs; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;f
KbAk;. ,yq;ifapYs;s ghlrhiyia mZFtjw;fhd gpujhd ,af;fpfspd; xd;whf ghlrhiyapd;
82
efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk;> ,dk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; xU Foe;ijapd; ghypdk; nfhz;Ls;s
,ilj;njhlu;ghdJ Gs;sptpgu uPjpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy. ngz; gps;isfs; (my;yJ
Mz; gps;isfs;) mtu;fsJ ghypdk; my;yJ ngz; gps;isfs; (my;yJ Mz; gps;isfs;)
efuj;jpypUe;J njhiytpy; trpg;gtu;fshf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf> mtu;fSila GN gpupTfspy;
cs;s ghlrhiyfSf;F my;yJ jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd tha;g;G FiwthfNt
cs;sJ.

ml;ltiz 5.2: Kiwahd kw;Wk; epoy; fy;tp tha;g;G njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPL

(1) (2)
khwpfs; mNj GN jdpahu; tFg;G
ghlrhiy

efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk; 0.007 -0.008

(0.006) (0.007)
ngz; Foe;ij 0.031 0.098
(0.095) (0.102)
cWjpg;gj;jpukw;w nrhe;j tPL 0.471*** -0.070
(0.096) (0.150)
cWjpg;gj;jpuj;Jldhd nrhe;j tPL 0.476*** -0.059
(0.093) (0.147)
jkpo; -0.085 -0.386**
(0.144) (0.136)
K];ypk; -0.385* -0.430*
(0.185) (0.170)
nry;te;j tu;f;fk; -0.014 0.059***
(0.011) (0.011)
midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Mrpupaupd; (0.037) 0.101**
fpilf;Fk; jd;ik
khwpyp 0.521 0.740**
(0.266) (0.279)

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 1>161 1>086

R-tu;f;fk; (R-];Fahu;l;) 0.116 0.103

Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, *

p<0.05.CRC juTj;njhFjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l juTfs; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
kw;Wk; Vida ,izkhwpfshdit> DS gpupTfs;> FLk;gq;fspd; msT> FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s
Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if> trpg;gplj;jpd; tif kw;Wk; Foe;ijapd; ghypdk; efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G> nry;tk; kw;Wk; ,dk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sd.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ikaj;jpw;Fs; mike;Js;s ngw;Nwhu;fspd; miktplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid kpfTk; ,yFthf

cWjpg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL mNj GN gpuptpw;Fs; mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfis mZfTk; Kbfpd;wJ.

83
tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fSld; (ZDE) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gz;Grhu; Neu;fhzy;fs; 10 Kf;fpa
DS gpupTfspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfy; njhlu;ghf Nkyjpf
njsptpid toq;Ffpd;wJ. efuj;jpypUe;J njhiytpy; trpf;fpd;w Foe;ijfspd; gy
ngw;Nwhu;fs; r%fkspg;gjpy;iy vd;gij nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpYs;s tyag;
gzpg;ghsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. tWikapd; fhuzkhfTk; ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhik
mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ngw;Nwhu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
“vkJ fpuhkj;jpy; NghJkhd Kd;gs;spfs; ,y;iy kw;Wk; rpy FLk;gq;fs; jkJ
Foe;ijfSf;F Kd;gs;sp fy;tpapid toq;ff;$ba epiyapy; (epjpapay; uPjpahf) ,y;iy.
fy;tpapy; gytPdkhd Foe;ijfis Mrpupau;fs; Fw;wQ;rhl;Ltjd; fhuzkhf khztu;fs;
ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; twpatu;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; gapw;rp
Gj;jfq;fis thq;Ftjw;fhd gz trjp mtu;fSf;fpy;iy. Gjpa Gj;jfq;fis thq;Ftjw;F
NghJkhd gzk; ,y;yhjjhy;> mtu;fSila gapw;rp Gj;jfq;fs; epiwtilfpd;w NghJ>
mtu;fs; jpdKk; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy” vd;gij ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.

%d;W khtl;lq;fspYk; cs;s tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fSf;Nfw;g> ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy;

cs;s khztu;fspd; Nkhrkhd tUiff;fhd fhuzq;fspd; xd;whf ngw;Nwhupd; fz;Nzhl;lk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhduhfiyapy; cs;s ngw;Nwhu; xUtUk; ,Nj Nghd;w czu;tpid
ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;. “khztu;fspd; xOq;fhd tUifia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F> jho;e ;j
FLk;g gpd;dzpapd; fhuzkhf> fy;tpapd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J rpwe;j tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;yhj
ngw;Nwhu;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fSf;F fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ngWkjp Fwpj;J
tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j jpwDila njhopypy; <LgLfpd;w Foe;ijfs; mtu;fsJ
fy;tpia njhlu;tJ Fwpj;J Mu;tk; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk;
FLk;gq;fs;> Foe;ijfs; jpBnud;W fy;tpia epWj;Jtjw;F toptFf;fpd;wd. fy;tpapd; kjpg;G
Fwpj;J ngw;Nwhu;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfs; twpa FLk;g
gpd;dzpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ ngw;Nwhu;fs; <Lgl;Ls;s njhopy;fs; kl;LNk ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjhy;> mtu;fsJ ghu;itAk;> fz;Nzhl;lKk; fy;tp
Kiwf;Nfw;gtbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.” vd;gij ngw;Nwhu; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. NkYk;>
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rpy tyaq;fspy; (Fwpg;ghf ghz;bUg;G)> jha;khu;fs; kj;jpa
fpof;F kw;Wk; tl Mgpupf;f (MENA) gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F Ntiy epkpj;jk; Gyk;ngau;tJ>
Foe;ijfspd; ghlrhiy tUifapy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. Vnddpy;> Foe;ijapd; fy;tpf;F nghWg;ghf
,Uf;fpd;w je;ij> jhj;jh> ghl;b my;yJ %j;j rNfhjuu;fs; rpyNeuq;fspy; jsu;tiltNj
,jw;fhd fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ (,Nj Nghd;w fUj;J ru;kh kw;Wk; gupd;Jup (2016)
MfpNahuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ).

tWikahdJ fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; fy;tpf;fhd mZfypy; kiwKfkhf jhf;fk;

nrYj;JtNjhL> twpa FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs; Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghLilatu;fshf
,Ug;gjhy; ,J mtu;fspd; mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis ghjpf;fpd;wJ. “Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk;
FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J khztu;fs; tUtNjhL rpy khztu;fs; fhiyf; $l;lq;fspd; NghJ
kaq;fp tpOfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; fhiy czT rhg;gpl;lhu;fsh vd tprhupj;j NghJ> tPl;by;
epyTfpd;w gz neUf;fbapdhy; mtu;fSf;F fhiy czit cz;z Kbtjpy;iy vd;gij
ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ed;whf fw;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Nghrhf;fhd kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd
czTfs; mtu;fSf;F fpilg;gjpy;iy” vd;gij nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpYs;s Mrpupau;
xUtu; (,tu; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp fw;fpd;w xU Foe;ijapd; ngw;Nwhuhthu;)
tpsf;fpdhu;.

mj;jpahak; 4 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l epoy; fy;tp Kiw vd;gJ jdpahu; tFg;Gfis

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; vd;gJ cyfk; KOtJk; Ngrg;gLk; ru;r;irf;Fupa tplakhf
,Uf;fpd;w NghJ> khztu; nray;jpwd; kPjhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; jhf;fk; njhlu; ghd
84
Mjhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sNjhL> ,yq;ifapYs;s gy FLk;gq;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfSf;F
jdpahu; tFg;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ftdj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd. jdpahu;
fy;tpf;fhf nrytpLk; FLk;gq;fspd; kj;jpapy;> jkJ fy;tpf;fhd tuT nryT jpl;lj;jpy;
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhf Rkhu; 74% I nrYj;Jfpd;wd (,izg;G A1 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). HIES
jutpd; mbg;gilapy; tWikahdJ jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;gpid tYthd xU
fzpg;ghf ,y;iy vd;gij ml;ltiz 5.1 fhl;bepw;fpd;wJ. 46 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cs;s
khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G mjpfkhf ,Ug;gNjhL>
jkpo; khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G Fiwthf
,Uf;fpd;wJ (CRC juTg; gFg;gha;tpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l KbTfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,J
njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf fye;Jiuahly; fPNo toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ).

CRC jutpid gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fg;glk; 5.7 tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jd;gb efuj;jpypUe;J

njhiytpy; tho;fpd;w khztu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfis mZFtjw;fhd tha;g;G FiwthfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xl;LRl;lhd;> fiuJiwg;gw;W (,uz;Lk; Ky;iyj;jPtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd)>
VwhT+u;> kz;Kid kw;Wk; Nfhuisg;gw;W (%d;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cs;sJ) Nghd;w
gpupTfspy; 20% ,w;Fk; Fiwthd khztu;fNs 5 fp.kP njhiytpy; my;yJ jdpahu;
tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba efuj;jpypUe;J njhiythf trpf;fpd;wdu; (jdpahu;
tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;G ruhrupahf 60-80% Mf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> RutPu 2011 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;).
nkhduhfiyapy; cs;s DS gpupTfspy;> rpwe;j nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;G Xustpw;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.7 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT

khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd J}uk; kw;Wk; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd
tha;g;G

Ky;iyj;jPT
80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
xl;LRl;lhd ntspXah fiuJiwg;gw;W

46 tWikf;F gjpyhf jdpegu; FLk;g nryTfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ> jdpahu; tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
kPjhd jdpegu; nrytpdj;jpy; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;> jhf;fj;jpd; msT
rpwpajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ mjhtJ> jdpegu; nrytpy; Vw;gLfpd;w 10% mjpfupg;ghdJ> tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;ig 0.4%
Mf mjpfupg;gjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.

85
 80% kl;lf;fsg;G

60%

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
Vwht+u; Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W

80% nkhduhfiy

60%

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
gly;Fk;Gu nkjfk kLy;y

CRC juT %yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):

CRC juthdJ HIES jutpw;F Kuzhdjhf miktNjhL> jdpahu; tFg;gpw;fhd tha;g;ghdJ>

mbg;gilapy; nry;tj;jhy; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLfpd;wJ. nry;tj;jpd; tpisthdJ> 0.1%
kl;lj;jpy; Neu;kiwahdjhfTk;> Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ> ,Ug;gpDk; Fzfj;jpd; vy;iy tpisT rpwpajhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
(nry;tj;jpd; gbepiyapy; Vw;gl;l mjpfupg;ghdJ jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd mZfiy 2%
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ). juTj; njhFjpfSf;fpilNa> jdpahu; tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
njhlu;ghd nry;t tsr; Rl;bapd; Gs;sptpgu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; NtWghlhdJ>
khtl;lq;fSf;Fs;shd NtWghLfs; %yk; ,af;fg;gLtNjhL> HIES juTj;njhFjpapy; mit
cs;slf;fg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;G FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MSI mikg;gpd;
njsptw;wj;jd;ikahy; mit ,af;fg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; cs;sJ. CRC jutpy;> jdpahu;
tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;w Foe;ijfs; cfe;j R+o;epiyiaf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspy;
,Ue;J tUfpwhu;fs; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. mj;NjhL> midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ghlrhiyfisr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfspy; 11% Mdtu;fs;
jdpahu; tFg;Gfspy; Nru;tjw;fhd tha;g;G mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtNjhL> jdpahu; tFg;ghdJ
86
Kiwahd ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;fhd gjpyPL ,y;iynad;whYk;> Kiwahd fy;tpia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Jizahf mikayhk; vd;gij ,J mDkhdpf;fpd;wJ.47 ,e;j
tpisthdJ 1% kl;lj;jpy; Gs;stpgu uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.rpq;fs khztu;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; khztu;fs;
jdpahu; tFg;Gfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G 35-40% vd;wstpy; Fiwthf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.48 jkpo; nkhop %y ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwapd; %yk; ,J
tpsf;fg;glyhk; (,jdhy;> jkpo; nkhop %y jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd Mrpupau;fSf;F
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpd;wJ). Foe;ijapd; ghypdk;> my;yJ efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk;> nry;tk;
my;yJ ,dk; Nghd;wd jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;gpd; kPJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpistpidf;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy (KbTfs; RUf;fkhf ,q;F tptupf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,izg;G
A6 ,y; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ).

JZf;fha; (Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lk;) kw;Wk; Nghwj;jPTgw;W (kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;) Nghd;w

tyaq;fspYk;>DSgpupTfSf;Fs;Sk; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd trjp ,y;yhjjd; fhuzkhf>
khztu;fSf;fhd jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;G Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nghwj;jPTg;gw;wpy;> khztu;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf juk; 5> fh.ngh.j. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; fh.ngh.j.
cau; ju khztu;fSf;fhd fy;tp rhu; cjtpapid toq;Fk; tifapy; (jdpahu; tFg;Gfs;
,y;yhj epiyapy;) tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk; muR rhuh epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J
khztu;fSf;fhd khiy Neu tFg;Gfis toq;Ffpd;wd.

tWik> J}uk; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu; ,y;yhj Foe;ijfs; Nghd;wd ghlrhiyf;fhd tha;g;gpid

ghjpg;gNjhL (Fwpg;ghf mNj GN gpuptpYs;s)> jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;igAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gij ,e;j KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghypdkhdJ> mNj GN gpuptpy;
cs;s ghlrhiyf;fhd my;yJ jdpahu; tFg;gpw;fhd tha;g;G kPJ Gs;sptpguuPjpapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

47ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd (ZDE cldhd

fye;Jiuahly; mbg;gilapy;).

48
tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

87
5.4.2 fy;tpj; juk;

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.8 (a-c): KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT

khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s efuq;fSf;fhd J}uk; kw;Wk; czug;gl;l fy;tpj;juk;

80%
Ky;iyj;jPT
60%

40%

20%

0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
xl;LRl;lhd ntspXah fiuJiwg;gw;W

80% kl;lf;fsg;G 80% nkhduhfiy

60%
40% 60%

20%
40%
0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
20%
Vwht+u;
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F 0%
<2km 3-5km 6-10km >10km
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F
Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W gly;Fk;Gu nkjfk kLy;y

%d;W khtl;lq;fspYk; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiy khztu;fshy; njuptpf;fg;gl;l

ghlrhiy juk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ,e;j Ma;T gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (fz;Nzhl;lk;
mbg;gilapyhd eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpid gpupT 2.4
toq;Ffpd;wJ). nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpYk;> ntspXahtpYk; (Ky;iyj;jPT) cs;s
njhiyJ}u gFjpfisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; mtu;fSila jw;Nghija ghlrhiyfs; Fwpj;J
kfpo;r;rpahfNt cs;sdu; vd;gij tpsf;fg;glk; 5.8 Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fs;
jkJ nrhe;j GN gpupTfspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfis xg;gpl;L ghu;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;G kw;Wk;
fy;tp toq;fypd; cs;slf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; ,jw;fhd xU Kf;fpa
fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd. nghJthf> czug;gl;l jukhdJ ghlrhiy juj;jpd; xU Gwepiy
mstPlhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy Mdhy;> Kf;fpakhd gadu; fUj;J kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpahf
mikfpd;wJ.

fy;tp juk; Fwpj;j jpUg;jp njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPLfis ml;ltiz 5.3 toq;Ffpd;wJ. epuy;
1 ,y;> MSI nry;t tsr; Rl;bahdJ tUkhdj;jpw;fhd gjpypahf gad;gLj;jg;gLj;Jfpd;w
mNjNeuj;jpy;> epuy; 2 kyry$lq;fspd; tif kw;Wk; FLk;gk; Efu;Tf;fld; ngw;Ws;sjh
,y;iyah Nghd;w rhuh khwpfspd; Nru;f;if xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf;F
88
mUfpy; trpf;fpd;w khztu;fs;> mjhtJ xNu GN gpuptpYs;s ghlrhiyf;F nry;Yk;
khztu;fs;> ghlrhiyahy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w %d;W czug;gl;l juq;fspYk; Fiwthd
kfpo;r;rpiaNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. cfe;j R+o;epiyfs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w ghlrhiyfspy;
(midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Mrpupaupd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik %yk; ngwg;gl;lJ) khztu;fspd;
jpUg;jp kl;lk; cau;thf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

MSI %ykhfNth my;yJ Efu;Tf;fld; %ykhfNth mstplg;gl;l nry;tkhdJ

ghlrhiyapdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fy;tp juj;jpd; kPJ Gs;sptpgu uPjpapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpistpid Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy (ml;ltiz 5.3 ,y; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
,izkhwpfSf;fhd kjpg;gPfs; kl;LNk RUf;fkhf jug;gl;Ls;sJ> KOikahd ml;ltiz
,izg;G A7 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ). midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk;
jd;ikahdJ khztu;fspd; jpUg;jp kl;lj;jpy; Neu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fshy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l foptfw;wy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
njhlu;ghfTk; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ltu;fsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; trpf;fpd;w DS
gpupTfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w foptfw;wy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; ghlrhiyf; Fwpj;j
mjpUg;jpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tNjhL> ,lk; kw;Wk; fpuhkpa gz;Gfs; Fwpj;j fhuzpfs;
foptfw;wy; trjpfspd; (my;yJ mq;F ,y;yhj foptfw;wy; trjpfspd;) juj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F> kw;Wk; Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W
(kl;lf;fsg;gpy;)> xl;LRl;lhd; kw;Wk; fiuiwg;gw;W (Ky;iyj;jPtpy;)> kw;Wk; nkjfk kw;Wk;
gly;Fk;Gu (nkhduhfiyapy;) Nghd;w gpupTfspy; ruhrupahf ghlrhiyfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
foptfw;wy; trjpfs; Fwpj;j mjpUg;jp mjpfupj;Js;sJ. DCS My; cUthf;fg;gl;l tWik
mwpf;ifapd; (2015) mbg;gilapy; ,e;j DS gpupTfshdit> ehl;bYs;s twpa DS gpupTfspy;
KiwNa (nkhj;jkhf 231 gpupTfspy;) 2tJ> 13tJ> 6tJ> 9tJ> 16tJ> kw;Wk; 25tJ ,lj;jpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gjw;F ve;jtpj Kuz;ghLk; ,y;iy.49

ml;ltiz 5.3: ghlrhiy juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp kjpg;gPL

(1) (2) (3) (4)

xl;Lnkhj;j xl;Lnkhj;j xl;Lnkhj;j xl;Lnkhj;j
fy;tp juk; fy;tp juk; fy;tp juk; fy;tp juk;
Fwpj;j jpUg;jp Fwpj;j Fwpj;j Fwpj;j
jpUg;jp jpUg;jp jpUg;jp

mNj GN ghlrhiy -0.154*** -0.148*** 0.001 -0.109**

(0.037) (0.036) (0.036) (0.039)
ghlrhiyf;fhd J}uk; 0.006 0.007 0.014 0.0129
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.009)
midj;J 0.152*** 0.158*** 0.271*** 0.152**
ghlq;fSf;Fkhd (0.045) (0.045) (0.0421) (0.048)
Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk;
jd;ik
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F -0.236 -0.269 -0.301 -0.384**
(0.144) (0.143) (0.169) (0.139)
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F 0.014 -0.021 -0.177 -0.286
(0.147) (0.143) (0.172) (0.152)
Nghiwj;jPTgw;W -0.131 -0.160 -0.125 -0.366*

49
Ma;tpid ,q;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/SpatialDistributionOfPoverty2012_13.pdf

89
 (0.152) (0.150) (0.170) (0.144)
gly;Fk;Gu 0.002 -0.043 -0.232 -0.476**
(0.202) (0.195) (0.214) (0.171)
nkjfk -0.146 -0.174 -0.244 -0.573***
(0.208) (0.202) (0.218) (0.173)
kLy;y -0.092 -0.143 -0.156 -0.284
(0.209) (0.203) (0.224) (0.181)
xl;LRl;lhd; -0.185 -0.232 -0.270 -0.365**
(0.144) (0.141) (0.168) (0.139)
ntspXah -0.167 -0.207 -0.273 -0.233
(0.212) (0.206) (0.223) (0.187)
fiuJiwgw;W -0.060 -0.103 -0.121 -0.352*
(0.142) (0.139) (0.166) (0.139)
Mz; Foe;ij -0.002 0.001 0.029 -0.039
(0.036) (0.036) (0.035) (0.037)
nry;tsr; Rl;b 0.001 0.002 0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
khwpyp 1.332*** 1.284*** 1.196** 1.059*
(0.366) (0.373) (0.372) (0.511)
mtjhdpg;Gfs; 1>030 1>071 968 1>004
R-tu;f;fk; (R-];Fahu;l;) 0.086 0.088 0.146 0.136
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, *
p<0.05.CRC juTj;njhFjpapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfs; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk;
Vida ,izkhwpfSf;Fs;> DS gpupTfs;> xU Foe;ijapd; ghypdk; kw;Wk; ,dk;> FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if> foptiwfspd; tif>
FbapUg;G tif kw;Wk; FLk;gk; Efu;Tf;fld; ngWfpd;wjh ,y;iyah Nghd;wd cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fy;tp juj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;w kw;nwhU fUtpahf khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjk; kw;Wk;

ghlrhiyfspd; tif fhzg;gLfpd;wd (,yq;ifapd; 1> 2> kw;Wk; 3 Mk; tif Nghd;w
ghlrhiyfspd; tifg;ghL gw;wpa tpsf;ff;Fwpg;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s gpupT 3.2 Ig;
ghu;f;fTk;). Jujp~;ltrkhf> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp juj;jpid mstpLtjw;fhd rpwe;j
fUtpahf khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjk; ,y;iy. cjhuzkhf> nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
nkjfk tyag; gpuptpy; khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjk; Rkhu; 9:1 Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s nkhduhfiy tyag; gpupTfspy; ,t;tpfpjkhdJ 17:1 Mf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nkjfk gpuptpy; khztu; xUtUf;fhd Mrpupau;fs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkhf> khztu;fs; kpfr; rpwe;j fy;tpj; juj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ,e;j
NtWghlhdJ tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. nkjfktpy; cs;s kpfr; rpwpa ghlrhiyfs; 50 ,w;Fk;
Fiwthd khztu;fisNa nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;w cz;ikia ,e;j Gs;sptpgukhdJ %b
kiwf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> ,jw;fhd xU khw;wPlhf tyaq;fspy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfspd;
vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; 1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
ghlrhiyfs; cfe;j R+o;epiyia mjpfkhf nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd> kw;Wk; midj;J
ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Mrpupau;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd (MOE ,d; tUlhe;j ghlrhiy
fzf;nfLg;gpd; mwpf;iffspy; cs;s Gs;sptpguq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ)> mj;NjhL

90
Njrpa guPl;irfspy; mg;ghlrhiy khztu;fs; rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. 50 nkhduhfiy
cs;s tyag; gpuptpy; %d;W Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd (,g;ghlrhiyfspy; khztu; -
Mrpupau; tpfpjq;fs; mjpfkhFk;)> mit tyaq;fspy; cs;s midj;J ghlrhiyfspy; 3
rjtPjj;ij cs;slf;fpAs;sJ> JZf;fhapy; (Ky;iyj;jPT) kl;LNk 1.6% Md ghlrhiyfs;
Njrpa ghlrhiyfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tyaq;fspy; cs;s midj;J 65 ghlrhiyfspy;
16% Mditfs; 1 Mk; tif ghlrhiyfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd (1AB kw;Wk; 1C tifahd
,U tiffSk;). vdNt> nkhduhfiyapy; cs;s khztu;fs; JZf;fhapy; cs;stu;fis
tpl jukhd fy;tpf;fhd rpwe;j mZfiyg; ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gij vk;khy; Cfpf;f KbAk;.
NkYk;> fh.ngh.j. cau; juq;fs; kw;Wk; cau;juq;fspy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w ghlnewpfSf;fhd
gjpypahf ghlrhiyfspd; tif fhzg;gLtjhy;> nkhj;j JZf;fhapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w
ghlrhiyfspy; 16% Mdtu;fNs fh.ngh.j. cau;juq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij ,J
czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.51

Foe;ijfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fy;tpj;juj;jpid ghjpf;fpd;w kw;WnkhU fhuzpahf

ghFghLfspd; mDgtk; kw;Wk;/my;yJ ghlrhiyapy; mtu;fs; rpyNeuq;fspy;
vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w J~;gpuNahfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghFghLfspd; mDgtk; my;yJ
J~;gpuNahfk; Nghd;wd mtu;fspd; eyj;jpw;F jPq;F tpistpg;gjhfTk;> mtu;fspd; fw;wiyg;
ghjpg;gjhfTk; mikfpd;wd. Rkhu; 6% Md khztu;fs; J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; ghFghL
njhlu;ghd epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;J njuptpj;Js;sdu; vd;gij ,izg;Gfs; A3A-C Nghd;wtw;wpy;
cs;s RUf;fkhd Gs;sptpguq;fs; milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghFghL kw;Wk; J~;gpuNahfk;
njhlu;ghd epfo;Tfs; VwhT+u; (kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;) kw;Wk; xl;LRl;lhdpy; (Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lk;) mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtJld;> nghJthf nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
DS gpupTfspy; kpfTk; Fiwe;j ghFghLfs; kw;Wk; J~;gpuNahfq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd.
khztu;fspd; rhjp/tUkhd kl;lk; Nghd;wd tFg;giwapy; epfo;fpd;w ghFghl;bw;F
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wik kw;Wk; ghlrhiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshy; fl;lzk;
mwtplg;gLfpd;wik Nghd;w ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; gz;Grhu; Neu;fhzy;fspy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;ld. twpa gpd;dzpfisf; nfhz;l Foe;ijfs; mjpfkhd ghugl;rj;jpid
vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ,it Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghlrhiy eltbf;iffSf;fhf xU
FLk;gj;jplk; ,Ue;J xU tUlj;jpw;F &gh. 600 Ig; ghlrhiyfs; NfhUfpd;wd vd;gij
tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F ,f;fl;lzj;ij toq;f
Kbahtpl;lhy;> khztu;fs; ghlrhiy eltbf;iffspy; gq;nfLg;gijNah my;yJ
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; gq;nfLg;gijNah (tFg;G fz;fhzpg;ghsu; kw;Wk; khztu; jiytu;
Nghd;wd) Mrpupau;fs; ntspg;gilahf mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. ,J ngw;NwhUld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fspy; kPz;Lk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. “khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F
tUif juhikf;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf ghlrhiy eltbf;iffSf;fhf gzk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mz;ikapy; xt;nthU khztu;fsplkpUe;Jk; &gh
1000 Ig; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;> khztu;fs; rupahd Neuj;jpw;F gzk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy
vd;why; mtu;fs; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ghliyf;F gy;NtW FLk;g gpd;dzpfspy;
,Ue;J khztu;fs; tUif jUtjhy;> ghlrhiy epu;thfk; tpopg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy;> midtuhYk; nryTfis jhq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ. ,e;j fhuzj;jpdhy;>
khztu;fs; gzk; nrYj;j Kbahtpl;lhy; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy ” vd kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
cs;s ngw;Nwhu; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

50 ; rfspy; khztu;fspd; nray;jpwd; njhlu;ghd MOE ,d; mwpf;iffs; mbg;gilapy;> Njrpa kw;Wk;
Njrpa guPli
1AB tifahd ghlrhiyfspy; Nru;tjw;Fk;> rpwe;j guPli ; r ngWNgWfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU tYthd rhjfkhd
njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

51kl;lf;fsg;G
khtl;lj;jpw;fhd khztu;-Mrpupau; tpfpjk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfspd; tif Nghd;wd njhlu;ghd juTfs;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.

91
tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fSldhd Nkyjpf fye;Jiuahlypy;> Mrpupau;fs; efug;gFjpfspy;
thoTk; Ntiy nra;aTk; tpUk;Gtjhy;> njhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;s ghlrhiyfspd; Mrpupau;fs;
juk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;. kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy
khtl;lq;fspy; cjhuzkhf> gy ghlrhiyfspy; efu;g;gFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpuau;fshf
gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ghlrhiyf;F mjpfkhf r%fkspf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F
,J toptFg;gNjhL> nghJthf Copau;fs; ghlrhiy Kbtile;jTld; tpiuthf
ghlrhiyia tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. gy ghlrhiyfspy; Mrpupau;fSf;fhd
jq;Fkplq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lhYk; ,e;j trjpfs; Fiwe;j gad;ghLiladthfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;. “Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;
gpur;rpid fhuzkhf ngz; Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;L 12 kzpf;Nf ntspNawp
tpLfpd;wdu;. Mrpupau;fSf;fhd Kiwahd tpLjp trjpfSk; mq;fpy;iy vd;gjhy;>
gazj;jpw;F mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpLtjw;F toptFj;jJ. NghJkhdJk;> trjpahdJkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; ,y;yhjjd; fhuzkhf> fu;g;gpzp Mrpupau;fs; gazj;jpd; NghJ
mjpf rpukj;ij vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt> Mrpupau;fs; kpfTk; Fiwe;j Neuj;ijNa ghlrhiyapy;
nrytpLtjw;F toptFj;jJ” vd nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; Mrpupauhf gzpGupfpd;w
ngw;Nwhu; xUtu; tpsf;fpdhu;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nru;e;j
ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; “xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fkhd Mrpupau;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; fzpjg; ghlq;fis fw;gpg;gjw;fhd Mrpupau;fs; ,y;iy. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
vz;zpf;ifapNy Mrpupau;fs; fhzg;gLtNjhL xU Mrpupau; gy ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fpd;whu;.
,jd; fhuzkhf fy;tpj; juk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ghlrhiy fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy; ghlrhiyapy; mjpf Mrpupau;fs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Mrpupau;fSf;fhd
jq;Fkpl trjpfs; ,Ue;jhYk;> njhiy J}uj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; mq;F
trpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt> (,q;fpUe;J) ,lkhw;wk; ngWfpd;w Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyapy; ePz;l
fhyk; Nritahw;Wtjpy;iy. ,q;F xNunahU Ng&e;J Nrit kl;LNk fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J
fhiy 8.00 kzpf;F Gwg;gl njhlq;Ffpd;wJ> Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyia fhiy 8.30
kzpastpy; nrd;wilfpd;w NghJ> xU ghlk; epiwtile;J tpLfpd;wJ. 1.30 kzpastpNyNa
ghlrhiy epiwtilfpd;wJ vdpDk; kPz;Lk; ez;gfy; 12.30 kzpastpy; Ng&e;J tUfpd;wJ
vdNt Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpidapd; fhuzkhf Mrpupau;fs; 12.30 ,w;Nf ghlrhiyia tpl;L
ntspNAwp tpLfpd;wdu;.” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

JZf;fhapy; (Ky;iyj;jPT) cs;s aho;g;ghz Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupau; tpLjpapy;

jq;fpapUg;gNjhL> ghlrhiy Kbtile;j gpd;dUk; $l gps;isfSf;F fw;gpg;gjw;F jahuhf
,Uf;fpd;wdu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J rpy fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiyfSf;fhd Kiwahd
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp ,y;yhikahy;> Copa jq;Fkpl trjpfis gad;gLj;Jtij
ghlrhiyfs; cWjpg;gLj;JtNjhL> Mrpupau;fshy; Njitg;gLfpd;w Neuj;jpy; ghlrhiyf;F
r%fkspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs; vq;fSf;Fj;
njuptpj;jdu;.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis>

,yq;ifapy; xU khztd; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w fy;tpj; juj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpd;w kw;nwhU
fhuzpahf xU khztdpd; fy;tpf;fhd nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ>,jd;
fhuzfhupaj; njhlu;G ru;r;irf;Fupajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> fy;tp kPJ nrytplg;gLk; gzkhdJ
fy;tpj; juj;jpd; mLf;fikTfspy; xU %y Mjhukhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Nfhy; 2017).
fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; kw;Wk; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPNo cs;s FLk;gq;fisr;
Nru;e;j khztu;fspd; fy;tpf;F Fiwe;jsthd gzNk xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij HIES
juTfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. FLk;gj; jiytupd; fy;tp epiy kw;Wk; xU FLk;gk; mtu;fsJ
Foe;ijapd; fy;tpf;nfd vt;tsT nrytpLfpd;wJ vd;gjw;Fk; ,ilapy; tYthd kw;Wk;
Neu;kiwahd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> FLk;gj; jiytupd; xt;nthU Nkyjpf fy;tp

92
tUlKk;> xU khjj;jpw;fhd xU Foe;ijapd; fy;tpr; nryTf;fhf Rkhu; &gh 175 ,w;Fk;
mjpfkhd gzj;ij xJf;Ftjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tpisTfs; Fiwe;jJ 1%
kl;lj;jpy; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 5.4: khztDf;fhd jdpahu; tFg;Gr; nryT njhlu;ghd OLS kjpg;gPL

xU xU Foe;ijf;fhd
Foe;ijf;fhd jdpahu;
fy;tpr; nryT tFg;gpw;fhd
(LKR/khjk;) nryT(LKR/khjk;)

fpuhkpa Jiw -404.7*** -135.7

(100.2) (190.2)
Njhl;lj;Jiw -446.4
(232.2)
taJ 110.7*** 74.22***
(11.70) (21.29)
FLk;gj;jpYs;s Foe;ijfspd; -401.7*** -235.2***
vz;zpf;if (33.62) (64.67)
FLk;gj; jiytupd; fy;tp epiy 175.1*** 34.23
(ghlrhiy tUlq;fspy;) (9.129) (18.90)
tWik (= 1 tWik vdpy;> = 0 -366.9** -289.0
,y;iynadpy;) (133.6) (261.7)
ghypdk; (= 1 ngz;> = 0 Mz;) -29.10 269.3*
(63.53) (111.1)
,yq;ifj; jkpou; 7.582 -487.4
(144.8) (330.8)
,e;jpaj; jkpou; 5.480 -342.4
(232.6) (601.8)
,q;if K];ypk; 126.5 -762.0***
(147.4) (216.3)
khwpyp 1>224*** 1>306**
(206.2) (426.8)

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 13>189 269

R-tu;f;fk; (R-];Fahu;l;) 0.108 0.389
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, *
p<0.05.2016 HIES juTj;njhFjpapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfs; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
kw;Wk; 2016 HIES juTfs; gFg;gha;tpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; midj;J khtl;lq;fspy;
cs;s 10-14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis khjpupahdJ cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpw;Fkhd NghypfisAk; kjpg;gPLfs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd Mdhy;> mit ,q;F
jug;gltpy;iy.

khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w jukhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; (mtu;fs; VNjDk; xd;iw

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;) Kiwahd fy;tpapd; xU gFjpahf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> mtu;fspd;
fy;tpia mJ ghjpf;ff;$Lk; (nray;jpwd; kPjhd jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; jhf;fk; ,d;Dk;
tpthjpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jhYk;; Nfhy; 2017 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). HIES juitg; gad;gLj;jp>
ngwg;gl;l khztu; xUtUf;fhd jdpahu; tFg;Gr; nrytpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w fhuzpfs;
93
Fwpj;J ml;ltiz 5.4 ,y; kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tajpy; tsu;e;j khztu;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;
khztu;fSf;F jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhf mjpf gzk; xJf;fg;gLtij kjpg;g PLfs; fhl;b
epw;fpd;wd. xU khztd; nfhz;Ls;s cld;gpwg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> mf;Foe;ijapd;
jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; kPJ nrytplg;gLfpd;w njhifiaf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. K];ypk; khztu;fs;
jdpahu; fy;tpf;fhf khjnkhd;Wf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT Fiwthd gzj;ijNa
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjw;F rpy Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd (,dk;
kw;Wk; ghypdj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf
,y;iy vd;gNjhL mJ njhlu;ghf ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy).

fy;tpj; juj;jpd; Gwepiy jpUg;jpahdJ jdpegu; my;yJ FLk;g fhuzpfshy; jhf;fj;jpw;F

cl;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij ,k;KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;jg; gFg;gha;tpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ju mstPL fhuzkhf ,J XusT ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. nry;thf;fpd; msT
kw;Wk; ,d milahsg;gLj;jy;fSld; DS gpupTfSf;Fs;s cau; ,izj;njhlu;GfSf;F
,J XusT gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;. DS gpupT vt;tsT Nkhrkhf cs;sJ kw;Wk; DS gpuptpy;
cs;s fpuhkpa FLk;gq;fspd; nrwpT Nghd;wd jpUg;gjpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w Kf;fpa
fhuzpfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Ma;T ehl;by; xg;gPl;lstpy; kpfTk; tWikahd
gFjpfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhy;> ,e;j %d;W khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
tyaq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghlhdJ> ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; kw;Wk; nfhOk;gpy; cs;s
tyaq;fSf;fpilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;w NtWghLfisf; fhl;bYk; FWfpajhf cs;sJ
(khtl;l mbg;gilapyhd ghlrhiy cfe;j R+o;epiy njhlu;ghf njupe;Jnfhs;s Ke;ija
mj;jpahaj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;). FLk;gj;jpd; nry;tr; nropg;ghdJ Foe;ij xd;wpw;fhd jdpahu;
fy;tp nrytpdj;ij ghjpg;gjhf njupatpy;iy (khtl;l NtWghLfshdJ> Fwpg;gpl;l
khtl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; DS gpupTfspy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s jdpahu; tFg;Gfis
gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sd)> Mdhy; fdp~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyiar; Nru;e;j Mz;
gps;isfis tpl ngz; gps;isfNs jdpahu; fy;tpf;fhd mjpfsT gzj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,e;epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy
ghlrhiyfs; Mz; gps;isfis tpl mjpfsthd ngz; gps;isfshy; ,af;fg;gLtjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (,J njhlu;ghd Gs;sptpguq;fSf;F Ke;ija
mj;jpahaj;jpidg; ghu;f;fTk;).

5.4.3 fw;wy; tpisTfs;

Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW> ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs;
Njrpa guPl;irfspy; Nkhrkhf nraw;gLfpd;wdu; mj;NjhL> %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpia epiwT
nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tp tpisTfspy; cs;s
Vw;wj;jho;Tfis tpsf;Ftjw;F> tya mbg;gilapy; juk; 5 guPl;irapy; rpj;jpg;ngw;Nwhu;
tpfpjq;fs; tpsf;fg;glk; 5.9 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpw;fhd tUkhd
kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfj;jypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld
(tpsf;fg;glk; 5.10)

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.9: 2017 ,y; juk; 5 guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j khztu;fspd; tPjk;

94
 80
70
60
50
40
30

fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; (2016) %yk; (nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ):

2017 ,y;> tya mbg;gilapy;> juk; 5 Gyikguprpy; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j khztu;fspd;

rjtPjk; (200 ,w;F 70 kjpg;ngz;fSf;F Nky; ngw;wtu;fs;) tpsf;fg;glk; 5.9 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. midj;J tyaq;fspYk; cs;s khztu;fs; Fiwe;j
nray;jpwDilatu;fshfTk;> Njrpa ruhrupia tplTk; Fiwthd kjpg;ngz;izAk;>
nfhOk;G khtl;lj;ij tplTk; Fiwthd kjpg;ngz;izAk; nfhz;ltu;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ> khtl;lq;fSf;Fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;epiyia kpfTk; njspthf fhzf;$bajhf
cs;sJ> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpahd fy;Flhtpy; 43% Md khztu;fs; kl;LNk juk; 5 Njrpa
guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;Js;sNjhL> kl;lf;fsg;G efug;gFjpapy; 71% Md khztu;fs;
guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;Js;sdu;. mNjNghy> Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy;> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpahd
JZf;fha; tyaj;jpy; cs;s khztu;fs; Ky;iyj;jPtpy; cs;s efu;g;Gw khztu;fis tpl
11 rjtPjk; FiwthfNt nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;.

95
 tpsf;fg;glk; 5.10: 2017 ,y;> ghy;epiy kw;Wk; tUkhdk; mbg;gilapy; Ky;iyj;jPT
khtl;lj;jpy; juk; 5 guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j khztu;fspd; tPjk;

100

50

0
Ky;iyj;jPT JZf;fha;
xl;Lnkhj;j-Mz; xl;Lnkhj;j-ngz;
ntl;Lg;Gs;spf;F fPohd tUkhdk;-Mz; ntl;Lg;Gs;spf;F fPohd tUkhdk;-ngz;
ntl;Lg;Gs;spf;F Nkyhd tUkhdk;-Mz; ntl;Lg;Gs;spf;F Nkyhd tUkhdk;-ngz;

%yk;(nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ): fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; (2016)> tlf;F khfhzk;.

gpd;tUk; ,izaj;js Kftupapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ:
http://edudept.np.gov.lk/

Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; ghypdk; kw;Wk; tUkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; KbTfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.10 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.52 ,uz;L tyaq;fspYk; Mz;fis tpl ngz;fs;
rpwg;ghf nraw;gLtij tiuglk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. JZf;fha; tyaj;jpy; cs;s twpa
khztu;fspy; 68% Mdtu;fs; kl;LNk53 Gyikguprpy; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;Js;sdu;>
mjhtJ Fiwe;jJ 35% kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,uz;L gpupTfSf;fpilapy; tUkhd
vy;iyf;F NkYs;stu;fisAk;> tUkhd vy;iyf;F fPOs;stu;fisAk; tpsf;fg;glk; 5.10
njspthf fhl;bepw;fpd;wJ. vdNt> Kjy;epiyf; fy;tpapy; fpl;lj;jl;l cyfshtpa
Nru;f;ifia mile;Js;sik Fwpj;J ngUikf;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy;> fy;tpapy;
tUkhdj;jhy; Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfis milahsg;gLj;j cs;sha;T xd;W
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> juk; 5 guPl;irfs; Muk;gj;jpy; murplkpUe;J
fy;tpf;nfhLg;gdTfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;w twpa
khztu;fSf;fhd xU cjtpahfNt mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld> Mdhy; JZf;fha; Nghd;w
fpuhkpa tyaq;fspy; khztu;fspy; 7% ,w;Fk; Fiwthdtu;fs; kl;LNk
fy;tpf;nfhLg;gditg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jFjp ngWfpd;wdu; my;yJ kpfTk; kjpg;Gkpf;f xU
ghlrhiyapy;; ,ize;J nfhs;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

mDgtk; uPjpahd gFg;gha;tpw;fhf> ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;> fy;tp tpisTfSf;fhd xU

gjpypahf Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu; xUtupd; juepiy gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ (CRC
juTj;njhFjpapy; cs;slq;fpAs;s xU Ra mwpf;if mstPL).54 ,J xU kpf mbg;gil
mstPlhf ,Ue;jhYk;> xg;gPl;lstpy; vspjhdJ my;y> cjhuzkhf> Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s
njhiyJ}u 2 Mk; tif ghlrhiyAld;; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyia
xg;gpLtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ghlrhiy kw;Wk; tFg;igr; Nru;e;j njhiyJ}u kw;Wk;

52Vida ,uz;L khtl;lq;fSf;F ,Nj Nghd;w Gs;sptpguq;fs; cldbahf fpilf;ftpy;iy

53rKu;j;jpf;fhf jFjp ngw;wtu;fs; %yk; ngwg;gl;lJ.
54mehkNjakhf my;yhjtu;fs; njhlu;ghd fuprizfs; fhuzkhf> Njrpa guPli ; rfspy; nraw;jpwid Ma;tpy;
gad;gLj;j KbahJs;sNjhL> jdpegupd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FLk;g R+o;epiyfis milahsk; fhz KbahJs;sJ.

96
twpaf; Foe;ijfs; fy;tp tpisTfspy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wduh
,y;iyah vd;gij milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU gaDs;s topahf cs;sf tFg;G
uPjpahd xg;gPLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. juepiy kw;Wk; nry;t tsr; Rl;b Nghd;wtw;wpd; FWf;F
ml;ltizfs; (tpsf;fg;glk; 5.11) ve;jnthU tYthd njhlu;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy
(Ky;iyj;jPT jtpu). mjhtJ> FLk;gj;jpd; nry;t tskhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;gpYs;s xU
Foe;ijapd; juepiyapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Ky;iyj;jPtpy;>
nry;t tsk; kw;Wk; Kjy; 10 ,lq;fSf;Fs;shd Foe;ijapd; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;
xU tYthd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 93% Md khztu;fs; 1-10 tiu
jutupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l cau; nry;t tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis>
Fiwe;j nry;te;j tFg;gpdupy; 55% Mdtu;fs; kl;LNk ,e;j cau; nry;t tFg;gpid
milaf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ml;ltiz 5.5 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> Nkyjpf
,izkhwpfSld; ,e;j cwit NkYk; Ma;T nra;fpd;w NghJ> Rthu];akhd fz;lwpTfs;
ntspf;nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd.

tpsf;fg;glk; 5.11: Kjy; 10 epiy/tupirf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; nrhj;J tu;f;fk; kw;Wk;

ghlrhiy tFg;G

100%

80%

60%

40%
Fiwe;j nry;t 2 Mk; nry;t 3 Mk; nry;t 4 Mk; nry;t cau;e;j nry;t
ts gbepiy ts gbepiy ts gbepiy ts gbepiy ts gbepiy

kl;lf;fsg;G nkhduhfiy Ky;iyj;jPT

mjpf J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; khztu;fs; Nkhrkhd juepiyapy; ,Ug;gij ml;ltiz 5.5
,y; cs;s OLS KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (xNu GN gpuptpYs;s ghlrhiyf;F Foe;ij
nrd;Ws;sjh vd;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;lJ).55 ngz; gps;isfs; Mz; gps;isfis tpl
juepiyapy; ruhrupahf 1.5 MtJ epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gJk;> jpUg;jpailahj
khztu;fis tpl 1.5 juepiyapy; cs;s khztu;fs; xl;Lnkhj;j fy;tpj;juk; Fwpj;J
jpUg;jpaile;Js;sdu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. kpfg;ngupa Fzfk; nfhz;l ngUk;ghYk;
Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,izkhwpahf jdpahu; tFg;gpw;fhd Nru;f;if
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ruhrupahf> jdpg;gl;l tFg;gpw;Fr; nry;yhj khztu;fis tpl jdpahu;
tFg;gpw;Fr; nrd;w khztu;fs; %d;W epiyfspy; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. nry;tkhdJ
ghlrhiy khztu;fspd; juepiyfis Neubahf ghjpf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,J jdpahu;
tFg;GfspDlhfNt ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk; mj;Jld; ghypdk;> nry;t

55
Fwpg;G: ,e;j gpw;nryT khjpupapy;> xU Neu;kiwahd Fzfj;ij tpl xU vjpu;kiwahd FzfNk
tpUk;gg;gLtjhdJ> juepiyapy; Vw;gl;;l xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ij cjhzkhf> 3 MtJ epiyapypUe;J 2 MtJ epiyf;F
nry;tjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

97
 tsr; Rl;b kw;Wk; jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd mZfy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy (KbTfs; ,q;F RUf;fkhf
jug;gltpy;iy Mdhy; ,izg;G A8 ,y; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sd).

ml;ltiz 5.5: tFg;G epiyfspd; kjpg;gPL

jutupir

xNu GN ,y; mike;Js;s

ghlrhiy -1.753**
(0.613)
fy;tp juk; Fwpj;j jpUg;jp -1.469***
(0.530)
ngz; Foe;ij -1.538**
(0.554)
nry;t tsr; Rl;b -0.0151
(0.0218)
jdpahu; tFg;G -3.050***
(0.631)
khwpyp 13.41
(7.909)
mtjhdpg;Gfs; 516
R-tu;f;fk; (R-];Fahu;l;) 0.152
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05.2016.
Vida ,izkhwpfshf>DS gpupTfs;> Foe;ijapd; ,dk;> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> FLk;gj;jpy;
cs;s Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if> foptiwapd; tif> Fbapg;G tif kw;Wk; efuj;jpw;fhd J}uj;Jldhd
ghypdj;jpd; njhlu;G> nry;t tsr; Rl;b kw;Wk; jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; Nghd;wd cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Neu;fhzy;fspd; NghJ> ngw;Nwhu;fs; jdpg;gl;l tFg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp kPz;Lk;

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdu;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cs;s ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; “Foe;ijfs; fw;gjpy;
Mu;tKilatu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; gy Gjpa tplaq;fis njupe;J nfhs; s
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; mtu;fSf;F Nkyjpf mwptpid
ngw;Wnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL> jdpahu; tFg;Gfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w guPl;ir
tpdhj;jhs;fs; khztu;fspd; mwpitg; guprPypg;gjhfTk; mikfpd;wd. ghlrhiyapy;
khztu;fSf;F fw;gpg;gjw;Fk;> tPl;Lg;ghlq;fis rupghu;g;gjw;Fk; Neuk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
Mrpupau;fs; tPl;Lg;ghlq;fis rupghu;j;J Kbf;fpd;wNghJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghl Ntis epiwtile;J
tpLfpd;wJ. vdNt> Foe;ijfis jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;F mDg;GtJ ey;yJ” vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Vida rpy ngw;Nwhu;fs; jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> ghlrhiyapy; Mrpupau;fs; rupahf ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fhj
re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa jdpahu; tFg;Gfs; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpd;wd vd;gijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;. “Mrpupau;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlNtisapy; tFg;giwfSf;Fr; nry;yhky;
rpw;Wz;br;rhiyapy; Neuj;ijr; nrytpLfpwhu;fs;”. ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;J mtu;fs;
mupjhfNt ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; jdpahu; tFg;Gfspd; %yk; mtu;fs; mjpfkhf
ciof;fpd;wdu; kw;Wk; jdpahu; tFg;Gfspy; kpfTk; ed;whf fw;gpf;Fk; mtu;fshy; Vd;
ghlrhiyapy; ed;whf fw;gpf;f KbahJ? (tskhd) FLk;gg; gpd;dzpiar; Nru;e;j khztu;fs;
jdpahu; tFg;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpf;fg;glhj ghlq;fis
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w Mw;wiy ngw;Ws;sdu;. vt;thwhapDk;> twpa khztu;fs; mj;jifa
Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy” vd kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nru;e;j ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; fz;ldk;
njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;.

98
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSldhd gz;Grhu; Neu;fhzy;fs;> cau;f; fy;tpf;fg;ghy; Nkyjpf
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; gw;whf;FiwahfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpd. kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy;
fh.ngh.j rhjuz jug; guPl;irf;F Njhw;Wfpd;w khztu;fspy; miug;gq;fpdu; kl;LNk fh.ngh.j
cau; juj;jpw;F jFjp ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gij tyaf; fy;tp gzpg;ghsu;fspd; Gs;sptpguq;fs;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd> me;jtifapy; nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;epiy 60% Mf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fh.ngh.j cau; juj;jpw;F jFjp ngwhjtu;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;F
Kd;NdWtjw;F NtW tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy. ,t;thW jFjp ngwhj Mz;fs; fbdkhd
Ntiyfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;> efu;g;Gwg; gFjpfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu; my;yJ nfhOk;ig
Nehf;fpr; nry;fpd;wdu;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mtu;fs; cau; juj;jpw;F jFjp ngw;wpUe;jhYk;>
(fiyg;gpupT gl;ljhupfs; Vuhskhdtu;fSld;) jw;NghJ epyTk; njhopw;re;ijapd; fhuzkhf>
fiyg;gpupitr; rhue;j fw;iffs; XusT Ntiytha;g;gpidNa ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wd vd
khztu;fs; (Fwpg;ghf Mz; gps;isfs;) fUJfpd;wdu;.

ZDE ,d; gb> fh.ngh.j. cau; juj;jpy; fw;fpd;w khztu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F xU

,Uz;l vjpu;fhyNk fhj;jpUg;gjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ> Vnddpy; cau; ju khztu;fspy; rpyNu
gy;fiyfof mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; ntspthup
gl;lg;gbg;G kw;Wk; TVET Nghd;wd jw;NghJ gpugykhf cs;sNjhL kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; ,JNghd;w tha;g;Gfs; gutyhf ,y;iy vd;gij fy;tp tya
gzpg;ghsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tp kw;Wk; jpwd;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghij njspthf ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> fh.ngh.j rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk;
cau;ju guPl;irf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mtu;fSf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd;gJ gw;wp ngw;Nwhu;fs; kw;Wk;
khztu;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; ftiyg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gijAk; fy;tp tya gzpg;ghsu;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;fs;.

,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa KbTfs; Ke;ija mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;s

ntspg;gilahd mikg;GfSld; xj;JNghfpd;wd. ghlrhiyapypUe;J ,iltpyFtjhdJ
mbg;gilapy; tWikahy; ce;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;l GN gpuptpw;Fs; mike;Js;s ,uz;lhk;
epiy ghlrhiyf;fhd mZfyhdJ miktplk; (Fwpg;ghf DSgpupTfs;) %yk;
,af;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyfspd; juk; miktplk; Fwpg;ghf DS gpupTfspdhy;
khWgLfpd;wJ> MdhYk; tUkhd gbepiyfs; %yk; fy;tpapd; juj;jpy; Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfs; vJTk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> njhiyJ}u gFjpfspy;
mike;Js;s ghlrhiyfspy; (Nkhrkhd tUkhdk; ngWk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j Foe;ijfs;
nry;Yk; ghlrhiyfs;) fy;tpj; juk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij gz;Grhu;
Neu;fhzy;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. fw;wy; tpisTfs; Fwpg;ghf> tFg;gpy; cs;s xU
Foe;ijapd; juepiy tUkhdj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ (,J jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd tha;g;gpd;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ). Mu;tj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfshd tUkhdk; kw;Wk;
miktplk; Nghd;wd fy;tp tha;g;G> juk; kw;Wk; tpistpd; tYthd Kd;fzpg;Gshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,k;KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

5.5 KbTiu

,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ> %d;W tpla Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU Ez;zpa

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. twpa kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J
tUfpd;w khztu;fs;> mtu;fspd; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;G kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdu;. Kf;fpa KbTfshdJ> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd;
tpupthf;fj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w tUkhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf Ke;ija
mj;jpahaq;fspd; fz;lwpTfis typAWj;Jfpd;wd. tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; (,dk; kw;Wk;
GtpapaYk; $l) Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilNaahd tYthd njhlu;gpid nghWj;jtiu> twpa
Foe;ijfs; mtu;fsJ fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gpd;jq;fpAs;sikf;fhd gjpypahf Gtpapay; rhu;e;j
99
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; nraw;glyhk;. tUkhdk; kw;Wk; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis tpupTgLj;Jk;
er;R Row;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mr;rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis
milahsg;gLj;JtJ Vw;GilajhFk;.

100
 mj;jpahak; 6: KbTiu
midj;J r%fq;fspYk; gy;NtW tpjkhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik ,Ug;gJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj
xd;whFk;. ,j;jifa rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; tpisTfs; gw;wp cyfshtpa uPjpahd tpthjk;
ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epiyahd mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs;
(Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs) ,r;rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; vjpu;kiwahd tpisTfis
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L SDG 10-I (rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis Fiwg;gJ)
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs; NtW SDG Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sJ.
cjhuzkhf> SDG 4 (jukhd fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;) midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpa rkr;rPu;
fy;tpia typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tpia toq;Fk; tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; nfhs;iffs; ,Ue;J

te;Js;sd. ,ytr mur ghlrhiyfs;> khztu;fSf;fhd ,ytr trjpfs; kw;Wk; Ie;J
tajpy; ,Ue;J gjpdhW taJ tiuapyhd fl;lhaf;fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs; Nghd;wit Muk;g
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyapy; NrUk; khztu;fs; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;>
vOj;jwptpidAk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. Kjyhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ Nghy> cyf
tq;fpapd; HCI mwpf;ifapy;> ,yq;if khztu;fs; 13 tUlq;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;whYk;>
4.7 tUlq;fs; gpd;jq;fpNa cs;sjhf Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ (cyf tq;fp
2018b). ,yq;ifapYs;s Foe;ijfSf;fhd fw;wy; Nghyd;W ghlrhiyf; fy;tp vd;gJ
njspthf njupfpd;wJ. MfNt> ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tJk; fy;tp fw;gJk; xd;whfhJ.
vdNt> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; rkj;Jtkpd;ikia fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; khztu;fs;
Nru;f;if tPjk; Mfpatw;why; kl;LNk fzf;fpLk; NghJ> toq;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd; juj;jpy;
cs;s tpj;jpahrq;fs; njupa tUtjpy;iy.

,yq;ifapy; jukhd fy;tpf;fhd rkdw;w tha;g;gpd; msit Muha;tNj ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. ,t;thuha;r;rp ,uz;L Kf;fpa tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis
Muha;fpd;wJmitahtd:

(m) ,yq;ifapy; jukhd fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ve;jstpw;Fr; rkkhf cs;sd?

(M) ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?

rk tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp tpisTfSf;fpilapy; NtWgLfpd;w fl;likg;nghd;wpid

gad;gLj;jp fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ Muhag;gl;lJ. NtWgl;l FOf;fSf;fpilapy;
rkkw;w fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F toptFf;fpd;w fy;tpf;fhd mZfypd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik
(ngsjpf mZfy; kw;Wk; fw;gtu; jahu;epiy) kw;Wk; fy;tpj; juk; (Mrpupau; juk;> ghlrhiy
Kfhikj;Jtk;> kw;Wk; ts cs;sPL) Nghd;wtw;wpy; rkj;Jtkw;w fy;tp tha;g;Gfs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; NghJ> tpLgl;l juTfspd;
fhuzkhf> ,yq;ifapy; toq;fg;gl;l xl;Lnkhj;j fy;tpj; juj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;ahJ>
ehl;bDs; fhzg;gLfpd;w fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; juk; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
njhlu;ghd cs;shu;e;j ghu;itia toq;FtNjhL> Ma;T ,ilntspfisAk;
milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

fy;tp tha;g;gpid tiuaWf;fpd;w Fwpg;gpl;l jdpkdpj R+o;epiyfs; ,e;j gFg;gha;tpy;

Nfhbl;L fhl;lg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis (ghypdk;> ngw;Nwhu; fy;tp epiy> miktplk;> efu;g;Gw-
fpuhkg;Gw gpupT> kw;Wk; tWik) ,e;jf; fhuzpfs; ,aw;ifahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
R+o;epiyfshFk; vd;gijAk;> mit cyfahtpa fhuzpfspd; gpuj;jpNaf gl;bay; my;y
vd;gijAk; epidtpy; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. KjyhtJ Ma;T tpdhitf; fUj;jpy;
nfhs;ifapy;> fy;tp mikg;gpy; cs;s Nru;f;if ,ilntspfs; epug;gg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
gFg;gha;T fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. 2016 Mk; Mz;by;> Muk;g epiyf; fy;tp taJila xl;Lnkhj;j

101
khztu;fspd; Nru;f;if 99% Mf ,Ug;gJld;> midj;J Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; khztu;fSf;Fk;
Muk;gf; fy;tpia toq;ff; $ba epiyia ,yq;if mile;Js;sJ (Dundar kw;Wk; gyu;
2017). NkYk;> nkhj;jkhf ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp tpfpjkhdJ 1970 Mk; Mz;by;
46% ,Ue;jJ 2016 Mk; Mz;by;> 96% Mf mjpfupj;;Js;sJ (cyf tq;fp 2018 c). %d;whk;
epiyf; fy;tpia ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> 1970 Mk; Mz;by; %d;whk; epiyf;
fy;tpiaf; fw;fpd;w taJila 100 khztu;fspy; xU khztNd ,;f;Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tp
epiyapy; Nru;ff; gl;bUe;jhu; ,jNdhL xg;gpLifapy;>jw;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l taJila gj;J
khztu;fspy; 2 khztu;fs; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;
(mNjE}y;). ,d;Dk; Nru;f;ifapy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtNjhL> ,e;epiy fdp~;l ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tpapy; tpupthf;fg;gl;L rpNu~;l ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpapy;
mjpfstpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf khwp tUfpd;wJ. mNjNghy>Muk;gf; fy;tpapy; fpl;lj;jl;l
ghypd rkj;Jtj;ij mile;Js;s NghjpYk;> cau; fy;tp epiyfspy;ghypd NtWghLfs;
ngz;fspd; kj;jpapy; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> Muk;g Foe;ij gUt tpUj;jpf;fhd
tha;g;G rkkw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> vdpDk; juT tiuaWf;fg;gl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; mjd;
tpisTfs; Fwpj;J gFg;gha;T nra;tJ fbdkhf cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw
kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw gFjpfspYk;>ghlrhiy tiffspYk; fy;tpj; juk;gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy;
fhzg;gLtNjhL> mit jdpj;jdpahf NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. twpatu;fs; kw;Wk;
fpuhkj;jtu;fSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfspy; cs;s ,e;j rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
FOf;fSf;fhd fw;wy; tpisTfspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
vd;gNjhL> ,e;epiyia Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,uz;lhtJ Ma;T tpdhit nghWj;jtiu> ,yq;ifapy; cs;s xU Foe;ijapd; gpwg;gpd;

Nghjhd jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfs;> mf;Foe;ijapd; fy;tp tha;g;G kw;Wk; khztu;fs;
re;jpf;fpd;w fw;wy; mDgtk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. nghJthf> trjpahd
FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j khztu;fis tpl Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j
khztu;fNs (fy;tp uPjpahf) Nkhrkhf nraw;gLfpd;wdu;> NkYk; fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fis
tpl efu;g;Gw khztu;fNs rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;irfs; kw;Wk; NEREC
kjpg;gPLfspy;> xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> rpq;fs ghlrhiy khztu;fs; jkpo; khztu;fis tpl
rpwg;ghf nraw;gLtNjhL> Mz;fis tplTk; ngz;fNs rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. NkYk;>
fw;gpf;fg;gLk; juq;fs;> cs;slf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs;> epjp> trjpfs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; juk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w NtWgl;l gz;Gfs;
fy;tpj; juj;jpy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;fpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf>
Ky;iyj;jPT> fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; Etnuypah Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s rdj;njhifahdJ
Fiwe;j fy;tp milT tPjq;fisNa (rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky;) nfhz;Ls;sd.
cfe;j R+o;epiyaw;w ghlrhiyfs;> Muk;g Foe;ijg;gUt tpUj;jpapd; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk;
cau; juKila ghlrhiyfspd; gw;whf;Fiw (1AB tif kw;Wk; Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;)
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j khtl;lq;fs; gy rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. Fiwe;j
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tPz;nryT Nghd;wtw;Wld;> Kjy; epiyf; fy;tpf;F Kd;duhd fw;ifapd;
NghNj Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gl njhlq;fp tpLfpd;wd> ,jdhy; Muk;g Foe;ijg; gUt
tpUj;jpahdJ jilg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jd; fhuzkhf xJf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; (Fiwe;j tUkhdk;>
Njhl;lj;Jiw> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fspd;) fw;gjw;fhd jahu;epiyAk;
jilg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij juTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. fy;tp Kiwapy;> jdpahu;
fy;tp/tFg;Gfs; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;w mNjNtis> jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;fhd khztu;fspd;
tha;g;gpid ghjpf;fpd;w Gtpapay; uPjpahd fhuzp kw;Wk; tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;why;
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; tpupTg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

jukhd fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;gpid NghJkhdsT nfhz;bUf;fhj

xJf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; jiyKiw jiyKiwahf tWik vDk; xU ngupa Mgj;jpy;
rpf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sd. cau; fy;tpapy; epyTfpd;w rkj;Jtkpd;ikahdJ> cau; nghUshjhu
rkj;Jtkpd;ikAld; tYthd kw;Wk; rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,J
r%f ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. tWikapd; Rakhd ePbj;j
102
Row;rp xd;wpw;F ,J toptFf;fpd;wJ. tUkhd rkj;Jtkpd;ik> fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk;
tho;f;if tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G> ,e;j Ma;tpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l
kl;lf;fsg;G> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
tpla Ma;Tfspy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ ngUk;ghYk;
ntspg;ghLfs; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ NkYk;> rpwe;j fy;tp Kiwf;fhd fpuhkg;Gw
khztu;fspd; ntspg;ghL tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mtu;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s
fy;tp Kiwapy; ju rpf;fy;fs; ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
czutpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s khztu;fspd; fw;wy; tpisTfs;
NtWgl;l Njhw;wj;ij Kd;itf;fpd;wd. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; Nkhrkhd nray;jpwid
ntspg;gLj;JtJ> ngupa khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfSf; Fr;
nry;tjw;fhd ngsjpf uPjpahd tha;g;gpw;Fr; rthyhf mikfpd;wJ> cau;juj;jpy;
rpj;jpaile;jjd; gpd;du; gy;fiyfof fy;tpf;fhd mDkjp tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> kw;Wk;
khztu;fs; njhluf; $ba ghlq;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
Ntiytha;g;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.56 ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s mjpfkhd
khztu;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp KiwapypUe;J ,iltpyFfpd;wdu; vd;gij ,J
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

fle;j fhyq;fspy;>fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;l Vw;wj;jho;TfshdJ> tho;f;if tha;g;Gfspy;

Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gl toptFj;jd> ,J ehl;by; fLikahd nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk;
murpay; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gy;fiyfof gl;ljhupfspd; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;F
ngUk;ghYk;> mtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w Nkhrkhd fy;tpj;juk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. tpQ;Qhd
ghlq;fNshL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ khztu;fs; kw;Wk; gl;ljhupfs; fiyg;ghlq;fSf;Nf mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Ftjd; fhuzkhf> rpy Jiwfspy; gl;ljhupfspd; epuk;gy; mjpfkhfTk;
rpy Jiwfspy; gw;whf;FiwahdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jdhy; mtu;fspd;
Ntiytha;g;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gupe;Jiufs;

fy;tp mikr;rpd; mwpf;if njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf gpujpgypg;gpw;fhd mtrpaj;ij ,e;j Ma;tpd;

KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. gy Mz;Lfshf Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mNjNtis> tUlhe;jk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis milahsg;gLj;Jtij ftdj;jpy; nfhz;l
NghjpYk; mbg;gil trjpfsw;w ghlrhiyfs; ,d;Dk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj cz;ik.
ghlrhiyfspy; Xupdj;jd;ikia miltJ vd;gJ fbdkhd xU tplakhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;fhd xU ,izg;gpid cUthf;FtJk;> ghlrhiyfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j
juepiyia Nkk;gLj;JtJk; Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.

khfhz kw;Wk; khtl;l ghlrhiyfSf;F rkkhd Kiwapy; epjpapLjy; fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk;

Njhl;lg;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfspd; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> tpQ;Qhd
ghlq;fis cs;slf;fpa tifapy; cau;ju tFg;Gfis toq;ff;$ba ghlrhiyfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiwapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w fl;likg;G uPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwf;f KbAk;.

fy;tp tha;g;Gfspy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfis nghWj;jtiu> mjpfhupfs; mtu;fsJ

kjpg;gPLfspy; J}uk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp tha;g;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vLf;fpd;w
Neuk;Nghd;wtw;iwf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,J gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
tyaq;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs;; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpia ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s (J}uk;

56ghlnewpj;njhlu;ghfTk;> vjid njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F toq;fg;gLk; rpy rpwpa njupTld;> mtu;fs; njhlu
tpUk;Gfpd;w Ntiytha;g;Gfs; njhlu;ghfTk; khztu;fs; jkJ Muk;g tajpNyNa jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;F
typAWj;jg;gLfpdu; vd;gij ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpapypUe;J gy;fiyfof fy;tp tiuahd ghlg;gpupTfs; cs;s
fbdj;jd;ik> kw;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyfspd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
ghlj;njupTfshdJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

103
kw;Wk; Neuk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;) mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij kjpg;g pLtjw;F
ghlrhiyfspd; NghJkhdj;jd;ik gw;wpa jtiz mbg;gilapyhd kjpg;gPLfis
Kd;ndLg;gJ njhlu;ghf mjpfhupfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ,J
gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

nfhs;iffspd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,uz;lhk; epiy ghlrhiyf;

fy;tp %ykhf rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; mjpfupj;Js;sjhf ru;tNjr Ma;T fz;lwpe;Js;sJ (Nuh];
2014). ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp rkj;Jtkpd;ikia jpwk;gl Fiwg;gjw;F> Kbe;jtiu Muk;g
epiyf; fy;tpf;F Kd;duhd fw;ifapd; NghNj fl;likg;G uPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis
milahsk; fhz;gJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

Nkyjpf Ma;tpw;fhd gupe;Jiufs;

nghJthf> fy;tpj;juk; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; nraw;jpwd; Fwpj;j ek;gfkhd

juTfs; ,yq;ifapy; gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ug;gij Ma;thdJ fz;lwpe;Js;sNjhL> ,J fy;tp
rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; gw;wpa mDgt uPjpahd cs;shu;e;j ghu;itfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
jpwik kw;Wk; nraw;jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ehL KOtJk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy;
tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd tpupthd xg;gPnlhd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w PISA my;yJ TIMMS
Nghd;w ve;jnthU ru;tNjr khztu; milTg; guPl;irfspYk; ,yq;if gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.
NkYk;> Mrpupau; juk;> tpidj;jpwdhd my;yJ jpwikahd ts cs;sPL> fw;gtiu
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;
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topKiwfs;

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nfhOk;G 65,803 4,855 7.29% 6,054 77.96%
,yq;if 35,988 2,317 6.80% 3,609 73.88%

114
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IdjPd; mtu;fspd; Ma;tpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ (2018a, 2018b and 2018c)

115
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mtjhdpg;Gfs; 139 85 76

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gjpyspj;j ngw;Nwhu;fspd; 41.850 8.837 40.430 9.300 39.730 9.012 38.130 7.491
taJ
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ghlrhiyf;fhd J}uk; 1.541 0.917 2.368 2.310 1.821 1.592 1.831 1.483
(fp.kP
GN ,y; cs;s 0.632 0.484 0.736 0.443 0.702 0.460 0.513 0.503
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk;
Foe;ij
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; 0.555 0.499 0.661 0.475 0.706 0.458 0.697 0.462
nry;fpd;w Foe;ij
fy;tpj; juk; njhlu;ghd 1.647 0.565 1.383 0.537 1.585 0.496 1.467 0.600
jpUg;jp (1-3)
midj;J 0.947 0.224 0.972 0.165 0.827 0.380 0.827 0.381
ghlq;fSf;Fkhd
Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk;
jd;ik
ghFghL 0.107 0.310 0.052 0.222 0.048 0.215 0.013 0.115

J~;gpuNahfk; 0.092 0.291 0.070 0.257 0.036 0.188 0.067 0.251

nry;t tsr; Rl;b 21.030 14.070 9.767 11.070 11.220 9.564 11.950 8.929
kjpg;ngz;

116
 nry;tk; mbg;gilapyhd 3.897 1.290 2.632 1.206 3.000 1.233 3.101 1.274
tFg;gpd; tifg;ghL (1-5)
tFg;gpy; Kjy; 10 0.613 0.489 0.671 0.473 0.692 0.465 0.594 0.499
epiyfSf;Fs; cs;s
Foe;ij

Fwpg;G: xt;nthU epuYk; xt;nthU khwpapd; ruhrup kw;Wk; epak tpyfiy (rpjwypd; xU mstPL)
Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ

117
 ,izg;G A3-B: nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s DS gpupTfSf;fhd Gs;sptpguq;fs;

gly;Fk;Gu nkjfk kLy;y

ruhrup ,.tp ruhrup ,.tp ruhrup ,.tp

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 160 141 116

gjpyspj;j je;ijau;fs; 0.375 0.486 0.298 0.459 0.319 0.468
gjpyspj;j ngw;Nwhu;fspd;
43.610 8.183 41.540 9.507 41.900 8.398
taJ
rpq;fstu; 0.950 0.219 0.986 0.119 1.000 0.000

jkpou; 0.044 0.205 0.014 0.119 0.000 0.000

K];ypk; 0.006 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

ngz; gps;is 0.688 0.465 0.610 0.490 0.647 0.480

rKu;j;jp ngWgtu;fs; 0.428 0.496 0.414 0.494 0.431 0.497

efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk; (fp.kP) 7.694 3.888 6.660 4.214 8.224 4.009
FLk;gj;jpd; msT 4.612 1.003 4.816 2.425 4.733 3.530
FLk;gj;jpYs;s Foe;ijfspd;
vz;zpf;if 1.906 0.734 1.922 1.076 1.862 0.709
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l 0.537 0.500 0.221 0.417 0.379 0.487
Efu;Tf;fld;
Vida fld;fis
nrYj;Jtjw;fhf 0.131 0.339 0.085 0.280 0.017 0.131
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fld;
ghlrhiyf;fhd J}uk; (fp.kP 3.000 2.397 3.886 3.110 3.000 2.267
GN ,y; cs;s ghlrhiyf;Fr; 0.556 0.498 0.206 0.406 0.391 0.490
nry;Yk; Foe;ij
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr;
nry;fpd;w Foe;ij 0.506 0.502 0.801 0.400 0.767 0.424
fy;tpj; juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp 1.440 0.498 1.357 0.601 1.336 0.527
(1-3)
midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd
Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk; 0.547 0.499 0.600 0.492 0.362 0.483
jd;ik
ghFghL 0.019 0.137 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.160

J~;gpuNahfk; 0.013 0.113 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

nry;t tsr; Rl;b kjpg;ngz; 10.420 9.983 17.210 15.120 11.760 11.520
nry;tk; mbg;gilapyhd
tFg;gpd; tifg;ghL (1-5) 2.759 1.384 3.551 1.360 2.927 1.359
tFg;gpy; Kjy; 10 0.688 0.471 0.500 0.504 0.583 0.500
epiyfSf;Fs; cs;s Foe;ij

118
 ,izg;G A3-C: Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s DS gpupTfSf;fhd
Gs;sptpguq;fs;

xl;LRl;lhd; ntspXah fiuJiwg;gw;W

ruhrup ,.tp ruhrup ,.tp ruhrup ,.tp

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 136 78 193

gjpyspj;j je;ijau;fs; 0.110 0.314 0.423 0.497 0.135 0.342

gjpyspj;j ngw;Nwhu;fspd; taJ 40.590 7.889 41.870 9.672 42.580 7.678

rpq;fstu; 0.007 0.085 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

jkpou; 0.985 0.120 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000

K];ypk; 0.007 0.085 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

ngz; gps;is 0.628 0.485 0.628 0.486 0.682 0.467

rKu;j;jp ngWgtu;fs; 0.628 0.485 0.295 0.459 0.593 0.493

efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk; (fp.kP) 3.927 3.074 7.192 3.770 3.395 2.444

FLk;gj;jpd; msT 5.263 2.140 4.577 1.391 4.708 1.180

FLk;gj;jpYs;s Foe;ijfspd;
vz;zpf;if 2.832 2.678 1.833 0.959 2.349 1.802

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Efu;Tf;fld; 0.511 0.502 0.577 0.497 0.454 0.499

Vida fld;fis nrYj;Jtjw;fhf
0.394 0.490 0.103 0.305 0.356 0.480
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fld;
ghlrhiyf;fhd J}uk; (fp.kP 2.369 1.930 4.182 3.276 2.073 1.471
GN ,y; cs;s ghlrhiyf;Fr; 0.630 0.485 0.423 0.497 0.435 0.497
nry;Yk; Foe;ij
jdpahu; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;w
0.669 0.472 0.500 0.503 0.777 0.417
Foe;ij
fy;tpj; juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp (1-
3) 1.449 0.555 1.276 0.450 1.594 0.523
midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd 0.921 0.271 0.400 0.493 0.877 0.330
Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik
ghFghL 0.068 0.252 0.065 0.248 0.058 0.235

J~;gpuNahfk; 0.099 0.299 0.040 0.196 0.048 0.214

nry;t tsr; Rl;b kjpg;ngz; 8.894 11.34 9.787 9.804 10.730 11.730
0
nry;tk; mbg;gilapyhd tFg;gpd;
2.576 1.127 2.720 1.466 2.761 1.269
tifg;ghL (1-5)
tFg;gpy; Kjy; 10 epiyfSf;Fs;
cs;s Foe;ij 0.626 0.486 0.800 0.422 0.766 0.425

119
 ,izg;G A4: Nkhuprd; kjpg;ngz; Rl;b (The Morrisons Score Index - MSI)

MSI vd;gJ nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; FLk;g khjpupfspd; gq;Ffs; %yk; FLk;gj;jpw;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd xt;nthU ePbj;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; viliaAk; mstpLfpd;w xU Fwpfhl;bahFk;.
,jdhy;> nghJthf mjpfupj;j cupikia nfhz;l nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;
FiwthfTk; mNjNeuj;jpy;> Fiwe;j cupikAila nrhj;Jf;fs; (nrOikf;fhd xU gjpyp)
cau;thd kjpg;ngz;izg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. xt;nthU nrhj;JfSf;Fk; gpupj;J
fzpg;gplg;gl;l vilfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd.

vil
Fspu;rhjdg; ngl;b 3.16
njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ngl;b 1.26
njhiyNgrp (ifalf;fj;njhiyNgrp cl;gl) 1.07
kpd;tprpwp 1.82
fzpdp 12.87
ijay; ,ae;jpuk; 5.55
ryit ,ae;jpuk; 16.64
rikay; vupthA 3.83
NrhW rikf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; (Rice cooker) 3.01
vupthA mLg;G 6.18
Nrkpg;G fzf;F 1.27

Fiwthd cupikf; nfhz;l Mlk;gug; nghUl;fshf fUjg;gLk; ryit ,ae;jpuq;fs; (16.64

vilasT) kw;Wk; fzpdpfs; (12.87 vilasT) Nghd;wtw;Wld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ> nghJthf
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp/njhiyNgrp Nghd;w mjpf nrhe;jKila nrhj;Jf;fs; 1.07 vd;w
vilasitg; ngw;Ws;sd. vilasTfs; 1/(nrhj;Jf;fis cilikahf itj;jpUf;Fk;
FLk;gq;fspd; rjtPjk;) vd;wthW fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> khjpupapy; 33.22% Md
FLk;gq;fs; NrhW rikf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij nrhe;jkhf nfhz;Ls;sd> vdNt
mt;tpae;jpuj;jpw;fhd MSI vilasthdJ> 1/0.332=3.01 vd fzpg;gplg;gLk;. xt;nthU
nrhj;jpYk; cilikahff; nfhz;Ls;s nghUl;fspd; vilapd; ngUf;fj;jpid $l;Ltjd;
%yk; MSI fzpg;gplg;gLk;. vdNt> xU fzpdpiaAk;> 3 kpd;tprpwpfisAk; cilikahff;
nfhz;Ls;s xU FLk;gj;jpd; MSI ngWkjpahdJ 5.46 MFk; (mjhtJ> 12.87 + 3*1.82).

120
,izg;G A5: xU Foe;ij ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah kw;Wk; xU
Foe;ij jdpahu; tFg;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gw;fhd OLS kjpg;gPLfs;
(midj;J khtl;lq;fSf;Fk;)

ghlrhiyf;Fr; jdpahu;
nry;yhky; tFg;gpid
,Uf;Fk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
Foe;ij Foe;ij

fk;g`h 0.00343 0.00743

(0.00619) (0.00662)
fSj;Jiw 0.00561 -0.00226
(0.00689) (0.00744)
fz;b 0.00323 0.00967
(0.00660) (0.00720)
khj;jis -0.000822 0.0148
(0.00794) (0.00868)
Etnuypah -0.0146 0.00386
(0.00826) (0.00886)
fhyp 0.00796 0.0182*
(0.00670) (0.00726)
khj;jiw 0.00924 0.00720
(0.00703) (0.00751)
mk;ghe;Njhl;il 0.0146 0.00743
(0.00769) (0.00815)
aho;g;ghzk; 0.00487 0.0196*
(0.00916) (0.00996)
kd;dhu; 0.0265** -0.00562
(0.0100) (0.0109)
tTdpah 0.0114 -0.00256
(0.0109) (0.0117)
Ky;iyj;jPT 0.0204 0.00766
(0.0112) (0.0121)
fpspnehr;rp -0.00261 0.0125
(0.0105) (0.0112)
kl;lf;fsg;G 0.0111 0.00600
(0.00858) (0.00908)
mk;ghiw 0.0131 0.0197*
(0.00773) (0.00810)
jpUNfhzkiy 0.00726 -0.00425
(0.00855) (0.00905)
FUehfy; 0.00747 -0.00390
(0.00676) (0.00726)
Gj;jsk; 0.0316*** -0.00190
(0.00790) (0.00849)
mEuhjGuk; 0.000248 0.0173*

121
 (0.00781) (0.00811)
nghyd;dWit 0.000614 -0.00121
(0.00845) (0.00913)
gJis -0.00240 0.00433
(0.00774) (0.00841)
nkhduhfiy 0.00651 -0.00244
(0.00899) (0.00947)
,uj;jpdGup 0.00450 -0.00102
(0.00750) (0.00791)
Nffhiy 0.00243 0.0171*
(0.00740) (0.00806)
fpuhkpaj;Jiw -0.00470 0.00207
(0.00384) (0.00413)
Njhl;lj;Jiw 0.0193* 0.000955
(0.00874) (0.00958)
taJ 0.00333** 0.000534
(0.00103) (0.000483)
FLk;gj;jpYs;s Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if 0.00289* 0.00108
(0.00126) (0.00139)
FLk;gj; jiytupd; fy;tp epiy (ghlrhiyf;
fy;tp Mz;Lfs;) -0.000582 0.000513
(0.000352) (0.000377)
tWik (=1 twpatuhf ,Ug;gpd;> =0
,y;yhtpl;lhy;) 0.0198*** 0.00429
(0.00507) (0.00551)
ghy; (=1 ngz;> =0 Mz;) -0.00189 0.00129
(0.00230) (0.00246)
,yq;ifj; jkpo; -0.00346 -0.00415
(0.00557) (0.00597)
,e;jpaj; jkpo; 0.00218 -0.0101
(0.00871) (0.00960)
,yq;if K];ypk; 0.000491 0.00670
(0.00440) (0.00463)
khwpyp -0.0384** -0.000172
(0.0145) (0.00850)

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 5>726 13>189

R-tu;f;fk; 0.017 0.004
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd,
*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05

122
,izg;G A6: Kiwahd kw;Wk; epoy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;gpd; OLS kjpg;gPLfs;
(1) (2) (3) (4)
xNu GN ,y; xNu GN ,y;
mike;Js;s mie;Js;s jdpahu; jdpahu;
khwpfs; ghlrhiyfs; ghlrhiyfs; tFg;G tFg;G

efuj;jpw;fhd J}uk; -0.00197 0.00674 -0.00972* -0.00828

(0.00385) (0.00631) (0.00386) (0.00676)
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F -0.158 -0.160 0.132 0.139
(0.0877) (0.0883) (0.127) (0.129)
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F -0.216* -0.231* 0.218 0.224
(0.0940) (0.0950) (0.129) (0.129)
Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W -0.423*** -0.433*** 0.173 0.178
(0.0995) (0.100) (0.131) (0.132)
gly;Fk;Gu -0.397* -0.418* -0.266 -0.253
(0.171) (0.172) (0.162) (0.163)
nkjfk -0.750*** -0.775*** -0.0470 -0.0372
(0.170) (0.171) (0.164) (0.165)
kLy;y -0.568** -0.591*** -0.0147 -0.00424
(0.177) (0.178) (0.168) (0.169)
xl;LRl;lhd; -0.271** -0.278** 0.178 0.185
(0.0891) (0.0895) (0.126) (0.127)
ntspXah -0.528** -0.553** -0.266 -0.257
(0.180) (0.180) (0.173) (0.174)
fiuJiwg;gw;W -0.498*** -0.508*** 0.240 0.245*
(0.0859) (0.0867) (0.123) (0.124)
ngz; gps;is -0.0222 0.0309 0.0398 0.0976
(0.0298) (0.0951) (0.0302) (0.102)
ngz; gps;is*efuj;jpw;fhd
J}uk; -0.0131 -0.00232
(0.00771) (0.00806)
rpq;fs_ngz; gps;isfs; 0.0115 -0.0781
(0.110) (0.115)
jkpo;_ngz; gps;isfs; 0.0259 -0.0238
(0.103) (0.110)
tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; msT 0.00467 0.00426 -0.0106 -0.0110
(0.00930) (0.00936) (0.00904) (0.00901)
Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if -0.00189 -0.00174 -0.00172 -0.00177
(0.00977) (0.00983) (0.00881) (0.00875)
Mtzkw;wf; FbapUg;G 0.501*** 0.491*** 0.0409 0.0371
(0.143) (0.144) (0.179) (0.180)
thliff; FbapUg;G 0.132 0.128 -0.0677 -0.0581
(0.297) (0.298) (0.228) (0.222)
,ytrkhf thOjy; 0.552*** 0.548*** -0.0574 -0.0565
(0.134) (0.133) (0.169) (0.171)
cWjp gj;jpukw;w FbapUg;G 0.475*** 0.471*** -0.0732 -0.0696

123
 (0.0963) (0.0956) (0.148) (0.150)
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;Jldhd
FbapUg;G 0.479*** 0.476*** -0.0617 -0.0591
(0.0935) (0.0928) (0.144) (0.147)
jkpou; -0.0605 -0.0848 -0.355** -0.386**
(0.141) (0.144) (0.131) (0.136)
K];ypk; -0.375* -0.385* -0.395* -0.430*
(0.173) (0.185) (0.164) (0.170)
nry;tk; mbg;gilapyhd
tFg;G -0.0134 -0.0143 0.0598*** 0.0590***
(0.0110) (0.0110) (0.0106) (0.0106)
midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fs; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik 0.102** 0.101**
(0.0365) (0.0366)
khwpyp 0.535* 0.521 0.735** 0.740**
(0.265) (0.266) (0.277) (0.279)

mtjhdpg;Gfs; 1>161 1>161 1>086 1>086

R-tu;f;fk; 0.114 0.116 0.102 0.103
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd>*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, *
p<0.05. epuy;fs; 2 kw;Wk; 3 vd;gd efuj;jpw;fhd J}uj;Jld; xU Foe;ijapd; ghypdk;
nfhz;Ls;s ,ilj;njhlu;gpid Fwpg;gpLtNjhL> epuy;fs; 1 kw;Wk; 3 Mfpad mt;thW
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

124
 .,izg;G A7: ghlrhiy juk; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp kjpg;gPL fs;
(1) (2) (3) (4)
ghlrhiyapy;
xl;Lnkhj;j ghlrhiyapy; cs;s
fy;tpj; xl;Lnkhj;j cs;s Mrpupau; foptfw;wy;
juk; kPjhd fy;tpj; juk; juj;jpd; kPjhd juk; kPjhd
jpUg;jp kPjhd jpUg;jp jpUg;jp jpUg;jp

xNu GN gpuptpYs;s
ghlrhiy -0.154*** -0.148*** 0.000623 -0.109**
(0.0370) (0.0364) (0.0363) (0.0389)
ghlrhiy mike;Js;s
J}uk; 0.00587 0.00739 0.0140 0.0129
(0.00794) (0.00784) (0.00755) (0.00855)
midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fspd; fpilf;Fk;
jd;ik 0.152*** 0.158*** 0.271*** 0.152**
(0.0452) (0.0450) (0.0421) (0.0481)
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F -0.236 -0.269 -0.301 -0.384**
(0.144) (0.143) (0.169) (0.139)
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F 0.0144 -0.0214 -0.177 -0.286
(0.147) (0.143) (0.172) (0.152)
Nghiwj;jPTg;gw;W -0.131 -0.160 -0.125 -0.366*
(0.152) (0.150) (0.170) (0.144)
gly;Fk;Gu 0.00177 -0.0429 -0.232 -0.476**
(0.202) (0.195) (0.214) (0.171)
nkjfk -0.146 -0.174 -0.244 -0.573***
(0.208) (0.202) (0.218) (0.173)
kLy;y -0.0924 -0.143 -0.156 -0.284
(0.209) (0.203) (0.224) (0.181)
xl;LRl;lhd; -0.185 -0.232 -0.270 -0.365**
(0.144) (0.141) (0.168) (0.139)
ntspXah -0.167 -0.207 -0.273 -0.233
(0.212) (0.206) (0.223) (0.187)
fiuJiwg;gw;W -0.0602 -0.103 -0.121 -0.352*
(0.142) (0.139) (0.166) (0.139)
Mz; gps;is -0.00241 0.00252 0.0290 -0.0393
(0.0366) (0.0357) (0.0348) (0.0371)
FLk;gj;jpd; msT -0.0177 -0.0180 0.000869 -0.0120
(0.00929) (0.00954) (0.00699) (0.00833)
gps;isfspd;
vz;zpf;if 0.0162 0.0188 0.00638 0.0349***
(0.0107) (0.0109) (0.0127) (0.00855)
Mtzkw;wf; FbapUg;G -0.0325 -0.0134 0.00288 0.273
(0.264) (0.266) (0.267) (0.463)
thliff; FbapUg;G 0.518* 0.532* 0.388 0.361
(0.252) (0.259) (0.239) (0.461)
,ytrkhf thOjy; 0.0947 0.100 -0.0541 0.266

125
 (0.261) (0.263) (0.257) (0.413)
cWjp gj;jpukw;w
FbapUg;G 0.168 0.189 0.0811 0.422
(0.242) (0.244) (0.240) (0.409)
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;Jldhd
FbapUg;G 0.124 0.138 0.0581 0.350
(0.241) (0.242) (0.238) (0.409)
jkpou; 0.157 0.161 0.185 0.118
(0.160) (0.156) (0.163) (0.132)
K];ypk; 0.123 0.0878 0.0652 0.102
(0.208) (0.201) (0.215) (0.173)
foptiwapd; tif 0.0183
(0.0357)
Efu;Tf;fld; 0.0397
(0.0346)
nry;t tsr;Rl;b 0.000588 0.00190 0.000934
(0.00153) (0.00137) (0.00145)
khwpyp 1.332*** 1.284*** 1.196** 1.059*
(0.366) (0.373) (0.372) (0.511)
mtjhdpg;Gfs; 1>030 1>071 968 1>004
R-tu;f;fk; 0.086 0.088 0.146 0.136
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd> ***
p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05

126
 ,izg;G A8: tFg;G epiyapd; kjpg;gPLfs;

juepiy

xNu GN gpuptpYs;s ghlrhiy -1.753**

(0.613)
fy;tpj; juk; kPjhd jpUg;jp -1.469***
(0.530)
Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;F -2.458
(1.870)
kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F -2.026
(1.872)
Nghiwj;jPg;gw;W -2.182
(1.997)
gly;Fk;Gu -0.950
(7.510)
nkjfk 1.269
(7.521)
kLy;y 0.0594
(7.598)
xl;LRl;lhd; -0.505
(1.900)
ntspXah -4.132
(7.637)
fiuJiwg;gw;W -2.904
(1.810)
ngz; gps;is -1.538**
(0.554)
FLk;gj;jpd; msT -0.00294
(0.100)
Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if -0.00207
(0.130)
Mtzkw;wf; FbapUg;G 2.225
(2.383)
thliff; FbapUg;G 0.683
(2.736)
,ytrkhf thOjy; -1.127
(2.371)
cWjp gj;jpukw;w FbapUg;G -0.747
(2.322)
jkpou; -1.107
(7.304)
K];ypk; -1.673
(7.544)
nry;t tsr; Rl;b -0.0151
(0.0218)
jdpahu; tFg;G -3.050***
(0.631)
khwpyp 13.41
(7.909)

127
mtjhdpg;Gfs; 516
R-tu;f;fk; 0.152
Fwpg;G: milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; epak ,iltpyfy;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd>*** p<0.001, **
p<0.01, * p<0.05

128
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